text
stringlengths 136
495k
| url
stringlengths 16
2.74k
|
|---|---|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 List of promotions 2 Calendar of notable shows Toggle Calendar of notable shows subsection 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 3 Notable events 4 Accomplishments and tournaments Toggle Accomplishments and tournaments subsection 4.1 AAA 4.2 AEW 4.3 AJPW 4.4 CF 4.4.1 DDT 4.4.2 TJPW 4.5 EVE 4.6 GCW 4.7 GWF 4.8 MLW 4.9 NJPW 4.10 OVW 4.11 Oz Academy 4.12 Progress 4.13 Seadlinning 4.14 TNA 4.15 WWE 4.15.1 Raw and SmackDown 4.16 wXw 4.1 AAA 4.2 AEW 4.3 AJPW 4.4 CF 4.4.1 DDT 4.4.2 TJPW 4.4.1 DDT 4.4.2 TJPW 4.5 EVE 4.6 GCW 4.7 GWF 4.8 MLW 4.9 NJPW 4.10 OVW 4.11 Oz Academy 4.12 Progress 4.13 Seadlinning 4.14 TNA 4.15 WWE 4.15.1 Raw and SmackDown 4.15.1 Raw and SmackDown 4.16 wXw 5 Title changes Toggle Title changes subsection 5.1 2AW 5.2 AAA 5.3 AAW 5.4 AEW 5.5 AIW 5.6 AJPW 5.7 Basara 5.8 BJW 5.9 BZW 5.10 CF 5.10.1 DDT 5.10.2 Noah 5.10.3 TJPW 5.11 ChocoPro 5.12 CMLL 5.13 The Crash 5.14 CZW 5.15 DEFY 5.16 DG 5.17 Diana 5.18 DPW 5.19 EVE 5.20 Freedoms 5.21 GanPro 5.22 GCW 5.23 Gleat 5.24 GWF 5.25 HOG 5.26 Ice Ribbon 5.27 IWRG 5.28 JCW 5.29 JTO 5.30 Marigold 5.31 Marvelous 5.32 MLP 5.33 MLW 5.34 NJPW 5.35 NWA 5.36 Osaka Pro 5.37 OVW 5.38 Oz Academy 5.39 Prestige 5.40 Progress 5.41 Pure-J 5.42 RevPro 5.43 REVOLVER 5.44 ROH 5.45 Seadlinnng 5.46 Senjo 5.47 Spark Joshi 5.48 Stardom 5.49 Tenryu Project 5.50 TNA 5.51 UWN 5.52 Wave Pro 5.53 West Coast Pro 5.54 WOS 5.55 WOW 5.56 WWE 5.56.1 Raw and SmackDown 5.56.2 NXT 5.56.3 Unbranded 5.56.4 WWE Evolve 5.56.5 WWE ID 5.57 wXw 5.58 Zero1 5.1 2AW 5.2 AAA 5.3 AAW 5.4 AEW 5.5 AIW 5.6 AJPW 5.7 Basara 5.8 BJW 5.9 BZW 5.10 CF 5.10.1 DDT 5.10.2 Noah 5.10.3 TJPW 5.10.1 DDT 5.10.2 Noah 5.10.3 TJPW 5.11 ChocoPro 5.12 CMLL 5.13 The Crash 5.14 CZW 5.15 DEFY 5.16 DG 5.17 Diana 5.18 DPW 5.19 EVE 5.20 Freedoms 5.21 GanPro 5.22 GCW 5.23 Gleat 5.24 GWF 5.25 HOG 5.26 Ice Ribbon 5.27 IWRG 5.28 JCW 5.29 JTO 5.30 Marigold 5.31 Marvelous 5.32 MLP 5.33 MLW 5.34 NJPW 5.35 NWA 5.36 Osaka Pro 5.37 OVW 5.38 Oz Academy 5.39 Prestige 5.40 Progress 5.41 Pure-J 5.42 RevPro 5.43 REVOLVER 5.44 ROH 5.45 Seadlinnng 5.46 Senjo 5.47 Spark Joshi 5.48 Stardom 5.49 Tenryu Project 5.50 TNA 5.51 UWN 5.52 Wave Pro 5.53 West Coast Pro 5.54 WOS 5.55 WOW 5.56 WWE 5.56.1 Raw and SmackDown 5.56.2 NXT 5.56.3 Unbranded 5.56.4 WWE Evolve 5.56.5 WWE ID 5.56.1 Raw and SmackDown 5.56.2 NXT 5.56.3 Unbranded 5.56.4 WWE Evolve 5.56.5 WWE ID 5.57 wXw 5.58 Zero1 6 Awards and honors Toggle Awards and honors subsection 6.1 George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame 6.2 WWE 6.2.1 WWE Hall of Fame 6.1 George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame 6.2 WWE 6.2.1 WWE Hall of Fame 6.2.1 WWE Hall of Fame 7 Debuts 8 Retirements 9 Deaths 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 2026 in professional wrestling Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version List of years in professional wrestling … 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 … … 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e 2026 in professional wrestling describes the current year's events in the world of professional wrestling . Part of a series on Professional wrestling History History of professional wrestling By year History of WWE Early wrestling championships Gold Dust Trio 1980s boom Black Saturday 1994 NWA World Title Tournament Monday Night War Attitude Era 2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus The Invasion Wednesday Night Wars History of professional wrestling By year History of WWE By year History of WWE Early wrestling championships Gold Dust Trio 1980s boom Black Saturday 1994 NWA World Title Tournament Monday Night War Attitude Era 2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus The Invasion Wednesday Night Wars Notable promotions Men's All Elite Wrestling All Japan Pro Wrestling All Star Wrestling American Wrestling Association Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Dragongate Extreme Championship Wrestling DDT Pro-Wrestling Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling Jim Crockett Promotions Joint Promotions Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide Major League Wrestling Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling National Wrestling Alliance New Japan Pro-Wrestling Pro Wrestling Noah Ring of Honor Soft Ground Wrestling Stampede Wrestling Titanes en el ring Total Nonstop Action Wrestling UWF International World Championship Wrestling (Australia) World Championship Wrestling (United States) WWE Raw SmackDown NXT Evolve Others Women's All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling Dream Star Fighting Marigold Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling JWP Joshi Puroresu Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling Women of Wrestling World Wonder Ring Stardom All Elite Wrestling All Japan Pro Wrestling All Star Wrestling American Wrestling Association Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Dragongate Extreme Championship Wrestling DDT Pro-Wrestling Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling Jim Crockett Promotions Joint Promotions Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide Major League Wrestling Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling National Wrestling Alliance New Japan Pro-Wrestling Pro Wrestling Noah Ring of Honor Soft Ground Wrestling Stampede Wrestling Titanes en el ring Total Nonstop Action Wrestling UWF International World Championship Wrestling (Australia) World Championship Wrestling (United States) WWE Raw SmackDown NXT Evolve Raw SmackDown NXT Evolve Others Women's All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling Dream Star Fighting Marigold Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling JWP Joshi Puroresu Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling Women of Wrestling World Wonder Ring Stardom Notable men Early 20th century (Before 1949) Bert Assirati Billy Riley Billy Sandow Ed "Strangler" Lewis Frank Gotch George Hackenschmidt The Great Gama Jack Pfefer Joe Stecher Jim Londos Lou Thesz Martin "Farmer" Burns Orville Brown Salvador Lutteroth Toots Mondt Mid 20th century (1950−1969) Blue Demon Bruno Sammartino Buddy Rogers Danny Hodge Dick "The Destroyer" Beyer Édouard Carpentier El Santo Freddie Blassie Fritz Von Erich Gene Kiniski Gorgeous George Karl Gotch Killer Kowalski Rikidōzan Sam Muchnick Stu Hart Verne Gagne 1970s Abdullah The Butcher Akira Maeda André the Giant Antonio Inoki Baron von Raschke Big Daddy Billy Robinson Carlos Colón Dory Funk Jr. Dusty Rhodes Ernie Ladd Giant Baba Gordon Solie Harley Race Jack Brisco Mil Máscaras Negro Navarro Nick Bockwinkel Terry Funk 1980s Bob Backlund Bobby Heenan Dynamite Kid Genichiro Tenryu Hulk Hogan Jim Crockett Jr. Kerry Von Erich Randy Savage Ric Flair Ricky Steamboat Roddy Piper Satoru Sayama Stan Hansen Ted DiBiase Vince McMahon The Ultimate Warrior 1990s Akira Taue Antonio Peña Atsushi Onita Bret Hart Eric Bischoff Jim Ross Jushin Liger Keiji Muto Kenta Kobashi Kevin Nash Mick Foley Mitsuharu Misawa Owen Hart Paul Heyman Rob Van Dam Ron Simmons Scott Hall Shawn Michaels Sting Steve Austin The Rock The Undertaker Toshiaki Kawada Triple H Vince Russo 2000s AJ Styles Batista Brock Lesnar Chris Jericho Eddie Guerrero Edge Hiroshi Tanahashi Jeff Hardy Jeff Jarrett John Cena Kurt Angle Místico Naomichi Marufuji Randy Orton Rey Mysterio Samoa Joe Ultimo Guerrero Universo 2000 2010s−2020s Bryan Danielson CM Punk Cody Rhodes Jon Moxley Kazuchika Okada Kenny Omega Nick Khan Roman Reigns Rossy Ogawa Seth Rollins Tetsuya Naito Tony Khan Will Ospreay Zack Sabre Jr. Bert Assirati Billy Riley Billy Sandow Ed "Strangler" Lewis Frank Gotch George Hackenschmidt The Great Gama Jack Pfefer Joe Stecher Jim Londos Lou Thesz Martin "Farmer" Burns Orville Brown Salvador Lutteroth Toots Mondt Mid 20th century (1950−1969) Blue Demon Bruno Sammartino Buddy Rogers Danny Hodge Dick "The Destroyer" Beyer Édouard Carpentier El Santo Freddie Blassie Fritz Von Erich Gene Kiniski Gorgeous George Karl Gotch Killer Kowalski Rikidōzan Sam Muchnick Stu Hart Verne Gagne 1970s Abdullah The Butcher Akira Maeda André the Giant Antonio Inoki Baron von Raschke Big Daddy Billy Robinson Carlos Colón Dory Funk Jr. Dusty Rhodes Ernie Ladd Giant Baba Gordon Solie Harley Race Jack Brisco Mil Máscaras Negro Navarro Nick Bockwinkel Terry Funk 1980s Bob Backlund Bobby Heenan Dynamite Kid Genichiro Tenryu Hulk Hogan Jim Crockett Jr. Kerry Von Erich Randy Savage Ric Flair Ricky Steamboat Roddy Piper Satoru Sayama Stan Hansen Ted DiBiase Vince McMahon The Ultimate Warrior 1990s Akira Taue Antonio Peña Atsushi Onita Bret Hart Eric Bischoff Jim Ross Jushin Liger Keiji Muto Kenta Kobashi Kevin Nash Mick Foley Mitsuharu Misawa Owen Hart Paul Heyman Rob Van Dam Ron Simmons Scott Hall Shawn Michaels Sting Steve Austin The Rock The Undertaker Toshiaki Kawada Triple H Vince Russo 2000s AJ Styles Batista Brock Lesnar Chris Jericho Eddie Guerrero Edge Hiroshi Tanahashi Jeff Hardy Jeff Jarrett John Cena Kurt Angle Místico Naomichi Marufuji Randy Orton Rey Mysterio Samoa Joe Ultimo Guerrero Universo 2000 2010s−2020s Bryan Danielson CM Punk Cody Rhodes Jon Moxley Kazuchika Okada Kenny Omega Nick Khan Roman Reigns Rossy Ogawa Seth Rollins Tetsuya Naito Tony Khan Will Ospreay Zack Sabre Jr. Notable women Early and Mid 20th century (1900−1974) Chabela Romero Cora Livingston Donna Christanello Ethel Johnson Irma González June Byers La Dama Enmascarada Mae Young Mildred Burke The Fabulous Moolah Late 20th century (1975−1999) Aja Kong Akira Hokuto Bull Nakano Chigusa Nagayo Chyna Dump Matsumoto Jackie Sato Lady Apache Lioness Asuka Madusa Miceli Manami Toyota Mayumi Ozaki Megumi Kudo Miss Elizabeth Sherri Martel Wendi Richter 2000s Awesome Kong Ayako Hamada Beth Phoenix Faby Apache Gail Kim Kaori Yoneyama Lita Madison Eagles Marcela Nanae Takahashi Natalya Sara Del Rey Stephanie McMahon Trish Stratus 2010s Alexa Bliss Asuka Bayley Becky Lynch Charlotte Flair Iyo Sky Kairi Sane Mayu Iwatani Meiko Satomura Mercedes Moné Princesa Sugehit Ronda Rousey 2020s Bianca Belair Giulia Liv Morgan Rhea Ripley Sareee Saya Kamitani Stephanie Vaquer Syuri Tam Nakano Toni Storm Utami Hayashishita Chabela Romero Cora Livingston Donna Christanello Ethel Johnson Irma González June Byers La Dama Enmascarada Mae Young Mildred Burke The Fabulous Moolah Late 20th century (1975−1999) Aja Kong Akira Hokuto Bull Nakano Chigusa Nagayo Chyna Dump Matsumoto Jackie Sato Lady Apache Lioness Asuka Madusa Miceli Manami Toyota Mayumi Ozaki Megumi Kudo Miss Elizabeth Sherri Martel Wendi Richter 2000s Awesome Kong Ayako Hamada Beth Phoenix Faby Apache Gail Kim Kaori Yoneyama Lita Madison Eagles Marcela Nanae Takahashi Natalya Sara Del Rey Stephanie McMahon Trish Stratus 2010s Alexa Bliss Asuka Bayley Becky Lynch Charlotte Flair Iyo Sky Kairi Sane Mayu Iwatani Meiko Satomura Mercedes Moné Princesa Sugehit Ronda Rousey 2020s Bianca Belair Giulia Liv Morgan Rhea Ripley Sareee Saya Kamitani Stephanie Vaquer Syuri Tam Nakano Toni Storm Utami Hayashishita Notable tag teams and stables Mid 20th century − 1970s Assassins Blackjacks Blond Bombers The Duseks Fabulous Kangaroos First Family Kalmikoffs Los Misioneros de la Muerte Sharpe Brothers Valiant Brothers Wild Samoans 1980s Brain Busters British Bulldogs Bushwackers Crush Gals Demolition Fabulous Freebirds Four Horsemen Hart Foundation Heenan Family Los Infernales Mega Powers Nasty Boys Midnight Express Revolution Road Warriors Rock 'n' Roll Express Steiner Brothers 1990s Cho-Ten Dangerous Alliance D-Generation X ( New Age Outlaws ) Doom Dudley Brothers and the Dudley Boyz Dungeon of Doom Harlem Heat Heisei Ishingun Holy Demon Army Jado & Gedo Kai En Tai Las Cachorras Orientales Los Gringos Locos Ministry of Darkness Miracle Violence Connection New World Order ( Outsiders ) Public Enemy 2000s Age of the Fall Apollo 55 Beer Money, Inc. The Briscoes Brothers of Destruction Burning Colony Edge & Christian Evolution Hardy Boyz Kings of Wrestling Latin American Xchange Los Guerreros Main Event Mafia Motor City Machine Guns No Remorse Corps Suzuki-gun Tencozy Voodoo Murders 2010s The Addiction / SCU American Wolves Bullet Club Chaos Elite FTR Golden Lovers Los Ingobernables ( de Japón ) Los Perros del Mal New Day Oedo Tai Queen's Quest Shield Undisputed Era ( reDRagon ) Usos War Raiders Wyatt Family Young Bucks 2020s Blackpool Combat Club / Death Riders Bloodline Judgment Day Assassins Blackjacks Blond Bombers The Duseks Fabulous Kangaroos First Family Kalmikoffs Los Misioneros de la Muerte Sharpe Brothers Valiant Brothers Wild Samoans 1980s Brain Busters British Bulldogs Bushwackers Crush Gals Demolition Fabulous Freebirds Four Horsemen Hart Foundation Heenan Family Los Infernales Mega Powers Nasty Boys Midnight Express Revolution Road Warriors Rock 'n' Roll Express Steiner Brothers 1990s Cho-Ten Dangerous Alliance D-Generation X ( New Age Outlaws ) Doom Dudley Brothers and the Dudley Boyz Dungeon of Doom Harlem Heat Heisei Ishingun Holy Demon Army Jado & Gedo Kai En Tai Las Cachorras Orientales Los Gringos Locos Ministry of Darkness Miracle Violence Connection New World Order ( Outsiders ) Public Enemy 2000s Age of the Fall Apollo 55 Beer Money, Inc. The Briscoes Brothers of Destruction Burning Colony Edge & Christian Evolution Hardy Boyz Kings of Wrestling Latin American Xchange Los Guerreros Main Event Mafia Motor City Machine Guns No Remorse Corps Suzuki-gun Tencozy Voodoo Murders 2010s The Addiction / SCU American Wolves Bullet Club Chaos Elite FTR Golden Lovers Los Ingobernables ( de Japón ) Los Perros del Mal New Day Oedo Tai Queen's Quest Shield Undisputed Era ( reDRagon ) Usos War Raiders Wyatt Family Young Bucks 2020s Blackpool Combat Club / Death Riders Bloodline Judgment Day By region Australia Bolivia Canada China France India Iran Iraq Israel Japan Mexico New Zealand North Korea Puerto Rico Russia Saudi Arabia United Kingdom United States Australia Bolivia Canada China France India Iran Iraq Israel Japan Mexico New Zealand North Korea Puerto Rico Russia Saudi Arabia United Kingdom United States Styles British wrestling All-in style Mountevans rules Cruiserweight X Division French catch Hardcore Intergender Lucha libre Midget Mini-Estrella Puroresu Shoot style U-Kei Women's British wrestling All-in style Mountevans rules All-in style Mountevans rules Cruiserweight X Division X Division French catch Hardcore Intergender Lucha libre Midget Mini-Estrella Mini-Estrella Puroresu Shoot style U-Kei U-Kei Women's Concepts Attire Masks Wrestling singlet Wrestling shoe Blading Championship World Heavyweight Dirt sheet Glossary of terms Kayfabe Gimmick Face Heel Shoot Heat Job Push House show Match types Music Ring name Sports entertainment Tag team Weight classes Wrestling ring Attire Masks Wrestling singlet Wrestling shoe Masks Wrestling singlet Wrestling shoe Blading Championship World Heavyweight World Heavyweight Dirt sheet Glossary of terms Kayfabe Gimmick Face Heel Shoot Heat Job Push Kayfabe Gimmick Face Heel Shoot Heat Job Push House show Match types Music Ring name Sports entertainment Tag team Weight classes Wrestling ring Culture Backyard wrestling Cauliflower Alley Club Cauliflower ear Comic books Fantasy wrestling Films Luchador films Magazines Paintings Rob Schamberger Gustave Courbet Thomas Eakins William Etty George Luks Rib Ribera Steakhouse Ten-bell salute Video games Wrestling personalities in politics Zubaz Backyard wrestling Cauliflower Alley Club Cauliflower ear Comic books Fantasy wrestling Films Luchador films Luchador films Magazines Paintings Rob Schamberger Gustave Courbet Thomas Eakins William Etty George Luks Rob Schamberger Gustave Courbet Thomas Eakins William Etty George Luks Rib Ribera Steakhouse Ten-bell salute Video games Wrestling personalities in politics Zubaz Media outlets Botchamania Box y Lucha Dark Side of the Ring Fighting Spirit Magazine Live Audio Wrestling OSW Review Power Slam Pro Wrestling Illustrated Solowrestling Súper Luchas WrestleCrap Wrestling Observer Newsletter Botchamania Box y Lucha Dark Side of the Ring Fighting Spirit Magazine Live Audio Wrestling OSW Review Power Slam Pro Wrestling Illustrated Solowrestling Súper Luchas WrestleCrap Wrestling Observer Newsletter Controversies Animals in professional wrestling Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide David Arquette in WCW Death of Owen Hart Fingerpoke of Doom Killing of Bruiser Brody Killing of Rikidōzan Mass Transit incident Montreal Screwjob Premature deaths Ring boy scandal Speaking Out United States v. McMahon Vince McMahon sex trafficking scandal WWE–Saudi Arabia relationship Animals in professional wrestling Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide David Arquette in WCW Death of Owen Hart Fingerpoke of Doom Killing of Bruiser Brody Killing of Rikidōzan Mass Transit incident Montreal Screwjob Premature deaths Ring boy scandal Speaking Out United States v. McMahon Vince McMahon sex trafficking scandal WWE–Saudi Arabia relationship Lists Attendance records Championships Families Halls of fame Matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer Moves Promotions Rivalries Rosters TV shows Wrestling families Attendance records Championships Families Halls of fame Matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer Moves Promotions Rivalries Rosters TV shows Wrestling families Related topics Combat sport Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts Martial arts Mock combat Pankration Shootfighting Sport wrestling Amateur Catch Shoot Submission Lancashire Luta Livre Pehlwani Stage combat Theatre Theatresports Combat sport Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts Martial arts Mock combat Pankration Shootfighting Sport wrestling Amateur Catch Shoot Submission Lancashire Luta Livre Pehlwani Amateur Catch Shoot Submission Lancashire Luta Livre Pehlwani Stage combat Theatre Theatresports Theatresports v t e v t e List of promotions These promotions are holding events throughout 2026. Promotion Name Abbreviation Notes AAW Wrestling AAW The "AAW" abbreviation has been used since 2007 and had previously stood for the promotion's original name All American Wrestling. All Elite Wrestling AEW All Japan Pro Wrestling AJPW Combat Zone Wrestling CZW Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre CMLL CyberFight CF CyberFight is an umbrella brand that oversees and promotes three individual promotions: DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT), Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah), and Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling (TJPW). Deadlock Pro-Wrestling DPW DEFY Wrestling DEFY Dragongate DG Dream Star Fighting Marigold Marigold Game Changer Wrestling GCW German Wrestling Federation GWF House of Glory HOG Juggalo Championship Wrestling JCW Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide AAA The "AAA" abbreviation has been used since the mid-1990s and had previously stood for the promotion's original name Asistencia Asesoría y Administración. Owned by WWE since April 2024. Major League Wrestling MLW Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling MLP Relaunch of the former Maple Leaf Wrestling, acquired by Scott D'Amore . National Wrestling Alliance NWA New Japan Pro-Wrestling NJPW Progress Wrestling PROGRESS Pro Wrestling Zero1 Zero1 Revolution Pro Wrestling RevPro Ring of Honor ROH Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA Westside Xtreme Wrestling wXw Women of Wrestling WOW World Wonder Ring Stardom Stardom WWE — "WWE" stands for World Wrestling Entertainment, which remains the company's legal name, though the company ceased using the full name in April 2011, with the WWE abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism . WWE divides its roster into four storyline divisions – referred to as brands where wrestlers exclusively perform on their respective weekly television programs. Raw and SmackDown are their two main brands, while NXT and Evolve serve as their developmental territories . WWE ID is another developmental program for wrestlers on the independent circuit . Calendar of notable shows January Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 1 CF : Noah Noah The New Year Tokyo, Japan Nippon Budokan Yoshiki Inamura (c) defeated Ozawa to retain the GHC Heavyweight Championship 2 CMLL Sin Salida Mexico City, Mexico Arena Mexico Robin loses his mask in a 16-way steel cage match against Astral , Blue Shark, Calavera Jr. I, Calavera Jr. II, Cancerbero , Diamond , El Coyote , El Vigia, Electrico , Espíritu Negro , Oro Jr. , Pólvora , Rey Cometa , Sangre Imperial, and Virus 3 Marigold First Dream Tokyo, Japan Ota City General Gymnasium Miku Aono (c) defeated Mai Sakurai to retain the Marigold World Championship GCW One Night Only Berwyn, Illinois Berwyn Eagles Club Matt Tremont and Dysfunction defeated VNDL48 (Otis Cogar and Christian Napier) in a Deathmatch Stardom New Year Dream Tokyo, Japan Shinjuku Face 02line ( AZM and Miyu Amasaki ) defeated FWC ( Hazuki and Koguma ) and T-Hearts ( Sareee and Miku Kanae) to become the #1 contenders to the Goddesses of Stardom Championship God's Eye ( Lady C , Tomoka Inaba , and Hina ) defeated Cosmic Angels ( Yuna Mizumori , Aya Sakura and Sayaka Kurara ) 4 NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20 Tokyo, Japan Tokyo Dome Kazuchika Okada defeated Hiroshi Tanahashi Featured Hiroshi Tanahashi 's retirement match , the professional wrestling debut of former judoka Olympic gold medalist Aaron Wolf , and the NJPW returns of Andrade El Ídolo , Jake Lee , Francesco Akira , Jay White , Will Ospreay , Kenny Omega , Kota Ibushi , Katsuyori Shibata , Keiji Mutoh , Tatsumi Fujinami , Tetsuya Naito , and Bushi . 5 New Year Dash!! Nippon Budokan Knock Out Brothers ( Oskar and Yuto-Ice ) (c) defeated TMDK ( Zack Sabre Jr. and Ryohei Oiwa ) to retain the IWGP World Tag Team Championship WWE : Raw Raw Raw on Netflix Anniversary Show Brooklyn, New York Barclays Center CM Punk (c) defeated Bron Breakker to retain the World Heavyweight Championship Celebration of the 1 Year Anniversary of Raw's premiere on Netflix . 6 WWE : NXT NXT New Year's Evil Orlando, Florida WWE Performance Center Oba Femi (c) defeated Leon Slater to retain the NXT Championship Aired as a special episode of NXT . 10 Stardom New Year Stars Tokyo, Japan Korakuen Hall BMI2000 ( Natsuko Tora and Ruaka ) (c) defeated 02line ( AZM and Miyu Amasaki ) to retain the Goddesses of Stardom Tag Team Championship 11 H.A.T.E. ( Fukigen Death★ , Konami , and Rina ) (c) defeated God's Eye ( Tomoka Inaba , Lady C , and Hina ) to retain the Artist of Stardom Championship CF : Noah Noah Legacy Rise Yoshiki Inamura (c) defeated Masa Kitamiya to retain the GHC Heavyweight Championship 14 AEW Maximum Carnage Phoenix, Arizona Arizona Financial Theatre MJF (c) defeated Bandido to retain the AEW World Championship Aired as a special episode of Dynamite . "Jungle" Jack Perry defeated Anthony Bowens to become the #1 contender to the AEW National Championship Airing on tape delay on January 17 as a special episode of Collision . 15 TNA Impact! premiere on AMC Network Garland, Texas Curtis Culwell Center Mike Santana defeated Frankie Kazarian (c) to win the TNA World Championship First episode of Impact! on AMC Network and AMC+ . 17 Genesis Mike Santana (c) vs. Frankie Kazarian in a Texas Deathmatch for the TNA World Championship , with Nic Nemeth as special guest referee Featuring JDC 's retirement match GCW Code of the Streets Dallas, Texas Gilley's Dallas Matt Tremont (c) vs. Otis Cogar in a Deathmatch for the GCW Ultraviolent Championship 18 Crime Wave Wichita, Kansas WAVE NJPW Yuji Nagata Produce Blue Justice XVII ~ Aoyi Transition ~ Sakura, Japan Sakura Civic Gymnasium 24 ROH MPW Global Wars Arlington, Texas Esports Arena Arlington Airing on tape delay on January 29. WWE : Raw SmackDown Raw SmackDown Saturday Night's Main Event XLIII Montreal, Quebec, Canada Bell Centre First Saturday Night's Main Event in Canada since 2007 . 25 Progress Chapter 189: In Darkest Night London, England Electric Ballroom Man Like DeReiss (c) vs. Cara Noir for the PROGRESS World Championship 29 MLW Battle Riot VIII Kissimmee, Florida Osceola Heritage Park Events Center 40-man Battle Riot match 31 GCW Crushed Up Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Harrah's Philadelphia WWE : Raw SmackDown Raw SmackDown Royal Rumble Riyadh, Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Financial District First Royal Rumble held outside of North America. (c) – denotes defending champion(s) February Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 3 Stardom New Blood 28 Tokyo, Japan Tokyo Square in Itabashi 4 New Blood 29 6 GCW Jersey J-Cup Jersey City, New Jersey White Eagle Hall 7 CMLL MLW Lucha Apocalypto Cicero, Illinois Cicero Stadium Stardom Supreme Fight Osaka, Japan Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium Saya Kamitani (c) vs. Starlight Kid for the World of Stardom Championship 11 NJPW The New Beginning in Osaka Yota Tsuji (c) vs. Jake Lee for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship 13 TNA No Surrender Nashville, Tennessee The Pinnacle 14 AEW Grand Slam Australia Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Qudos Bank Arena 15 Progress Chapter 190: In Brightest Day London, England Electric Ballroom 20 Chapter 191: For The Love Of Progress 4 Manchester, England Bowlers BEC Arena 27 NJPW The New Beginning USA Trenton, New Jersey CURE Insurance Arena First The New Beginning USA event since 2022. 27 JCW Juggalo Weekend Hialeah, Florida Factory Town 28 WWE : Raw SmackDown Raw SmackDown Elimination Chamber Chicago, Illinois United Center (c) – denotes defending champion(s) March Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 6 NJPW NJPW 54th Anniversary Show Tokyo, Japan Ota City General Gymnasium 7 EVE EVE 146: Wrestle Queendom 8 London, England Indigo at The O2 14 AAA Rey de Reyes Puebla, Mexico Auditorio GNP MLW Atlanta, Georgia Center Stage 15 AEW Revolution Los Angeles, California Crypto.com Arena 21 NJPW New Japan Cup (Final) Niigata, Japan Aore Nagaoka TBD vs. TBD in the New Japan Cup final 27 TNA Sacrifice Westwego, Louisiana Alario Center 29 Progress London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) April Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 4 NJPW Sakura Genesis Tokyo, Japan Ryōgoku Kokugikan 12 AEW Dynasty Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Rogers Arena 14 Poder~! PoderMania!~ Paradise, Nevada Horseshoe Las Vegas DG Hybrid PWU Hybrid x PWU 16 Progress Independent Mark Hitchcock Memorial SuperShow NJPW Death Vegas Invitacional GCW MDK Fight Club 17 Gringo Loco's The Wrld on Lucha Josh Barnett's Bloodsport XV Joey Janela's Spring Break 10 JCW Strangle-Mania: Viva Las Violence 18 GCW Effy's Big Gay Brunch 11 Joey Janela's Spring Break: The Immortal Clusterfuck WWE : Raw SmackDown Raw SmackDown WrestleMania 42 Allegiant Stadium 19 25 NJPW Wrestling Redzone in Hiroshima Hiroshima, Japan Hiroshima Sun Plaza 26 Stardom All Star Grand Queendom Yokohama, Japan Yokohama Arena (c) – denotes defending champion(s) May Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 3 NJPW Wrestling Dontaku Night 1 Fukuoka, Japan Fukuoka Kokusai Center Progress Super Strong Style 16 Night 1 London, England Electric Ballroom 4 NJPW Wrestling Dontaku Night 2 Fukuoka, Japan Fukuoka Kokusai Center Progress Super Strong Style 16 Night 2 London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) June Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 7 NJPW Best of the Super Juniors 33 (Final) Tokyo, Japan Ota City General Gymnasium TBD vs. TBD in the Best of the Super Juniors final 14 Dominion 6.14 in Osaka-jo Hall Osaka, Japan Osaka-jō Hall (c) – denotes defending champion(s) July Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 11 NJPW G1 Climax 36 Night 1 Hoffman Estates, Illinois Now Arena First G1 Climax show to be held in the U.S. since 2019. 26 Progress London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) August Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 1 WWE : Raw SmackDown Raw SmackDown SummerSlam Minneapolis, Minnesota U.S. Bank Stadium 2 16 NJPW G1 Climax 36 Final Tokyo, Japan Ryōgoku Kokugikan TBD vs. TBD in the G1 Climax 36 final 29 RevPro RevPro 14th Anniversary Show London, England OVO Arena 30 AEW All In Wembley Stadium 31 Progress Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) September Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 6 WWE : Raw SmackDown Raw SmackDown Money in the Bank New Orleans, Louisiana Smoothie King Center First Money in the Bank to be held in September, and the first to be held after SummerSlam . 27 Progress London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) October Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 25 Progress London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) November Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 29 Progress London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) December Date Promotion(s) Event Location Venue Main Event Notes 30 Progress London, England Electric Ballroom (c) – denotes defending champion(s) Notable events January 1 – In the United States, the majority of WWE 's archival content on Peacock was moved to Netflix , with Peacock maintaining NXT 's livestreaming events until at least March and the Saturday Night's Main Event specials and the WWE SmackDown archive until 2029. Many of the select few countries that were still on the WWE Network in 2025 transitioned to Netflix , with only Austria, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland still on the WWE Network for an undetermined period of time, while Sub-Saharan Africa and Japan remain on SuperSport and Abema , respectively. In the United States, the majority of WWE 's archival content on Peacock was moved to Netflix , with Peacock maintaining NXT 's livestreaming events until at least March and the Saturday Night's Main Event specials and the WWE SmackDown archive until 2029. Many of the select few countries that were still on the WWE Network in 2025 transitioned to Netflix , with only Austria, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland still on the WWE Network for an undetermined period of time, while Sub-Saharan Africa and Japan remain on SuperSport and Abema , respectively. January 2 – WWE SmackDown returned to three hours after airing for two hours since July 4, 2025. January 4 – At New Japan Pro-Wrestling 's Wrestle Kingdom 20 , IWGP Global Heavyweight Champion Yota Tsuji defeated IWGP World Heavyweight Champion Konosuke Takeshita in a Winner Takes All match . Subsequently, Tsuji reintroduced the IWGP Heavyweight Championship —which had been retired in 2021 and succeeded by the World Heavyweight—to replace the World Heavyweight, retroactively merging the lineages of both titles as one, with all former IWGP World Heavyweight Champions recognized as former IWGP Heavyweight Champions. January 6 – Backstage during New Japan Pro-Wrestling 's New Year Dash , Yota Tsuji announced that Bullet Club would be dissolved going forward, marking the end of the stable after 12 years. January 8 – WWE Main Event premiered on YouTube in the United States, after streaming on Peacock since 2021. January 15 – TNA iMPACT! premiered on AMC and AMC+ . Accomplishments and tournaments AAA Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Rey de Reyes TBD March 14 Multi-man single-elimination tournament . AEW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Owen Hart Cup (Women) TBD TBA Eight-woman single-elimination tournament for the Owen Hart Cup Trophy, Championship, and an AEW World Women's Championship match at All In . Owen Hart Cup (Men) TBD Eight-man single-elimination tournament for the Owen Hart Cup Trophy, Championship, and an AEW World Championship match at All In . Continental Classic TBD TBA Twelve-man round-robin tournament for the AEW Continental Championship . AJPW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Zennichi Jr. Tag Team Festival TBD March 20 Eight-team single-elimination tournament . Champion Carnival TBD May 17 Multi-man round-robin tournament for a future Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship match. CF DDT Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes D Generations Cup TBD February 22 Ten-man round-robin tournament for a future DDT Universal Championship match. TJPW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes "Futari wa Princess" Max Heart Tournament TBD February 13 Eight-team single-elimination tournament for a future Princess Tag Team Championship match.. EVE Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes SHE-1 Session Moth Martina January 9 Defeated Anita Vaughn in the final to earn a Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship match. She will challenge for the title at EVE 146: Wrestle Queendom 8. Multiverse Rumble TBD February 6 Multi-woman cosplay rumble match. GCW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Jersey J-Cup TBD February 7 Multi-person single-elimination tournament for the JCW World Championship . GWF Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes World Cup TBD May 9 Single-elimination tournament for a future GWF World Championship match. MLW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Battle Riot TBD January 29 40-man Battle Riot match for an MLW World Heavyweight Championship match at the time and place of the winner's choosing. NJPW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Tornado Ranbo TMDK ( Hartley Jackson , Ryohei Oiwa , and Zack Sabre Jr. ) January 4 Last eliminated Boltin Oleg and Bishamon ( Hirooki Goto and Yoshi-Hashi ) to win the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship . The titles were previously held by Toru Yano and Spiritech ( Master Wato and Yoh ). Young Lion Cup TBD February 1 Six-man single-elimination tournament . New Japan Cup TBD March 21 Multi-man single-elimination tournament for an IWGP Heavyweight Championship match at Sakura Genesis . Best of the Super Juniors TBD June 7 Multi-man round-robin tournament for an IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship match at Dominion 6.14 in Osaka-jo Hall . G1 Climax TBD August 16 Multi-man round-robin tournament for an IWGP Heavyweight Championship match. Super Junior Tag League TBD TBD Multi-team round-robin tournament for an IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship match at Wrestle Kingdom 21 . World Tag League TBD TBD Multi-team round-robin tournament for an IWGP Tag Team Championship match at Wrestle Kingdom 21 . OVW Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Nightmare Rumble (Women) Lovely Miss Larkan January 11 Last eliminated "HollyHood" Haley J to earn the Key of Opportunity for a championship match at the time and place of her choosing. Nightmare Rumble (Men) Tony Evans Last eliminated Kash Daniel to earn the Key of Opportunity for a championship match at the time and place of the his choosing. Oz Academy Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Magiten Tournament Kakeru , Jaguar Yokota , or Hiroyo Matsumoto January 18 Twelve-woman single-elimination tournament for an Oz Academy Openweight Championship match on February 8. Progress Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Super Strong Style 16 TBD May 4 Sixteen-man single-elimination tournament for a future Progress World Championship match.. Seadlinning Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Seadlinning Saikyo Tournament TBD April 17 Eight-woman single-elimination tournament for the Beyond the Sea Single Championship . The title is currently held by Hiroyo Matsumoto . TNA Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Feast or Fired 4 TBD January 22 Multi-person match for four briefcases containing a future title opportunity or a pink slip. WWE Raw and SmackDown Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Undisputed WWE Championship #1 Contender's Tournament TBD January 24 Eight-man tournament for an Undisputed WWE Championship match at Royal Rumble . Royal Rumble match (Women) TBD January 31 30-woman Royal Rumble match for a women's world championship match at WrestleMania 42 . Royal Rumble match (Men) TBD 30-man Royal Rumble match for a men's world championship match at WrestleMania 42 Money in the Bank ladder match (Women) TBD June 7 Six-woman ladder match to earn a women's championship match contract. Money in the Bank ladder match (Men) TBD Six-man ladder match to earn a men's championship match contract. wXw Accomplishment Winner(s) Date Notes Road to 16 Carat Gold Tournament TBD February 8 Four-man tournament for a spot in the 16 Carat Gold Tournament . Ambition 17 TBD March 7 Eight-man single-elimination tournament . 16 Carat Gold Tournament TBD March 9 Sixteen-man single-elimination tournament for a wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship match. Shortcut to the Top match TBD August 15 30-man rumble match for a wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship match. Title changes 2AW 2AW Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Takuro Niki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) 2AW Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – MJ2 ( Kengo Mashimo and Kyu Mogami ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA AAA Mega Championship Incoming champion – Dominik Mysterio Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA World Cruiserweight Championship Incoming champion – Laredo Kid Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA Latin American Championship Incoming champion – El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA Reina de Reinas Championship Incoming champion – Flammer Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Pagano and Psycho Clown Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Ethan Page and Chelsea Green Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAA World Trios Championship Incoming champions – Los Psycho Circus ( Psycho Clown , Murder Clown , Panic Clown, and Dave the Clown) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAW AAW Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Trevor Lee Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAW Heritage Championship Incoming champion – Isaiah Moore Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAW Women's Championship Incoming champion – Maggie Lee Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAW Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – The Hellhounds (Russ Jones and Schaff) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW AEW World Championship Incoming champion – MJF Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW Women's World Championship Incoming champion – Kris Statlander Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW International Championship Incoming champion – Kazuchika Okada Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW Continental Championship Incoming champion – Jon Moxley Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW National Championship Incoming champion – Ricochet Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW TNT Championship Incoming champion – Mark Briscoe Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW TBS Championship Incoming champion – Willow Nightingale Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – FTR ( Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW Women's World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Babes of Wrath ( Harley Cameron and Willow Nightingale ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AEW World Trios Championship Incoming champion – The Opps ( Samoa Joe , Powerhouse Hobbs , and Katsuyori Shibata ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 14 ( airing January 17) "Hangman" Adam Page and JetSpeed ( Kevin Knight and "Speedball" Mike Bailey ) Collision : Maximum Carnage AIW AIW Absolute Championship Incoming champion – Sam Holloway Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AIW Intense Championship Incoming champion – Isiah Broner Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AIW Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Derek Dillinger and Tyson Riggs Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Kento Miyahara Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) World Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Atsuki Aoyagi Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Gaora TV Championship Incoming champion – Shotaro Ashino Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 3 Daisuke Sekimoto New Year Wars Night 2 World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Havoc ( Oddyssey and Xyon ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 2 Titans of Calamity ( Ren Ayabe and Talos ) New Year Wars Night 1 All Asia Tag Team Championship Incoming champions –Gajadokuro ( Ishin and Yoshiki Kato ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AJPW TV Six-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Hokuto-gun ( Hokuto Omori , Takashi Yoshida , and Kuma Arashi ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Basara Union Max Championship Incoming champion – Shuji Ishikawa Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Iron Fist Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Daiki Shimomura and Takumi Tsukamoto Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWA World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Andy Wu and Yasufumi Nakanoue Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) BJW BJW Deathmatch Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Yusaku Ito Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 2 Abdullah Kobayashi New Year's Battle Begins BJW World Strong Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – So Daimonji Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) BJW Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Kosuke Sato Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) BJW Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Kazumi Kikuta and Toru Sugiura Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Yokohama Shopping Street 6-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Abdullah Kobayashi , Kankuro Hoshino , and Ryuji Ito Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 6 Tatsuhiko Yoshino and Brahman Brothers (Brahman Shu and Brahman Kei) Welcome to Dainichi Ueno January 14 Abdullah Kobayashi , Kankuro Hoshino , and Ryuji Ito BJW BZW BZW Championship Incoming champion – Jacob Vadocq Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) BZW Hardcore Championship Incoming champion – Georges Balzac Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) BZW Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Mao and Yoshihiko Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CF DDT KO-D Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Yuki Ueno Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DDT Universal Championship Incoming champion – Yuki Ueno Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DDT Extreme Championship Incoming champion – To-y Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) KO-D Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Strange Love Connenction ( Mao and Kanon ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Kaisei Takechi and The 37Kamiina ( To-y and Yuki Ueno ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) KO-D 10-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Damnation T.A. ( Daisuke Sasaki , Demus , Hideki Okatani , MJ Paul and Ilusion ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) O-40 Championship Incoming champion – Daisuke Sasaki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) World Ōmori Championship Incoming champion – Masahiro Takanashi ( lineal champion ) / Kazuki Hirata ( interim champion ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship Incoming champion – Mahiro Kiryu Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Aja Kong Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling '26 This was a Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling event. This was a four-way match also involving Rika Tatsumi and Shino Suzuki , the latter of whom was pinned. Mahiro Kiryu Kiryu and Rika Tatsumi pinned Kong at the same time; the referee awarded the title to Kiryu because she was on the bottom. HyperMi Dramatic Dream Hyper Misao 's modified bicycle. Misao ran over Kiryu during a match with Shoko Nakajima ; the referee awarded the title to the bicycle. Mahiro Kiryu Noah GHC Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Yoshiki Inamura Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Hiromu Takahashi Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 1 Amakusa The New Year GHC National Championship Incoming champion – Dragon Bane Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 1 Alpha Wolf The New Year In this match Alpha Wolf turn on his brother and join the Team 2000X GHC Women's Championship Co-promoted with Dream Star Fighting Marigold Incoming champion – Takumi Iroha Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 3 Mayu Iwatani Marigold First Dream GHC Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Maruken ( Naomichi Marufuji and Kenoh ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 1 Los Tranquilos de Japon ( Bushi and Tetsuya Naito ) The New Year GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Los Intocables ( Daga and Daiki Odashima ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GHC Openweight Hardcore Championship Incoming champion – Hayata Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TJPW Princess of Princess Championship Incoming champion – Miu Watanabe Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) International Princess Championship Incoming champion – Arisu Endo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Mirai Tokyo Joshi Pro '26 Princess Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Ober Eats ( Yuki Kamifuku and Wakana Uehara ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ChocoPro Super Asia Championship Incoming champion – Rina Yamashita Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Asia Dream Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Hagane Shinnou and Chie Koishikawa Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL CMLL World Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Claudio Castagnoli Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Místico Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Templario Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Welterweight Championship Incoming champion – Titán Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Lightweight Championship Incoming champion – Stigma Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Mini-Estrella Championship Incoming champion – Angelito Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Micro-Estrella Championship Incoming champion – KeMalito Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Women's Championship Incoming champion – Mercedes Moné Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL Japan Women's Championship Incoming champion – Hazuki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Los Hermanos Chavez ( Ángel de Oro and Niebla Roja ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – El Triangulo ( El Hijo del Villano III and Villano III Jr. ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Women's Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Las Chicas Indomables ( La Jarochita and Lluvia ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CMLL World Trios Championship Incoming champions – El Sky Team ( Místico , Máscara Dorada , and Neón ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Historic Light Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Atlantis Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Flip Gordon Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship Incoming champion – Máscara Dorada Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Akuma Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Esfinge Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Guerrero Maya Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Rayo Metálico Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Women's Championship Incoming champion – India Sioux Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Los Depredadores ( Magnus and Rugido ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Mexican National Women's Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Andrómeda and Skadi Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Occidente Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Bestia Negra Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Occidente Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Zandokan Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Occidente Women's Championship Incoming champion – Lluvia Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Occidente Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Gallo Jr. and Ráfaga Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Occidente Women's Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Las Infernales ( Dark Silueta and Zeuxis ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Occidente Trios Championship Incoming champions – Ráfaga, Furia Roja, Guerrero de la Muerte, Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) The Crash The Crash Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Andrade El Idolo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) The Crash Women's Championship Incoming champion – Keyra Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) The Crash Cruiserweight Championship Incoming champion – Noisy Boy Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) The Crash Junior Championship Incoming champion – Atomik Star Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) The Crash Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Good Brothers ( Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CZW CZW World Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Eran Ashe Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) CZW World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Lost Boys (Athan Promise and Miles Penn) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DEFY DEFY World Championship Incoming champion – Bryan Keith Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DEFY Women's Championship Incoming champion – Marina Shafir Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DEFY PrimoLucha Championship Incoming champion – Kevin Blackwood Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DEFY Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Guillermo Rosas Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DEFY Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Sinner and Saint (Judas Icarus and Travis Williams) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DG Open the Dream Gate Championship Incoming champion – Madoka Kikuta Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Open the Brave Gate Championship Incoming champion – Ryoya Tanaka Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Open the Twin Gate Championship Incoming champions – Love & Peace ( Jacky Kamei and Riiita ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Open the Triangle Gate Championship Incoming champions – Love & Peace ( Ben-K , Hyo , and Mochizuki Jr. ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Open the Owarai Gate Championship Incoming champion – Vacant Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Diana World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana World Championship Incoming champion – Haruka Umesaki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana Queen Elizabeth Championship Incoming champion – Vacant Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana Crystal Championship Incoming champion – Miran Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Caffeine & Crush ( Ayako Sato and Debbie Keitel) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DPW DPW Worlds Championship Incoming champion – LaBron Kozone Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DPW Women's Worlds Championship Incoming champion – Mei Suruga Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DPW National Championship Incoming champion – LaBron Kozone Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) DPW Worlds Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Miracle Generation (Dustin Walker and Kylon King) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) EVE Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship Incoming champion – Rhio Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Pro-Wrestling: EVE International Championship Incoming champion – Kris Statlander Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Pro-Wrestling: EVE Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Lallie (Hollie Barlow and Lana Austin ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Freedoms King of Freedom World Championship Incoming champion – Violento Jack Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) King of Freedom World Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Kengo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) King of Freedom World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Masashi Takeda and Yusaku Ito Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Barefoot King Championship Incoming champion – Daisuke Masaoka Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GanPro Spirit of Ganbare World Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Masaaki Mochizuki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Spirit of Ganbare World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Yumehito Imanari and Shinichiro Tominaga Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GCW GCW World Championship Incoming champion – Atticus Cogar Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GCW Ultraviolent Championship Incoming champion – Matt Tremont Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GCW World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Bustah and The Brain ( Alec Price and Jordan Oliver ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JCW World Championship Incoming champion – Billie Starkz Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Gleat G-Rex Championship Incoming champion – El Lindaman Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) G-Rush Championship Incoming champion – Minoru Tanaka Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) G-Infinity Championship Incoming champions – Black Generation International ( Kaito Ishida and Kazma Sakamoto ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Lidet UWF World Championship Incoming champion – Katsuhiko Nakajima Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GWF GWF World Championship Incoming champion – Rambo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GWF Women's World Championship Incoming champion – Jane Nero Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GWF Berlin Championship Incoming champion – Carlito Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 11 Ahura Strike First, Strike Hard GWF Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Sunshine Machine (Chuck Mambo and TK Cooper) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GWF Mixed Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Joshua Amaru and Cory Zero Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) HOG HOG Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Charles Mason Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) HOG Women's Championship Incoming champion – Shotzi Blackheart Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) HOG Crown Jewel Championship Incoming champion – Zilla Fatu Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) HOG Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Hardys ( Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) LPW Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Jodi Aura Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) LPW Women's Championship Incoming champion – Amiira Sahar Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) LPW Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – TBD Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Ice Ribbon ICE×∞ Championship Incoming champion – Kaho Matsushita Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) FantastICE Championship Incoming champion – Tsukina Umino Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Triangle Ribbon Championship Incoming champion – Kaori Yoneyama Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 1 Miran Gokigen Pro Wrestling In Ita #6 Oshogatsu This was a Gokigen Pro Wrestling event. This was a three-way match also involving Chie Ozora . International Ribbon Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Manami Katsu and Misa Kagura Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – DMT Azul Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Intercontinental Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Toxin Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Championship Incoming champion – Caballero de Plata Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Intercontinental Lightweight Championship Incoming champion – Aguila Roja Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Intercontinental Women's Championship Incoming champion – Lady Maravilla Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Intercontinental Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Mexa Boy's (Noisy Boy and Spider Fly) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship Incoming champions – Revolución Crew ( El Hijo de Canis Lupus , Multifacetico Jr., and Rey Mictlan) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Junior de Juniors Championship Incoming champion – Villano V Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Rey del Ring Championship Incoming champion – Hell Boy Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Rey del Aire Championship Incoming champion – Hysteriosis Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWRG Mexico Championship Incoming champion – Hell Boy Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Distrito Federal Trios Championship Incoming champions – El Infierno Eterno ( Demonio Infernal , Eterno , and Lunatic Extreme) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JCW JCW Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Matt Cardona Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JCW Women's Championship Incoming champion – "HollyHood" Haley J Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JCW American Championship Incoming champion – Ninja Mack Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JCW Battle Royal Championship Incoming champion – Kerry Morton Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JCW Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Brothers of Funstrucion (Yabo the Clown and Ruffo the Clown) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JTO King of JTO Incoming champion – Ryuya Takekura Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Queen of JTO Incoming champion – Azusa Inaba Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JTO Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Ibuki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Bomber Tatsuya First Show of the Year JTO Girls Championship Incoming champion – Mirai Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JTO Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Myo-o (Genta Yubari and Miyamasa) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) JTO Girls Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Tomoka Inaba and Rhythm Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWA World Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Naoya Akama Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Akira Jumonji Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Kuroshio Tokyo Japan First Show of the Year Marigold Marigold World Championship Incoming champion – Miku Aono Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Marigold United National Championship Incoming champion – Victoria Yuzuki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Marigold Super Fly Championship Incoming champion – Mayu Iwatani Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Marigold Twin Star Championship Incoming champions – Darkness Revolution ( Misa Matsui and Chiaki ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) GHC Women's Championship Co-promoted with Pro Wrestling Noah Incoming champion – Takumi Iroha Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 3 Mayu Iwatani First Dream Marvelous AAAW Single Championship Incoming champion – Takumi Iroha Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) AAAW Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Magenta ( Maria and Riko Kawahata ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLP PWA Champions Grail Co-promoted with Oceania Pro Wrestling and Qatar Pro Wrestling Incoming champion – Rohan Raja Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLP Canadian Championship Incoming champion – Josh Alexander Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLP Women's Canadian Championship Incoming champion – Gisele Shaw Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLW MLW World Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Mads Krule Krügger Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLW World Women's Featherweight Championship Incoming champion – Shoko Nakajima Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLW World Middleweight Championship Incoming champion – Templario Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLW National Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Blue Panther Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) MLW World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Skyscrapers ( Donovan Dijak and Bishop Dyer ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NJPW IWGP World Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Konosuke Takeshita Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Yota Tsuji Wrestle Kingdom 20 This was a Winner Takes All match also for Tsuji's IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship . January 5 Deactivated New Year Dash!! Tsuji reintroduced the IWGP Heavyweight Championship —which had been retired in 2021 and succeeded by the World Heavyweight—to replace the World Heavyweight, retroactively merging the lineages of both titles as one, with all former IWGP World Heavyweight Champions recognized as former IWGP Heavyweight Champions. IWGP Heavyweight Championship (Title reintroduced) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 5 Yota Tsuji New Year Dash!! Tsuji reintroduced the title—which had been retired in 2021 and succeeded by the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship —to replace the World Heavyweight, retroactively merging the lineages of both titles as one, with all former IWGP World Heavyweight Champions recognized as former IWGP Heavyweight Champions. IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Yota Tsuji Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Douki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWGP Women's Championship Incoming champion – Syuri Co-promoted with World Wonder Ring Stardom Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWGP Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Knock Out Brothers ( Yuto-Ice and Oskar ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – House of Torture ( Sho and Douki ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 5 Ichiban Sweet Boys ( Robbie Eagles and Kosei Fujita ) New Year Dash This was a four-way tag team match also involving El Desperado and Kuukai, and Super Extremes ( Taiji Ishimori and Robbie X ). NEVER Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Evil Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Aaron Wolf Wrestle Kingdom 20 NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Toru Yano and Spiritech ( Master Wato and Yoh ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 TMDK ( Zack Sabre Jr. , Ryohei Oiwa , and Hartley Jackson ) Wrestle Kingdom 20 This was a Ranbo also involving Last eliminated Boltin Oleg and Bishamon ( Hirooki Goto and Yoshi-Hashi ), Bullet Club War Dogs ( Clark Connors , Oskar , and Yuto-Ice ), Tiger Mask , Togi Makabe , and Ryusuke Taguchi , Team 150 ( Tomohiro Ishii , Taichi and Satoshi Kojima ), Kaisei Takechi and RoughStorm ( Shota Umino and Yuya Uemura ), and House of Torture ( Ren Narita , Sanada , and Yoshinobu Kanemaru ). TMDK last eliminated Oleg and Bishamon to win the titles. NJPW World Television Championship Incoming champion – El Phantasmo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Strong Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Tomohiro Ishii Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Strong Women's Championship Incoming champion – Saya Kamitani Co-promoted with World Wonder Ring Stardom Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Syuri Wrestle Kingdom 20 This was a Winner Takes All match also for Syuri's IWGP Women's Championship . Strong Openweight Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Los Hermanos Chavez ( Ángel de Oro and Niebla Roja ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Silas Mason Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Women's Championship Incoming champion – Natalia Markova Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA National Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Mike Mondo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Spencer Slade Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Jeremiah Plunkett Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Television Championship Incoming champion – Bryan Idol Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Women's Television Championship Incoming champion – Tiffany Nieves Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Immortals ( Kratos and Odinson) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – TVMA (Tiffany Nieves and Valentina Rossi) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NWA United States Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Slimeballz (Sage Chantz and Tommy Rant) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Osaka Pro Osaka Pro Wrestling Championship Incoming champion – Ryuya Matsufusa Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Osaka Light Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Ultimate Spider Jr. Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship Incoming champion – Takoyakida Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Osaka Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Aran Sano and Tigers Mask Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) OVW OVW Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Dustin Jackson Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) OVW United States Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Big Zo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) OVW Media Championship Incoming champion – Jake Lawless Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) OVW Rush Division Championship Incoming champion – Jota Peso Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 11 Brendan Balling Nightmare Rumble This was a six-way scramble also involving Elijah Eros, JJ Lawson, Jake Painter, and Maximo Suave. OVW Women's Championship Incoming champion – Leela Feist Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) OVW Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Donovan Cecil and Jack Vaughn Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Oz Academy Oz Academy Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Saori Anou Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Oz Academy Pioneer 3-Way Championship Incoming champion – Vacant Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Oz Academy Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Gojizones United ( Hiroyo Matsumoto and Zones) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Prestige Prestige World Championship Incoming champion – Kevin Blackwood Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Prestige Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Midnight Heat (Ricky Gibson and Eddie Pearl) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Progress Progress World Championship Incoming champion – Man Like DeReiss Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Progress World Women's Championship Incoming champion – Rayne Leverkusen Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Progress Atlas Championship Incoming champion – Will Kroos Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 1 Saxon Huxley Noah The New Year This was the first time a Progress championship changed hands at a Pro Wrestling Noah show. Progress Proteus Championship Incoming champion – Paul Walter Hauser Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Progress Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Diamond Eyes ( Connor Mills and Nico Angelo ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Pure-J Pure-J Openweight Championship Incoming champion – Saki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Hanako Nakamori First Battle Princess of Pro-Wrestling Championship Incoming champion – Honoka Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) KSR Championship Incoming champion – Flying Penguin Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Kobayashi Group ( Hanako Nakamori and Kaho Kobayashi ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Incoming champions – Jay Joshua Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Undisputed British Women's Championship Incoming champion – Alex Windsor Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Undisputed British Cruiserweight Championship Incoming champion – Joe Lando Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Undisputed British Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Young Guns ( Ethan Allen and Luke Jacobs ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) REVOLVER REVOLVER World Championship Incoming champions – Myron Reed Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) REVOLVER Remix Championship Incoming champion – Chris Danger Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) REVOLVER Texas Championship Incoming champion – KJ Orso Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) REVOLVER 24/7 Scramble Championship Incoming champion – Bigg Pound Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) REVOVLER Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Rascalz ( Dezmond Xavier and Zachary Wentz ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH ROH World Championship Incoming champion – Bandido Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH Women's World Championship Incoming champion – Athena Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH World Television Championship Incoming champion – Nick Wayne Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH Women's World Television Championship Incoming champion – Red Velvet Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH Pure Championship Incoming champion – Lee Moriarty Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH Women's Pure Championship Incoming champion – Deonna Purrazzo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – La Facción Ingobernable ( Sammy Guevara and The Beast Mortos ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Shane Taylor Promotions ( Shane Taylor , Carlie Bravo , and Capt. Shawn Dean ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Seadlinnng Beyond the Sea Single Championship Incoming champion – Hiroyo Matsumoto Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Beyond the Sea Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Unagi Sayaka and Honori Hana Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Senjo Sendai Girls World Championship Incoming champion – Chihiro Hashimoto Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Sendai Girls Junior Championship Incoming champion – Yuna Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Sendai Girls Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Bob Bob Momo Banana ( Mio Momono and Yurika Oka ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Spark Joshi Spark Joshi World Championship Incoming champion – Hazuki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Spark Joshi Pacific Championship Incoming champion – Airica Demia Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Spark Joshi Atlantic Championship Incoming champion – Saki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Stardom World of Stardom Championship Incoming champion – Saya Kamitani Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Wonder of Stardom Championship Incoming champion – Konami Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Goddesses of Stardom Championship Incoming champions – BMI2000 ( Natsuko Tora and Ruaka ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Artist of Stardom Championship Incoming champions – H.A.T.E. ( Konami , Rina , and Fukigen Death ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) High Speed Championship Incoming champion – Yuna Mizumori Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Future of Stardom Championship Incoming champion – Hanako Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) New Blood Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Sakurara ( Aya Sakura and Sayaka Kurara ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) IWGP Women's Championship Incoming champion – Syuri Co-promoted with New Japan Pro-Wrestling Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Strong Women's Championship Incoming champion – Saya Kamitani Co-promoted with New Japan Pro-Wrestling Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Syuri NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20 This was a Winner Takes All match also for Syuri's IWGP Women's Championship . Tenryu Project Tenryu Project International Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Koji Iwamoto Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Tenryu Project International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Takuro Niki and Yusuke Kodama Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Tenryu Project WAR World 6-Man Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Kengo , Masayuki Kono , and Yuya Susumu Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Tenryu Project United National Heavyweight Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Kohei Sato and Masayuki Kono Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TNA TNA World Championship Incoming champion – Frankie Kazarian Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TNA Knockouts World Championship Incoming champion – Léi Yǐng Lee Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TNA X Division Championship Incoming champion – Leon Slater Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TNA International Championship Incoming champion – Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TNA World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Hardys ( Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) TNA Knockouts World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The IInspiration ( Cassie Lee and Jessie McKay ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWN UWN World Championship Incoming champion – Jordan Cruz Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWN Women's World Championship Incoming champion – Big Mama Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWN Heritage Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Maximilien Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWN Television Championship Incoming champion – Evan Daniels Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) UWN Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – 5150 ( Danny Limelight and Slice Boogie ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Wave Pro Wave Single Championship Incoming champion – Itsuki Aoki Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Wave Tag Team Championship Incoming champion – Life Thirty-One ( Yumi Ohka and Saran ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) West Coast Pro West Coast Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Vinnie Massaro Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) West Coast Pro Wrestling Women's Championship Incoming champion – Johnnie Robbie Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) West Coast Pro Wrestling Golden Gate Championship Incoming champion – Andrew Cass Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 4 Alan Angels Operation Stockola West Coast Pro Wrestling Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Crush Boys ( Titus Alexander and Starboy Charlie) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WOS WOS Championship Incoming champion – Sha Samuels Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WOS Women's Championship Incoming champion – Alex Windsor Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WOS Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – UK Pitbulls (Bulk and Big Dave) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WOW WOW World Championship Incoming champion – Tormenta Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WOW World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Miami's Sweet Heat (Laurie Carlson and Lindsey Carlson) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WOW Trios Championship Incoming champions – Top Tier (Coach Campanelli, Kandi Krush, and Gloria Glitter) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Raw and SmackDown Raw and SmackDown each exclusively have a world and secondary championship for both the men and women, as well as a tag team championship for men. World Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – CM Punk Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Undisputed WWE Championship Incoming champion – Cody Rhodes Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 9 Drew McIntyre SmackDown This was a Three Stages of Hell match . The three stages were: a standard singles match , a Falls Count Anywhere match , and a Steel Cage match ; McIntyre won the first and third. Women's World Championship Incoming champion – Stephanie Vaquer Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Women's Championship Incoming champion – Jade Cargill Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Intercontinental Championship Incoming champion – Dominik Mysterio Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE United States Championship Incoming champion – Carmelo Hayes Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Women's Intercontinental Championship Incoming champion – Maxxine Dupri Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 5 Becky Lynch Raw on Netflix Anniversary Show WWE Women's United States Championship Incoming champion – Chelsea Green Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 2 Giulia SmackDown World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Usos ( Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Wyatt Sicks ( Joe Gacy and Dexter Lumis ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NXT NXT exclusively has a primary, secondary, and specialty championship for both the men and women, as well as a tag team championship for men. NXT Championship Incoming champion – Oba Femi Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 6 Vacated NXT : New Year's Evil After successfully defending the title against Leon Slater , Oba Femi left the championship belt in the ring, voluntarily relinquishing the title. February 3 TBD NXT This will be a six-man ladder match for the vacant championship. NXT Women's Championship Incoming champion – Jacy Jayne Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NXT North American Championship Incoming champion – Ethan Page Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NXT Women's North American Championship Incoming champion – Thea Hail Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 6 Izzi Dame NXT : New Year's Evil This was an open challenge. NXT Heritage Cup Incoming champion – Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Speed Championship Incoming champion – Jasper Troy Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Women's Speed Championship Incoming champion – Fallon Henley Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) NXT Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – DarkState ( Osiris Griffin and Saquon Shugars ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Unbranded The following title is non-exclusive, available to wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and NXT. WWE Women's Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Kabuki Warriors ( Asuka and Kairi Sane ) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) January 5 Rhiyo ( Rhea Ripley and Iyo Sky ) Raw on Netflix Anniversary Show WWE Evolve Evolve is a developmental brand focused on trainees from the WWE Performance Center , and has two championships, one each for men and women. WWE Evolve Championship Incoming champions – Jackson Drake Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Evolve Women's Championship Incoming champions – Kendal Grey Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE ID The WWE Independent Development (ID) program has two championships, one each for men and women, which are defended exclusively across partner independent promotions . WWE ID Championship Incoming champions – Cappuccino Jones Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) WWE Women's ID Championship Incoming champions – Laynie Luck Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) wXw wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship Incoming champions – Peter Tihanyi Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) wXw Shotgun Championship Incoming champions – Dennis Dullnig Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) wXw European Championship Incoming champion – Ricky Sosa Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) wXw World Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – The Grind ( Laurance Roman and Nick Schreier) Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) wXw Academy Championship Incoming champion – The Breezy Bruiser Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Zero1 World Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Masato Tanaka Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) World Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Takumi Baba Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) International Junior Heavyweight Championship Incoming champion – Takumi Baba Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Intercontinental Tag Team Championship Incoming champions – Junya Matsunaga and Tsugutaka Sato Date Winner Event/Show Note(s) Awards and honors George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Category Inductee Inductees Jeff Jarrett WWE WWE Hall of Fame Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Stephanie McMahon The Undertaker [ 1 ] Debuts January 4 Aaron Wolf Shion Kanzaki (TJPW) Aaron Wolf Shion Kanzaki (TJPW) Retirements January 1 Yuki Miyazaki Madison Rayne Yuki Miyazaki Madison Rayne January 4 – Hiroshi Tanahashi January 12 – Risa Sera January 17 – JDC April 26 – Saki Kashima June – Tiger Mask IV TBA – AJ Styles TBA – Mercedes Martinez Deaths January 2 – Johnny Legend (born 1948) January 4 – Bob Boyer (born 1932) January 14 – Rick Link (born 1959) See also List of WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming supercards , WWE Raw special episodes , WWE SmackDown special episodes , and WWE NXT special episodes List of AEW pay-per-view events , AEW special events , AEW Dynamite special episodes , and AEW Collision special episodes List of TNA pay-per-view events and TNA+ Monthly Specials List of ROH pay-per-view events and Honor Club exclusive events List of NWA pay-per-view events and NWA Special Supercards List of MLW events List of major NJPW events and NJPW Strong special episodes List of major World Wonder Ring Stardom events List of major Pro Wrestling Noah events List of major DDT Pro-Wrestling events List of major Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide events List of major Progress Wrestling events Notes References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Undertaker to induct Stephanie McMahon into the WWE Hall of Fame" . ESPN . September 21, 2025 . Retrieved September 21, 2025 . v t e Years in professional wrestling v t e 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2026 in professional wrestling 2026 sport-related lists Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 06:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_professional_wrestling
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Authority control databases Yale LUX Yale LUX Führer Headquarters Death of Adolf Hitler Battle of Berlin World War II sites in Germany Continuity of government Bunkers in Germany Air raid shelters 1944 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1944 1947 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1947 Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Articles containing German-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use British English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Use shortened footnotes from June 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff200498%E2%80%93101-68
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 1977–1989: Early roles and stardom 2.2 1990–2007: Career fluctuations 2.3 2008–2021: MCU films and television work 2.1 1977–1989: Early roles and stardom 2.2 1990–2007: Career fluctuations 2.3 2008–2021: MCU films and television work 3 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 3.1 Marriages and relationships 3.2 Domestic violence allegations 3.1 Marriages and relationships 3.2 Domestic violence allegations 4 Death and tributes 5 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Theater 5.4 Video games 5.5 Audiobooks 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Theater 5.4 Video games 5.5 Audiobooks 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links William Hurt Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item William Hurt Hurt at the premiere for A History of Violence , 2005 Born William McChord Hurt ( 1950-03-20 ) March 20, 1950 Washington, D.C. , U.S. Died March 13, 2022 (2022-03-13) (aged 71) Portland , Oregon , U.S. Other names Bill Hurt Alma mater Tufts University ( BA ) Juilliard School ( GrDip ) Occupation Actor Years active 1975–2022 Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Beth Supinger ( m. 1971; div. 1982) Heidi Henderson ( m. 1989; div. 1993) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Children 4 William McChord Hurt [ 1 ] [ 2 ] (March 20, 1950 – March 13, 2022) was an American actor. Known for his performances on stage and screen, he received various accolades including an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , and a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor , in addition to nominations for five Golden Globe Awards , two Primetime Emmy Awards , and a Tony Award . Hurt studied at the Juilliard School before his film debut, in Ken Russell 's science-fiction feature Altered States (1980), for which he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year . He went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Actor playing a gay prisoner in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985). Hurt was also Oscar-nominated for Children of a Lesser God (1986), Broadcast News (1987), and A History of Violence (2005). He starred in films such as Body Heat (1981), The Big Chill (1983), The Accidental Tourist (1988), Alice (1990), One True Thing (1998), Syriana (2005), Mr. Brooks (2007), Into the Wild (2007), and The Yellow Handkerchief (2008). Hurt also portrayed Thaddeus Ross in five of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films starting with The Incredible Hulk (2008) and concluding with Black Widow (2021). On television, Hurt received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series playing a scientist in the FX legal drama Damages (2009) and for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his portrayal of Henry Paulson in the HBO movie Too Big to Fail (2011). He later acted in the legal drama series Goliath (2016–2021) and the thriller series Condor (2018–2020). On stage, Hurt appeared in off-Broadway productions of William Shakespeare 's Henry V (1975), and A Midsummer Night's Dream (1982) as well as Lanford Wilson 's Fifth of July (1978). He made his Broadway debut in David Rabe 's dark comedy Hurlyburly (1984) playing a Hollywood casting director, for which he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play . Early life and education Hurt was born on March 20, 1950, in Washington, D.C. , to Claire Isabel (née McGill; 1923–1971), [ 3 ] who worked for Time Inc. , and Alfred McChord Hurt (1910–1996), who worked for the United States Agency for International Development and the State Department . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] He had two brothers. [ 5 ] With his father, he lived in Lahore , Mogadishu , and Khartoum . [ 6 ] His parents divorced and, in 1960, his mother married Henry Luce III (1925–2005), a son of publisher Henry Luce . [ 7 ] Hurt attended the Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts, where he was vice-president of the Dramatics Club and had the lead role in several school plays. He graduated in 1968 and his yearbook predicted, "you might even see him on Broadway." Hurt attended Tufts University and studied theology, graduating with a BA magna cum laude in 1972, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] but turned instead to acting and joined the Juilliard School (Drama Division Group 5 : 1972–1976). [ 10 ] Career 1977–1989: Early roles and stardom Hurt began his career in stage productions. From 1977 to 1989, he was a member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company . He won an Obie Award for his debut appearance there in Corinne Jacker 's My Life , and won a 1978 Theatre World Award for his performances in Fifth of July , Ulysses in Traction , and Lulu . In 1979, Hurt played Hamlet under the direction of Marshall W. Mason opposite Lindsay Crouse and Beatrice Straight . His first major film role was in the science-fiction film Altered States (1980), where his performance as an obsessed scientist gained him wide recognition. His performance opposite newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdan 's neo-noir film Body Heat (1981) elevated Hurt to stardom. Kasdan and he became frequent collaborators: Hurt co-starred in Kasdan's acclaimed comedy-dramas The Big Chill (1983) and The Accidental Tourist (1988), both of which were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture , and he later had a supporting role in the ensemble comedy I Love You to Death (1990). In 1983 he appeared in the thriller Gorky Park (1983) opposite Lee Marvin . In the 1980s, Hurt received three consecutive Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, beginning with an Oscar win for his turn as a prisoner in Hector Babenco 's drama Kiss of the Spider Woman in 1985. He also received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival for this role. The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Hurt won a well-deserved best actor award at the Cannes Film Festival for a performance that is crafty at first, carefully nurtured and finally stirring in profound, unanticipated ways... What starts out as a campy, facetious catalog of Hollywood trivia becomes an extraordinarily moving film about manhood, heroism and love." [ 11 ] Hurt subsequently received Best Actor Oscar nominations for playing a speech teacher at a school for the deaf who falls for a deaf custodian in Children of a Lesser God (1986) and for playing a dim-witted television news anchor in Broadcast News the following year. Broadcast News , a romantic comedy directed by James L. Brooks , would come to be Hurt's most acclaimed film, with an inclusion to the National Film Registry in the Library of Congress in 2018. [ 12 ] 1990–2007: Career fluctuations Hurt began to appear more frequently in supporting roles. Some of his notable roles include performances in Dark City (1998), Lost in Space (1998), Sunshine (1999), A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), Tuck Everlasting (2002), [ 13 ] The Village (2004), A History of Violence (2005), and Syriana (2005). [ 14 ] Hurt's fourth career Oscar nomination, for Best Supporting Actor, would come in 2006 for playing a powerful crime boss in A History of Violence (2005), though his role comprised less than 10 minutes of screen time. [ 15 ] Other later film roles included Into the Wild (2007) and Mr. Brooks (2007). [ 16 ] Hurt had several roles in television and theater. Hurt starred in the Sci Fi Channel miniseries adaptation Frank Herbert's Dune in 2000, playing Duke Leto Atreides ; it was one of Syfy's highest-rated series ever. He was in the miniseries adaptation of Stephen King 's Nightmares and Dreamscapes , in a piece titled Battleground (known for its complete lack of dialogue). He appeared in the cast of Vanya , an adaptation of Anton Chekhov 's Uncle Vanya , at the Artists Repertory Theatre in Portland, Oregon . [ 17 ] 2008–2021: MCU films and television work In June 2007, Marvel Studios announced that Hurt would portray General Thaddeus Ross in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk alongside Edward Norton , Liv Tyler , and Tim Roth . [ 18 ] Hurt reprised his role in four additional Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films: Captain America: Civil War (2016), [ 19 ] Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Black Widow (2021). Harrison Ford would then take over the role of Ross after Hurt's death in Captain America: Brave New World (2025). [ 20 ] Hurt acted in Vantage Point and The Yellow Handkerchief (both 2008), and Robin Hood (2010). In 2009, Hurt became a series regular on the FX series Damages playing a corporate whistleblower opposite Glenn Close and Marcia Gay Harden . For his role in the series, he earned a 2009 Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . In September 2010, Hurt played United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson in the HBO film Too Big to Fail , an adaptation of Andrew Ross Sorkin 's book. He also starred as Captain Ahab in the 2011 television adaptation of Herman Melville 's novel Moby-Dick . [ 21 ] Hurt was set to play Gregg Allman in the film Midnight Rider , but he left the production after an on-set accident. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] In 2018, Hurt was cast as the lead in The Coldest Game (2019), but after he was injured in an off-set accident, he was replaced by Bill Pullman . [ 24 ] In one of his final roles, Hurt played opposite F. Murray Abraham in a standalone episode of Mythic Quest in 2021. Hurt had been set to appear in the series Pantheon and films The Fence , Men of Granite , and Edward Enderby before his death in March 2022, though he ultimately only appeared in Pantheon . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Personal life Marriages and relationships Hurt was married to actress Mary Beth Hurt ( née Supinger ) from 1971 to 1982, [ 27 ] and to Heidi Henderson from 1989 to 1993. Hurt had four children: one with Sandra Jennings; two with Henderson; and one with French actress, film director, and screenwriter Sandrine Bonnaire . [ 28 ] In 1981, while he was still married, Hurt and Sandra Jennings began a relationship in Saratoga Springs, New York . Jennings became pregnant in the spring of 1982, which was followed by Hurt's divorce from Mary Beth, after which Hurt and Jennings relocated to South Carolina , a state that recognized non-ceremonial common-law marriages . [ 29 ] Hurt and Jennings never held a marriage ceremony and later separated. Hurt was a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza . [ 30 ] He was fluent in French and maintained a home outside Paris. [ 28 ] Hurt and Marlee Matlin had a relationship for two years, which included living together. [ 31 ] Domestic violence allegations Hurt's girlfriend Sandra Jennings sued Hurt in New York, seeking recognition of their relationship as a common-law marriage under South Carolina law. The New York court held that the relationship between Hurt and Jennings did not qualify as a common-law marriage under South Carolina law and found in Hurt's favor that no marriage existed. [ 29 ] During Jennings' lawsuit against Hurt, she alleged that Hurt subjected her to physical and verbal abuse. His spokesperson denied that Hurt ever beat Jennings. [ 32 ] In her 2009 autobiography I'll Scream Later , Marlee Matlin said that their relationship involved drug use and physical violence from Hurt, [ 33 ] including a rape . [ 34 ] In response to the accusations aired on CNN on April 13, 2009, Hurt's agent declined to respond, but Hurt issued a statement the following day that his "own recollection is that we both apologized and both did a great deal to heal our lives. Of course, I did and do apologize for any pain I caused. And I know we have both grown. I wish Marlee and her family nothing but good." [ 35 ] In a 2022 essay for Variety , after Hurt had died, author Donna Kaz wrote about dating Hurt in their twenties, from 1977 to 1980. She accused Hurt of domestic abuse in the article. [ 36 ] Death and tributes On March 13, 2022, a week before his 72nd birthday, Hurt died at his Portland, Oregon home from metastatic prostate cancer, [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] with which he was diagnosed in May 2018. [ 40 ] Many actors paid tribute to Hurt, including Chris Evans , Robert Downey, Jr. , Gwyneth Paltrow , Tom Hanks , Rita Wilson , Dennis Quaid , Marg Helgenberger , Kevin Costner , Russell Crowe , John Goodman , Patton Oswalt , Albert Brooks , Bryce Dallas Howard , Maria Bello , Jonathan Frakes , Ben Stiller , Mark Ruffalo , Jennifer Garner , Jeremy Renner , and Topher Grace . [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Ref(s) 1980 Altered States Eddie Jessup [ 43 ] 1981 Eyewitness Daryll Deever [ 43 ] Body Heat Ned Racine [ 43 ] 1983 The Big Chill Nick [ 43 ] Gorky Park Arkady Renko [ 43 ] 1985 Kiss of the Spider Woman Luis Molina [ 43 ] 1986 Children of a Lesser God James [ 43 ] 1987 Broadcast News Tom Grunick [ 43 ] 1988 A Time of Destiny Martin Larraneta [ 43 ] The Accidental Tourist Macon Leary [ 43 ] 1990 I Love You to Death Harlan [ 43 ] Alice Doug [ 43 ] 1991 The Doctor Dr. Jack [ 43 ] Until the End of the World Sam Farber, alias Trevor McPhee [ 43 ] 1992 The Plague Dr. Bernard Rieux [ 43 ] 1993 Mr. Wonderful Tom [ 43 ] 1994 Trial by Jury Tommy Vesey [ 43 ] Second Best Graham Holt [ 43 ] 1995 Smoke Paul Benjamin [ 43 ] 1996 A Couch in New York Henry Harriston [ 43 ] Michael Frank Quinlan [ 43 ] Jane Eyre Rochester [ 43 ] 1997 Loved K.D. Dietrickson [ 43 ] 1998 Lost in Space John Robinson [ 43 ] Dark City Inspector Frank Bumstead [ 43 ] One True Thing George Gulden [ 43 ] 1999 The 4th Floor Greg Harrison [ 43 ] Sunshine Andor Knorr [ 43 ] The Big Brass Ring Blake [ 43 ] Do Not Disturb Walter a.k.a. Silent Witness [ 43 ] The Alexander Technique Himself Instructional film [ 44 ] 2000 Contaminated Man David R. Whitman [ 43 ] The Miracle Maker Jairus (voice) [ 43 ] 2001 Rare Birds Restaurateur [ 43 ] A.I. Artificial Intelligence Professor Allen Hobby [ 43 ] The Simian Line Edward [ 43 ] 2002 Tuck Everlasting Angus Tuck [ 43 ] Changing Lanes Doyle's Sponsor [ 43 ] Nearest to Heaven Matt [ 43 ] 2004 The Blue Butterfly Alan Osbourne [ 43 ] The Village Edward Walker [ 43 ] 2005 The King David [ 43 ] A History of Violence Richie Cusack [ 43 ] Neverwas Dr. Peter Reed [ 43 ] Syriana Stan [ 43 ] 2006 The Good Shepherd CIA Director Philip Allen [ 43 ] The Legend of Sasquatch John Davis (voice) Also co-producer [ 45 ] 2007 Mr. Brooks Marshall [ 43 ] Beautiful Ohio Simon Messerman [ 43 ] Noise Mayor Schneer [ 43 ] Into the Wild Walt McCandless [ 43 ] 2008 Vantage Point President Ashton [ 43 ] The Incredible Hulk General Thaddeus Ross [ 43 ] 2009 The Countess Gyorgy Thurzo [ 43 ] 2010 The Yellow Handkerchief Brett [ 43 ] Robin Hood William Marshal [ 43 ] 2011 The River Why H2O [ 43 ] Late Bloomers Adam [ 46 ] Hellgate Warren Mills [ 47 ] 2012 J'enrage de son absence Jacques [ 43 ] 2013 The Host Jeb [ 43 ] The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby Julian Rigby [ 48 ] Fire in the Blood Narrator (voice) Documentary [ 49 ] Days and Nights Herb [ 50 ] 2014 Winter's Tale Isaac Penn [ 43 ] The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby: Them Julian Rigby [ 43 ] 2016 Race Jeremiah Mahoney [ 43 ] Captain America: Civil War Secretary Thaddeus Ross [ 43 ] 2018 The Miracle Season Ernie Found [ 51 ] Avengers: Infinity War Secretary Thaddeus Ross [ 43 ] 2019 Avengers: Endgame Cameo [ 43 ] The Last Full Measure Tom Tulley [ 52 ] 2021 Black Widow Secretary Thaddeus Ross [ 53 ] 2022 The King's Daughter Père La Chaise Filmed in 2014 [ 54 ] Television Year Title Role Notes Ref(s) 1977 The Best of Families James Lathrop Miniseries [ 45 ] Kojak Jake 2 episodes [ 45 ] 1978 Verna: USO Girl Walter Television movie [ 43 ] 1981 All the Way Home Jay Follet [ 43 ] 1982 A Midsummer Night's Dream Oberon [ 43 ] 1989 Saturday Night Live Himself Episode: "Glenn Close/Gipsy Kings" [ 55 ] 1998 Lee Marvin: A Personal Portrait by John Boorman Documentary [ 43 ] 2000 Frank Herbert's Dune Duke Leto I Atreides [ 56 ] 3 episodes [ 43 ] 2001 The Flamingo Rising Turner Knight Television movie [ 43 ] Varian's War Varian Fry [ 43 ] 2002 The King of Queens Dr. Taber Episode: "Shrink Wrap" [ 45 ] Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story Robert Hanssen Television movie [ 57 ] 2004 Frankenstein Professor Waldman [ 43 ] 2005 Hunt for Justice General Montimer [ 43 ] 2006 Nightmares & Dreamscapes Jason Renshaw Episode: "Battleground" [ 43 ] 2009 Endgame Professor Willie Esterhuyse Television movie [ 43 ] Damages Daniel Purcell 10 episodes [ 43 ] 2011 Moby Dick Captain Ahab 2 episodes [ 43 ] Too Big to Fail Henry Paulson Television movie [ 58 ] 2013 The Challenger Disaster Richard Feynman [ 59 ] Bonnie & Clyde Frank Hamer 2 episodes [ 45 ] 2015 Humans George Millican 7 episodes [ 43 ] 2016 Beowulf Hrothgar 5 episodes [ 43 ] 2016–2021 Goliath [ 60 ] Donald Cooperman 14 episodes [ 54 ] 2018–2020 Condor Bob Partridge [ 61 ] 11 episodes [ 54 ] 2021 Mythic Quest Peter Cromwell Episode: "Peter" [ 62 ] 2022–2023 Pantheon Stephen Holstrom (voice) 8 episodes; posthumous release [ 63 ] Theater Year Project Role Venue 1975 Henry V Lord Scrope / Interpreter / Bates Delacorte Theatre , The Public Theatre 1978 Fifth of July Kenneth Talley Jr. Sheridan Square Playhouse , Off-Broadway 1981 Childe Byron Byron Circle Repertory Theatre , Off-Broadway 1982 A Midsummer Night's Dream Oberon Delacorte Theatre, The Public Theatre 1984–1985 Hurlyburly Eddie Goodman Theatre , Chicago Ethel Barrymore Theatre , Broadway debut 1989 Beside Herself Augie-Jake Circle Repertory Theatre, Off-Broadway 1990 Love Letters Andrew Makepeace Ladd III Promenade Theatre, Off-Broadway 1990 Ivanov Nikolai Alexeyevich Ivanov Yale Repertory Theatre , CT 1992 Good John Halder American Conservatory Theatre, San Francisco [ 64 ] 2003 Richard III King Richard Manitoba Theatre Centre 2010 Long Day's Journey into Night James Tyrone Sydney Theatre Company Video games Year Game Role Notes 2008 The Incredible Hulk Thaddeus Ross Voice only Audiobooks Year Book Author Role Notes Ref(s) 1989 The Polar Express Chris Van Allsburg Narrator Cassette tape only [ 65 ] [ 66 ] 2001 Hearts in Atlantis Stephen King [ 67 ] 2006 The Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway [ 68 ] [ 69 ] 2006 Selected Shorts: Falling in Love Various [ 70 ] 2009 Selected Shorts: The William Hurt Collection Various [ 71 ] 2014 Consumed David Cronenberg [ 72 ] 2016 The Boy Who Drew Cats Translated by Lafcadio Hearn Japanese fairy tale [ 73 ] Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. 1980 Golden Globe Award Best New Actor – Motion Picture Altered States Nominated 1985 Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Play Hurlyburly Nominated Academy Award Best Actor Kiss of the Spider Woman Won BAFTA Award Best Actor in a Leading Role Won Golden Globe Award Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Nominated Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Won David di Donatello Award Best Foreign Actor Won London Film Critics Circle Award Actor of the Year Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award Best Actor Won National Board of Review Best Actor (tied with Raul Julia ) Won National Society of Film Critics Best Actor Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Best Actor Nominated 1986 Academy Award Best Actor Children of a Lesser God Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Nominated 1987 Academy Award Best Actor Broadcast News Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Actor Nominated 1988 Golden Horse Award Best Foreign Actor The Accidental Tourist Won 1991 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Actor The Doctor Nominated 1999 Genie Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role Sunshine Nominated 2001 Satellite Award Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Varian's War Nominated 2005 Academy Award Best Supporting Actor A History of Violence Nominated Austin Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actor Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Won New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Supporting Actor Won North Texas Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actor Won Utah Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actor Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor Nominated 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture Into the Wild Nominated 2009 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Damages Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor – Television Nominated 2009 Satellite Award Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Endgame Nominated 2011 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Too Big to Fail Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Satellite Award Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2013 Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor – Television Bonnie & Clyde Nominated References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Juliette Kitts Dies" . The Washington Post . August 27, 1996 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . Survivors include two sons from his first marriage, the actor William McChord Hurt and James Harlan Hurt, both of New York; and five grandchildren ^ "FindACase™ - SANDRA JENNINGS v. WILLIAM MCCHORD HURT (02/14/91)" . Archived from the original on July 7, 2018 . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ "Claire Isabelle McGill Luce (1923–1971)" . Oregon Encyclopedia . Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020 . Retrieved July 23, 2021 . ^ "William Hurt" . E!. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012 . Retrieved November 30, 2011 . ^ "Mrs. Henry Luce 3d, Investment Analyst, Is Dead" . The New York Times . June 24, 1971. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved July 23, 2021 . ^ "William Hurt: In Every Role, A New Life To Inhabit" . NPR . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved November 30, 2011 . ^ Hinson, Hal (January 25, 1989). "The Intensity of Being William Hurt" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 15, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Sandra Brennan (2013). "William Hurt" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. ^ Brennan, Sandra (March 20, 1950). "William Hurt - Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos" . AllMovie . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ "Alumni News: September 2007" . Juilliard . Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. William Hurt (Group 5) ^ Serviss, Lew; Genzlinger, Neil (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt, Oscar-Winning Leading Man of the 1980s, Dies at 71" . The New York Times . ^ Kimmelman, Ruben (December 12, 2018). " 'Jurassic Park,' 'The Shining,' And 23 Other Movies Added To National Film Registry" . NPR.org . Retrieved August 14, 2019 . ^ " 'Tuck Everlasting' is adapted into a musical" . Christian Science Monitor . January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "Oscar-winning actor William Hurt dies aged 71" . The Guardian . January 31, 2018. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ "The Nominees: William Hurt" . CBS News . February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "A creepy Costner in "Mr. Brooks?" William Hurt made him do it" . Seattle Times . June 2007. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "William Hurt returns to Portland for 'Vanya' " . Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on February 7, 2012 . Retrieved November 30, 2011 . ^ "William Hurt Joins Incredible Hulk Cast as General Thunderbolt Ross" . Marvel. June 14, 2007. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015 . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . ^ "Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel's 'Captain America: Civil War' " . Marvel. June 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015 . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . ^ Newton, Jacob (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt dead at 71: Oscar-winning actor and "Gen. Thaddeus Ross" from Marvel Cinematic Universe" . Myfox8.com . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ Stanley, Alessandra (July 31, 2011). "Ahab Has a Wife and a Heart. Oh, and a Whale" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 8, 2021 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 6, 2014). "William Hurt to Play Gregg Allman in Biopic 'Midnight Rider' " . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 19, 2014 . Retrieved February 21, 2014 . ^ "William Hurt pulls out of 'Midnight Rider' " . Los Angeles Times . April 23, 2014. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014 . Retrieved November 4, 2014 . ^ "Bill Pullman replaces William Hurt in "The Coldest Game" " . filmcommissionpoland.pl . Archived from the original on October 30, 2019 . Retrieved March 18, 2020 . ^ Harrison, Ellie (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt: Oscar-winning actor dies aged 71" . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "This is the Final Show William Hurt Worked on Before His Death" . March 14, 2022. ^ Sullivan, Ronald (June 28, 1989). "Hurt's Ex-Wife Testifies for Him In Marital Case" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21, 2022 . ^ a b "Overview for William Hurt" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 23, 2011 . Retrieved May 3, 2011 . ^ a b Jennings v. Hurt , N.Y.L.J., October 4, 1989, at 24 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. County), aff'd, 554 N.Y.S.2d 220 (App. Div. 1990), appeal denied, 568 N.Y.S.2d 347 (N.Y. 1991) ^ "A Plane-crazy America". AOPA Pilot : 79. ^ William Hurt (April 14, 2009). "William Hurt to Marlee Matlin: "I Apologize for Any Pain I Caused" " . E! . Archived from the original on April 17, 2009 . Retrieved October 29, 2011 . ^ Anderson, Lisa (June 24, 1989). "The Accidental Husband" . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 21, 2022 . ^ "Marlee Matlin: Baby sitter's abuse led to life of drugs, violence" . CNN . April 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. ^ Zimmerman, Amy (November 9, 2017). "When Marlee Matlin Accused William Hurt of Sexual Assault" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 16, 2022 . ^ Grossberg, Josh (April 14, 2009). "William Hurt to Marlee Matlin: "I Apologize for Any Pain I Caused" " . E! . Archived from the original on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Kaz, Donna (March 18, 2022). "William Hurt's Former Partner Donna Kaz on Surviving Abuse and Speaking Her Truth" . Variety . Retrieved March 18, 2022 . ^ Turnquist, Kristi (March 22, 2022). "Actor William Hurt, who died in Portland, had longtime Oregon connections" . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on September 22, 2024. ^ Barnes, Mike (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt Dies: Oscar-Winning Actor For 'Kiss Of The Spider Woman' Was 71" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ Serviss, Lew; Genzlinger, Neil (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt, Oscar-Winning Actor, Dies of Natural Causes at 71" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ Lee, Mary (May 16, 2018). "Actor William Hurt vouches for side effect-free cancer therapy at unveiling" . Wink News . Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ Harrison, Ellie (March 14, 2022). "Ben Stiller and Mark Ruffalo lead tributes to William Hurt after his death at age 71" . The Independent . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ Colarossi, Natalie (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt tributes pour in after actor dies at age 71" . Newsweek . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz "William Hurt" . BFI . Archived from the original on December 28, 2021 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "The Alexander technique" . WorldCat . OCLC . Retrieved May 26, 2024 . ^ a b c d e "William Hurt Facts" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on February 1, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 6, 2012). "Late Bloomers movie review & film summary (2012)" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on February 3, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Block, Alex Ben (December 11, 2012). "Thai and U.S. Production Companies Team Up for Low-Budget 'Devil May Call' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller (September 12, 2014). "The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby: Them movie review (2014)" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "Fire in the Blood" . Al Jazeera English . November 11, 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Holden, Stephen (September 25, 2014). "A Chekhovian Bird of a Different Feather" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Kenny, Glenn (April 6, 2018). "The Miracle Season movie review (2018)" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Clarke, Cath (May 28, 2020). "The Last Full Measure review – half-hearted salute to an American hero" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 11, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Sinha, Charu (March 13, 2022). "William Hurt, Oscar-Winning Actor, Dead at 71" . Vulture.com . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ a b c "Oscar-winning actor William Hurt dies aged 71" . The Independent . March 13, 2022. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Tropiano, Stephen (November 1, 2013). Saturday Night Live FAQ: Everything Left to Know About Television's Longest Running Comedy . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4803-6686-2 . Archived from the original on March 15, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Fritz, Steve (December 4, 2000). " Dune : Remaking the Classic Novel" . Archived from the original on March 16, 2008 . Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Cinescape.com. ^ Wood, Robin (October 29, 2002). "William Hurt Walks In A Spy's Shoes" . CBS News . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Patterson, Troy (May 23, 2011). "Too Big To Fail reviewed: William Hurt is exceptional as Treasury secretary Hank Paulson" . Slate . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Goodman, Tim (November 12, 2013). "The Challenger Disaster: TV Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Elavsky, Cindy (September 21, 2015). "Celebrity Q&A" . King Features . Archived from the original on June 7, 2019 . Retrieved October 1, 2015 . ^ Denise Petski (April 12, 2017). " 'Condor': William Hurt & Bob Balaban To Topline Audience Network Series; Full Cast Set" . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 3, 2018 . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . ^ "How 'Mythic Quest' Gave F. Murray Abraham the Spotlight He Deserves" . Vanity Fair . June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "Oscar-Preisträger William Hurt ist tot" [Oscar winner William Hurt is dead]. Rolling Stone (in German). March 13, 2022. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ "1991–2000 Seasons" . American Conservatory Theater . 2021. ^ The Polar Express , Boston, Ma.: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, ISBN 978-0-395-48880-5 , OCLC 21027918 ^ Bowker's Directory of Audiocassettes for Children . R.R. Bowker. 1998. ISBN 978-0-8352-4060-4 . Archived from the original on March 15, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Hearts in Atlantis . ^ The Sun Also Rises . ^ Reese, Jennifer (November 24, 2006). "The Sun Also Rises" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved March 13, 2022 . ^ Selected Shorts . ^ Selected Shorts . ^ Consumed . ^ The Boy Who Drew Cats . External links William Hurt at IMDb William Hurt at the Internet Broadway Database William Hurt at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived) Comprehensive career-overview interview with William Hurt William Hurt discography at Discogs Awards for William Hurt .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Award for Best Actor 1928–1975 Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott 1 (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando 1 (1972) Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) 1 refused award that year v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1952–1967 British Ralph Richardson (1952) John Gielgud (1953) Kenneth More (1954) Laurence Olivier (1955) Peter Finch (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Trevor Howard (1958) Peter Sellers (1959) Peter Finch (1960) Peter Finch (1961) Peter O'Toole (1962) Dirk Bogarde (1963) Richard Attenborough (1964) Dirk Bogarde (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Paul Scofield (1967) Foreign Marlon Brando (1952) Marlon Brando (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) François Périer (1956) Henry Fonda (1957) Sidney Poitier (1958) Jack Lemmon (1959) Jack Lemmon (1960) Paul Newman (1961) Burt Lancaster (1962) Marcello Mastroianni (1963) Marcello Mastroianni (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Rod Steiger (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) 1968–present Spencer Tracy (1968) Dustin Hoffman (1969) Robert Redford (1970) Peter Finch (1971) Gene Hackman (1972) Walter Matthau (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Al Pacino (1975) Jack Nicholson (1976) Peter Finch (1977) Richard Dreyfuss (1978) Jack Lemmon (1979) John Hurt (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Sean Connery (1987) John Cleese (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Robert Downey Jr. (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Hugh Grant (1994) Nigel Hawthorne (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Carlyle (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Jamie Bell (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Colin Firth (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) v t e Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor 1946–1975 Ray Milland (1946) Edward G. Robinson (1949) Michael Redgrave (1951) Marlon Brando (1952) Spencer Tracy / Sergei Lukyanov / Boris Andreyev / Aleksey Batalov / Sergei Kurilov / Vadim Medvedev / Boris Bityukov / Nikolai Gritsenko / Pavel Kadochnikov / Boris Kokovkin / Nikolay Sergeev (1955) John Kitzmiller (1957) Paul Newman (1958) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles (1959) Anthony Perkins (1961) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin (1962) Richard Harris (1963) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì (1964) Terence Stamp (1965) Per Oscarsson (1966) Oded Kotler (1967) Jean-Louis Trintignant (1969) Marcello Mastroianni (1970) Riccardo Cucciolla (1971) Jean Yanne (1972) Giancarlo Giannini (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Vittorio Gassman (1975) 1976–2000 José Luis Gómez (1976) Fernando Rey (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Jack Lemmon / Stefano Madia (1979) Michel Piccoli / Jack Thompson (1980) Ugo Tognazzi / Ian Holm (1981) Jack Lemmon (1982) Gian Maria Volonté (1983) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal (1984) William Hurt (1985) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins (1986) Marcello Mastroianni (1987) Forest Whitaker (1988) James Spader (1989) Gérard Depardieu (1990) John Turturro / Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Tim Robbins (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Ge You (1994) Jonathan Pryce (1995) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil (1996) Sean Penn (1997) Peter Mullan (1998) Emmanuel Schotte (1999) Tony Leung Chiu-wai (2000) 2001–present Benoît Magimel (2001) Olivier Gourmet (2002) Muzaffer Özdemir / Mehmet Emin Toprak (2003) Yūya Yagira (2004) Tommy Lee Jones (2005) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan (2006) Konstantin Lavronenko (2007) Benicio del Toro (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Mads Mikkelsen (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Vincent Lindon (2015) Shahab Hosseini (2016) Joaquin Phoenix (2017) Marcello Fonte (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Song Kang-ho (2022) Koji Yakusho (2023) Jesse Plemons (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) v t e David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor 1957–1975 Laurence Olivier (1957) Marlon Brando / Charles Laughton (1958) Jean Gabin (1959) Cary Grant (1960) Charlton Heston (1961) Anthony Perkins / Spencer Tracy (1962) Gregory Peck (1963) Fredric March / Peter O'Toole (1964) Rex Harrison (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Richard Burton / Peter O'Toole (1967) Warren Beatty / Spencer Tracy (1968) Rod Steiger (1969) Dustin Hoffman / Peter O'Toole (1970) Ryan O'Neal (1971) Chaim Topol (1972) Yves Montand / Laurence Olivier (1973) Al Pacino / Robert Redford (1974) Burt Lancaster / Jack Lemmon / Walter Matthau (1975) 1976–1996 Jack Nicholson / Philippe Noiret (1976) Dustin Hoffman / Sylvester Stallone (1977) Richard Dreyfuss (1978) Richard Gere / Michel Serrault (1979) Dustin Hoffman / Jack Lemmon (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Klaus Maria Brandauer (1982) Paul Newman (1983) Woody Allen (1984) Tom Hulce (1985) William Hurt (1986) Dexter Gordon (1987) Michael Douglas (1988) Dustin Hoffman (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Jeremy Irons (1991) John Turturro (1992) Daniel Auteuil (1993) Anthony Hopkins (1994) John Travolta (1995) Harvey Keitel (1996) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor 1975–2000 Al Pacino (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) John Travolta (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Michael Douglas (2000) 2001–2021 Denzel Washington (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Liam Neeson (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Fassbender (2011) Joaquin Phoenix (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Michael Fassbender (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Simon Rex (2021) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards (1977) Robert Morley (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Timothy Hutton (1980) John Gielgud (1981) John Lithgow (1982) Jack Nicholson (1983) Adolph Caesar (1984) John Gielgud (1985) Dennis Hopper (1986) Morgan Freeman (1987) Alec Guinness (1988) Danny Aiello (1989) Joe Pesci (1990) Michael Lerner (1991) Gene Hackman (1992) Tommy Lee Jones (1993) Martin Landau (1994) Don Cheadle (1995) Edward Norton (1996) Burt Reynolds (1997) Bill Murray (1998) Christopher Plummer (1999) Willem Dafoe (2000) Jim Broadbent (2001) Chris Cooper (2002) Bill Nighy (2003) Thomas Haden Church (2004) William Hurt (2005) Michael Sheen (2006) Vlad Ivanov (2007) Heath Ledger (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Niels Arestrup (2010) Christopher Plummer (2011) Dwight Henry (2012) James Franco / Jared Leto (2013) J. K. Simmons (2014) Michael Shannon (2015) Mahershala Ali (2016) Willem Dafoe (2017) Steven Yeun (2018) Song Kang-ho (2019) Glynn Turman (2020) Vincent Lindon / Kodi Smit-McPhee (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actor 1945–1975 Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) Michael Redgrave (1947) Walter Huston (1948) Ralph Richardson (1949) Alec Guinness (1950) Richard Basehart (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) James Mason (1953) Bing Crosby (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Spencer Tracy (1958) Victor Sjöström (1959) Robert Mitchum (1960) Albert Finney (1961) Jason Robards (1962) Rex Harrison (1963) Anthony Quinn (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Peter Finch (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) Peter O'Toole (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Peter O'Toole (1972) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan (1973) Gene Hackman (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present David Carradine (1976) John Travolta (1977) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier (1978) Peter Sellers (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Tom Conti (1983) Victor Banerjee (1984) William Hurt / Raul Julia (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Gene Hackman (1988) Morgan Freeman (1989) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams (1990) Warren Beatty (1991) Jack Lemmon (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Tom Cruise (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) Billy Bob Thornton (2001) Campbell Scott (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) George Clooney (2007) Clint Eastwood (2008) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) George Clooney (2011) Bradley Cooper (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac (2014) Matt Damon (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Tom Hanks (2017) Viggo Mortensen (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Will Smith (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Daniel Craig (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Jack Nicholson (1969) Chief Dan George (1970) Ben Johnson (1971) Robert Duvall (1972) Robert De Niro (1973) Charles Boyer (1974) Alan Arkin (1975) Jason Robards (1976) Maximilian Schell (1977) Christopher Walken (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Joe Pesci (1980) John Gielgud (1981) John Lithgow (1982) Jack Nicholson (1983) Ralph Richardson (1984) Klaus Maria Brandauer (1985) Daniel Day-Lewis (1986) Morgan Freeman (1987) Dean Stockwell (1988) Alan Alda (1989) Bruce Davison (1990) Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Gene Hackman (1992) Ralph Fiennes (1993) Martin Landau (1994) Kevin Spacey (1995) Harry Belafonte (1996) Burt Reynolds (1997) Bill Murray (1998) John Malkovich (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Steve Buscemi (2001) Dennis Quaid (2002) Eugene Levy (2003) Clive Owen (2004) William Hurt (2005) Jackie Earle Haley (2006) Javier Bardem (2007) Josh Brolin (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Mark Ruffalo (2010) Albert Brooks (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Jared Leto (2013) J. K. Simmons (2014) Mark Rylance (2015) Mahershala Ali (2016) Willem Dafoe (2017) Richard E. Grant (2018) Joe Pesci (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Kodi Smit-McPhee (2021) Ke Huy Quan (2022) Charles Melton (2023) Kieran Culkin (2024) Benicio del Toro (2025) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Award for Best Actor v t e 1928–1975 Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott 1 (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando 1 (1972) Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott 1 (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando 1 (1972) Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) 1 refused award that year v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role v t e 1952–1967 British Ralph Richardson (1952) John Gielgud (1953) Kenneth More (1954) Laurence Olivier (1955) Peter Finch (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Trevor Howard (1958) Peter Sellers (1959) Peter Finch (1960) Peter Finch (1961) Peter O'Toole (1962) Dirk Bogarde (1963) Richard Attenborough (1964) Dirk Bogarde (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Paul Scofield (1967) Foreign Marlon Brando (1952) Marlon Brando (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) François Périer (1956) Henry Fonda (1957) Sidney Poitier (1958) Jack Lemmon (1959) Jack Lemmon (1960) Paul Newman (1961) Burt Lancaster (1962) Marcello Mastroianni (1963) Marcello Mastroianni (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Rod Steiger (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) British Ralph Richardson (1952) John Gielgud (1953) Kenneth More (1954) Laurence Olivier (1955) Peter Finch (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Trevor Howard (1958) Peter Sellers (1959) Peter Finch (1960) Peter Finch (1961) Peter O'Toole (1962) Dirk Bogarde (1963) Richard Attenborough (1964) Dirk Bogarde (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Paul Scofield (1967) Ralph Richardson (1952) John Gielgud (1953) Kenneth More (1954) Laurence Olivier (1955) Peter Finch (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Trevor Howard (1958) Peter Sellers (1959) Peter Finch (1960) Peter Finch (1961) Peter O'Toole (1962) Dirk Bogarde (1963) Richard Attenborough (1964) Dirk Bogarde (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Paul Scofield (1967) Foreign Marlon Brando (1952) Marlon Brando (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) François Périer (1956) Henry Fonda (1957) Sidney Poitier (1958) Jack Lemmon (1959) Jack Lemmon (1960) Paul Newman (1961) Burt Lancaster (1962) Marcello Mastroianni (1963) Marcello Mastroianni (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Rod Steiger (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Marlon Brando (1952) Marlon Brando (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) François Périer (1956) Henry Fonda (1957) Sidney Poitier (1958) Jack Lemmon (1959) Jack Lemmon (1960) Paul Newman (1961) Burt Lancaster (1962) Marcello Mastroianni (1963) Marcello Mastroianni (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Rod Steiger (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) 1968–present Spencer Tracy (1968) Dustin Hoffman (1969) Robert Redford (1970) Peter Finch (1971) Gene Hackman (1972) Walter Matthau (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Al Pacino (1975) Jack Nicholson (1976) Peter Finch (1977) Richard Dreyfuss (1978) Jack Lemmon (1979) John Hurt (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Sean Connery (1987) John Cleese (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Robert Downey Jr. (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Hugh Grant (1994) Nigel Hawthorne (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Carlyle (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Jamie Bell (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Colin Firth (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Spencer Tracy (1968) Dustin Hoffman (1969) Robert Redford (1970) Peter Finch (1971) Gene Hackman (1972) Walter Matthau (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Al Pacino (1975) Jack Nicholson (1976) Peter Finch (1977) Richard Dreyfuss (1978) Jack Lemmon (1979) John Hurt (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Sean Connery (1987) John Cleese (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Robert Downey Jr. (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Hugh Grant (1994) Nigel Hawthorne (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Carlyle (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Jamie Bell (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Colin Firth (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) v t e Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor v t e 1946–1975 Ray Milland (1946) Edward G. Robinson (1949) Michael Redgrave (1951) Marlon Brando (1952) Spencer Tracy / Sergei Lukyanov / Boris Andreyev / Aleksey Batalov / Sergei Kurilov / Vadim Medvedev / Boris Bityukov / Nikolai Gritsenko / Pavel Kadochnikov / Boris Kokovkin / Nikolay Sergeev (1955) John Kitzmiller (1957) Paul Newman (1958) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles (1959) Anthony Perkins (1961) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin (1962) Richard Harris (1963) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì (1964) Terence Stamp (1965) Per Oscarsson (1966) Oded Kotler (1967) Jean-Louis Trintignant (1969) Marcello Mastroianni (1970) Riccardo Cucciolla (1971) Jean Yanne (1972) Giancarlo Giannini (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Vittorio Gassman (1975) Ray Milland (1946) Edward G. Robinson (1949) Michael Redgrave (1951) Marlon Brando (1952) Spencer Tracy / Sergei Lukyanov / Boris Andreyev / Aleksey Batalov / Sergei Kurilov / Vadim Medvedev / Boris Bityukov / Nikolai Gritsenko / Pavel Kadochnikov / Boris Kokovkin / Nikolay Sergeev (1955) John Kitzmiller (1957) Paul Newman (1958) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles (1959) Anthony Perkins (1961) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin (1962) Richard Harris (1963) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì (1964) Terence Stamp (1965) Per Oscarsson (1966) Oded Kotler (1967) Jean-Louis Trintignant (1969) Marcello Mastroianni (1970) Riccardo Cucciolla (1971) Jean Yanne (1972) Giancarlo Giannini (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Vittorio Gassman (1975) 1976–2000 José Luis Gómez (1976) Fernando Rey (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Jack Lemmon / Stefano Madia (1979) Michel Piccoli / Jack Thompson (1980) Ugo Tognazzi / Ian Holm (1981) Jack Lemmon (1982) Gian Maria Volonté (1983) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal (1984) William Hurt (1985) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins (1986) Marcello Mastroianni (1987) Forest Whitaker (1988) James Spader (1989) Gérard Depardieu (1990) John Turturro / Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Tim Robbins (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Ge You (1994) Jonathan Pryce (1995) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil (1996) Sean Penn (1997) Peter Mullan (1998) Emmanuel Schotte (1999) Tony Leung Chiu-wai (2000) José Luis Gómez (1976) Fernando Rey (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Jack Lemmon / Stefano Madia (1979) Michel Piccoli / Jack Thompson (1980) Ugo Tognazzi / Ian Holm (1981) Jack Lemmon (1982) Gian Maria Volonté (1983) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal (1984) William Hurt (1985) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins (1986) Marcello Mastroianni (1987) Forest Whitaker (1988) James Spader (1989) Gérard Depardieu (1990) John Turturro / Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Tim Robbins (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Ge You (1994) Jonathan Pryce (1995) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil (1996) Sean Penn (1997) Peter Mullan (1998) Emmanuel Schotte (1999) Tony Leung Chiu-wai (2000) 2001–present Benoît Magimel (2001) Olivier Gourmet (2002) Muzaffer Özdemir / Mehmet Emin Toprak (2003) Yūya Yagira (2004) Tommy Lee Jones (2005) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan (2006) Konstantin Lavronenko (2007) Benicio del Toro (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Mads Mikkelsen (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Vincent Lindon (2015) Shahab Hosseini (2016) Joaquin Phoenix (2017) Marcello Fonte (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Song Kang-ho (2022) Koji Yakusho (2023) Jesse Plemons (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) Benoît Magimel (2001) Olivier Gourmet (2002) Muzaffer Özdemir / Mehmet Emin Toprak (2003) Yūya Yagira (2004) Tommy Lee Jones (2005) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan (2006) Konstantin Lavronenko (2007) Benicio del Toro (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Mads Mikkelsen (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Vincent Lindon (2015) Shahab Hosseini (2016) Joaquin Phoenix (2017) Marcello Fonte (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Song Kang-ho (2022) Koji Yakusho (2023) Jesse Plemons (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) v t e David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor v t e 1957–1975 Laurence Olivier (1957) Marlon Brando / Charles Laughton (1958) Jean Gabin (1959) Cary Grant (1960) Charlton Heston (1961) Anthony Perkins / Spencer Tracy (1962) Gregory Peck (1963) Fredric March / Peter O'Toole (1964) Rex Harrison (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Richard Burton / Peter O'Toole (1967) Warren Beatty / Spencer Tracy (1968) Rod Steiger (1969) Dustin Hoffman / Peter O'Toole (1970) Ryan O'Neal (1971) Chaim Topol (1972) Yves Montand / Laurence Olivier (1973) Al Pacino / Robert Redford (1974) Burt Lancaster / Jack Lemmon / Walter Matthau (1975) Laurence Olivier (1957) Marlon Brando / Charles Laughton (1958) Jean Gabin (1959) Cary Grant (1960) Charlton Heston (1961) Anthony Perkins / Spencer Tracy (1962) Gregory Peck (1963) Fredric March / Peter O'Toole (1964) Rex Harrison (1965) Richard Burton (1966) Richard Burton / Peter O'Toole (1967) Warren Beatty / Spencer Tracy (1968) Rod Steiger (1969) Dustin Hoffman / Peter O'Toole (1970) Ryan O'Neal (1971) Chaim Topol (1972) Yves Montand / Laurence Olivier (1973) Al Pacino / Robert Redford (1974) Burt Lancaster / Jack Lemmon / Walter Matthau (1975) 1976–1996 Jack Nicholson / Philippe Noiret (1976) Dustin Hoffman / Sylvester Stallone (1977) Richard Dreyfuss (1978) Richard Gere / Michel Serrault (1979) Dustin Hoffman / Jack Lemmon (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Klaus Maria Brandauer (1982) Paul Newman (1983) Woody Allen (1984) Tom Hulce (1985) William Hurt (1986) Dexter Gordon (1987) Michael Douglas (1988) Dustin Hoffman (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Jeremy Irons (1991) John Turturro (1992) Daniel Auteuil (1993) Anthony Hopkins (1994) John Travolta (1995) Harvey Keitel (1996) Jack Nicholson / Philippe Noiret (1976) Dustin Hoffman / Sylvester Stallone (1977) Richard Dreyfuss (1978) Richard Gere / Michel Serrault (1979) Dustin Hoffman / Jack Lemmon (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Klaus Maria Brandauer (1982) Paul Newman (1983) Woody Allen (1984) Tom Hulce (1985) William Hurt (1986) Dexter Gordon (1987) Michael Douglas (1988) Dustin Hoffman (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Jeremy Irons (1991) John Turturro (1992) Daniel Auteuil (1993) Anthony Hopkins (1994) John Travolta (1995) Harvey Keitel (1996) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor v t e 1975–2000 Al Pacino (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) John Travolta (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Michael Douglas (2000) Al Pacino (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) John Travolta (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Michael Douglas (2000) 2001–2021 Denzel Washington (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Liam Neeson (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Fassbender (2011) Joaquin Phoenix (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Michael Fassbender (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Simon Rex (2021) Denzel Washington (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Liam Neeson (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Fassbender (2011) Joaquin Phoenix (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Michael Fassbender (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Simon Rex (2021) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor v t e Jason Robards (1977) Robert Morley (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Timothy Hutton (1980) John Gielgud (1981) John Lithgow (1982) Jack Nicholson (1983) Adolph Caesar (1984) John Gielgud (1985) Dennis Hopper (1986) Morgan Freeman (1987) Alec Guinness (1988) Danny Aiello (1989) Joe Pesci (1990) Michael Lerner (1991) Gene Hackman (1992) Tommy Lee Jones (1993) Martin Landau (1994) Don Cheadle (1995) Edward Norton (1996) Burt Reynolds (1997) Bill Murray (1998) Christopher Plummer (1999) Willem Dafoe (2000) Jim Broadbent (2001) Chris Cooper (2002) Bill Nighy (2003) Thomas Haden Church (2004) William Hurt (2005) Michael Sheen (2006) Vlad Ivanov (2007) Heath Ledger (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Niels Arestrup (2010) Christopher Plummer (2011) Dwight Henry (2012) James Franco / Jared Leto (2013) J. K. Simmons (2014) Michael Shannon (2015) Mahershala Ali (2016) Willem Dafoe (2017) Steven Yeun (2018) Song Kang-ho (2019) Glynn Turman (2020) Vincent Lindon / Kodi Smit-McPhee (2021) Jason Robards (1977) Robert Morley (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Timothy Hutton (1980) John Gielgud (1981) John Lithgow (1982) Jack Nicholson (1983) Adolph Caesar (1984) John Gielgud (1985) Dennis Hopper (1986) Morgan Freeman (1987) Alec Guinness (1988) Danny Aiello (1989) Joe Pesci (1990) Michael Lerner (1991) Gene Hackman (1992) Tommy Lee Jones (1993) Martin Landau (1994) Don Cheadle (1995) Edward Norton (1996) Burt Reynolds (1997) Bill Murray (1998) Christopher Plummer (1999) Willem Dafoe (2000) Jim Broadbent (2001) Chris Cooper (2002) Bill Nighy (2003) Thomas Haden Church (2004) William Hurt (2005) Michael Sheen (2006) Vlad Ivanov (2007) Heath Ledger (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Niels Arestrup (2010) Christopher Plummer (2011) Dwight Henry (2012) James Franco / Jared Leto (2013) J. K. Simmons (2014) Michael Shannon (2015) Mahershala Ali (2016) Willem Dafoe (2017) Steven Yeun (2018) Song Kang-ho (2019) Glynn Turman (2020) Vincent Lindon / Kodi Smit-McPhee (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actor v t e 1945–1975 Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) Michael Redgrave (1947) Walter Huston (1948) Ralph Richardson (1949) Alec Guinness (1950) Richard Basehart (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) James Mason (1953) Bing Crosby (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Spencer Tracy (1958) Victor Sjöström (1959) Robert Mitchum (1960) Albert Finney (1961) Jason Robards (1962) Rex Harrison (1963) Anthony Quinn (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Peter Finch (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) Peter O'Toole (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Peter O'Toole (1972) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan (1973) Gene Hackman (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) Michael Redgrave (1947) Walter Huston (1948) Ralph Richardson (1949) Alec Guinness (1950) Richard Basehart (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) James Mason (1953) Bing Crosby (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Spencer Tracy (1958) Victor Sjöström (1959) Robert Mitchum (1960) Albert Finney (1961) Jason Robards (1962) Rex Harrison (1963) Anthony Quinn (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Peter Finch (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) Peter O'Toole (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Peter O'Toole (1972) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan (1973) Gene Hackman (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present David Carradine (1976) John Travolta (1977) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier (1978) Peter Sellers (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Tom Conti (1983) Victor Banerjee (1984) William Hurt / Raul Julia (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Gene Hackman (1988) Morgan Freeman (1989) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams (1990) Warren Beatty (1991) Jack Lemmon (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Tom Cruise (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) Billy Bob Thornton (2001) Campbell Scott (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) George Clooney (2007) Clint Eastwood (2008) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) George Clooney (2011) Bradley Cooper (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac (2014) Matt Damon (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Tom Hanks (2017) Viggo Mortensen (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Will Smith (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Daniel Craig (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) David Carradine (1976) John Travolta (1977) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier (1978) Peter Sellers (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Tom Conti (1983) Victor Banerjee (1984) William Hurt / Raul Julia (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Gene Hackman (1988) Morgan Freeman (1989) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams (1990) Warren Beatty (1991) Jack Lemmon (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Tom Cruise (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) Billy Bob Thornton (2001) Campbell Scott (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) George Clooney (2007) Clint Eastwood (2008) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) George Clooney (2011) Bradley Cooper (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac (2014) Matt Damon (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Tom Hanks (2017) Viggo Mortensen (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Will Smith (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Daniel Craig (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor v t e Jack Nicholson (1969) Chief Dan George (1970) Ben Johnson (1971) Robert Duvall (1972) Robert De Niro (1973) Charles Boyer (1974) Alan Arkin (1975) Jason Robards (1976) Maximilian Schell (1977) Christopher Walken (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Joe Pesci (1980) John Gielgud (1981) John Lithgow (1982) Jack Nicholson (1983) Ralph Richardson (1984) Klaus Maria Brandauer (1985) Daniel Day-Lewis (1986) Morgan Freeman (1987) Dean Stockwell (1988) Alan Alda (1989) Bruce Davison (1990) Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Gene Hackman (1992) Ralph Fiennes (1993) Martin Landau (1994) Kevin Spacey (1995) Harry Belafonte (1996) Burt Reynolds (1997) Bill Murray (1998) John Malkovich (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Steve Buscemi (2001) Dennis Quaid (2002) Eugene Levy (2003) Clive Owen (2004) William Hurt (2005) Jackie Earle Haley (2006) Javier Bardem (2007) Josh Brolin (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Mark Ruffalo (2010) Albert Brooks (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Jared Leto (2013) J. K. Simmons (2014) Mark Rylance (2015) Mahershala Ali (2016) Willem Dafoe (2017) Richard E. Grant (2018) Joe Pesci (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Kodi Smit-McPhee (2021) Ke Huy Quan (2022) Charles Melton (2023) Kieran Culkin (2024) Benicio del Toro (2025) Jack Nicholson (1969) Chief Dan George (1970) Ben Johnson (1971) Robert Duvall (1972) Robert De Niro (1973) Charles Boyer (1974) Alan Arkin (1975) Jason Robards (1976) Maximilian Schell (1977) Christopher Walken (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Joe Pesci (1980) John Gielgud (1981) John Lithgow (1982) Jack Nicholson (1983) Ralph Richardson (1984) Klaus Maria Brandauer (1985) Daniel Day-Lewis (1986) Morgan Freeman (1987) Dean Stockwell (1988) Alan Alda (1989) Bruce Davison (1990) Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Gene Hackman (1992) Ralph Fiennes (1993) Martin Landau (1994) Kevin Spacey (1995) Harry Belafonte (1996) Burt Reynolds (1997) Bill Murray (1998) John Malkovich (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Steve Buscemi (2001) Dennis Quaid (2002) Eugene Levy (2003) Clive Owen (2004) William Hurt (2005) Jackie Earle Haley (2006) Javier Bardem (2007) Josh Brolin (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Mark Ruffalo (2010) Albert Brooks (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Jared Leto (2013) J. K. Simmons (2014) Mark Rylance (2015) Mahershala Ali (2016) Willem Dafoe (2017) Richard E. Grant (2018) Joe Pesci (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Kodi Smit-McPhee (2021) Ke Huy Quan (2022) Charles Melton (2023) Kieran Culkin (2024) Benicio del Toro (2025) Biography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Korea Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Korea Poland Israel Catalonia Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards MusicBrainz Emmy Awards People Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1950 births 2022 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Actor BAFTA Award winners Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners David di Donatello winners Deaths from prostate cancer in Oregon Juilliard School alumni Male actors from Washington, D.C. Middlesex School alumni Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni Domestic violence in the United States CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from March 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2022 Articles with hCards Commons category link from Wikidata IBDB name template using Wikidata Internet Off-Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata This page was last edited on 8 January 2026, at 21:20 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hurt
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 3,418 results for author: Chen, S Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10708 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG math.ST High-accuracy and dimension-free sampling with diffusions Authors: Khashayar Gatmiry , Sitan Chen , Adil Salim Abstract : Diffusion models have shown remarkable empirical success in sampling from rich multi-modal distributions. Their inference relies on numerically solving a certain differential equation. This differential equation cannot be solved in closed form, and its resolution via discretization typically requires many small iterations to produce \emph{high-quality} samples. More precisely, prior works have s… ▽ More Diffusion models have shown remarkable empirical success in sampling from rich multi-modal distributions. Their inference relies on numerically solving a certain differential equation. This differential equation cannot be solved in closed form, and its resolution via discretization typically requires many small iterations to produce \emph{high-quality} samples. More precisely, prior works have shown that the iteration complexity of discretization methods for diffusion models scales polynomially in the ambient dimension and the inverse accuracy $1/\varepsilon$. In this work, we propose a new solver for diffusion models relying on a subtle interplay between low-degree approximation and the collocation method (Lee, Song, Vempala 2018), and we prove that its iteration complexity scales \emph{polylogarithmically} in $1/\varepsilon$, yielding the first ``high-accuracy'' guarantee for a diffusion-based sampler that only uses (approximate) access to the scores of the data distribution. In addition, our bound does not depend explicitly on the ambient dimension; more precisely, the dimension affects the complexity of our solver through the \emph{effective radius} of the support of the target distribution only. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10708 [ pdf , ps , other ] High-accuracy and dimension-free sampling with diffusions Authors: Khashayar Gatmiry , Sitan Chen , Adil Salim Abstract : Diffusion models have shown remarkable empirical success in sampling from rich multi-modal distributions. Their inference relies on numerically solving a certain differential equation. This differential equation cannot be solved in closed form, and its resolution via discretization typically requires many small iterations to produce \emph{high-quality} samples. More precisely, prior works have s… ▽ More Diffusion models have shown remarkable empirical success in sampling from rich multi-modal distributions. Their inference relies on numerically solving a certain differential equation. This differential equation cannot be solved in closed form, and its resolution via discretization typically requires many small iterations to produce \emph{high-quality} samples. More precisely, prior works have shown that the iteration complexity of discretization methods for diffusion models scales polynomially in the ambient dimension and the inverse accuracy $1/\varepsilon$. In this work, we propose a new solver for diffusion models relying on a subtle interplay between low-degree approximation and the collocation method (Lee, Song, Vempala 2018), and we prove that its iteration complexity scales \emph{polylogarithmically} in $1/\varepsilon$, yielding the first ``high-accuracy'' guarantee for a diffusion-based sampler that only uses (approximate) access to the scores of the data distribution. In addition, our bound does not depend explicitly on the ambient dimension; more precisely, the dimension affects the complexity of our solver through the \emph{effective radius} of the support of the target distribution only. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.09851 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.HC ViSIL: Unified Evaluation of Information Loss in Multimodal Video Captioning Authors: Po-han Li , Shenghui Chen , Ufuk Topcu , Sandeep Chinchali Abstract : Multimodal video captioning condenses dense footage into a structured format of keyframes and natural language. By creating a cohesive multimodal summary, this approach anchors generative AI in rich semantic evidence and serves as a lightweight proxy for high-efficiency retrieval. However, traditional metrics like BLEU or ROUGE fail to quantify information coverage across disparate modalities, suc… ▽ More Multimodal video captioning condenses dense footage into a structured format of keyframes and natural language. By creating a cohesive multimodal summary, this approach anchors generative AI in rich semantic evidence and serves as a lightweight proxy for high-efficiency retrieval. However, traditional metrics like BLEU or ROUGE fail to quantify information coverage across disparate modalities, such as comparing a paragraph of text to a sequence of keyframes. To address this, we propose the Video Summary Information Loss (ViSIL) score, an information-theoretic framework that quantifies the video information not captured by a summary via vision-language model (VLM) inference. By measuring the information loss, ViSIL is a unified metric that enables direct comparison across multimodal summary formats despite their structural discrepancies. Our results demonstrate that ViSIL scores show a statistically significant correlation with both human and VLM performance on Video Question Answering (VQA) tasks. ViSIL also enables summary selection to optimize the trade-off between information loss and processing speed, establishing a Pareto-optimal frontier that outperforms text summaries by $7\%$ in VQA accuracy without increasing processing load. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09851 [ pdf , ps , other ] ViSIL: Unified Evaluation of Information Loss in Multimodal Video Captioning Authors: Po-han Li , Shenghui Chen , Ufuk Topcu , Sandeep Chinchali Abstract : Multimodal video captioning condenses dense footage into a structured format of keyframes and natural language. By creating a cohesive multimodal summary, this approach anchors generative AI in rich semantic evidence and serves as a lightweight proxy for high-efficiency retrieval. However, traditional metrics like BLEU or ROUGE fail to quantify information coverage across disparate modalities, suc… ▽ More Multimodal video captioning condenses dense footage into a structured format of keyframes and natural language. By creating a cohesive multimodal summary, this approach anchors generative AI in rich semantic evidence and serves as a lightweight proxy for high-efficiency retrieval. However, traditional metrics like BLEU or ROUGE fail to quantify information coverage across disparate modalities, such as comparing a paragraph of text to a sequence of keyframes. To address this, we propose the Video Summary Information Loss (ViSIL) score, an information-theoretic framework that quantifies the video information not captured by a summary via vision-language model (VLM) inference. By measuring the information loss, ViSIL is a unified metric that enables direct comparison across multimodal summary formats despite their structural discrepancies. Our results demonstrate that ViSIL scores show a statistically significant correlation with both human and VLM performance on Video Question Answering (VQA) tasks. ViSIL also enables summary selection to optimize the trade-off between information loss and processing speed, establishing a Pareto-optimal frontier that outperforms text summaries by $7\%$ in VQA accuracy without increasing processing load. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09112 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Seeking Human Security Consensus: A Unified Value Scale for Generative AI Value Safety Authors: Ying He , Baiyang Li , Yule Cao , Huirun Xu , Qiuxian Chen , Shu Chen , Shangsheng Ren Abstract : The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value… ▽ More The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value safety risks and construct the GenAI Value Safety Incident Repository (GVSIR), and further derive the GVS-Scale through grounded theory and operationalize it via the GenAI Value Safety Benchmark (GVS-Bench). Experiments on mainstream text generation models reveal substantial variation in value safety performance across models and value categories, indicating uneven and fragmented value alignment in current systems. Our findings highlight the importance of establishing shared safety foundations through dialogue and advancing technical safety mechanisms beyond reactive constraints toward more flexible approaches. Data and evaluation guidelines are available at This paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09112 [ pdf , ps , other ] Seeking Human Security Consensus: A Unified Value Scale for Generative AI Value Safety Authors: Ying He , Baiyang Li , Yule Cao , Huirun Xu , Qiuxian Chen , Shu Chen , Shangsheng Ren Abstract : The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value… ▽ More The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and resilient unified value framework, the GenAI Value Safety Scale (GVS-Scale): Grounded in a lifecycle-oriented perspective, we develop a taxonomy of GenAI value safety risks and construct the GenAI Value Safety Incident Repository (GVSIR), and further derive the GVS-Scale through grounded theory and operationalize it via the GenAI Value Safety Benchmark (GVS-Bench). Experiments on mainstream text generation models reveal substantial variation in value safety performance across models and value categories, indicating uneven and fragmented value alignment in current systems. Our findings highlight the importance of establishing shared safety foundations through dialogue and advancing technical safety mechanisms beyond reactive constraints toward more flexible approaches. Data and evaluation guidelines are available at This paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08876 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV The Semantic Lifecycle in Embodied AI: Acquisition, Representation and Storage via Foundation Models Authors: Shuai Chen , Hao Chen , Yuanchen Bei , Tianyang Zhao , Zhibo Zhou , Feiran Huang Abstract : Semantic information in embodied AI is inherently multi-source and multi-stage, making it challenging to fully leverage for achieving stable perception-to-action loops in real-world environments. Early studies have combined manual engineering with deep neural networks, achieving notable progress in specific semantic-related embodied tasks. However, as embodied agents encounter increasingly complex… ▽ More Semantic information in embodied AI is inherently multi-source and multi-stage, making it challenging to fully leverage for achieving stable perception-to-action loops in real-world environments. Early studies have combined manual engineering with deep neural networks, achieving notable progress in specific semantic-related embodied tasks. However, as embodied agents encounter increasingly complex environments and open-ended tasks, the demand for more generalizable and robust semantic processing capabilities has become imperative. Recent advances in foundation models (FMs) address this challenge through their cross-domain generalization abilities and rich semantic priors, reshaping the landscape of embodied AI research. In this survey, we propose the Semantic Lifecycle as a unified framework to characterize the evolution of semantic knowledge within embodied AI driven by foundation models. Departing from traditional paradigms that treat semantic processing as isolated modules or disjoint tasks, our framework offers a holistic perspective that captures the continuous flow and maintenance of semantic knowledge. Guided by this embodied semantic lifecycle, we further analyze and compare recent advances across three key stages: acquisition, representation, and storage. Finally, we summarize existing challenges and outline promising directions for future research. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08876 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Semantic Lifecycle in Embodied AI: Acquisition, Representation and Storage via Foundation Models Authors: Shuai Chen , Hao Chen , Yuanchen Bei , Tianyang Zhao , Zhibo Zhou , Feiran Huang Abstract : Semantic information in embodied AI is inherently multi-source and multi-stage, making it challenging to fully leverage for achieving stable perception-to-action loops in real-world environments. Early studies have combined manual engineering with deep neural networks, achieving notable progress in specific semantic-related embodied tasks. However, as embodied agents encounter increasingly complex… ▽ More Semantic information in embodied AI is inherently multi-source and multi-stage, making it challenging to fully leverage for achieving stable perception-to-action loops in real-world environments. Early studies have combined manual engineering with deep neural networks, achieving notable progress in specific semantic-related embodied tasks. However, as embodied agents encounter increasingly complex environments and open-ended tasks, the demand for more generalizable and robust semantic processing capabilities has become imperative. Recent advances in foundation models (FMs) address this challenge through their cross-domain generalization abilities and rich semantic priors, reshaping the landscape of embodied AI research. In this survey, we propose the Semantic Lifecycle as a unified framework to characterize the evolution of semantic knowledge within embodied AI driven by foundation models. Departing from traditional paradigms that treat semantic processing as isolated modules or disjoint tasks, our framework offers a holistic perspective that captures the continuous flow and maintenance of semantic knowledge. Guided by this embodied semantic lifecycle, we further analyze and compare recent advances across three key stages: acquisition, representation, and storage. Finally, we summarize existing challenges and outline promising directions for future research. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08665 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memory Authors: Shaoan Wang , Yuanfei Luo , Xingyu Chen , Aocheng Luo , Dongyue Li , Chang Liu , Sheng Chen , Yangang Zhang , Junzhi Yu Abstract : VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address th… ▽ More VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address these challenges, we propose VLingNav, a VLA model for embodied navigation grounded in linguistic-driven cognition. First, inspired by the dual-process theory of human cognition, we introduce an adaptive chain-of-thought mechanism, which dynamically triggers explicit reasoning only when necessary, enabling the agent to fluidly switch between fast, intuitive execution and slow, deliberate planning. Second, to handle long-horizon spatial dependencies, we develop a visual-assisted linguistic memory module that constructs a persistent, cross-modal semantic memory, enabling the agent to recall past observations to prevent repetitive exploration and infer movement trends for dynamic environments. For the training recipe, we construct Nav-AdaCoT-2.9M, the largest embodied navigation dataset with reasoning annotations to date, enriched with adaptive CoT annotations that induce a reasoning paradigm capable of adjusting both when to think and what to think about. Moreover, we incorporate an online expert-guided reinforcement learning stage, enabling the model to surpass pure imitation learning and to acquire more robust, self-explored navigation behaviors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VLingNav achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of embodied navigation benchmarks. Notably, VLingNav transfers to real-world robotic platforms in a zero-shot manner, executing various navigation tasks and demonstrating strong cross-domain and cross-task generalization. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.08665 [ pdf , ps , other ] VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memory Authors: Shaoan Wang , Yuanfei Luo , Xingyu Chen , Aocheng Luo , Dongyue Li , Chang Liu , Sheng Chen , Yangang Zhang , Junzhi Yu Abstract : VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address th… ▽ More VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address these challenges, we propose VLingNav, a VLA model for embodied navigation grounded in linguistic-driven cognition. First, inspired by the dual-process theory of human cognition, we introduce an adaptive chain-of-thought mechanism, which dynamically triggers explicit reasoning only when necessary, enabling the agent to fluidly switch between fast, intuitive execution and slow, deliberate planning. Second, to handle long-horizon spatial dependencies, we develop a visual-assisted linguistic memory module that constructs a persistent, cross-modal semantic memory, enabling the agent to recall past observations to prevent repetitive exploration and infer movement trends for dynamic environments. For the training recipe, we construct Nav-AdaCoT-2.9M, the largest embodied navigation dataset with reasoning annotations to date, enriched with adaptive CoT annotations that induce a reasoning paradigm capable of adjusting both when to think and what to think about. Moreover, we incorporate an online expert-guided reinforcement learning stage, enabling the model to surpass pure imitation learning and to acquire more robust, self-explored navigation behaviors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VLingNav achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of embodied navigation benchmarks. Notably, VLingNav transfers to real-world robotic platforms in a zero-shot manner, executing various navigation tasks and demonstrating strong cross-domain and cross-task generalization. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.07606 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Proof of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating Scientific Idea Judgments Authors: Bingyang Ye , Shan Chen , Jingxuan Tu , Chen Liu , Zidi Xiong , Samuel Schmidgall , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Large language models are increasingly being used to assess and forecast research ideas, yet we lack scalable ways to evaluate the quality of models' judgments about these scientific ideas. Towards this goal, we introduce PoT, a semi-verifiable benchmarking framework that links scientific idea judgments to downstream signals that become observable later (e.g., citations and shifts in researchers'… ▽ More Large language models are increasingly being used to assess and forecast research ideas, yet we lack scalable ways to evaluate the quality of models' judgments about these scientific ideas. Towards this goal, we introduce PoT, a semi-verifiable benchmarking framework that links scientific idea judgments to downstream signals that become observable later (e.g., citations and shifts in researchers' agendas). PoT freezes a pre-cutoff snapshot of evidence in an offline sandbox and asks models to forecast post-cutoff outcomes, enabling verifiable evaluation when ground truth arrives, scalable benchmarking without exhaustive expert annotation, and analysis of human-model misalignment against signals such as peer-review awards. In addition, PoT provides a controlled testbed for agent-based research judgments that evaluate scientific ideas, comparing tool-using agents to non-agent baselines under prompt ablations and budget scaling. Across 30,000+ instances spanning four benchmark domains, we find that, compared with non-agent baselines, higher interaction budgets generally improve agent performance, while the benefit of tool use is strongly task-dependent. By combining time-partitioned, future-verifiable targets with an offline sandbox for tool use, PoT supports scalable evaluation of agents on future-facing scientific idea judgment tasks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07606 [ pdf , ps , other ] Proof of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating Scientific Idea Judgments Authors: Bingyang Ye , Shan Chen , Jingxuan Tu , Chen Liu , Zidi Xiong , Samuel Schmidgall , Danielle S. Bitterman Abstract : Large language models are increasingly being used to assess and forecast research ideas, yet we lack scalable ways to evaluate the quality of models' judgments about these scientific ideas. Towards this goal, we introduce PoT, a semi-verifiable benchmarking framework that links scientific idea judgments to downstream signals that become observable later (e.g., citations and shifts in researchers'… ▽ More Large language models are increasingly being used to assess and forecast research ideas, yet we lack scalable ways to evaluate the quality of models' judgments about these scientific ideas. Towards this goal, we introduce PoT, a semi-verifiable benchmarking framework that links scientific idea judgments to downstream signals that become observable later (e.g., citations and shifts in researchers' agendas). PoT freezes a pre-cutoff snapshot of evidence in an offline sandbox and asks models to forecast post-cutoff outcomes, enabling verifiable evaluation when ground truth arrives, scalable benchmarking without exhaustive expert annotation, and analysis of human-model misalignment against signals such as peer-review awards. In addition, PoT provides a controlled testbed for agent-based research judgments that evaluate scientific ideas, comparing tool-using agents to non-agent baselines under prompt ablations and budget scaling. Across 30,000+ instances spanning four benchmark domains, we find that, compared with non-agent baselines, higher interaction budgets generally improve agent performance, while the benefit of tool use is strongly task-dependent. By combining time-partitioned, future-verifiable targets with an offline sandbox for tool use, PoT supports scalable evaluation of agents on future-facing scientific idea judgment tasks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07463 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Puzzle it Out: Local-to-Global World Model for Offline Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Authors: Sijia li , Xinran Li , Shibo Chen , Jun Zhang Abstract : Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to solve cooperative decision-making problems in multi-agent systems using pre-collected datasets. Existing offline MARL methods primarily constrain training within the dataset distribution, resulting in overly conservative policies that struggle to generalize beyond the support of the data. While model-based approaches offer a promising solut… ▽ More Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to solve cooperative decision-making problems in multi-agent systems using pre-collected datasets. Existing offline MARL methods primarily constrain training within the dataset distribution, resulting in overly conservative policies that struggle to generalize beyond the support of the data. While model-based approaches offer a promising solution by expanding the original dataset with synthetic data generated from a learned world model, the high dimensionality, non-stationarity, and complexity of multi-agent systems make it challenging to accurately estimate the transitions and reward functions in offline MARL. Given the difficulty of directly modeling joint dynamics, we propose a local-to-global (LOGO) world model, a novel framework that leverages local predictions-which are easier to estimate-to infer global state dynamics, thus improving prediction accuracy while implicitly capturing agent-wise dependencies. Using the trained world model, we generate synthetic data to augment the original dataset, expanding the effective state-action space. To ensure reliable policy learning, we further introduce an uncertainty-aware sampling mechanism that adaptively weights synthetic data by prediction uncertainty, reducing approximation error propagation to policies. In contrast to conventional ensemble-based methods, our approach requires only an additional encoder for uncertainty estimation, significantly reducing computational overhead while maintaining accuracy. Extensive experiments across 8 scenarios against 8 baselines demonstrate that our method surpasses state-of-the-art baselines on standard offline MARL benchmarks, establishing a new model-based baseline for generalizable offline multi-agent learning. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07463 [ pdf , ps , other ] Puzzle it Out: Local-to-Global World Model for Offline Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Authors: Sijia li , Xinran Li , Shibo Chen , Jun Zhang Abstract : Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to solve cooperative decision-making problems in multi-agent systems using pre-collected datasets. Existing offline MARL methods primarily constrain training within the dataset distribution, resulting in overly conservative policies that struggle to generalize beyond the support of the data. While model-based approaches offer a promising solut… ▽ More Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to solve cooperative decision-making problems in multi-agent systems using pre-collected datasets. Existing offline MARL methods primarily constrain training within the dataset distribution, resulting in overly conservative policies that struggle to generalize beyond the support of the data. While model-based approaches offer a promising solution by expanding the original dataset with synthetic data generated from a learned world model, the high dimensionality, non-stationarity, and complexity of multi-agent systems make it challenging to accurately estimate the transitions and reward functions in offline MARL. Given the difficulty of directly modeling joint dynamics, we propose a local-to-global (LOGO) world model, a novel framework that leverages local predictions-which are easier to estimate-to infer global state dynamics, thus improving prediction accuracy while implicitly capturing agent-wise dependencies. Using the trained world model, we generate synthetic data to augment the original dataset, expanding the effective state-action space. To ensure reliable policy learning, we further introduce an uncertainty-aware sampling mechanism that adaptively weights synthetic data by prediction uncertainty, reducing approximation error propagation to policies. In contrast to conventional ensemble-based methods, our approach requires only an additional encoder for uncertainty estimation, significantly reducing computational overhead while maintaining accuracy. Extensive experiments across 8 scenarios against 8 baselines demonstrate that our method surpasses state-of-the-art baselines on standard offline MARL benchmarks, establishing a new model-based baseline for generalizable offline multi-agent learning. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07183 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB cs.IR doi 10.1145/3786687 RAIRS: Optimizing Redundant Assignment and List Layout for IVF-Based ANN Search Authors: Zehai Yang , Shimin Chen Abstract : IVF is one of the most widely used ANNS (Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search) methods in vector databases. The idea of redundant assignment is to assign a data vector to more than one IVF lists for reducing the chance of missing true neighbors in IVF search. However, the naive strategy, which selects the second IVF list based on the distance between a data vector and the list centroids, performs… ▽ More IVF is one of the most widely used ANNS (Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search) methods in vector databases. The idea of redundant assignment is to assign a data vector to more than one IVF lists for reducing the chance of missing true neighbors in IVF search. However, the naive strategy, which selects the second IVF list based on the distance between a data vector and the list centroids, performs poorly. Previous work focuses only on the inner product distance, while there is no optimized list selection study for the most popular Euclidean space. Moreover, the IVF search may access the same vector in more than one lists, resulting in redundant distance computation and decreasing query throughput. In this paper, we present RAIRS to address the above two challenges. For the challenge of the list selection, we propose an optimized AIR metric for the Euclidean space. AIR takes not only distances but also directions into consideration in order to support queries that are closer to the data vector but father away from the first chosen list's centroid. For the challenge of redundant distance computation, we propose SEIL, an optimized list layout that exploits shared cells to reduce repeated distance computations for IVF search. Our experimental results using representative real-world data sets show that RAIRS out-performs existing redundant assignment solutions and achieves up to 1.33x improvement over the best-performing IVF method, IVF-PQ Fast Scan with refinement. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07183 [ pdf , ps , other ] RAIRS: Optimizing Redundant Assignment and List Layout for IVF-Based ANN Search Authors: Zehai Yang , Shimin Chen Abstract : IVF is one of the most widely used ANNS (Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search) methods in vector databases. The idea of redundant assignment is to assign a data vector to more than one IVF lists for reducing the chance of missing true neighbors in IVF search. However, the naive strategy, which selects the second IVF list based on the distance between a data vector and the list centroids, performs… ▽ More IVF is one of the most widely used ANNS (Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search) methods in vector databases. The idea of redundant assignment is to assign a data vector to more than one IVF lists for reducing the chance of missing true neighbors in IVF search. However, the naive strategy, which selects the second IVF list based on the distance between a data vector and the list centroids, performs poorly. Previous work focuses only on the inner product distance, while there is no optimized list selection study for the most popular Euclidean space. Moreover, the IVF search may access the same vector in more than one lists, resulting in redundant distance computation and decreasing query throughput. In this paper, we present RAIRS to address the above two challenges. For the challenge of the list selection, we propose an optimized AIR metric for the Euclidean space. AIR takes not only distances but also directions into consideration in order to support queries that are closer to the data vector but father away from the first chosen list's centroid. For the challenge of redundant distance computation, we propose SEIL, an optimized list layout that exploits shared cells to reduce repeated distance computations for IVF search. Our experimental results using representative real-world data sets show that RAIRS out-performs existing redundant assignment solutions and achieves up to 1.33x improvement over the best-performing IVF method, IVF-PQ Fast Scan with refinement. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06842 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Seeing through the Conflict: Transparent Knowledge Conflict Handling in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Hua Ye , Siyuan Chen , Ziqi Zhong , Canran Xiao , Haoliang Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Fei Shen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllabl… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllable. TCR (i) disentangles semantic match and factual consistency via dual contrastive encoders, (ii) estimates self-answerability to gauge confidence in internal memory, and (iii) feeds the three scalar signals to the generator through a lightweight soft-prompt with SNR-based weighting. Across seven benchmarks TCR improves conflict detection (+5-18 F1), raises knowledge-gap recovery by +21.4 pp and cuts misleading-context overrides by -29.3 pp, while adding only 0.3% parameters. The signals align with human judgements and expose temporal decision patterns. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables ACM Class: I.2.7; H.3.3 arXiv:2601.06842 [ pdf , ps , other ] Seeing through the Conflict: Transparent Knowledge Conflict Handling in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Hua Ye , Siyuan Chen , Ziqi Zhong , Canran Xiao , Haoliang Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Fei Shen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllabl… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllable. TCR (i) disentangles semantic match and factual consistency via dual contrastive encoders, (ii) estimates self-answerability to gauge confidence in internal memory, and (iii) feeds the three scalar signals to the generator through a lightweight soft-prompt with SNR-based weighting. Across seven benchmarks TCR improves conflict detection (+5-18 F1), raises knowledge-gap recovery by +21.4 pp and cuts misleading-context overrides by -29.3 pp, while adding only 0.3% parameters. The signals align with human judgements and expose temporal decision patterns. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables ACM Class: I.2.7; H.3.3 arXiv:2601.06562 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Mosaic: Unlocking Long-Context Inference for Diffusion LLMs via Global Memory Planning and Dynamic Peak Taming Authors: Liang Zheng , Bowen Shi , Yitao Hu , Jiawei Zhang , Ruofan Li , Sheng Chen , Wenxin Li , Keqiu Li Abstract : Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm, utilizing simultaneous denoising to enable global planning and iterative refinement. While these capabilities are particularly advantageous for long-context generation, deploying such models faces a prohibitive memory capacity barrier stemming from severe system inefficiencies. We identify that existing inference s… ▽ More Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm, utilizing simultaneous denoising to enable global planning and iterative refinement. While these capabilities are particularly advantageous for long-context generation, deploying such models faces a prohibitive memory capacity barrier stemming from severe system inefficiencies. We identify that existing inference systems are ill-suited for this paradigm: unlike autoregressive models constrained by the cumulative KV-cache, dLLMs are bottlenecked by transient activations recomputed at every step. Furthermore, general-purpose memory reuse mechanisms lack the global visibility to adapt to dLLMs' dynamic memory peaks, which toggle between logits and FFNs. To address these mismatches, we propose Mosaic, a memory-efficient inference system that shifts from local, static management to a global, dynamic paradigm. Mosaic integrates a mask-only logits kernel to eliminate redundancy, a lazy chunking optimizer driven by an online heuristic search to adaptively mitigate dynamic peaks, and a global memory manager to resolve fragmentation via virtual addressing. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that Mosaic achieves an average 2.71$\times$ reduction in the memory peak-to-average ratio and increases the maximum inference sequence length supportable on identical hardware by 15.89-32.98$\times$. This scalability is achieved without compromising accuracy and speed, and in fact reducing latency by 4.12%-23.26%. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 18 figures arXiv:2601.06562 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mosaic: Unlocking Long-Context Inference for Diffusion LLMs via Global Memory Planning and Dynamic Peak Taming Authors: Liang Zheng , Bowen Shi , Yitao Hu , Jiawei Zhang , Ruofan Li , Sheng Chen , Wenxin Li , Keqiu Li Abstract : Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm, utilizing simultaneous denoising to enable global planning and iterative refinement. While these capabilities are particularly advantageous for long-context generation, deploying such models faces a prohibitive memory capacity barrier stemming from severe system inefficiencies. We identify that existing inference s… ▽ More Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm, utilizing simultaneous denoising to enable global planning and iterative refinement. While these capabilities are particularly advantageous for long-context generation, deploying such models faces a prohibitive memory capacity barrier stemming from severe system inefficiencies. We identify that existing inference systems are ill-suited for this paradigm: unlike autoregressive models constrained by the cumulative KV-cache, dLLMs are bottlenecked by transient activations recomputed at every step. Furthermore, general-purpose memory reuse mechanisms lack the global visibility to adapt to dLLMs' dynamic memory peaks, which toggle between logits and FFNs. To address these mismatches, we propose Mosaic, a memory-efficient inference system that shifts from local, static management to a global, dynamic paradigm. Mosaic integrates a mask-only logits kernel to eliminate redundancy, a lazy chunking optimizer driven by an online heuristic search to adaptively mitigate dynamic peaks, and a global memory manager to resolve fragmentation via virtual addressing. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that Mosaic achieves an average 2.71$\times$ reduction in the memory peak-to-average ratio and increases the maximum inference sequence length supportable on identical hardware by 15.89-32.98$\times$. This scalability is achieved without compromising accuracy and speed, and in fact reducing latency by 4.12%-23.26%. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 18 figures arXiv:2601.06502 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI DRAGON: LLM-Driven Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents for Large-Scale Combinatorial Optimization Authors: Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstructi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents Guided OptimizatioN, a novel framework that combines the strengths of metaheuristic design and LLM reasoning. Starting from an initial global solution, DRAGON autonomously identifies regions with high optimization potential and strategically decompose large-scale COPs into manageable subproblems. Each subproblem is then reformulated as a concise, localized optimization task and solved through targeted LLM prompting guided by accumulated experiences. Finally, the locally optimized solutions are systematically reintegrated into the original global context to yield a significantly improved overall outcome. By continuously interacting with the optimization environment and leveraging an adaptive experience memory, the agents iteratively learn from feedback, effectively coupling symbolic reasoning with heuristic search. Empirical results show that, unlike existing LLM-based solvers limited to small-scale instances, DRAGON consistently produces feasible solutions on TSPLIB, CVRPLIB, and Weibull-5k bin packing benchmarks, and achieves near-optimal results (0.16% gap) on knapsack problems with over 3M variables. This work shows the potential of feedback-driven language agents as a new paradigm for generalizable and interpretable large-scale optimization. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for presentation and publication at the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2026), source code will be available soon arXiv:2601.06502 [ pdf , ps , other ] DRAGON: LLM-Driven Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents for Large-Scale Combinatorial Optimization Authors: Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstructi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents Guided OptimizatioN, a novel framework that combines the strengths of metaheuristic design and LLM reasoning. Starting from an initial global solution, DRAGON autonomously identifies regions with high optimization potential and strategically decompose large-scale COPs into manageable subproblems. Each subproblem is then reformulated as a concise, localized optimization task and solved through targeted LLM prompting guided by accumulated experiences. Finally, the locally optimized solutions are systematically reintegrated into the original global context to yield a significantly improved overall outcome. By continuously interacting with the optimization environment and leveraging an adaptive experience memory, the agents iteratively learn from feedback, effectively coupling symbolic reasoning with heuristic search. Empirical results show that, unlike existing LLM-based solvers limited to small-scale instances, DRAGON consistently produces feasible solutions on TSPLIB, CVRPLIB, and Weibull-5k bin packing benchmarks, and achieves near-optimal results (0.16% gap) on knapsack problems with over 3M variables. This work shows the potential of feedback-driven language agents as a new paradigm for generalizable and interpretable large-scale optimization. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for presentation and publication at the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2026), source code will be available soon arXiv:2601.06436 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML Certified Unlearning in Decentralized Federated Learning Authors: Hengliang Wu , Youming Tao , Anhao Zhou , Shuzhen Chen , Falko Dressler , Dongxiao Yu Abstract : Driven by the right to be forgotten (RTBF), machine unlearning has become an essential requirement for privacy-preserving machine learning. However, its realization in decentralized federated learning (DFL) remains largely unexplored. In DFL, clients exchange local updates only with neighbors, causing model information to propagate and mix across the network. As a result, when a client requests da… ▽ More Driven by the right to be forgotten (RTBF), machine unlearning has become an essential requirement for privacy-preserving machine learning. However, its realization in decentralized federated learning (DFL) remains largely unexplored. In DFL, clients exchange local updates only with neighbors, causing model information to propagate and mix across the network. As a result, when a client requests data deletion, its influence is implicitly embedded throughout the system, making removal difficult without centralized coordination. We propose a novel certified unlearning framework for DFL based on Newton-style updates. Our approach first quantifies how a client's data influence propagates during training. Leveraging curvature information of the loss with respect to the target data, we then construct corrective updates using Newton-style approximations. To ensure scalability, we approximate second-order information via Fisher information matrices. The resulting updates are perturbed with calibrated noise and broadcast through the network to eliminate residual influence across clients. We theoretically prove that our approach satisfies the formal definition of certified unlearning, ensuring that the unlearned model is difficult to distinguish from a retrained model without the deleted data. We also establish utility bounds showing that the unlearned model remains close to retraining from scratch. Extensive experiments across diverse decentralized settings demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our framework. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06436 [ pdf , ps , other ] Certified Unlearning in Decentralized Federated Learning Authors: Hengliang Wu , Youming Tao , Anhao Zhou , Shuzhen Chen , Falko Dressler , Dongxiao Yu Abstract : Driven by the right to be forgotten (RTBF), machine unlearning has become an essential requirement for privacy-preserving machine learning. However, its realization in decentralized federated learning (DFL) remains largely unexplored. In DFL, clients exchange local updates only with neighbors, causing model information to propagate and mix across the network. As a result, when a client requests da… ▽ More Driven by the right to be forgotten (RTBF), machine unlearning has become an essential requirement for privacy-preserving machine learning. However, its realization in decentralized federated learning (DFL) remains largely unexplored. In DFL, clients exchange local updates only with neighbors, causing model information to propagate and mix across the network. As a result, when a client requests data deletion, its influence is implicitly embedded throughout the system, making removal difficult without centralized coordination. We propose a novel certified unlearning framework for DFL based on Newton-style updates. Our approach first quantifies how a client's data influence propagates during training. Leveraging curvature information of the loss with respect to the target data, we then construct corrective updates using Newton-style approximations. To ensure scalability, we approximate second-order information via Fisher information matrices. The resulting updates are perturbed with calibrated noise and broadcast through the network to eliminate residual influence across clients. We theoretically prove that our approach satisfies the formal definition of certified unlearning, ensuring that the unlearned model is difficult to distinguish from a retrained model without the deleted data. We also establish utility bounds showing that the unlearned model remains close to retraining from scratch. Extensive experiments across diverse decentralized settings demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our framework. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06235 [ pdf ] cs.SD cs.AI cs.HC An Intelligent AI glasses System with Multi-Agent Architecture for Real-Time Voice Processing and Task Execution Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Jyh-Horng Wu , Ching-Yao Lin , Yen-Ting Lin Abstract : This paper presents an AI glasses system that integrates real-time voice processing, artificial intelligence(AI) agents, and cross-network streaming capabilities. The system employs dual-agent architecture where Agent 01 handles Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Agent 02 manages AI processing through local Large Language Models (LLMs), Model Context Protocol (MCP) tools, and Retrieval-Augment… ▽ More This paper presents an AI glasses system that integrates real-time voice processing, artificial intelligence(AI) agents, and cross-network streaming capabilities. The system employs dual-agent architecture where Agent 01 handles Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Agent 02 manages AI processing through local Large Language Models (LLMs), Model Context Protocol (MCP) tools, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). The system supports real-time RTSP streaming for voice and video data transmission, eye tracking data collection, and remote task execution through RabbitMQ messaging. Implementation demonstrates successful voice command processing with multilingual support and cross-platform task execution capabilities. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in NCS 2025 (Paper No. N0180) arXiv:2601.06235 [ pdf ] An Intelligent AI glasses System with Multi-Agent Architecture for Real-Time Voice Processing and Task Execution Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Jyh-Horng Wu , Ching-Yao Lin , Yen-Ting Lin Abstract : This paper presents an AI glasses system that integrates real-time voice processing, artificial intelligence(AI) agents, and cross-network streaming capabilities. The system employs dual-agent architecture where Agent 01 handles Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Agent 02 manages AI processing through local Large Language Models (LLMs), Model Context Protocol (MCP) tools, and Retrieval-Augment… ▽ More This paper presents an AI glasses system that integrates real-time voice processing, artificial intelligence(AI) agents, and cross-network streaming capabilities. The system employs dual-agent architecture where Agent 01 handles Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Agent 02 manages AI processing through local Large Language Models (LLMs), Model Context Protocol (MCP) tools, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). The system supports real-time RTSP streaming for voice and video data transmission, eye tracking data collection, and remote task execution through RabbitMQ messaging. Implementation demonstrates successful voice command processing with multilingual support and cross-platform task execution capabilities. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in NCS 2025 (Paper No. N0180) arXiv:2601.05861 [ pdf ] cs.CV Phase4DFD: Multi-Domain Phase-Aware Attention for Deepfake Detection Authors: Zhen-Xin Lin , Shang-Kuan Chen Abstract : Recent deepfake detection methods have increasingly explored frequency domain representations to reveal manipulation artifacts that are difficult to detect in the spatial domain. However, most existing approaches rely primarily on spectral magnitude, implicitly under exploring the role of phase information. In this work, we propose Phase4DFD, a phase aware frequency domain deepfake detection frame… ▽ More Recent deepfake detection methods have increasingly explored frequency domain representations to reveal manipulation artifacts that are difficult to detect in the spatial domain. However, most existing approaches rely primarily on spectral magnitude, implicitly under exploring the role of phase information. In this work, we propose Phase4DFD, a phase aware frequency domain deepfake detection framework that explicitly models phase magnitude interactions via a learnable attention mechanism. Our approach augments standard RGB input with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) magnitude and local binary pattern (LBP) representations to expose subtle synthesis artifacts that remain indistinguishable under spatial analysis alone. Crucially, we introduce an input level phase aware attention module that uses phase discontinuities commonly introduced by synthetic generation to guide the model toward frequency patterns that are most indicative of manipulation before backbone feature extraction. The attended multi domain representation is processed by an efficient BNext M backbone, with optional channel spatial attention applied for semantic feature refinement. Extensive experiments on the CIFAKE and DFFD datasets demonstrate that our proposed model Phase4DFD outperforms state of the art spatial and frequency-based detectors while maintaining low computational overhead. Comprehensive ablation studies further confirm that explicit phase modeling provides complementary and non-redundant information beyond magnitude-only frequency representations. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures, conference arXiv:2601.05861 [ pdf ] Phase4DFD: Multi-Domain Phase-Aware Attention for Deepfake Detection Authors: Zhen-Xin Lin , Shang-Kuan Chen Abstract : Recent deepfake detection methods have increasingly explored frequency domain representations to reveal manipulation artifacts that are difficult to detect in the spatial domain. However, most existing approaches rely primarily on spectral magnitude, implicitly under exploring the role of phase information. In this work, we propose Phase4DFD, a phase aware frequency domain deepfake detection frame… ▽ More Recent deepfake detection methods have increasingly explored frequency domain representations to reveal manipulation artifacts that are difficult to detect in the spatial domain. However, most existing approaches rely primarily on spectral magnitude, implicitly under exploring the role of phase information. In this work, we propose Phase4DFD, a phase aware frequency domain deepfake detection framework that explicitly models phase magnitude interactions via a learnable attention mechanism. Our approach augments standard RGB input with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) magnitude and local binary pattern (LBP) representations to expose subtle synthesis artifacts that remain indistinguishable under spatial analysis alone. Crucially, we introduce an input level phase aware attention module that uses phase discontinuities commonly introduced by synthetic generation to guide the model toward frequency patterns that are most indicative of manipulation before backbone feature extraction. The attended multi domain representation is processed by an efficient BNext M backbone, with optional channel spatial attention applied for semantic feature refinement. Extensive experiments on the CIFAKE and DFFD datasets demonstrate that our proposed model Phase4DFD outperforms state of the art spatial and frequency-based detectors while maintaining low computational overhead. Comprehensive ablation studies further confirm that explicit phase modeling provides complementary and non-redundant information beyond magnitude-only frequency representations. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures, conference arXiv:2601.05836 [ pdf ] cs.RO cs.AI Intelligent Singularity Avoidance in UR10 Robotic Arm Path Planning Using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic and Reinforcement Learning Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Jyh-Horng Wu Abstract : This paper presents a comprehensive approach to singularity detection and avoidance in UR10 robotic arm path planning through the integration of fuzzy logic safety systems and reinforcement learning algorithms. The proposed system addresses critical challenges in robotic manipulation where singularities can cause loss of control and potential equipment damage. Our hybrid approach combines real-tim… ▽ More This paper presents a comprehensive approach to singularity detection and avoidance in UR10 robotic arm path planning through the integration of fuzzy logic safety systems and reinforcement learning algorithms. The proposed system addresses critical challenges in robotic manipulation where singularities can cause loss of control and potential equipment damage. Our hybrid approach combines real-time singularity detection using manipulability measures, condition number analysis, and fuzzy logic decision-making with a stable reinforcement learning framework for adaptive path planning. Experimental results demonstrate a 90% success rate in reaching target positions while maintaining safe distances from singular configurations. The system integrates PyBullet simulation for training data collection and URSim connectivity for real-world deployment. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in TANET 2025 (Paper No. T0404) arXiv:2601.05836 [ pdf ] Intelligent Singularity Avoidance in UR10 Robotic Arm Path Planning Using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic and Reinforcement Learning Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Jyh-Horng Wu Abstract : This paper presents a comprehensive approach to singularity detection and avoidance in UR10 robotic arm path planning through the integration of fuzzy logic safety systems and reinforcement learning algorithms. The proposed system addresses critical challenges in robotic manipulation where singularities can cause loss of control and potential equipment damage. Our hybrid approach combines real-tim… ▽ More This paper presents a comprehensive approach to singularity detection and avoidance in UR10 robotic arm path planning through the integration of fuzzy logic safety systems and reinforcement learning algorithms. The proposed system addresses critical challenges in robotic manipulation where singularities can cause loss of control and potential equipment damage. Our hybrid approach combines real-time singularity detection using manipulability measures, condition number analysis, and fuzzy logic decision-making with a stable reinforcement learning framework for adaptive path planning. Experimental results demonstrate a 90% success rate in reaching target positions while maintaining safe distances from singular configurations. The system integrates PyBullet simulation for training data collection and URSim connectivity for real-world deployment. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in TANET 2025 (Paper No. T0404) arXiv:2601.05577 [ pdf , ps , other ] cond-mat.stat-mech cs.LG physics.comp-ph doi 10.1088/1742-5468/ae22ea Autonomous Discovery of the Ising Model's Critical Parameters with Reinforcement Learning Authors: Hai Man , Chaobo Wang , Jia-Rui Li , Yuping Tian , Shu-Gang Chen Abstract : Traditional methods for determining critical parameters are often influenced by human factors. This research introduces a physics-inspired adaptive reinforcement learning framework that enables agents to autonomously interact with physical environments, simultaneously identifying both the critical temperature and various types of critical exponents in the Ising model with precision. Interestingly,… ▽ More Traditional methods for determining critical parameters are often influenced by human factors. This research introduces a physics-inspired adaptive reinforcement learning framework that enables agents to autonomously interact with physical environments, simultaneously identifying both the critical temperature and various types of critical exponents in the Ising model with precision. Interestingly, our algorithm exhibits search behavior reminiscent of phase transitions, efficiently converging to target parameters regardless of initial conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that this method significantly outperforms traditional approaches, particularly in environments with strong perturbations. This study not only incorporates physical concepts into machine learning to enhance algorithm interpretability but also establishes a new paradigm for scientific exploration, transitioning from manual analysis to autonomous AI discovery. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 37 pages, 9 figures. This is the Accepted Manuscript of an article published in J. Stat. Mech Journal ref: J. Stat. Mech. (2025) arXiv:2601.05577 [ pdf , ps , other ] Autonomous Discovery of the Ising Model's Critical Parameters with Reinforcement Learning Authors: Hai Man , Chaobo Wang , Jia-Rui Li , Yuping Tian , Shu-Gang Chen Abstract : Traditional methods for determining critical parameters are often influenced by human factors. This research introduces a physics-inspired adaptive reinforcement learning framework that enables agents to autonomously interact with physical environments, simultaneously identifying both the critical temperature and various types of critical exponents in the Ising model with precision. Interestingly,… ▽ More Traditional methods for determining critical parameters are often influenced by human factors. This research introduces a physics-inspired adaptive reinforcement learning framework that enables agents to autonomously interact with physical environments, simultaneously identifying both the critical temperature and various types of critical exponents in the Ising model with precision. Interestingly, our algorithm exhibits search behavior reminiscent of phase transitions, efficiently converging to target parameters regardless of initial conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that this method significantly outperforms traditional approaches, particularly in environments with strong perturbations. This study not only incorporates physical concepts into machine learning to enhance algorithm interpretability but also establishes a new paradigm for scientific exploration, transitioning from manual analysis to autonomous AI discovery. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 37 pages, 9 figures. This is the Accepted Manuscript of an article published in J. Stat. Mech Journal ref: J. Stat. Mech. (2025) arXiv:2601.04638 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI SpeechMedAssist: Efficiently and Effectively Adapting Speech Language Models for Medical Consultation Authors: Sirry Chen , Jieyi Wang , Wei Chen , Zhongyu Wei Abstract : Medical consultations are intrinsically speech-centric. However, most prior works focus on long-text-based interactions, which are cumbersome and patient-unfriendly. Recent advances in speech language models (SpeechLMs) have enabled more natural speech-based interaction, yet the scarcity of medical speech data and the inefficiency of directly fine-tuning on speech data jointly hinder the adoption… ▽ More Medical consultations are intrinsically speech-centric. However, most prior works focus on long-text-based interactions, which are cumbersome and patient-unfriendly. Recent advances in speech language models (SpeechLMs) have enabled more natural speech-based interaction, yet the scarcity of medical speech data and the inefficiency of directly fine-tuning on speech data jointly hinder the adoption of SpeechLMs in medical consultation. In this paper, we propose SpeechMedAssist, a SpeechLM natively capable of conducting speech-based multi-turn interactions with patients. By exploiting the architectural properties of SpeechLMs, we decouple the conventional one-stage training into a two-stage paradigm consisting of (1) Knowledge & Capability Injection via Text and (2) Modality Re-alignment with Limited Speech Data, thereby reducing the requirement for medical speech data to only 10k synthesized samples. To evaluate SpeechLMs for medical consultation scenarios, we design a benchmark comprising both single-turn question answering and multi-turn simulated interactions. Experimental results show that our model outperforms all baselines in both effectiveness and robustness in most evaluation settings. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04638 [ pdf , ps , other ] SpeechMedAssist: Efficiently and Effectively Adapting Speech Language Models for Medical Consultation Authors: Sirry Chen , Jieyi Wang , Wei Chen , Zhongyu Wei Abstract : Medical consultations are intrinsically speech-centric. However, most prior works focus on long-text-based interactions, which are cumbersome and patient-unfriendly. Recent advances in speech language models (SpeechLMs) have enabled more natural speech-based interaction, yet the scarcity of medical speech data and the inefficiency of directly fine-tuning on speech data jointly hinder the adoption… ▽ More Medical consultations are intrinsically speech-centric. However, most prior works focus on long-text-based interactions, which are cumbersome and patient-unfriendly. Recent advances in speech language models (SpeechLMs) have enabled more natural speech-based interaction, yet the scarcity of medical speech data and the inefficiency of directly fine-tuning on speech data jointly hinder the adoption of SpeechLMs in medical consultation. In this paper, we propose SpeechMedAssist, a SpeechLM natively capable of conducting speech-based multi-turn interactions with patients. By exploiting the architectural properties of SpeechLMs, we decouple the conventional one-stage training into a two-stage paradigm consisting of (1) Knowledge & Capability Injection via Text and (2) Modality Re-alignment with Limited Speech Data, thereby reducing the requirement for medical speech data to only 10k synthesized samples. To evaluate SpeechLMs for medical consultation scenarios, we design a benchmark comprising both single-turn question answering and multi-turn simulated interactions. Experimental results show that our model outperforms all baselines in both effectiveness and robustness in most evaluation settings. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04204 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL cs.HC cs.MA Generative Teaching via Code Authors: Yuheng Wang , Runde Yang , Lin Wu , Jie Zhang , Jingru Fan , Ruoyu Fu , Tianle Zhou , Huatao Li , Siheng Chen , Weinan E , Chen Qian Abstract : The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators fr… ▽ More The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators from manual creators to high-level directors, allowing them to focus on pedagogical intent while autonomous agents handle the execution. To realize this vision, we introduce TeachMaster, a multi-agent framework that leverages code as an intermediate semantic medium. Unlike traditional video generation methods, TeachMaster orchestrates a collaborative team of agents--spanning planning, design, and rendering--to automate the production of interpretable, editable, and curriculum-ready educational videos. Experiments validate that TeachMaster significantly boosts production efficiency without compromising structural coherence or visual fidelity, providing a robust solution for scalable education. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04204 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative Teaching via Code Authors: Yuheng Wang , Runde Yang , Lin Wu , Jie Zhang , Jingru Fan , Ruoyu Fu , Tianle Zhou , Huatao Li , Siheng Chen , Weinan E , Chen Qian Abstract : The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators fr… ▽ More The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators from manual creators to high-level directors, allowing them to focus on pedagogical intent while autonomous agents handle the execution. To realize this vision, we introduce TeachMaster, a multi-agent framework that leverages code as an intermediate semantic medium. Unlike traditional video generation methods, TeachMaster orchestrates a collaborative team of agents--spanning planning, design, and rendering--to automate the production of interpretable, editable, and curriculum-ready educational videos. Experiments validate that TeachMaster significantly boosts production efficiency without compromising structural coherence or visual fidelity, providing a robust solution for scalable education. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03851 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Rethinking Table Pruning in TableQA: From Sequential Revisions to Gold Trajectory-Supervised Parallel Search Authors: Yu Guo , Shenghao Ye , Shuangwu Chen , Zijian Wen , Tao Zhang , Qirui Bai , Dong Jin , Yunpeng Hou , Huasen He , Jian Yang , Xiaobin Tan Abstract : Table Question Answering (TableQA) benefits significantly from table pruning, which extracts compact sub-tables by eliminating redundant cells to streamline downstream reasoning. However, existing pruning methods typically rely on sequential revisions driven by unreliable critique signals, often failing to detect the loss of answer-critical data. To address this limitation, we propose TabTrim, a n… ▽ More Table Question Answering (TableQA) benefits significantly from table pruning, which extracts compact sub-tables by eliminating redundant cells to streamline downstream reasoning. However, existing pruning methods typically rely on sequential revisions driven by unreliable critique signals, often failing to detect the loss of answer-critical data. To address this limitation, we propose TabTrim, a novel table pruning framework which transforms table pruning from sequential revisions to gold trajectory-supervised parallel search. TabTrim derives a gold pruning trajectory using the intermediate sub-tables in the execution process of gold SQL queries, and trains a pruner and a verifier to make the step-wise pruning result align with the gold pruning trajectory. During inference, TabTrim performs parallel search to explore multiple candidate pruning trajectories and identify the optimal sub-table. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TabTrim achieves state-of-the-art performance across diverse tabular reasoning tasks: TabTrim-8B reaches 73.5% average accuracy, outperforming the strongest baseline by 3.2%, including 79.4% on WikiTQ and 61.2% on TableBench. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.03851 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rethinking Table Pruning in TableQA: From Sequential Revisions to Gold Trajectory-Supervised Parallel Search Authors: Yu Guo , Shenghao Ye , Shuangwu Chen , Zijian Wen , Tao Zhang , Qirui Bai , Dong Jin , Yunpeng Hou , Huasen He , Jian Yang , Xiaobin Tan Abstract : Table Question Answering (TableQA) benefits significantly from table pruning, which extracts compact sub-tables by eliminating redundant cells to streamline downstream reasoning. However, existing pruning methods typically rely on sequential revisions driven by unreliable critique signals, often failing to detect the loss of answer-critical data. To address this limitation, we propose TabTrim, a n… ▽ More Table Question Answering (TableQA) benefits significantly from table pruning, which extracts compact sub-tables by eliminating redundant cells to streamline downstream reasoning. However, existing pruning methods typically rely on sequential revisions driven by unreliable critique signals, often failing to detect the loss of answer-critical data. To address this limitation, we propose TabTrim, a novel table pruning framework which transforms table pruning from sequential revisions to gold trajectory-supervised parallel search. TabTrim derives a gold pruning trajectory using the intermediate sub-tables in the execution process of gold SQL queries, and trains a pruner and a verifier to make the step-wise pruning result align with the gold pruning trajectory. During inference, TabTrim performs parallel search to explore multiple candidate pruning trajectories and identify the optimal sub-table. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TabTrim achieves state-of-the-art performance across diverse tabular reasoning tasks: TabTrim-8B reaches 73.5% average accuracy, outperforming the strongest baseline by 3.2%, including 79.4% on WikiTQ and 61.2% on TableBench. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.03513 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI Deploy-Master: Automating the Deployment of 50,000+ Agent-Ready Scientific Tools in One Day Authors: Yi Wang , Zhenting Huang , Zhaohan Ding , Ruoxue Liao , Yuan Huang , Xinzijian Liu , Jiajun Xie , Siheng Chen , Linfeng Zhang Abstract : Open-source scientific software is abundant, yet most tools remain difficult to compile, configure, and reuse, sustaining a small-workshop mode of scientific computing. This deployment bottleneck limits reproducibility, large-scale evaluation, and the practical integration of scientific tools into modern AI-for-Science (AI4S) and agentic workflows. We present Deploy-Master, a one-stop agentic wo… ▽ More Open-source scientific software is abundant, yet most tools remain difficult to compile, configure, and reuse, sustaining a small-workshop mode of scientific computing. This deployment bottleneck limits reproducibility, large-scale evaluation, and the practical integration of scientific tools into modern AI-for-Science (AI4S) and agentic workflows. We present Deploy-Master, a one-stop agentic workflow for large-scale tool discovery, build specification inference, execution-based validation, and publication. Guided by a taxonomy spanning 90+ scientific and engineering domains, our discovery stage starts from a recall-oriented pool of over 500,000 public repositories and progressively filters it to 52,550 executable tool candidates under license- and quality-aware criteria. Deploy-Master transforms heterogeneous open-source repositories into runnable, containerized capabilities grounded in execution rather than documentation claims. In a single day, we performed 52,550 build attempts and constructed reproducible runtime environments for 50,112 scientific tools. Each successful tool is validated by a minimal executable command and registered in SciencePedia for search and reuse, enabling direct human use and optional agent-based invocation. Beyond delivering runnable tools, we report a deployment trace at the scale of 50,000 tools, characterizing throughput, cost profiles, failure surfaces, and specification uncertainty that become visible only at scale. These results explain why scientific software remains difficult to operationalize and motivate shared, observable execution substrates as a foundation for scalable AI4S and agentic science. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03513 [ pdf , ps , other ] Deploy-Master: Automating the Deployment of 50,000+ Agent-Ready Scientific Tools in One Day Authors: Yi Wang , Zhenting Huang , Zhaohan Ding , Ruoxue Liao , Yuan Huang , Xinzijian Liu , Jiajun Xie , Siheng Chen , Linfeng Zhang Abstract : Open-source scientific software is abundant, yet most tools remain difficult to compile, configure, and reuse, sustaining a small-workshop mode of scientific computing. This deployment bottleneck limits reproducibility, large-scale evaluation, and the practical integration of scientific tools into modern AI-for-Science (AI4S) and agentic workflows. We present Deploy-Master, a one-stop agentic wo… ▽ More Open-source scientific software is abundant, yet most tools remain difficult to compile, configure, and reuse, sustaining a small-workshop mode of scientific computing. This deployment bottleneck limits reproducibility, large-scale evaluation, and the practical integration of scientific tools into modern AI-for-Science (AI4S) and agentic workflows. We present Deploy-Master, a one-stop agentic workflow for large-scale tool discovery, build specification inference, execution-based validation, and publication. Guided by a taxonomy spanning 90+ scientific and engineering domains, our discovery stage starts from a recall-oriented pool of over 500,000 public repositories and progressively filters it to 52,550 executable tool candidates under license- and quality-aware criteria. Deploy-Master transforms heterogeneous open-source repositories into runnable, containerized capabilities grounded in execution rather than documentation claims. In a single day, we performed 52,550 build attempts and constructed reproducible runtime environments for 50,112 scientific tools. Each successful tool is validated by a minimal executable command and registered in SciencePedia for search and reuse, enabling direct human use and optional agent-based invocation. Beyond delivering runnable tools, we report a deployment trace at the scale of 50,000 tools, characterizing throughput, cost profiles, failure surfaces, and specification uncertainty that become visible only at scale. These results explain why scientific software remains difficult to operationalize and motivate shared, observable execution substrates as a foundation for scalable AI4S and agentic science. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03434 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG VNU-Bench: A Benchmarking Dataset for Multi-Source Multimodal News Video Understanding Authors: Zibo Liu , Muyang Li , Zhe Jiang , Shigang Chen Abstract : News videos are carefully edited multimodal narratives that combine narration, visuals, and external quotations into coherent storylines. In recent years, there have been significant advances in evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for news video understanding. However, existing benchmarks largely focus on single-source, intra-video reasoning, where each report is processed in isola… ▽ More News videos are carefully edited multimodal narratives that combine narration, visuals, and external quotations into coherent storylines. In recent years, there have been significant advances in evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for news video understanding. However, existing benchmarks largely focus on single-source, intra-video reasoning, where each report is processed in isolation. In contrast, real-world news consumption is inherently multi-sourced: the same event is reported by different outlets with complementary details, distinct narrative choices, and sometimes conflicting claims that unfold over time. Robust news understanding, therefore, requires models to compare perspectives from different sources, align multimodal evidence across sources, and synthesize multi-source information. To fill this gap, we introduce VNU-Bench, the first benchmark for multi-source, cross-video understanding in the news domain. We design a set of new question types that are unique in testing models' ability of understanding multi-source multimodal news from a variety of different angles. We design a novel hybrid human-model QA generation process that addresses the issues of scalability and quality control in building a large dataset for cross-source news understanding. The dataset comprises 429 news groups, 1,405 videos, and 2,501 high-quality questions. Comprehensive evaluation of both closed- and open-source multimodal models shows that VNU-Bench poses substantial challenges for current MLLMs. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03434 [ pdf , ps , other ] VNU-Bench: A Benchmarking Dataset for Multi-Source Multimodal News Video Understanding Authors: Zibo Liu , Muyang Li , Zhe Jiang , Shigang Chen Abstract : News videos are carefully edited multimodal narratives that combine narration, visuals, and external quotations into coherent storylines. In recent years, there have been significant advances in evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for news video understanding. However, existing benchmarks largely focus on single-source, intra-video reasoning, where each report is processed in isola… ▽ More News videos are carefully edited multimodal narratives that combine narration, visuals, and external quotations into coherent storylines. In recent years, there have been significant advances in evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for news video understanding. However, existing benchmarks largely focus on single-source, intra-video reasoning, where each report is processed in isolation. In contrast, real-world news consumption is inherently multi-sourced: the same event is reported by different outlets with complementary details, distinct narrative choices, and sometimes conflicting claims that unfold over time. Robust news understanding, therefore, requires models to compare perspectives from different sources, align multimodal evidence across sources, and synthesize multi-source information. To fill this gap, we introduce VNU-Bench, the first benchmark for multi-source, cross-video understanding in the news domain. We design a set of new question types that are unique in testing models' ability of understanding multi-source multimodal news from a variety of different angles. We design a novel hybrid human-model QA generation process that addresses the issues of scalability and quality control in building a large dataset for cross-source news understanding. The dataset comprises 429 news groups, 1,405 videos, and 2,501 high-quality questions. Comprehensive evaluation of both closed- and open-source multimodal models shows that VNU-Bench poses substantial challenges for current MLLMs. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02888 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG RPIQ: Residual-Projected Multi-Collaboration Closed-Loop and Single Instance Quantization for Visually Impaired Assistance Authors: Xuanyu Wang , Haisen Su , Jingtao Zhang , Xiangxiang Wang , Yongbin Yu , Manping Fan , Bo Gong , Siqi Chen , Mingsheng Cao , Liyong Ren Abstract : Visually impaired users face significant challenges in daily information access and real-time environmental perception, and there is an urgent need for intelligent assistive systems with accurate recognition capabilities. Although large-scale models provide effective solutions for perception and reasoning, their practical deployment on assistive devices is severely constrained by excessive memory… ▽ More Visually impaired users face significant challenges in daily information access and real-time environmental perception, and there is an urgent need for intelligent assistive systems with accurate recognition capabilities. Although large-scale models provide effective solutions for perception and reasoning, their practical deployment on assistive devices is severely constrained by excessive memory consumption and high inference costs. Moreover, existing quantization strategies often ignore inter-block error accumulation, leading to degraded model stability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel quantization framework -- Residual-Projected Multi-Collaboration Closed-Loop and Single Instance Quantization(RPIQ), whose quantization process adopts a multi-collaborative closed-loop compensation scheme based on Single Instance Calibration and Gauss-Seidel Iterative Quantization. Experiments on various types of large-scale models, including language models such as OPT, Qwen, and LLaMA, as well as vision-language models such as CogVLM2, demonstrate that RPIQ can compress models to 4-bit representation while significantly reducing peak memory consumption (approximately 60%-75% reduction compared to original full-precision models). The method maintains performance highly close to full-precision models across multiple language and visual tasks, and exhibits excellent recognition and reasoning capabilities in key applications such as text understanding and visual question answering in complex scenarios. While verifying the effectiveness of RPIQ for deployment in real assistive systems, this study also advances the computational efficiency and reliability of large models, enabling them to provide visually impaired users with the required information accurately and rapidly. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02888 [ pdf , ps , other ] RPIQ: Residual-Projected Multi-Collaboration Closed-Loop and Single Instance Quantization for Visually Impaired Assistance Authors: Xuanyu Wang , Haisen Su , Jingtao Zhang , Xiangxiang Wang , Yongbin Yu , Manping Fan , Bo Gong , Siqi Chen , Mingsheng Cao , Liyong Ren Abstract : Visually impaired users face significant challenges in daily information access and real-time environmental perception, and there is an urgent need for intelligent assistive systems with accurate recognition capabilities. Although large-scale models provide effective solutions for perception and reasoning, their practical deployment on assistive devices is severely constrained by excessive memory… ▽ More Visually impaired users face significant challenges in daily information access and real-time environmental perception, and there is an urgent need for intelligent assistive systems with accurate recognition capabilities. Although large-scale models provide effective solutions for perception and reasoning, their practical deployment on assistive devices is severely constrained by excessive memory consumption and high inference costs. Moreover, existing quantization strategies often ignore inter-block error accumulation, leading to degraded model stability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel quantization framework -- Residual-Projected Multi-Collaboration Closed-Loop and Single Instance Quantization(RPIQ), whose quantization process adopts a multi-collaborative closed-loop compensation scheme based on Single Instance Calibration and Gauss-Seidel Iterative Quantization. Experiments on various types of large-scale models, including language models such as OPT, Qwen, and LLaMA, as well as vision-language models such as CogVLM2, demonstrate that RPIQ can compress models to 4-bit representation while significantly reducing peak memory consumption (approximately 60%-75% reduction compared to original full-precision models). The method maintains performance highly close to full-precision models across multiple language and visual tasks, and exhibits excellent recognition and reasoning capabilities in key applications such as text understanding and visual question answering in complex scenarios. While verifying the effectiveness of RPIQ for deployment in real assistive systems, this study also advances the computational efficiency and reliability of large models, enabling them to provide visually impaired users with the required information accurately and rapidly. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02435 [ pdf , ps , other ] quant-ph cs.FL Formal Modeling and Verification of Grover's Algorithm Authors: H. Sun , Z. Shi , S. Chen , G. Wang , X. Li , Y. Guan , Q. Zhang , Z. Shao Abstract : Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical… ▽ More Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical structure of Grover's algorithm can be formalized into logical expressions and verified by higher-order logical reasoning. In this paper, we formally model and verify Grover's algorithm in the HOL Light theorem prover. We focus on proving key properties such as the unitarity of its oracle and diffusion operators, the monotonicity of the success probability with respect to the number of iterations, and an exact expression for the optimal iteration count. By analyzing a concrete application to integer factorization, we demonstrate the practicality and prospects of our work. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 3 figures, 1 table ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2601.02435 [ pdf , ps , other ] Formal Modeling and Verification of Grover's Algorithm Authors: H. Sun , Z. Shi , S. Chen , G. Wang , X. Li , Y. Guan , Q. Zhang , Z. Shao Abstract : Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical… ▽ More Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical structure of Grover's algorithm can be formalized into logical expressions and verified by higher-order logical reasoning. In this paper, we formally model and verify Grover's algorithm in the HOL Light theorem prover. We focus on proving key properties such as the unitarity of its oracle and diffusion operators, the monotonicity of the success probability with respect to the number of iterations, and an exact expression for the optimal iteration count. By analyzing a concrete application to integer factorization, we demonstrate the practicality and prospects of our work. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 3 figures, 1 table ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2601.02139 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Beyond Segmentation: An Oil Spill Change Detection Framework Using Synthetic SAR Imagery Authors: Chenyang Lai , Shuaiyu Chen , Tianjin Huang , Siyang Song , Guangliang Cheng , Chunbo Luo , Zeyu Fu Abstract : Marine oil spills are urgent environmental hazards that demand rapid and reliable detection to minimise ecological and economic damage. While Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery has become a key tool for large-scale oil spill monitoring, most existing detection methods rely on deep learning-based segmentation applied to single SAR images. These static approaches struggle to distinguish true oil… ▽ More Marine oil spills are urgent environmental hazards that demand rapid and reliable detection to minimise ecological and economic damage. While Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery has become a key tool for large-scale oil spill monitoring, most existing detection methods rely on deep learning-based segmentation applied to single SAR images. These static approaches struggle to distinguish true oil spills from visually similar oceanic features (e.g., biogenic slicks or low-wind zones), leading to high false positive rates and limited generalizability, especially under data-scarce conditions. To overcome these limitations, we introduce Oil Spill Change Detection (OSCD), a new bi-temporal task that focuses on identifying changes between pre- and post-spill SAR images. As real co-registered pre-spill imagery is not always available, we propose the Temporal-Aware Hybrid Inpainting (TAHI) framework, which generates synthetic pre-spill images from post-spill SAR data. TAHI integrates two key components: High-Fidelity Hybrid Inpainting for oil-free reconstruction, and Temporal Realism Enhancement for radiometric and sea-state consistency. Using TAHI, we construct the first OSCD dataset and benchmark several state-of-the-art change detection models. Results show that OSCD significantly reduces false positives and improves detection accuracy compared to conventional segmentation, demonstrating the value of temporally-aware methods for reliable, scalable oil spill monitoring in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02139 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Segmentation: An Oil Spill Change Detection Framework Using Synthetic SAR Imagery Authors: Chenyang Lai , Shuaiyu Chen , Tianjin Huang , Siyang Song , Guangliang Cheng , Chunbo Luo , Zeyu Fu Abstract : Marine oil spills are urgent environmental hazards that demand rapid and reliable detection to minimise ecological and economic damage. While Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery has become a key tool for large-scale oil spill monitoring, most existing detection methods rely on deep learning-based segmentation applied to single SAR images. These static approaches struggle to distinguish true oil… ▽ More Marine oil spills are urgent environmental hazards that demand rapid and reliable detection to minimise ecological and economic damage. While Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery has become a key tool for large-scale oil spill monitoring, most existing detection methods rely on deep learning-based segmentation applied to single SAR images. These static approaches struggle to distinguish true oil spills from visually similar oceanic features (e.g., biogenic slicks or low-wind zones), leading to high false positive rates and limited generalizability, especially under data-scarce conditions. To overcome these limitations, we introduce Oil Spill Change Detection (OSCD), a new bi-temporal task that focuses on identifying changes between pre- and post-spill SAR images. As real co-registered pre-spill imagery is not always available, we propose the Temporal-Aware Hybrid Inpainting (TAHI) framework, which generates synthetic pre-spill images from post-spill SAR data. TAHI integrates two key components: High-Fidelity Hybrid Inpainting for oil-free reconstruction, and Temporal Realism Enhancement for radiometric and sea-state consistency. Using TAHI, we construct the first OSCD dataset and benchmark several state-of-the-art change detection models. Results show that OSCD significantly reduces false positives and improves detection accuracy compared to conventional segmentation, demonstrating the value of temporally-aware methods for reliable, scalable oil spill monitoring in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02107 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MagicFight: Personalized Martial Arts Combat Video Generation Authors: Jiancheng Huang , Mingfu Yan , Songyan Chen , Yi Huang , Shifeng Chen Abstract : Amid the surge in generic text-to-video generation, the field of personalized human video generation has witnessed notable advancements, primarily concentrated on single-person scenarios. However, to our knowledge, the domain of two-person interactions, particularly in the context of martial arts combat, remains uncharted. We identify a significant gap: existing models for single-person dancing ge… ▽ More Amid the surge in generic text-to-video generation, the field of personalized human video generation has witnessed notable advancements, primarily concentrated on single-person scenarios. However, to our knowledge, the domain of two-person interactions, particularly in the context of martial arts combat, remains uncharted. We identify a significant gap: existing models for single-person dancing generation prove insufficient for capturing the subtleties and complexities of two engaged fighters, resulting in challenges such as identity confusion, anomalous limbs, and action mismatches. To address this, we introduce a pioneering new task, Personalized Martial Arts Combat Video Generation. Our approach, MagicFight, is specifically crafted to overcome these hurdles. Given this pioneering task, we face a lack of appropriate datasets. Thus, we generate a bespoke dataset using the game physics engine Unity, meticulously crafting a multitude of 3D characters, martial arts moves, and scenes designed to represent the diversity of combat. MagicFight refines and adapts existing models and strategies to generate high-fidelity two-person combat videos that maintain individual identities and ensure seamless, coherent action sequences, thereby laying the groundwork for future innovations in the realm of interactive video content creation. Website: Dataset: △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ACM MM 2024 arXiv:2601.02107 [ pdf , ps , other ] MagicFight: Personalized Martial Arts Combat Video Generation Authors: Jiancheng Huang , Mingfu Yan , Songyan Chen , Yi Huang , Shifeng Chen Abstract : Amid the surge in generic text-to-video generation, the field of personalized human video generation has witnessed notable advancements, primarily concentrated on single-person scenarios. However, to our knowledge, the domain of two-person interactions, particularly in the context of martial arts combat, remains uncharted. We identify a significant gap: existing models for single-person dancing ge… ▽ More Amid the surge in generic text-to-video generation, the field of personalized human video generation has witnessed notable advancements, primarily concentrated on single-person scenarios. However, to our knowledge, the domain of two-person interactions, particularly in the context of martial arts combat, remains uncharted. We identify a significant gap: existing models for single-person dancing generation prove insufficient for capturing the subtleties and complexities of two engaged fighters, resulting in challenges such as identity confusion, anomalous limbs, and action mismatches. To address this, we introduce a pioneering new task, Personalized Martial Arts Combat Video Generation. Our approach, MagicFight, is specifically crafted to overcome these hurdles. Given this pioneering task, we face a lack of appropriate datasets. Thus, we generate a bespoke dataset using the game physics engine Unity, meticulously crafting a multitude of 3D characters, martial arts moves, and scenes designed to represent the diversity of combat. MagicFight refines and adapts existing models and strategies to generate high-fidelity two-person combat videos that maintain individual identities and ensure seamless, coherent action sequences, thereby laying the groundwork for future innovations in the realm of interactive video content creation. Website: Dataset: △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ACM MM 2024 arXiv:2601.02088 [ pdf ] cs.CV PhysSFI-Net: Physics-informed Geometric Learning of Skeletal and Facial Interactions for Orthognathic Surgical Outcome Prediction Authors: Jiahao Bao , Huazhen Liu , Yu Zhuang , Leran Tao , Xinyu Xu , Yongtao Shi , Mengjia Cheng , Yiming Wang , Congshuang Ku , Ting Zeng , Yilang Du , Siyi Chen , Shunyao Shen , Suncheng Xiang , Hongbo Yu Abstract : Orthognathic surgery repositions jaw bones to restore occlusion and enhance facial aesthetics. Accurate simulation of postoperative facial morphology is essential for preoperative planning. However, traditional biomechanical models are computationally expensive, while geometric deep learning approaches often lack interpretability. In this study, we develop and validate a physics-informed geometric… ▽ More Orthognathic surgery repositions jaw bones to restore occlusion and enhance facial aesthetics. Accurate simulation of postoperative facial morphology is essential for preoperative planning. However, traditional biomechanical models are computationally expensive, while geometric deep learning approaches often lack interpretability. In this study, we develop and validate a physics-informed geometric deep learning framework named PhysSFI-Net for precise prediction of soft tissue deformation following orthognathic surgery. PhysSFI-Net consists of three components: a hierarchical graph module with craniofacial and surgical plan encoders combined with attention mechanisms to extract skeletal-facial interaction features; a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based sequential predictor for incremental soft tissue deformation; and a biomechanics-inspired module for high-resolution facial surface reconstruction. Model performance was assessed using point cloud shape error (Hausdorff distance), surface deviation error, and landmark localization error (Euclidean distances of craniomaxillofacial landmarks) between predicted facial shapes and corresponding ground truths. A total of 135 patients who underwent combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment were included for model training and validation. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that PhysSFI-Net achieved a point cloud shape error of 1.070 +/- 0.088 mm, a surface deviation error of 1.296 +/- 0.349 mm, and a landmark localization error of 2.445 +/- 1.326 mm. Comparative experiments indicated that PhysSFI-Net outperformed the state-of-the-art method ACMT-Net in prediction accuracy. In conclusion, PhysSFI-Net enables interpretable, high-resolution prediction of postoperative facial morphology with superior accuracy, showing strong potential for clinical application in orthognathic surgical planning and simulation. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.02088 [ pdf ] PhysSFI-Net: Physics-informed Geometric Learning of Skeletal and Facial Interactions for Orthognathic Surgical Outcome Prediction Authors: Jiahao Bao , Huazhen Liu , Yu Zhuang , Leran Tao , Xinyu Xu , Yongtao Shi , Mengjia Cheng , Yiming Wang , Congshuang Ku , Ting Zeng , Yilang Du , Siyi Chen , Shunyao Shen , Suncheng Xiang , Hongbo Yu Abstract : Orthognathic surgery repositions jaw bones to restore occlusion and enhance facial aesthetics. Accurate simulation of postoperative facial morphology is essential for preoperative planning. However, traditional biomechanical models are computationally expensive, while geometric deep learning approaches often lack interpretability. In this study, we develop and validate a physics-informed geometric… ▽ More Orthognathic surgery repositions jaw bones to restore occlusion and enhance facial aesthetics. Accurate simulation of postoperative facial morphology is essential for preoperative planning. However, traditional biomechanical models are computationally expensive, while geometric deep learning approaches often lack interpretability. In this study, we develop and validate a physics-informed geometric deep learning framework named PhysSFI-Net for precise prediction of soft tissue deformation following orthognathic surgery. PhysSFI-Net consists of three components: a hierarchical graph module with craniofacial and surgical plan encoders combined with attention mechanisms to extract skeletal-facial interaction features; a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based sequential predictor for incremental soft tissue deformation; and a biomechanics-inspired module for high-resolution facial surface reconstruction. Model performance was assessed using point cloud shape error (Hausdorff distance), surface deviation error, and landmark localization error (Euclidean distances of craniomaxillofacial landmarks) between predicted facial shapes and corresponding ground truths. A total of 135 patients who underwent combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment were included for model training and validation. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that PhysSFI-Net achieved a point cloud shape error of 1.070 +/- 0.088 mm, a surface deviation error of 1.296 +/- 0.349 mm, and a landmark localization error of 2.445 +/- 1.326 mm. Comparative experiments indicated that PhysSFI-Net outperformed the state-of-the-art method ACMT-Net in prediction accuracy. In conclusion, PhysSFI-Net enables interpretable, high-resolution prediction of postoperative facial morphology with superior accuracy, showing strong potential for clinical application in orthognathic surgical planning and simulation. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.01874 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI CogFlow: Bridging Perception and Reasoning through Knowledge Internalization for Visual Mathematical Problem Solving Authors: Shuhang Chen , Yunqiu Xu , Junjie Xie , Aojun Lu , Tao Feng , Zeying Huang , Ning Zhang , Yi Sun , Yi Yang , Hangjie Yuan Abstract : Despite significant progress, multimodal large language models continue to struggle with visual mathematical problem solving. Some recent works recognize that visual perception is a bottleneck in visual mathematical reasoning, but their solutions are limited to improving the extraction and interpretation of visual inputs. Notably, they all ignore the key issue of whether the extracted visual cues… ▽ More Despite significant progress, multimodal large language models continue to struggle with visual mathematical problem solving. Some recent works recognize that visual perception is a bottleneck in visual mathematical reasoning, but their solutions are limited to improving the extraction and interpretation of visual inputs. Notably, they all ignore the key issue of whether the extracted visual cues are faithfully integrated and properly utilized in subsequent reasoning. Motivated by this, we present CogFlow, a novel cognitive-inspired three-stage framework that incorporates a knowledge internalization stage, explicitly simulating the hierarchical flow of human reasoning: perception$\Rightarrow$internalization$\Rightarrow$reasoning. Inline with this hierarchical flow, we holistically enhance all its stages. We devise Synergistic Visual Rewards to boost perception capabilities in parametric and semantic spaces, jointly improving visual information extraction from symbols and diagrams. To guarantee faithful integration of extracted visual cues into subsequent reasoning, we introduce a Knowledge Internalization Reward model in the internalization stage, bridging perception and reasoning. Moreover, we design a Visual-Gated Policy Optimization algorithm to further enforce the reasoning is grounded with the visual knowledge, preventing models seeking shortcuts that appear coherent but are visually ungrounded reasoning chains. Moreover, we contribute a new dataset MathCog for model training, which contains samples with over 120K high-quality perception-reasoning aligned annotations. Comprehensive experiments and analysis on commonly used visual mathematical reasoning benchmarks validate the superiority of the proposed CogFlow. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01874 [ pdf , ps , other ] CogFlow: Bridging Perception and Reasoning through Knowledge Internalization for Visual Mathematical Problem Solving Authors: Shuhang Chen , Yunqiu Xu , Junjie Xie , Aojun Lu , Tao Feng , Zeying Huang , Ning Zhang , Yi Sun , Yi Yang , Hangjie Yuan Abstract : Despite significant progress, multimodal large language models continue to struggle with visual mathematical problem solving. Some recent works recognize that visual perception is a bottleneck in visual mathematical reasoning, but their solutions are limited to improving the extraction and interpretation of visual inputs. Notably, they all ignore the key issue of whether the extracted visual cues… ▽ More Despite significant progress, multimodal large language models continue to struggle with visual mathematical problem solving. Some recent works recognize that visual perception is a bottleneck in visual mathematical reasoning, but their solutions are limited to improving the extraction and interpretation of visual inputs. Notably, they all ignore the key issue of whether the extracted visual cues are faithfully integrated and properly utilized in subsequent reasoning. Motivated by this, we present CogFlow, a novel cognitive-inspired three-stage framework that incorporates a knowledge internalization stage, explicitly simulating the hierarchical flow of human reasoning: perception$\Rightarrow$internalization$\Rightarrow$reasoning. Inline with this hierarchical flow, we holistically enhance all its stages. We devise Synergistic Visual Rewards to boost perception capabilities in parametric and semantic spaces, jointly improving visual information extraction from symbols and diagrams. To guarantee faithful integration of extracted visual cues into subsequent reasoning, we introduce a Knowledge Internalization Reward model in the internalization stage, bridging perception and reasoning. Moreover, we design a Visual-Gated Policy Optimization algorithm to further enforce the reasoning is grounded with the visual knowledge, preventing models seeking shortcuts that appear coherent but are visually ungrounded reasoning chains. Moreover, we contribute a new dataset MathCog for model training, which contains samples with over 120K high-quality perception-reasoning aligned annotations. Comprehensive experiments and analysis on commonly used visual mathematical reasoning benchmarks validate the superiority of the proposed CogFlow. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01833 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG FAROS: Robust Federated Learning with Adaptive Scaling against Backdoor Attacks Authors: Chenyu Hu , Qiming Hu , Sinan Chen , Nianyu Li , Mingyue Zhang , Jialong Li Abstract : Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exposing local data. However, backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to FL. These attacks aim to implant a stealthy trigger into the global model, causing it to mislead on inputs that possess a specific trigger while functioning normally on benign data. Although pre-aggregation detection is a main… ▽ More Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exposing local data. However, backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to FL. These attacks aim to implant a stealthy trigger into the global model, causing it to mislead on inputs that possess a specific trigger while functioning normally on benign data. Although pre-aggregation detection is a main defense direction, existing state-of-the-art defenses often rely on fixed defense parameters. This reliance makes them vulnerable to single-point-of-failure risks, rendering them less effective against sophisticated attackers. To address these limitations, we propose FAROS, an enhanced FL framework that incorporates Adaptive Differential Scaling (ADS) and Robust Core-set Computing (RCC). The ADS mechanism adjusts the defense's sensitivity dynamically, based on the dispersion of uploaded gradients by clients in each round. This allows it to counter attackers who strategically shift between stealthiness and effectiveness. Furthermore, the RCC effectively mitigates the risk of single-point failure by computing the centroid of a core set comprising clients with the highest confidence. We conducted extensive experiments across various datasets, models, and attack scenarios. The results demonstrate that our method outperforms current defenses in both attack success rate and main task accuracy. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01833 [ pdf , ps , other ] FAROS: Robust Federated Learning with Adaptive Scaling against Backdoor Attacks Authors: Chenyu Hu , Qiming Hu , Sinan Chen , Nianyu Li , Mingyue Zhang , Jialong Li Abstract : Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exposing local data. However, backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to FL. These attacks aim to implant a stealthy trigger into the global model, causing it to mislead on inputs that possess a specific trigger while functioning normally on benign data. Although pre-aggregation detection is a main… ▽ More Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exposing local data. However, backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to FL. These attacks aim to implant a stealthy trigger into the global model, causing it to mislead on inputs that possess a specific trigger while functioning normally on benign data. Although pre-aggregation detection is a main defense direction, existing state-of-the-art defenses often rely on fixed defense parameters. This reliance makes them vulnerable to single-point-of-failure risks, rendering them less effective against sophisticated attackers. To address these limitations, we propose FAROS, an enhanced FL framework that incorporates Adaptive Differential Scaling (ADS) and Robust Core-set Computing (RCC). The ADS mechanism adjusts the defense's sensitivity dynamically, based on the dispersion of uploaded gradients by clients in each round. This allows it to counter attackers who strategically shift between stealthiness and effectiveness. Furthermore, the RCC effectively mitigates the risk of single-point failure by computing the centroid of a core set comprising clients with the highest confidence. We conducted extensive experiments across various datasets, models, and attack scenarios. The results demonstrate that our method outperforms current defenses in both attack success rate and main task accuracy. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00627 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.SE Towards Understanding and Characterizing Vulnerabilities in Intelligent Connected Vehicles through Real-World Exploits Authors: Yuelin Wang , Yuqiao Ning , Yanbang Sun , Xiaofei Xie , Zhihua Xie , Yang Chen , Zhen Guo , Shihao Xue , Junjie Wang , Sen Chen Abstract : Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) are a core component of modern transportation systems, and their security is crucial as it directly relates to user safety. Despite prior research, most existing studies focus only on specific sub-components of ICVs due to their inherent complexity. As a result, there is a lack of systematic understanding of ICV vulnerabilities. Moreover, much of the current l… ▽ More Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) are a core component of modern transportation systems, and their security is crucial as it directly relates to user safety. Despite prior research, most existing studies focus only on specific sub-components of ICVs due to their inherent complexity. As a result, there is a lack of systematic understanding of ICV vulnerabilities. Moreover, much of the current literature relies on human subjective analysis, such as surveys and interviews, which tends to be high-level and unvalidated, leaving a significant gap between theoretical findings and real-world attacks. To address this issue, we conducted the first large-scale empirical study on ICV vulnerabilities. We began by analyzing existing ICV security literature and summarizing the prevailing taxonomies in terms of vulnerability locations and types. To evaluate their real-world relevance, we collected a total of 649 exploitable vulnerabilities, including 592 from eight ICV vulnerability discovery competitions, Anonymous Cup, between January 2023 and April 2024, covering 48 different vehicles. The remaining 57 vulnerabilities were submitted daily by researchers. Based on this dataset, we assessed the coverage of existing taxonomies and identified several gaps, discovering one new vulnerability location and 13 new vulnerability types. We further categorized these vulnerabilities into 6 threat types (e.g., privacy data breach) and 4 risk levels (ranging from low to critical) and analyzed participants' skills and the types of ICVs involved in the competitions. This study provides a comprehensive and data-driven analysis of ICV vulnerabilities, offering actionable insights for researchers, industry practitioners, and policymakers. To support future research, we have made our vulnerability dataset publicly available. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00627 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Understanding and Characterizing Vulnerabilities in Intelligent Connected Vehicles through Real-World Exploits Authors: Yuelin Wang , Yuqiao Ning , Yanbang Sun , Xiaofei Xie , Zhihua Xie , Yang Chen , Zhen Guo , Shihao Xue , Junjie Wang , Sen Chen Abstract : Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) are a core component of modern transportation systems, and their security is crucial as it directly relates to user safety. Despite prior research, most existing studies focus only on specific sub-components of ICVs due to their inherent complexity. As a result, there is a lack of systematic understanding of ICV vulnerabilities. Moreover, much of the current l… ▽ More Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) are a core component of modern transportation systems, and their security is crucial as it directly relates to user safety. Despite prior research, most existing studies focus only on specific sub-components of ICVs due to their inherent complexity. As a result, there is a lack of systematic understanding of ICV vulnerabilities. Moreover, much of the current literature relies on human subjective analysis, such as surveys and interviews, which tends to be high-level and unvalidated, leaving a significant gap between theoretical findings and real-world attacks. To address this issue, we conducted the first large-scale empirical study on ICV vulnerabilities. We began by analyzing existing ICV security literature and summarizing the prevailing taxonomies in terms of vulnerability locations and types. To evaluate their real-world relevance, we collected a total of 649 exploitable vulnerabilities, including 592 from eight ICV vulnerability discovery competitions, Anonymous Cup, between January 2023 and April 2024, covering 48 different vehicles. The remaining 57 vulnerabilities were submitted daily by researchers. Based on this dataset, we assessed the coverage of existing taxonomies and identified several gaps, discovering one new vulnerability location and 13 new vulnerability types. We further categorized these vulnerabilities into 6 threat types (e.g., privacy data breach) and 4 risk levels (ranging from low to critical) and analyzed participants' skills and the types of ICVs involved in the competitions. This study provides a comprehensive and data-driven analysis of ICV vulnerabilities, offering actionable insights for researchers, industry practitioners, and policymakers. To support future research, we have made our vulnerability dataset publicly available. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00625 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV RePose: A Real-Time 3D Human Pose Estimation and Biomechanical Analysis Framework for Rehabilitation Authors: Junxiao Xue , Pavel Smirnov , Ziao Li , Yunyun Shi , Shi Chen , Xinyi Yin , Xiaohan Yue , Lei Wang , Yiduo Wang , Feng Lin , Yijia Chen , Xiao Ma , Xiaoran Yan , Qing Zhang , Fengjian Xue , Xuecheng Wu Abstract : We propose a real-time 3D human pose estimation and motion analysis method termed RePose for rehabilitation training. It is capable of real-time monitoring and evaluation of patients'motion during rehabilitation, providing immediate feedback and guidance to assist patients in executing rehabilitation exercises correctly. Firstly, we introduce a unified pipeline for end-to-end real-time human pose… ▽ More We propose a real-time 3D human pose estimation and motion analysis method termed RePose for rehabilitation training. It is capable of real-time monitoring and evaluation of patients'motion during rehabilitation, providing immediate feedback and guidance to assist patients in executing rehabilitation exercises correctly. Firstly, we introduce a unified pipeline for end-to-end real-time human pose estimation and motion analysis using RGB video input from multiple cameras which can be applied to the field of rehabilitation training. The pipeline can help to monitor and correct patients'actions, thus aiding them in regaining muscle strength and motor functions. Secondly, we propose a fast tracking method for medical rehabilitation scenarios with multiple-person interference, which requires less than 1ms for tracking for a single frame. Additionally, we modify SmoothNet for real-time posture estimation, effectively reducing pose estimation errors and restoring the patient's true motion state, making it visually smoother. Finally, we use Unity platform for real-time monitoring and evaluation of patients' motion during rehabilitation, and to display the muscle stress conditions to assist patients with their rehabilitation training. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00625 [ pdf , ps , other ] RePose: A Real-Time 3D Human Pose Estimation and Biomechanical Analysis Framework for Rehabilitation Authors: Junxiao Xue , Pavel Smirnov , Ziao Li , Yunyun Shi , Shi Chen , Xinyi Yin , Xiaohan Yue , Lei Wang , Yiduo Wang , Feng Lin , Yijia Chen , Xiao Ma , Xiaoran Yan , Qing Zhang , Fengjian Xue , Xuecheng Wu Abstract : We propose a real-time 3D human pose estimation and motion analysis method termed RePose for rehabilitation training. It is capable of real-time monitoring and evaluation of patients'motion during rehabilitation, providing immediate feedback and guidance to assist patients in executing rehabilitation exercises correctly. Firstly, we introduce a unified pipeline for end-to-end real-time human pose… ▽ More We propose a real-time 3D human pose estimation and motion analysis method termed RePose for rehabilitation training. It is capable of real-time monitoring and evaluation of patients'motion during rehabilitation, providing immediate feedback and guidance to assist patients in executing rehabilitation exercises correctly. Firstly, we introduce a unified pipeline for end-to-end real-time human pose estimation and motion analysis using RGB video input from multiple cameras which can be applied to the field of rehabilitation training. The pipeline can help to monitor and correct patients'actions, thus aiding them in regaining muscle strength and motor functions. Secondly, we propose a fast tracking method for medical rehabilitation scenarios with multiple-person interference, which requires less than 1ms for tracking for a single frame. Additionally, we modify SmoothNet for real-time posture estimation, effectively reducing pose estimation errors and restoring the patient's true motion state, making it visually smoother. Finally, we use Unity platform for real-time monitoring and evaluation of patients' motion during rehabilitation, and to display the muscle stress conditions to assist patients with their rehabilitation training. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00278 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Disentangling Hardness from Noise: An Uncertainty-Driven Model-Agnostic Framework for Long-Tailed Remote Sensing Classification Authors: Chi Ding , Junxiao Xue , Xinyi Yin , Shi Chen , Yunyun Shi , Yiduo Wang , Fengjian Xue , Xuecheng Wu Abstract : Long-Tailed distributions are pervasive in remote sensing due to the inherently imbalanced occurrence of grounded objects. However, a critical challenge remains largely overlooked, i.e., disentangling hard tail data samples from noisy ambiguous ones. Conventional methods often indiscriminately emphasize all low-confidence samples, leading to overfitting on noisy data. To bridge this gap, building… ▽ More Long-Tailed distributions are pervasive in remote sensing due to the inherently imbalanced occurrence of grounded objects. However, a critical challenge remains largely overlooked, i.e., disentangling hard tail data samples from noisy ambiguous ones. Conventional methods often indiscriminately emphasize all low-confidence samples, leading to overfitting on noisy data. To bridge this gap, building upon Evidential Deep Learning, we propose a model-agnostic uncertainty-aware framework termed DUAL, which dynamically disentangles prediction uncertainty into Epistemic Uncertainty (EU) and Aleatoric Uncertainty (AU). Specifically, we introduce EU as an indicator of sample scarcity to guide a reweighting strategy for hard-to-learn tail samples, while leveraging AU to quantify data ambiguity, employing an adaptive label smoothing mechanism to suppress the impact of noise. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets across various backbones demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization of our framework, surpassing strong baselines such as TGN and SADE. Ablation studies provide further insights into the crucial choices of our design. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00278 [ pdf , ps , other ] Disentangling Hardness from Noise: An Uncertainty-Driven Model-Agnostic Framework for Long-Tailed Remote Sensing Classification Authors: Chi Ding , Junxiao Xue , Xinyi Yin , Shi Chen , Yunyun Shi , Yiduo Wang , Fengjian Xue , Xuecheng Wu Abstract : Long-Tailed distributions are pervasive in remote sensing due to the inherently imbalanced occurrence of grounded objects. However, a critical challenge remains largely overlooked, i.e., disentangling hard tail data samples from noisy ambiguous ones. Conventional methods often indiscriminately emphasize all low-confidence samples, leading to overfitting on noisy data. To bridge this gap, building… ▽ More Long-Tailed distributions are pervasive in remote sensing due to the inherently imbalanced occurrence of grounded objects. However, a critical challenge remains largely overlooked, i.e., disentangling hard tail data samples from noisy ambiguous ones. Conventional methods often indiscriminately emphasize all low-confidence samples, leading to overfitting on noisy data. To bridge this gap, building upon Evidential Deep Learning, we propose a model-agnostic uncertainty-aware framework termed DUAL, which dynamically disentangles prediction uncertainty into Epistemic Uncertainty (EU) and Aleatoric Uncertainty (AU). Specifically, we introduce EU as an indicator of sample scarcity to guide a reweighting strategy for hard-to-learn tail samples, while leveraging AU to quantify data ambiguity, employing an adaptive label smoothing mechanism to suppress the impact of noise. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets across various backbones demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization of our framework, surpassing strong baselines such as TGN and SADE. Ablation studies provide further insights into the crucial choices of our design. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.24818 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Unregularized Linear Convergence in Zero-Sum Game from Preference Feedback Authors: Shulun Chen , Runlong Zhou , Zihan Zhang , Maryam Fazel , Simon S. Du Abstract : Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has proven effective for enhancing model capabilities, yet standard preference modeling using the Bradley-Terry model assumes transitivity, overlooking the inherent complexity of human population preferences. Nash learning from human feedback (NLHF) addresses this by framing non-transitive preferences as a two-player zero-sum game, where… ▽ More Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has proven effective for enhancing model capabilities, yet standard preference modeling using the Bradley-Terry model assumes transitivity, overlooking the inherent complexity of human population preferences. Nash learning from human feedback (NLHF) addresses this by framing non-transitive preferences as a two-player zero-sum game, where alignment reduces to finding the Nash equilibrium (NE). However, existing algorithms typically rely on regularization, incurring unavoidable bias when computing the duality gap in the original game. In this work, we provide the first convergence guarantee for Optimistic Multiplicative Weights Update ($\mathtt{OMWU}$) in NLHF, showing that it achieves last-iterate linear convergence after a burn-in phase whenever an NE with full support exists, with an instance-dependent linear convergence rate to the original NE, measured by duality gaps. Compared to prior results in Wei et al. (2020), we do not require the assumption of NE uniqueness. Our analysis identifies a novel marginal convergence behavior, where the probability of rarely played actions grows exponentially from exponentially small values, enabling exponentially better dependence on instance-dependent constants than prior results. Experiments corroborate the theoretical strengths of $\mathtt{OMWU}$ in both tabular and neural policy classes, demonstrating its potential for LLM applications. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 28 pages arXiv:2512.24818 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unregularized Linear Convergence in Zero-Sum Game from Preference Feedback Authors: Shulun Chen , Runlong Zhou , Zihan Zhang , Maryam Fazel , Simon S. Du Abstract : Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has proven effective for enhancing model capabilities, yet standard preference modeling using the Bradley-Terry model assumes transitivity, overlooking the inherent complexity of human population preferences. Nash learning from human feedback (NLHF) addresses this by framing non-transitive preferences as a two-player zero-sum game, where… ▽ More Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has proven effective for enhancing model capabilities, yet standard preference modeling using the Bradley-Terry model assumes transitivity, overlooking the inherent complexity of human population preferences. Nash learning from human feedback (NLHF) addresses this by framing non-transitive preferences as a two-player zero-sum game, where alignment reduces to finding the Nash equilibrium (NE). However, existing algorithms typically rely on regularization, incurring unavoidable bias when computing the duality gap in the original game. In this work, we provide the first convergence guarantee for Optimistic Multiplicative Weights Update ($\mathtt{OMWU}$) in NLHF, showing that it achieves last-iterate linear convergence after a burn-in phase whenever an NE with full support exists, with an instance-dependent linear convergence rate to the original NE, measured by duality gaps. Compared to prior results in Wei et al. (2020), we do not require the assumption of NE uniqueness. Our analysis identifies a novel marginal convergence behavior, where the probability of rarely played actions grows exponentially from exponentially small values, enabling exponentially better dependence on instance-dependent constants than prior results. Experiments corroborate the theoretical strengths of $\mathtt{OMWU}$ in both tabular and neural policy classes, demonstrating its potential for LLM applications. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 28 pages arXiv:2512.24172 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.LG Deep Global Clustering for Hyperspectral Image Segmentation: Concepts, Applications, and Open Challenges Authors: Yu-Tang Chang , Pin-Wei Chen , Shih-Fang Chen Abstract : Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) analysis faces computational bottlenecks due to massive data volumes that exceed available memory. While foundation models pre-trained on large remote sensing datasets show promise, their learned representations often fail to transfer to domain-specific applications like close-range agricultural monitoring where spectral signatures, spatial scales, and semantic targets… ▽ More Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) analysis faces computational bottlenecks due to massive data volumes that exceed available memory. While foundation models pre-trained on large remote sensing datasets show promise, their learned representations often fail to transfer to domain-specific applications like close-range agricultural monitoring where spectral signatures, spatial scales, and semantic targets differ fundamentally. This report presents Deep Global Clustering (DGC), a conceptual framework for memory-efficient HSI segmentation that learns global clustering structure from local patch observations without pre-training. DGC operates on small patches with overlapping regions to enforce consistency, enabling training in under 30 minutes on consumer hardware while maintaining constant memory usage. On a leaf disease dataset, DGC achieves background-tissue separation (mean IoU 0.925) and demonstrates unsupervised disease detection through navigable semantic granularity. However, the framework suffers from optimization instability rooted in multi-objective loss balancing: meaningful representations emerge rapidly but degrade due to cluster over-merging in feature space. We position this work as intellectual scaffolding - the design philosophy has merit, but stable implementation requires principled approaches to dynamic loss balancing. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures. Technical report extending ACPA 2025 conference paper. Code and data available at MSC Class: 68T05; 68T10; 62H30 ACM Class: I.4.6; I.5.3; I.2.6 arXiv:2512.24172 [ pdf , ps , other ] Deep Global Clustering for Hyperspectral Image Segmentation: Concepts, Applications, and Open Challenges Authors: Yu-Tang Chang , Pin-Wei Chen , Shih-Fang Chen Abstract : Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) analysis faces computational bottlenecks due to massive data volumes that exceed available memory. While foundation models pre-trained on large remote sensing datasets show promise, their learned representations often fail to transfer to domain-specific applications like close-range agricultural monitoring where spectral signatures, spatial scales, and semantic targets… ▽ More Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) analysis faces computational bottlenecks due to massive data volumes that exceed available memory. While foundation models pre-trained on large remote sensing datasets show promise, their learned representations often fail to transfer to domain-specific applications like close-range agricultural monitoring where spectral signatures, spatial scales, and semantic targets differ fundamentally. This report presents Deep Global Clustering (DGC), a conceptual framework for memory-efficient HSI segmentation that learns global clustering structure from local patch observations without pre-training. DGC operates on small patches with overlapping regions to enforce consistency, enabling training in under 30 minutes on consumer hardware while maintaining constant memory usage. On a leaf disease dataset, DGC achieves background-tissue separation (mean IoU 0.925) and demonstrates unsupervised disease detection through navigable semantic granularity. However, the framework suffers from optimization instability rooted in multi-objective loss balancing: meaningful representations emerge rapidly but degrade due to cluster over-merging in feature space. We position this work as intellectual scaffolding - the design philosophy has merit, but stable implementation requires principled approaches to dynamic loss balancing. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures. Technical report extending ACPA 2025 conference paper. Code and data available at MSC Class: 68T05; 68T10; 62H30 ACM Class: I.4.6; I.5.3; I.2.6 arXiv:2512.24014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI iCLP: Large Language Model Reasoning with Implicit Cognition Latent Planning Authors: Sijia Chen , Di Niu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs), when guided by explicit textual plans, can perform reliable step-by-step reasoning during problem-solving. However, generating accurate and effective textual plans remains challenging due to LLM hallucinations and the high diversity of task-specific questions. To address this, we draw inspiration from human Implicit Cognition (IC), the subconscious process by which de… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs), when guided by explicit textual plans, can perform reliable step-by-step reasoning during problem-solving. However, generating accurate and effective textual plans remains challenging due to LLM hallucinations and the high diversity of task-specific questions. To address this, we draw inspiration from human Implicit Cognition (IC), the subconscious process by which decisions are guided by compact, generalized patterns learned from past experiences without requiring explicit verbalization. We propose iCLP, a novel framework that enables LLMs to adaptively generate latent plans (LPs), which are compact encodings of effective reasoning instructions. iCLP first distills explicit plans from existing step-by-step reasoning trajectories. It then learns discrete representations of these plans via a vector-quantized autoencoder coupled with a codebook. Finally, by fine-tuning LLMs on paired latent plans and corresponding reasoning steps, the models learn to perform implicit planning during reasoning. Experimental results on mathematical reasoning and code generation tasks demonstrate that, with iCLP, LLMs can plan in latent space while reasoning in language space. This approach yields significant improvements in both accuracy and efficiency and, crucially, demonstrates strong cross-domain generalization while preserving the interpretability of chain-of-thought reasoning. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures. The source code is publicly available at arXiv:2512.24014 [ pdf , ps , other ] iCLP: Large Language Model Reasoning with Implicit Cognition Latent Planning Authors: Sijia Chen , Di Niu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs), when guided by explicit textual plans, can perform reliable step-by-step reasoning during problem-solving. However, generating accurate and effective textual plans remains challenging due to LLM hallucinations and the high diversity of task-specific questions. To address this, we draw inspiration from human Implicit Cognition (IC), the subconscious process by which de… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs), when guided by explicit textual plans, can perform reliable step-by-step reasoning during problem-solving. However, generating accurate and effective textual plans remains challenging due to LLM hallucinations and the high diversity of task-specific questions. To address this, we draw inspiration from human Implicit Cognition (IC), the subconscious process by which decisions are guided by compact, generalized patterns learned from past experiences without requiring explicit verbalization. We propose iCLP, a novel framework that enables LLMs to adaptively generate latent plans (LPs), which are compact encodings of effective reasoning instructions. iCLP first distills explicit plans from existing step-by-step reasoning trajectories. It then learns discrete representations of these plans via a vector-quantized autoencoder coupled with a codebook. Finally, by fine-tuning LLMs on paired latent plans and corresponding reasoning steps, the models learn to perform implicit planning during reasoning. Experimental results on mathematical reasoning and code generation tasks demonstrate that, with iCLP, LLMs can plan in latent space while reasoning in language space. This approach yields significant improvements in both accuracy and efficiency and, crucially, demonstrates strong cross-domain generalization while preserving the interpretability of chain-of-thought reasoning. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures. The source code is publicly available at arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SD eess.AS MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23703 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Robo-Dopamine: General Process Reward Modeling for High-Precision Robotic Manipulation Authors: Huajie Tan , Sixiang Chen , Yijie Xu , Zixiao Wang , Yuheng Ji , Cheng Chi , Yaoxu Lyu , Zhongxia Zhao , Xiansheng Chen , Peterson Co , Shaoxuan Xie , Guocai Yao , Pengwei Wang , Zhongyuan Wang , Shanghang Zhang Abstract : The primary obstacle for applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real-world robotics is the design of effective reward functions. While recently learning-based Process Reward Models (PRMs) are a promising direction, they are often hindered by two fundamental limitations: their reward models lack step-aware understanding and rely on single-view perception, leading to unreliable assessments of fine-… ▽ More The primary obstacle for applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real-world robotics is the design of effective reward functions. While recently learning-based Process Reward Models (PRMs) are a promising direction, they are often hindered by two fundamental limitations: their reward models lack step-aware understanding and rely on single-view perception, leading to unreliable assessments of fine-grained manipulation progress; and their reward shaping procedures are theoretically unsound, often inducing a semantic trap that misguides policy optimization. To address these, we introduce Dopamine-Reward, a novel reward modeling method for learning a general-purpose, step-aware process reward model from multi-view inputs. At its core is our General Reward Model (GRM), trained on a vast 3,400+ hour dataset, which leverages Step-wise Reward Discretization for structural understanding and Multi-Perspective Reward Fusion to overcome perceptual limitations. Building upon Dopamine-Reward, we propose Dopamine-RL, a robust policy learning framework that employs a theoretically-sound Policy-Invariant Reward Shaping method, which enables the agent to leverage dense rewards for efficient self-improvement without altering the optimal policy, thereby fundamentally avoiding the semantic trap. Extensive experiments across diverse simulated and real-world tasks validate our approach. GRM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in reward assessment, and Dopamine-RL built on GRM significantly improves policy learning efficiency. For instance, after GRM is adapted to a new task in a one-shot manner from a single expert trajectory, the resulting reward model enables Dopamine-RL to improve the policy from near-zero to 95% success with only 150 online rollouts (approximately 1 hour of real robot interaction), while retaining strong generalization across tasks. Project website: △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2512.23703 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robo-Dopamine: General Process Reward Modeling for High-Precision Robotic Manipulation Authors: Huajie Tan , Sixiang Chen , Yijie Xu , Zixiao Wang , Yuheng Ji , Cheng Chi , Yaoxu Lyu , Zhongxia Zhao , Xiansheng Chen , Peterson Co , Shaoxuan Xie , Guocai Yao , Pengwei Wang , Zhongyuan Wang , Shanghang Zhang Abstract : The primary obstacle for applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real-world robotics is the design of effective reward functions. While recently learning-based Process Reward Models (PRMs) are a promising direction, they are often hindered by two fundamental limitations: their reward models lack step-aware understanding and rely on single-view perception, leading to unreliable assessments of fine-… ▽ More The primary obstacle for applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real-world robotics is the design of effective reward functions. While recently learning-based Process Reward Models (PRMs) are a promising direction, they are often hindered by two fundamental limitations: their reward models lack step-aware understanding and rely on single-view perception, leading to unreliable assessments of fine-grained manipulation progress; and their reward shaping procedures are theoretically unsound, often inducing a semantic trap that misguides policy optimization. To address these, we introduce Dopamine-Reward, a novel reward modeling method for learning a general-purpose, step-aware process reward model from multi-view inputs. At its core is our General Reward Model (GRM), trained on a vast 3,400+ hour dataset, which leverages Step-wise Reward Discretization for structural understanding and Multi-Perspective Reward Fusion to overcome perceptual limitations. Building upon Dopamine-Reward, we propose Dopamine-RL, a robust policy learning framework that employs a theoretically-sound Policy-Invariant Reward Shaping method, which enables the agent to leverage dense rewards for efficient self-improvement without altering the optimal policy, thereby fundamentally avoiding the semantic trap. Extensive experiments across diverse simulated and real-world tasks validate our approach. GRM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in reward assessment, and Dopamine-RL built on GRM significantly improves policy learning efficiency. For instance, after GRM is adapted to a new task in a one-shot manner from a single expert trajectory, the resulting reward model enables Dopamine-RL to improve the policy from near-zero to 95% success with only 150 online rollouts (approximately 1 hour of real robot interaction), while retaining strong generalization across tasks. Project website: △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2512.23541 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI Act2Goal: From World Model To General Goal-conditioned Policy Authors: Pengfei Zhou , Liliang Chen , Shengcong Chen , Di Chen , Wenzhi Zhao , Rongjun Jin , Guanghui Ren , Jianlan Luo Abstract : Specifying robotic manipulation tasks in a manner that is both expressive and precise remains a central challenge. While visual goals provide a compact and unambiguous task specification, existing goal-conditioned policies often struggle with long-horizon manipulation due to their reliance on single-step action prediction without explicit modeling of task progress. We propose Act2Goal, a general g… ▽ More Specifying robotic manipulation tasks in a manner that is both expressive and precise remains a central challenge. While visual goals provide a compact and unambiguous task specification, existing goal-conditioned policies often struggle with long-horizon manipulation due to their reliance on single-step action prediction without explicit modeling of task progress. We propose Act2Goal, a general goal-conditioned manipulation policy that integrates a goal-conditioned visual world model with multi-scale temporal control. Given a current observation and a target visual goal, the world model generates a plausible sequence of intermediate visual states that captures long-horizon structure. To translate this visual plan into robust execution, we introduce Multi-Scale Temporal Hashing (MSTH), which decomposes the imagined trajectory into dense proximal frames for fine-grained closed-loop control and sparse distal frames that anchor global task consistency. The policy couples these representations with motor control through end-to-end cross-attention, enabling coherent long-horizon behavior while remaining reactive to local disturbances. Act2Goal achieves strong zero-shot generalization to novel objects, spatial layouts, and environments. We further enable reward-free online adaptation through hindsight goal relabeling with LoRA-based finetuning, allowing rapid autonomous improvement without external supervision. Real-robot experiments demonstrate that Act2Goal improves success rates from 30% to 90% on challenging out-of-distribution tasks within minutes of autonomous interaction, validating that goal-conditioned world models with multi-scale temporal control provide structured guidance necessary for robust long-horizon manipulation. Project page: △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23541 [ pdf , ps , other ] Act2Goal: From World Model To General Goal-conditioned Policy Authors: Pengfei Zhou , Liliang Chen , Shengcong Chen , Di Chen , Wenzhi Zhao , Rongjun Jin , Guanghui Ren , Jianlan Luo Abstract : Specifying robotic manipulation tasks in a manner that is both expressive and precise remains a central challenge. While visual goals provide a compact and unambiguous task specification, existing goal-conditioned policies often struggle with long-horizon manipulation due to their reliance on single-step action prediction without explicit modeling of task progress. We propose Act2Goal, a general g… ▽ More Specifying robotic manipulation tasks in a manner that is both expressive and precise remains a central challenge. While visual goals provide a compact and unambiguous task specification, existing goal-conditioned policies often struggle with long-horizon manipulation due to their reliance on single-step action prediction without explicit modeling of task progress. We propose Act2Goal, a general goal-conditioned manipulation policy that integrates a goal-conditioned visual world model with multi-scale temporal control. Given a current observation and a target visual goal, the world model generates a plausible sequence of intermediate visual states that captures long-horizon structure. To translate this visual plan into robust execution, we introduce Multi-Scale Temporal Hashing (MSTH), which decomposes the imagined trajectory into dense proximal frames for fine-grained closed-loop control and sparse distal frames that anchor global task consistency. The policy couples these representations with motor control through end-to-end cross-attention, enabling coherent long-horizon behavior while remaining reactive to local disturbances. Act2Goal achieves strong zero-shot generalization to novel objects, spatial layouts, and environments. We further enable reward-free online adaptation through hindsight goal relabeling with LoRA-based finetuning, allowing rapid autonomous improvement without external supervision. Real-robot experiments demonstrate that Act2Goal improves success rates from 30% to 90% on challenging out-of-distribution tasks within minutes of autonomous interaction, validating that goal-conditioned world models with multi-scale temporal control provide structured guidance necessary for robust long-horizon manipulation. Project page: △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23318 [ pdf ] cs.RO cs.CV PCR-ORB: Enhanced ORB-SLAM3 with Point Cloud Refinement Using Deep Learning-Based Dynamic Object Filtering Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Jie-Yu Chao , Jr-Yu Chang , Po-Lien Wu , Po-Chiang Lin Abstract : Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (vSLAM) systems encounter substantial challenges in dynamic environments where moving objects compromise tracking accuracy and map consistency. This paper introduces PCR-ORB (Point Cloud Refinement ORB), an enhanced ORB-SLAM3 framework that integrates deep learning-based point cloud refinement to mitigate dynamic object interference. Our approach employ… ▽ More Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (vSLAM) systems encounter substantial challenges in dynamic environments where moving objects compromise tracking accuracy and map consistency. This paper introduces PCR-ORB (Point Cloud Refinement ORB), an enhanced ORB-SLAM3 framework that integrates deep learning-based point cloud refinement to mitigate dynamic object interference. Our approach employs YOLOv8 for semantic segmentation combined with CUDA-accelerated processing to achieve real-time performance. The system implements a multi-stage filtering strategy encompassing ground plane estimation, sky region removal, edge filtering, and temporal consistency validation. Comprehensive evaluation on the KITTI dataset (sequences 00-09) demonstrates performance characteristics across different environmental conditions and scene types. Notable improvements are observed in specific sequences, with sequence 04 achieving 25.9% improvement in ATE RMSE and 30.4% improvement in ATE median. However, results show mixed performance across sequences, indicating scenario-dependent effectiveness. The implementation provides insights into dynamic object filtering challenges and opportunities for robust navigation in complex environments. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 17 pages, 2 figures, 1 table arXiv:2512.23318 [ pdf ] PCR-ORB: Enhanced ORB-SLAM3 with Point Cloud Refinement Using Deep Learning-Based Dynamic Object Filtering Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Jie-Yu Chao , Jr-Yu Chang , Po-Lien Wu , Po-Chiang Lin Abstract : Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (vSLAM) systems encounter substantial challenges in dynamic environments where moving objects compromise tracking accuracy and map consistency. This paper introduces PCR-ORB (Point Cloud Refinement ORB), an enhanced ORB-SLAM3 framework that integrates deep learning-based point cloud refinement to mitigate dynamic object interference. Our approach employ… ▽ More Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (vSLAM) systems encounter substantial challenges in dynamic environments where moving objects compromise tracking accuracy and map consistency. This paper introduces PCR-ORB (Point Cloud Refinement ORB), an enhanced ORB-SLAM3 framework that integrates deep learning-based point cloud refinement to mitigate dynamic object interference. Our approach employs YOLOv8 for semantic segmentation combined with CUDA-accelerated processing to achieve real-time performance. The system implements a multi-stage filtering strategy encompassing ground plane estimation, sky region removal, edge filtering, and temporal consistency validation. Comprehensive evaluation on the KITTI dataset (sequences 00-09) demonstrates performance characteristics across different environmental conditions and scene types. Notable improvements are observed in specific sequences, with sequence 04 achieving 25.9% improvement in ATE RMSE and 30.4% improvement in ATE median. However, results show mixed performance across sequences, indicating scenario-dependent effectiveness. The implementation provides insights into dynamic object filtering challenges and opportunities for robust navigation in complex environments. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 17 pages, 2 figures, 1 table arXiv:2512.23312 [ pdf ] cs.RO cs.AI Explainable Neural Inverse Kinematics for Obstacle-Aware Robotic Manipulation: A Comparative Analysis of IKNet Variants Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Yi-Ling Tsai , Chun-Chih Chang , Yan-Chen Chen , Po-Chiang Lin Abstract : Deep neural networks have accelerated inverse-kinematics (IK) inference to the point where low cost manipulators can execute complex trajectories in real time, yet the opaque nature of these models contradicts the transparency and safety requirements emerging in responsible AI regulation. This study proposes an explainability centered workflow that integrates Shapley-value attribution with physics… ▽ More Deep neural networks have accelerated inverse-kinematics (IK) inference to the point where low cost manipulators can execute complex trajectories in real time, yet the opaque nature of these models contradicts the transparency and safety requirements emerging in responsible AI regulation. This study proposes an explainability centered workflow that integrates Shapley-value attribution with physics-based obstacle avoidance evaluation for the ROBOTIS OpenManipulator-X. Building upon the original IKNet, two lightweight variants-Improved IKNet with residual connections and Focused IKNet with position-orientation decoupling are trained on a large, synthetically generated pose-joint dataset. SHAP is employed to derive both global and local importance rankings, while the InterpretML toolkit visualizes partial-dependence patterns that expose non-linear couplings between Cartesian poses and joint angles. To bridge algorithmic insight and robotic safety, each network is embedded in a simulator that subjects the arm to randomized single and multi-obstacle scenes; forward kinematics, capsule-based collision checks, and trajectory metrics quantify the relationship between attribution balance and physical clearance. Qualitative heat maps reveal that architectures distributing importance more evenly across pose dimensions tend to maintain wider safety margins without compromising positional accuracy. The combined analysis demonstrates that explainable AI(XAI) techniques can illuminate hidden failure modes, guide architectural refinements, and inform obstacle aware deployment strategies for learning based IK. The proposed methodology thus contributes a concrete path toward trustworthy, data-driven manipulation that aligns with emerging responsible-AI standards. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 16 figures arXiv:2512.23312 [ pdf ] Explainable Neural Inverse Kinematics for Obstacle-Aware Robotic Manipulation: A Comparative Analysis of IKNet Variants Authors: Sheng-Kai Chen , Yi-Ling Tsai , Chun-Chih Chang , Yan-Chen Chen , Po-Chiang Lin Abstract : Deep neural networks have accelerated inverse-kinematics (IK) inference to the point where low cost manipulators can execute complex trajectories in real time, yet the opaque nature of these models contradicts the transparency and safety requirements emerging in responsible AI regulation. This study proposes an explainability centered workflow that integrates Shapley-value attribution with physics… ▽ More Deep neural networks have accelerated inverse-kinematics (IK) inference to the point where low cost manipulators can execute complex trajectories in real time, yet the opaque nature of these models contradicts the transparency and safety requirements emerging in responsible AI regulation. This study proposes an explainability centered workflow that integrates Shapley-value attribution with physics-based obstacle avoidance evaluation for the ROBOTIS OpenManipulator-X. Building upon the original IKNet, two lightweight variants-Improved IKNet with residual connections and Focused IKNet with position-orientation decoupling are trained on a large, synthetically generated pose-joint dataset. SHAP is employed to derive both global and local importance rankings, while the InterpretML toolkit visualizes partial-dependence patterns that expose non-linear couplings between Cartesian poses and joint angles. To bridge algorithmic insight and robotic safety, each network is embedded in a simulator that subjects the arm to randomized single and multi-obstacle scenes; forward kinematics, capsule-based collision checks, and trajectory metrics quantify the relationship between attribution balance and physical clearance. Qualitative heat maps reveal that architectures distributing importance more evenly across pose dimensions tend to maintain wider safety margins without compromising positional accuracy. The combined analysis demonstrates that explainable AI(XAI) techniques can illuminate hidden failure modes, guide architectural refinements, and inform obstacle aware deployment strategies for learning based IK. The proposed methodology thus contributes a concrete path toward trustworthy, data-driven manipulation that aligns with emerging responsible-AI standards. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 16 figures arXiv:2512.22792 [ pdf ] cs.LG cs.AI eess.SP A Universal and Robust Framework for Multiple Gas Recognition Based-on Spherical Normalization-Coupled Mahalanobis Algorithm Authors: Shuai Chen , Yang Song , Chen Wang , Ziran Wang Abstract : Electronic nose (E-nose) systems face two interconnected challenges in open-set gas recognition: feature distribution shift caused by signal drift and decision boundary failure induced by unknown gas interference. Existing methods predominantly rely on Euclidean distance or conventional classifiers, failing to account for anisotropic feature distributions and dynamic signal intensity variations. T… ▽ More Electronic nose (E-nose) systems face two interconnected challenges in open-set gas recognition: feature distribution shift caused by signal drift and decision boundary failure induced by unknown gas interference. Existing methods predominantly rely on Euclidean distance or conventional classifiers, failing to account for anisotropic feature distributions and dynamic signal intensity variations. To address these issues, this study proposes the Spherical Normalization coupled Mahalanobis (SNM) module, a universal post-processing module for open-set gas recognition. First, it achieves geometric decoupling through cascaded batch and L2 normalization, projecting features onto a unit hypersphere to eliminate signal intensity fluctuations. Second, it utilizes Mahalanobis distance to construct adaptive ellipsoidal decision boundaries that conform to the anisotropic feature geometry. The architecture-agnostic SNM-Module seamlessly integrates with mainstream backbones including Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Transformer. Experiments on the public Vergara dataset demonstrate that the Transformer+SNM configuration achieves near-theoretical-limit performance in discriminating among multiple target gases, with an AUROC of 0.9977 and an unknown gas detection rate of 99.57% at 5% false positive rate, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods with a 3.0% AUROC improvement and 91.0% standard deviation reduction compared to Class Anchor Clustering (CAC). The module maintains exceptional robustness across five sensor positions, with standard deviations below 0.0028. This work effectively addresses the critical challenge of simultaneously achieving high accuracy and high stability in open-set gas recognition, providing solid support for industrial E-nose deployment. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables arXiv:2512.22792 [ pdf ] A Universal and Robust Framework for Multiple Gas Recognition Based-on Spherical Normalization-Coupled Mahalanobis Algorithm Authors: Shuai Chen , Yang Song , Chen Wang , Ziran Wang Abstract : Electronic nose (E-nose) systems face two interconnected challenges in open-set gas recognition: feature distribution shift caused by signal drift and decision boundary failure induced by unknown gas interference. Existing methods predominantly rely on Euclidean distance or conventional classifiers, failing to account for anisotropic feature distributions and dynamic signal intensity variations. T… ▽ More Electronic nose (E-nose) systems face two interconnected challenges in open-set gas recognition: feature distribution shift caused by signal drift and decision boundary failure induced by unknown gas interference. Existing methods predominantly rely on Euclidean distance or conventional classifiers, failing to account for anisotropic feature distributions and dynamic signal intensity variations. To address these issues, this study proposes the Spherical Normalization coupled Mahalanobis (SNM) module, a universal post-processing module for open-set gas recognition. First, it achieves geometric decoupling through cascaded batch and L2 normalization, projecting features onto a unit hypersphere to eliminate signal intensity fluctuations. Second, it utilizes Mahalanobis distance to construct adaptive ellipsoidal decision boundaries that conform to the anisotropic feature geometry. The architecture-agnostic SNM-Module seamlessly integrates with mainstream backbones including Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Transformer. Experiments on the public Vergara dataset demonstrate that the Transformer+SNM configuration achieves near-theoretical-limit performance in discriminating among multiple target gases, with an AUROC of 0.9977 and an unknown gas detection rate of 99.57% at 5% false positive rate, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods with a 3.0% AUROC improvement and 91.0% standard deviation reduction compared to Class Anchor Clustering (CAC). The module maintains exceptional robustness across five sensor positions, with standard deviations below 0.0028. This work effectively addresses the critical challenge of simultaneously achieving high accuracy and high stability in open-set gas recognition, providing solid support for industrial E-nose deployment. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables arXiv:2512.21820 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CE Batched Training for QLSTM vs. QFWP: A System-Oriented Approach to EPC-Aware RMSE-DA Authors: Jun-Hao Chen , Ming-Kai Hung , Yun-Cheng Tsai , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen Abstract : We compare two quantum sequence models, QLSTM and QFWP, under an Equal Parameter Count (EPC) and adjoint differentiation setup on daily EUR USD forecasting as a controlled one dimensional time series case study. Across 10 random seeds and batch sizes from 4 to 64, we measure component wise runtimes including train forward, backward, full train, and inference, as well as accuracy including RMSE and… ▽ More We compare two quantum sequence models, QLSTM and QFWP, under an Equal Parameter Count (EPC) and adjoint differentiation setup on daily EUR USD forecasting as a controlled one dimensional time series case study. Across 10 random seeds and batch sizes from 4 to 64, we measure component wise runtimes including train forward, backward, full train, and inference, as well as accuracy including RMSE and directional accuracy. Batched forward scales well by about 2.2 to 2.4 times, but backward scales modestly, with QLSTM about 1.01 to 1.05 times and QFWP about 1.18 to 1.22 times, which caps end to end training speedups near 2 times. QFWP achieves lower RMSE and higher directional accuracy at all batch sizes, supported by a Wilcoxon test with p less than or equal to 0.004 and a large Cliff delta, while QLSTM reaches the highest throughput at batch size 64, revealing a clear speed accuracy Pareto frontier. We provide an EPC aligned, numerically checked benchmarking pipeline and practical guidance on batch size choices, while broader datasets and hardware and noise settings are left for future work. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21820 [ pdf , ps , other ] Batched Training for QLSTM vs. QFWP: A System-Oriented Approach to EPC-Aware RMSE-DA Authors: Jun-Hao Chen , Ming-Kai Hung , Yun-Cheng Tsai , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen Abstract : We compare two quantum sequence models, QLSTM and QFWP, under an Equal Parameter Count (EPC) and adjoint differentiation setup on daily EUR USD forecasting as a controlled one dimensional time series case study. Across 10 random seeds and batch sizes from 4 to 64, we measure component wise runtimes including train forward, backward, full train, and inference, as well as accuracy including RMSE and… ▽ More We compare two quantum sequence models, QLSTM and QFWP, under an Equal Parameter Count (EPC) and adjoint differentiation setup on daily EUR USD forecasting as a controlled one dimensional time series case study. Across 10 random seeds and batch sizes from 4 to 64, we measure component wise runtimes including train forward, backward, full train, and inference, as well as accuracy including RMSE and directional accuracy. Batched forward scales well by about 2.2 to 2.4 times, but backward scales modestly, with QLSTM about 1.01 to 1.05 times and QFWP about 1.18 to 1.22 times, which caps end to end training speedups near 2 times. QFWP achieves lower RMSE and higher directional accuracy at all batch sizes, supported by a Wilcoxon test with p less than or equal to 0.004 and a large Cliff delta, while QLSTM reaches the highest throughput at batch size 64, revealing a clear speed accuracy Pareto frontier. We provide an EPC aligned, numerically checked benchmarking pipeline and practical guidance on batch size choices, while broader datasets and hardware and noise settings are left for future work. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21819 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CE Q-A3C2: Quantum Reinforcement Learning with Time-Series Dynamic Clustering for Adaptive ETF Stock Selection Authors: Yen-Ku Liu , Yun-Cheng Tsai , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen Abstract : Traditional ETF stock selection methods and reinforcement learning models such as the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) often suffer from high-dimensional feature spaces and overfitting when applied to complex financial markets. Moreover, static clustering algorithms fail to capture evolving market regimes, as the cluster with higher returns in one period may not remain optimal in the next… ▽ More Traditional ETF stock selection methods and reinforcement learning models such as the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) often suffer from high-dimensional feature spaces and overfitting when applied to complex financial markets. Moreover, static clustering algorithms fail to capture evolving market regimes, as the cluster with higher returns in one period may not remain optimal in the next. To address these limitations, this paper proposes Q-A3C2, a quantum-enhanced A3C framework that integrates time-series dynamic clustering. By embedding Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) into the policy network, Q-A3C2 enhances nonlinear feature representation and enables adaptive decision-making at the cluster level. Experimental results on the S and P 500 constituents show that Q-A3C2 achieves a cumulative return of 17.09%, outperforming the benchmark's 7.09%, demonstrating superior adaptability and exploration in dynamic financial environments. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21819 [ pdf , ps , other ] Q-A3C2: Quantum Reinforcement Learning with Time-Series Dynamic Clustering for Adaptive ETF Stock Selection Authors: Yen-Ku Liu , Yun-Cheng Tsai , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen Abstract : Traditional ETF stock selection methods and reinforcement learning models such as the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) often suffer from high-dimensional feature spaces and overfitting when applied to complex financial markets. Moreover, static clustering algorithms fail to capture evolving market regimes, as the cluster with higher returns in one period may not remain optimal in the next… ▽ More Traditional ETF stock selection methods and reinforcement learning models such as the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) often suffer from high-dimensional feature spaces and overfitting when applied to complex financial markets. Moreover, static clustering algorithms fail to capture evolving market regimes, as the cluster with higher returns in one period may not remain optimal in the next. To address these limitations, this paper proposes Q-A3C2, a quantum-enhanced A3C framework that integrates time-series dynamic clustering. By embedding Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) into the policy network, Q-A3C2 enhances nonlinear feature representation and enables adaptive decision-making at the cluster level. Experimental results on the S and P 500 constituents show that Q-A3C2 achieves a cumulative return of 17.09%, outperforming the benchmark's 7.09%, demonstrating superior adaptability and exploration in dynamic financial environments. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21446 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI dUltra: Ultra-Fast Diffusion Language Models via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Shirui Chen , Jiantao Jiao , Lillian J. Ratliff , Banghua Zhu Abstract : Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) offer the potential for parallel token generation, but most open-source MDLMs decode fewer than 5 tokens per model forward pass even with sophisticated sampling strategies. As a result, their sampling speeds are often comparable to AR + speculative decoding schemes, limiting their advantage over mainstream autoregressive approaches. Existing distillation-ba… ▽ More Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) offer the potential for parallel token generation, but most open-source MDLMs decode fewer than 5 tokens per model forward pass even with sophisticated sampling strategies. As a result, their sampling speeds are often comparable to AR + speculative decoding schemes, limiting their advantage over mainstream autoregressive approaches. Existing distillation-based accelerators (dParallel, d3LLM) finetune MDLMs on trajectories generated by a base model, which can become off-policy during finetuning and restrict performance to the quality of the base model's samples. We propose \texttt{dUltra}, an on-policy reinforcement learning framework based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) that learns unmasking strategies for efficient parallel decoding. dUltra introduces an unmasking planner head that predicts per-token unmasking likelihoods under independent Bernoulli distributions. We jointly optimize the base diffusion LLM and the unmasking order planner using reward signals combining verifiable reward, distillation reward, and the number of unmasking steps. Across mathematical reasoning and code generation tasks, dUltra improves the accuracy--efficiency trade-off over state-of-the-art heuristic and distillation baselines, moving towards achieving ``diffusion supremacy'' over autoregressive models. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21446 [ pdf , ps , other ] dUltra: Ultra-Fast Diffusion Language Models via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Shirui Chen , Jiantao Jiao , Lillian J. Ratliff , Banghua Zhu Abstract : Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) offer the potential for parallel token generation, but most open-source MDLMs decode fewer than 5 tokens per model forward pass even with sophisticated sampling strategies. As a result, their sampling speeds are often comparable to AR + speculative decoding schemes, limiting their advantage over mainstream autoregressive approaches. Existing distillation-ba… ▽ More Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) offer the potential for parallel token generation, but most open-source MDLMs decode fewer than 5 tokens per model forward pass even with sophisticated sampling strategies. As a result, their sampling speeds are often comparable to AR + speculative decoding schemes, limiting their advantage over mainstream autoregressive approaches. Existing distillation-based accelerators (dParallel, d3LLM) finetune MDLMs on trajectories generated by a base model, which can become off-policy during finetuning and restrict performance to the quality of the base model's samples. We propose \texttt{dUltra}, an on-policy reinforcement learning framework based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) that learns unmasking strategies for efficient parallel decoding. dUltra introduces an unmasking planner head that predicts per-token unmasking likelihoods under independent Bernoulli distributions. We jointly optimize the base diffusion LLM and the unmasking order planner using reward signals combining verifiable reward, distillation reward, and the number of unmasking steps. Across mathematical reasoning and code generation tasks, dUltra improves the accuracy--efficiency trade-off over state-of-the-art heuristic and distillation baselines, moving towards achieving ``diffusion supremacy'' over autoregressive models. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21338 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV HiStream: Efficient High-Resolution Video Generation via Redundancy-Eliminated Streaming Authors: Haonan Qiu , Shikun Liu , Zijian Zhou , Zhaochong An , Weiming Ren , Zhiheng Liu , Jonas Schult , Sen He , Shoufa Chen , Yuren Cong , Tao Xiang , Ziwei Liu , Juan-Manuel Perez-Rua Abstract : High-resolution video generation, while crucial for digital media and film, is computationally bottlenecked by the quadratic complexity of diffusion models, making practical inference infeasible. To address this, we introduce HiStream, an efficient autoregressive framework that systematically reduces redundancy across three axes: i) Spatial Compression: denoising at low resolution before refining… ▽ More High-resolution video generation, while crucial for digital media and film, is computationally bottlenecked by the quadratic complexity of diffusion models, making practical inference infeasible. To address this, we introduce HiStream, an efficient autoregressive framework that systematically reduces redundancy across three axes: i) Spatial Compression: denoising at low resolution before refining at high resolution with cached features; ii) Temporal Compression: a chunk-by-chunk strategy with a fixed-size anchor cache, ensuring stable inference speed; and iii) Timestep Compression: applying fewer denoising steps to subsequent, cache-conditioned chunks. On 1080p benchmarks, our primary HiStream model (i+ii) achieves state-of-the-art visual quality while demonstrating up to 76.2x faster denoising compared to the Wan2.1 baseline and negligible quality loss. Our faster variant, HiStream+, applies all three optimizations (i+ii+iii), achieving a 107.5x acceleration over the baseline, offering a compelling trade-off between speed and quality, thereby making high-resolution video generation both practical and scalable. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2512.21338 [ pdf , ps , other ] HiStream: Efficient High-Resolution Video Generation via Redundancy-Eliminated Streaming Authors: Haonan Qiu , Shikun Liu , Zijian Zhou , Zhaochong An , Weiming Ren , Zhiheng Liu , Jonas Schult , Sen He , Shoufa Chen , Yuren Cong , Tao Xiang , Ziwei Liu , Juan-Manuel Perez-Rua Abstract : High-resolution video generation, while crucial for digital media and film, is computationally bottlenecked by the quadratic complexity of diffusion models, making practical inference infeasible. To address this, we introduce HiStream, an efficient autoregressive framework that systematically reduces redundancy across three axes: i) Spatial Compression: denoising at low resolution before refining… ▽ More High-resolution video generation, while crucial for digital media and film, is computationally bottlenecked by the quadratic complexity of diffusion models, making practical inference infeasible. To address this, we introduce HiStream, an efficient autoregressive framework that systematically reduces redundancy across three axes: i) Spatial Compression: denoising at low resolution before refining at high resolution with cached features; ii) Temporal Compression: a chunk-by-chunk strategy with a fixed-size anchor cache, ensuring stable inference speed; and iii) Timestep Compression: applying fewer denoising steps to subsequent, cache-conditioned chunks. On 1080p benchmarks, our primary HiStream model (i+ii) achieves state-of-the-art visual quality while demonstrating up to 76.2x faster denoising compared to the Wan2.1 baseline and negligible quality loss. Our faster variant, HiStream+, applies all three optimizations (i+ii+iii), achieving a 107.5x acceleration over the baseline, offering a compelling trade-off between speed and quality, thereby making high-resolution video generation both practical and scalable. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2512.20968 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC cs.AI Mesh-Attention: A New Communication-Efficient Distributed Attention with Improved Data Locality Authors: Sirui Chen , Jingji Chen , Siqi Zhu , Ziheng Jiang , Yanghua Peng , Xuehai Qian Abstract : Distributed attention is a fundamental problem for scaling context window for Large Language Models (LLMs). The state-of-the-art method, Ring-Attention, suffers from scalability limitations due to its excessive communication traffic. This paper proposes a new distributed attention algorithm, Mesh-Attention, by rethinking the design space of distributed attention with a new matrix-based model. Our… ▽ More Distributed attention is a fundamental problem for scaling context window for Large Language Models (LLMs). The state-of-the-art method, Ring-Attention, suffers from scalability limitations due to its excessive communication traffic. This paper proposes a new distributed attention algorithm, Mesh-Attention, by rethinking the design space of distributed attention with a new matrix-based model. Our method assigns a two-dimensional tile -- rather than one-dimensional row or column -- of computation blocks to each GPU to achieve higher efficiency through lower communication-computation (CommCom) ratio. The general approach covers Ring-Attention as a special case, and allows the tuning of CommCom ratio with different tile shapes. Importantly, we propose a greedy algorithm that can efficiently search the scheduling space within the tile with restrictions that ensure efficient communication among GPUs. The theoretical analysis shows that Mesh-Attention leads to a much lower communication complexity and exhibits good scalability comparing to other current algorithms. Our extensive experiment results show that Mesh-Attention can achieve up to 3.4x speedup (2.9x on average) and reduce the communication volume by up to 85.4% (79.0% on average) on 256 GPUs. Our scalability results further demonstrate that Mesh-Attention sustains superior performance as the system scales, substantially reducing overhead in large-scale deployments. The results convincingly confirm the advantage of Mesh-Attention. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20968 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mesh-Attention: A New Communication-Efficient Distributed Attention with Improved Data Locality Authors: Sirui Chen , Jingji Chen , Siqi Zhu , Ziheng Jiang , Yanghua Peng , Xuehai Qian Abstract : Distributed attention is a fundamental problem for scaling context window for Large Language Models (LLMs). The state-of-the-art method, Ring-Attention, suffers from scalability limitations due to its excessive communication traffic. This paper proposes a new distributed attention algorithm, Mesh-Attention, by rethinking the design space of distributed attention with a new matrix-based model. Our… ▽ More Distributed attention is a fundamental problem for scaling context window for Large Language Models (LLMs). The state-of-the-art method, Ring-Attention, suffers from scalability limitations due to its excessive communication traffic. This paper proposes a new distributed attention algorithm, Mesh-Attention, by rethinking the design space of distributed attention with a new matrix-based model. Our method assigns a two-dimensional tile -- rather than one-dimensional row or column -- of computation blocks to each GPU to achieve higher efficiency through lower communication-computation (CommCom) ratio. The general approach covers Ring-Attention as a special case, and allows the tuning of CommCom ratio with different tile shapes. Importantly, we propose a greedy algorithm that can efficiently search the scheduling space within the tile with restrictions that ensure efficient communication among GPUs. The theoretical analysis shows that Mesh-Attention leads to a much lower communication complexity and exhibits good scalability comparing to other current algorithms. Our extensive experiment results show that Mesh-Attention can achieve up to 3.4x speedup (2.9x on average) and reduce the communication volume by up to 85.4% (79.0% on average) on 256 GPUs. Our scalability results further demonstrate that Mesh-Attention sustains superior performance as the system scales, substantially reducing overhead in large-scale deployments. The results convincingly confirm the advantage of Mesh-Attention. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20469 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Bohrium + SciMaster: Building the Infrastructure and Ecosystem for Agentic Science at Scale Authors: Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen , Yuzhu Cai , Jingyi Chai , Junhan Chang , Kun Chen , Zhi X. Chen , Zhaohan Ding , Yuwen Du , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuan Gao , Jing Gao , Zhifeng Gao , Qiangqiang Gu , Yanhui Hong , Yuan Huang , Xi Fang , Xiaohong Ji , Guolin Ke , Zixing Lei , Xinyu Li , Yongge Li , Ruoxue Liao , Hang Lin , Xiaolu Lin , et al. (25 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingl… ▽ More AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingly necessary, as AI accelerates scientific output and stresses the peer-review and publication pipeline, raising the bar for traceability and credible evaluation. However, scaling agentic science remains difficult: workflows are hard to observe and reproduce; many tools and laboratory systems are not agent-ready; execution is hard to trace and govern; and prototype AI Scientist systems are often bespoke, limiting reuse and systematic improvement from real workflow signals. We argue that scaling agentic science requires an infrastructure-and-ecosystem approach, instantiated in Bohrium+SciMaster. Bohrium acts as a managed, traceable hub for AI4S assets -- akin to a HuggingFace of AI for Science -- that turns diverse scientific data, software, compute, and laboratory systems into agent-ready capabilities. SciMaster orchestrates these capabilities into long-horizon scientific workflows, on which scientific agents can be composed and executed. Between infrastructure and orchestration, a \emph{scientific intelligence substrate} organizes reusable models, knowledge, and components into executable building blocks for workflow reasoning and action, enabling composition, auditability, and improvement through use. We demonstrate this stack with eleven representative master agents in real workflows, achieving orders-of-magnitude reductions in end-to-end scientific cycle time and generating execution-grounded signals from real workloads at multi-million scale. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20469 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bohrium + SciMaster: Building the Infrastructure and Ecosystem for Agentic Science at Scale Authors: Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen , Yuzhu Cai , Jingyi Chai , Junhan Chang , Kun Chen , Zhi X. Chen , Zhaohan Ding , Yuwen Du , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuan Gao , Jing Gao , Zhifeng Gao , Qiangqiang Gu , Yanhui Hong , Yuan Huang , Xi Fang , Xiaohong Ji , Guolin Ke , Zixing Lei , Xinyu Li , Yongge Li , Ruoxue Liao , Hang Lin , Xiaolu Lin , et al. (25 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingl… ▽ More AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingly necessary, as AI accelerates scientific output and stresses the peer-review and publication pipeline, raising the bar for traceability and credible evaluation. However, scaling agentic science remains difficult: workflows are hard to observe and reproduce; many tools and laboratory systems are not agent-ready; execution is hard to trace and govern; and prototype AI Scientist systems are often bespoke, limiting reuse and systematic improvement from real workflow signals. We argue that scaling agentic science requires an infrastructure-and-ecosystem approach, instantiated in Bohrium+SciMaster. Bohrium acts as a managed, traceable hub for AI4S assets -- akin to a HuggingFace of AI for Science -- that turns diverse scientific data, software, compute, and laboratory systems into agent-ready capabilities. SciMaster orchestrates these capabilities into long-horizon scientific workflows, on which scientific agents can be composed and executed. Between infrastructure and orchestration, a \emph{scientific intelligence substrate} organizes reusable models, knowledge, and components into executable building blocks for workflow reasoning and action, enabling composition, auditability, and improvement through use. We demonstrate this stack with eleven representative master agents in real workflows, achieving orders-of-magnitude reductions in end-to-end scientific cycle time and generating execution-grounded signals from real workloads at multi-million scale. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20464 [ pdf ] physics.optics cs.CV cs.NE physics.app-ph Snapshot 3D image projection using a diffractive decoder Authors: Cagatay Isil , Alexander Chen , Yuhang Li , F. Onuralp Ardic , Shiqi Chen , Che-Yung Shen , Aydogan Ozcan Abstract : 3D image display is essential for next-generation volumetric imaging; however, dense depth multiplexing for 3D image projection remains challenging because diffraction-induced cross-talk rapidly increases as the axial image planes get closer. Here, we introduce a 3D display system comprising a digital encoder and a diffractive optical decoder, which simultaneously projects different images onto mu… ▽ More 3D image display is essential for next-generation volumetric imaging; however, dense depth multiplexing for 3D image projection remains challenging because diffraction-induced cross-talk rapidly increases as the axial image planes get closer. Here, we introduce a 3D display system comprising a digital encoder and a diffractive optical decoder, which simultaneously projects different images onto multiple target axial planes with high axial resolution. By leveraging multi-layer diffractive wavefront decoding and deep learning-based end-to-end optimization, the system achieves high-fidelity depth-resolved 3D image projection in a snapshot, enabling axial plane separations on the order of a wavelength. The digital encoder leverages a Fourier encoder network to capture multi-scale spatial and frequency-domain features from input images, integrates axial position encoding, and generates a unified phase representation that simultaneously encodes all images to be axially projected in a single snapshot through a jointly-optimized diffractive decoder. We characterized the impact of diffractive decoder depth, output diffraction efficiency, spatial light modulator resolution, and axial encoding density, revealing trade-offs that govern axial separation and 3D image projection quality. We further demonstrated the capability to display volumetric images containing 28 axial slices, as well as the ability to dynamically reconfigure the axial locations of the image planes, performed on demand. Finally, we experimentally validated the presented approach, demonstrating close agreement between the measured results and the target images. These results establish the diffractive 3D display system as a compact and scalable framework for depth-resolved snapshot 3D image projection, with potential applications in holographic displays, AR/VR interfaces, and volumetric optical computing. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 Pages, 8 Figures arXiv:2512.20464 [ pdf ] Snapshot 3D image projection using a diffractive decoder Authors: Cagatay Isil , Alexander Chen , Yuhang Li , F. Onuralp Ardic , Shiqi Chen , Che-Yung Shen , Aydogan Ozcan Abstract : 3D image display is essential for next-generation volumetric imaging; however, dense depth multiplexing for 3D image projection remains challenging because diffraction-induced cross-talk rapidly increases as the axial image planes get closer. Here, we introduce a 3D display system comprising a digital encoder and a diffractive optical decoder, which simultaneously projects different images onto mu… ▽ More 3D image display is essential for next-generation volumetric imaging; however, dense depth multiplexing for 3D image projection remains challenging because diffraction-induced cross-talk rapidly increases as the axial image planes get closer. Here, we introduce a 3D display system comprising a digital encoder and a diffractive optical decoder, which simultaneously projects different images onto multiple target axial planes with high axial resolution. By leveraging multi-layer diffractive wavefront decoding and deep learning-based end-to-end optimization, the system achieves high-fidelity depth-resolved 3D image projection in a snapshot, enabling axial plane separations on the order of a wavelength. The digital encoder leverages a Fourier encoder network to capture multi-scale spatial and frequency-domain features from input images, integrates axial position encoding, and generates a unified phase representation that simultaneously encodes all images to be axially projected in a single snapshot through a jointly-optimized diffractive decoder. We characterized the impact of diffractive decoder depth, output diffraction efficiency, spatial light modulator resolution, and axial encoding density, revealing trade-offs that govern axial separation and 3D image projection quality. We further demonstrated the capability to display volumetric images containing 28 axial slices, as well as the ability to dynamically reconfigure the axial locations of the image planes, performed on demand. Finally, we experimentally validated the presented approach, demonstrating close agreement between the measured results and the target images. These results establish the diffractive 3D display system as a compact and scalable framework for depth-resolved snapshot 3D image projection, with potential applications in holographic displays, AR/VR interfaces, and volumetric optical computing. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 Pages, 8 Figures arXiv:2512.20179 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC RESPOND: Risk-Enhanced Structured Pattern for LLM-driven Online Node-level Decision-making Authors: Dan Chen , Heye Huang , Tiantian Chen , Zheng Li , Yongji Li , Yuhui Xu , Sikai Chen Abstract : Current LLM-based driving agents that rely on unstructured plain-text memory suffer from low-precision scene retrieval and inefficient reflection. To address this limitation, we present RESPOND, a structured decision-making framework for LLM-driven agents grounded in explicit risk patterns. RESPOND represents each ego-centric scene using a unified 5 by 3 matrix that encodes spatial topology and ro… ▽ More Current LLM-based driving agents that rely on unstructured plain-text memory suffer from low-precision scene retrieval and inefficient reflection. To address this limitation, we present RESPOND, a structured decision-making framework for LLM-driven agents grounded in explicit risk patterns. RESPOND represents each ego-centric scene using a unified 5 by 3 matrix that encodes spatial topology and road constraints, enabling consistent and reliable retrieval of spatial risk configurations. Based on this representation, a hybrid rule and LLM decision pipeline is developed with a two-tier memory mechanism. In high-risk contexts, exact pattern matching enables rapid and safe reuse of verified actions, while in low-risk contexts, sub-pattern matching supports personalized driving style adaptation. In addition, a pattern-aware reflection mechanism abstracts tactical corrections from crash and near-miss frames to update structured memory, achieving one-crash-to-generalize learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of RESPOND. In highway-env, RESPOND outperforms state-of-the-art LLM-based and reinforcement learning based driving agents while producing substantially fewer collisions. With step-wise human feedback, the agent acquires a Sporty driving style within approximately 20 decision steps through sub-pattern abstraction. For real-world validation, RESPOND is evaluated on 53 high-risk cut-in scenarios extracted from the HighD dataset. For each event, intervention is applied immediately before the cut-in and RESPOND re-decides the driving action. Compared to recorded human behavior, RESPOND reduces subsequent risk in 84.9 percent of scenarios, demonstrating its practical feasibility under real-world driving conditions. These results highlight RESPONDs potential for autonomous driving, personalized driving assistance, and proactive hazard mitigation. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 28 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2512.20179 [ pdf , ps , other ] RESPOND: Risk-Enhanced Structured Pattern for LLM-driven Online Node-level Decision-making Authors: Dan Chen , Heye Huang , Tiantian Chen , Zheng Li , Yongji Li , Yuhui Xu , Sikai Chen Abstract : Current LLM-based driving agents that rely on unstructured plain-text memory suffer from low-precision scene retrieval and inefficient reflection. To address this limitation, we present RESPOND, a structured decision-making framework for LLM-driven agents grounded in explicit risk patterns. RESPOND represents each ego-centric scene using a unified 5 by 3 matrix that encodes spatial topology and ro… ▽ More Current LLM-based driving agents that rely on unstructured plain-text memory suffer from low-precision scene retrieval and inefficient reflection. To address this limitation, we present RESPOND, a structured decision-making framework for LLM-driven agents grounded in explicit risk patterns. RESPOND represents each ego-centric scene using a unified 5 by 3 matrix that encodes spatial topology and road constraints, enabling consistent and reliable retrieval of spatial risk configurations. Based on this representation, a hybrid rule and LLM decision pipeline is developed with a two-tier memory mechanism. In high-risk contexts, exact pattern matching enables rapid and safe reuse of verified actions, while in low-risk contexts, sub-pattern matching supports personalized driving style adaptation. In addition, a pattern-aware reflection mechanism abstracts tactical corrections from crash and near-miss frames to update structured memory, achieving one-crash-to-generalize learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of RESPOND. In highway-env, RESPOND outperforms state-of-the-art LLM-based and reinforcement learning based driving agents while producing substantially fewer collisions. With step-wise human feedback, the agent acquires a Sporty driving style within approximately 20 decision steps through sub-pattern abstraction. For real-world validation, RESPOND is evaluated on 53 high-risk cut-in scenarios extracted from the HighD dataset. For each event, intervention is applied immediately before the cut-in and RESPOND re-decides the driving action. Compared to recorded human behavior, RESPOND reduces subsequent risk in 84.9 percent of scenarios, demonstrating its practical feasibility under real-world driving conditions. These results highlight RESPONDs potential for autonomous driving, personalized driving assistance, and proactive hazard mitigation. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 28 pages, 8 figures 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Chen,+S
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Portal : Current events/August 2010 Portal Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version August 2010 was the eighth month of that common year. The month, which began on a Sunday , ended on a Tuesday after 31 days. Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from August 2010. .mw-parser-output .current-events-main{margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.3em;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;border:1px #cef2e0 solid}.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#cef2e0;color:inherit;font-weight:bold}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#0b281a}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#0b281a}}.mw-parser-output .current-events-title{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar{list-style:none;margin:0;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar li{display:inline-block;padding:0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-content{padding:0 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-content-heading{margin-top:0.3em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .current-events-more{border-width:2px;font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav{margin:auto;text-align:center;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a{display:inline-block;margin:0.5em;padding:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a>div{font-weight:bold}@media all and (min-width:480px){.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .current-events-title{flex:1}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar{flex:0 auto;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a{width:9em}} August 1, 2010 ( 2010-08-01 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Netherlands pulls out of Afghanistan . (rfi) Two NATO soldiers are killed in fighting in the south of Afghanistan . (AFP via Focus net) Wooden box mines , suspected to come from North Korea , wash ashore on a South Korean beach killing one man and injuring another. (Reuters) (Yonhap) Israel Defense Forces jets attack targets in the Gaza Strip following a Qassam rocket fired at the Negev in Israel on Saturday night. (Ynet News) Almost 90,000 people flee renewed fighting in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the past month reflecting a declining security situation as the military fights Allied Democratic Forces-National Army for the Liberation of Uganda Ugandan Islamist rebels. (Reuters Africa) Six people die in the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir after a third day of clashes between security forces and Muslim separatists. (Voice of America) Arts and culture World Heritage List Hawaii 's Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , the habitat of the endangered Hawaiian Monk seal and rare birds, and Sri Lanka 's central highlands are added. (Reuters) Tanzania 's Ngorongoro Conservation Area , including the Serengeti National Park and Olduvai Gorge , are added. ( The Earth Times ) Eleven of Australia 's most important convict sites including Hyde Park Barracks and The Domain in Sydney , Fremantle Prison in Western Australia and Port Arthur , Tasmania are added. (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Business and economy Philippine Airlines tells 25 airline pilots to return to work after quitting without notice forcing the airline to cancel flights. (Bloomberg via Business Week ) Manufacturing output in China grows at its slowest rate in 17 months in July, with the Purchasing Managers Index falling 0.9% to 51.2%. (BBC) (Xinhua) The United Arab Emirates will suspend some BlackBerry mobile services from October amid concerns that data from some equipment is being exported offshore and managed by foreign organisations. Saudi Arabia plans to suspend some services later this month. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Disasters Thousands of troops are mobilised in Russia to tackle forest fires spreading in 17 regions, the worst in decades, as the death toll rises to 30. (Voice of Russia) (AFP) Floods in northeastern China kill more than 100 people and sweep 3,000 chemical-filled barrels into the Songhua River . (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) (AFP) ( Times of India ) Pakistan floods The death toll from floods in northwestern Pakistan exceeds 1,000. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( The Nation ) The United States pledges $10 million in foreign aid to Pakistan to help the nation respond. (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) International relations The Convention on Cluster Munitions banning the use, production and transfer of cluster bombs in some countries, comes into effect. (AFP) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Colombia denies claims by Venezuela that it is planning a military attack, a day after Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez said he was sending troops to their mutual border. (CNN) (Xinhua) The President of Israel Shimon Peres and the President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak agree that Israel and the Palestinian Authority should hold direct talks. ( Jerusalem Post ) Law and crime United Kingdom - Sarah's Law , a scheme which allows parents to check if someone with access to their children is a sex offender, will be extended to cover the whole of England and Wales by Spring 2011 after proving successful in four pilot areas. (BBC) Science Scientists announce the discovery of the world's first active undersea river , in the Black Sea . ( The Daily Telegraph ) August 2, 2010 ( 2010-08-02 ) (Monday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks A Jordanian civilian is killed and three others are wounded as a Grad rocket launched from the Sinai hits the city of Aqaba . Four other rockets land in open areas in the Gulf of Aqaba . Jordan , Israel , Egypt and the United States condemn the attack. (YnetNews) ( Haaretz ) The United Nations establishes a panel with an Israeli and Turk amongst its members to investigate the Gaza flotilla raid in May. (AFP via Google News) Arts and culture An antiques dealer is imprisoned for handling a copy of the First Folio by poet and playwright William Shakespeare , though cleared of actually stealing it, in the UK. (BBC) Business and economy Cuban President Raúl Castro pledges to ease state control of the economy . (BBC) ( People's Daily ) (Angola Press) Disasters Hundreds of new wildfires erupt in Russia as fire has damaged or destroyed 27 towns and villages. (AP via Boston Globe ) A fire at a retirement home in Nigel, Gauteng , South Africa , kills 18 people. (BBC) ( Times Live South Africa ) Eleven people are killed and four survive after a passenger plane crashes in Russia's Krasnoyarsk territory . (RIA Novosti) ( Times of India ) The Government of the United States claims that nearly 5 million barrels of oil have spilt from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico , making it the largest accidental maritime oil spill ever . ( New York Times ) At least 33 people drown after a boat capsizes on Lake Albert in Uganda . (UPI) (AFP) International relations The European Union announces it will end its mission to reform security forces in Guinea-Bissau due to the deteriorating situation in the country. (BBC) (News24) The Government of Pakistan summons the British High Commissioner to Islamabad for a "dressing down" by Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi over remarks made by the British Prime Minister David Cameron on Pakistan "looking both ways" on terrorism . (AFP via Google News) ( The Guardian ) (BBC) Law and crime The trial of Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim on sodomy charges is deferred until August 9. (CNN) A drunk man on a tractor kills 11 people and injures many others in a rampage in northern China . (Reuters Africa) (BBC) ( The Hindu ) Politics Politicians in Nepal fail to elect a new Prime Minister for the third time after no candidate secured a majority. ( Kantipur ) (BBC) ( Indian Express ) Several people are killed during protests in Indian-administered Kashmir after the worst anti-government violence in two years. ( The Hindu ) (BBC) A Greek truck drivers strike ends with the situation expected to get back to normal quickly. (AP via The Australian ) The United States House of Representatives ethics committee charges California Democrat Maxine Waters with breaking ethics rules. ( USA Today ) Science The Census of Marine Life is released after 10 years of study of the worlds oceans showing that there are 230,000 species of animal living there. (Fox News) , ( The Guardian ) Sports Lithuania wins the European U-18 basketball championship. (Ballineurope) Former World No. 1 professional tennis player Ivan Lendl announces a return after a 16-year break. (BBC Sport) Car driver Michael Schumacher apologises to Rubens Barrichello for what Barichello describes as "the most dangerous manoeuvre against me I have ever known", which occurred during the 2010 Hungarian Grand Prix . ( The Guardian ) August 3, 2010 ( 2010-08-03 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Adaisseh incident Three Lebanese soldiers , one Israeli soldier , and a journalist are killed, and others are wounded, in clashes along the Israel-Lebanon border. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (AFP via Google News) The United Nations Security Council goes into closed-door consultations. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu claims that IDF soldiers did not cross the border. ( The Jerusalem Post ) UNIFIL confirms that the IDF did not cross the border. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Lebanese officials maintain it was the fault of Israel and expresses dissatisfaction at Israel's "aggression" against their country. ( Gulf Daily News ) Assassination of Raza Haider Around 46 people are killed and more than 100 others are wounded in Karachi during violent scenes that follow the assassination. (Aljazeera) ( Daily Mail ) (AP via The Guardian ) Police fill the streets of Karachi and Hyderabad is also deserted. (Reuters) Twin explosions kill at least 3 people and injure at least 50 others in a crowded shopping area in Kut , Wasit ; women and children are seen bleeding in the streets. (BBC) Authorities shoot dead at least 2 people for protesting on a highway near Srinagar in Kashmir . (Aljazeera) Hundreds of people supporting Lech Kaczyński are sprayed with lachrymator by police outside Warsaw 's Presidential Palace . (BBC) (Reuters) ( The Washington Post ) Jordan says it has evidence that a fatal Grad-type rocket strike on Aqaba originated in Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) At least 5 police officers are shot dead at a checkpoint in Baghdad , Iraq . (Aljazeera) A battle erupts as the Taliban attacks the Kandahar Air Field , the main NATO base in southern Afghanistan . The battle lasts an hour, after which the Taliban flee. (Aljazeera) A worker kills 9 people , including himself, in a workplace incident at Hartford Distributors Inc in Connecticut , United States . (France24) (Xinhua) (BBC) A car bomb explodes in Derry , Northern Ireland , injuring no one. ( The Guardian ) (RTÉ) ( The Irish Times ) Arts, culture and society The daughter of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin , Bristol Palin and Levi Johnston once again call off their engagement after it's revealed that Johnston fathered a child with another woman. (ABC) A letter is unveiled demonstrating how Robert Burns was "reduced and shattered" in his final days; it will soon be exhibited in Edinburgh , Scotland . (BBC) Tokyo 's "oldest woman" cannot be located, casting doubts upon her claim to the title. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Disasters and accidents 2010 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa floods More than three million people are dislocated and 1,500 are now dead as Pakistan's worst floods flow to the south. (Aljazeera) Rescue attempts are underway. (BBC) The Warsak Dam near Peshawar , Pakistan 's third-largest dam, is threatened by rising water levels. ( The Guardian ) The United States Army sends four CH-47 Chinook helicopters and two UH-60 Blackhawks helicopters to help with the relief effort. (AFP via Google) Russian wildfires worsen. (BBC) (IOL) The family of Terry Jupp claim that the Ministry of Defence did not use "stringent procedures" during the secretive explosive experiment on an island in the Thames Estuary that led to his death. ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (BBC) ( The Washington Post ) Business and economy Nearly £2 billion of savings are revealed to have been removed from the UK's nationalised Northern Rock bank. ( The Guardian ) Ecuador says it will not drill for oil in the Yasuni National Park for at least a decade after being provided with $3.6 billion (£2.26 billion) - half the money it would receive from selling the oil - in a deal signed with the United Nations . (BBC) Mexicana de Aviación , Mexico's biggest airline, files for bankruptcy . (BBC) ( Los Angeles Times ) International relations Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah suggests Israel carried out the 2005 assassination of ex-Lebanese PM Rafic Hariri , and promises he will show proof at a press conference next week. (BBC) Turkey 's Foreign Ministry summons Israel 's ambassador after the Israeli Defence Minister Ehud Barak accuses the new head of Turkish intelligence of being a "friend of Iran ". (Reuters) The 41st annual Pacific Islands Forum Leaders Summit opens in Port Vila , Vanuatu . (Radio New Zealand International) President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari arrives in the United Kingdom upon a five-day visit as the two countries disagree over David Cameron 's remarks on "the export of terror". (Aljazeera) Zimbabwe requests apologies from American , German and European Union envoys who walked out of the burial ceremony for President Robert Mugabe 's sister; they refuse to apologise. (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (BBC) (News24) Iran rejects Brazil 's offer to grant political asylum to Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , who has been sentenced to death in Iran for adultery. (AP via The Guardian ) Law and crime The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) both sue the United States (US) after it bans lawyers from a case taken by the father of Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki against the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has labelled him a "specially designated global terrorist". (BBC) (Reuters) Seven people go on trial in Kuwait accused of spying for Iran against Kuwait and the United States ; they deny all charges and say they were tortured into confessing. (BBC) Canada 's Transportation Minister John Baird orders an inquiry after a video surfaces showing two figures boarding a flight without showing their faces. (BBC) (Canada.com) ( Daily Star ) ( Ottawa Citizen ) ( South China Morning Post ) Jackie Selebi , former chief of Interpol and South Africa 's top police officer , is sentenced to 15 years in prison on corruption charges. (AP via GaeaTimes) (Aljazeera) ( The Guardian ) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters India) Former Rwandan administrator Dominique Ntawukulilyayo is given a 25-year sentence of imprisonment by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda after being convicted of the transportation of soldiers during the Rwandan Genocide . (BBC) The United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) posts a letter to the offices of online encyclopedia project Wikipedia , threatening fines and imprisonments over what it claims is the "particularly problematic" use of the agency's seal. (BBC) (CNN) ( Vanity Fair ) (Wikipedia entry) Saudi Arabia announces it is to commence a ban on the "messenger function" on BlackBerry handsets from Friday due to security concerns over the Research In Motion (RIM) technological device. (BBC) ( Arab News ) (Reuters) Politics and elections A prostitute informs Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi 's corruption inquiry that she received presents after he shared a bed with her and two others. ( The Guardian ) Kenya deploys an additional 18,000 police officers as the country heads to the polls to decide the fate of a potential new constitution . (Aljazeera) A top civil service union in Sri Lanka condemns the tying to a tree of an official by a government minister in Colombo , a disagreement related to dengue fever . (BBC) ( People's Daily ) The Elders criticise the Sri Lankan government. (BBC) Denmark has a political taxes scandal involving a "big and sloppy error" by Social Democrats leader Helle Thorning-Schmidt . (BBC) Irish senator Ivor Callely is suspended from Fianna Fáil over new expense allegations. (RTÉ) ( The Irish Times ) ( Irish Independent ) ( Irish Examiner ) Science and technology The first major Earth -directed solar eruption in a decade will generate aurorae visible in non-polar areas from early August 4th to August 5th. (Foxnews.com) (CNN) Sports Angola jails 4 human rights activists - a university professor, priest, lawyer and former police officer - for alleged links to the perpetrators of the Togo national football team attack ; Amnesty International and other organisations describe it as a crackdown on criticism. (BBC News) (Aljazeera) Spain and the Netherlands are both fined by FIFA for their antics during the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final . (BBC Sport) (Sky Sports) ( The Monitor - Uganda) Paraguayan footballer Salvador Cabañas , shot by a gun in the head, says his memories are vague. (BBC News) ( Times LIVE ) Alberto Contador joins Team Saxo Bank , managed by Bjarne Riis . (BBC Sport) Steward Derek Warwick gives Michael Schumacher , who performed a dangerous maneuver against a fellow driver, a 10-place penalty in a future Grand Prix race. (Press Association via The Guardian ) August 4, 2010 ( 2010-08-04 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks About 70 Indian police personnel are reported missing in Chhattisgarh forests amid a major engagement with Maoist guerrillas ; they are later found. No casualties have been reported. ( The Times of India ) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Lebanon arrests a man it suspects has spied for Israel . (Aljazeera) Israeli shellfire kills a Palestinian militant and wounds 1 other in Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip as the search gets underway for further casualties. (Reuters) Corpses belonging to 59 migrants are located in a desert in the U.S. state of Arizona . (BBC) Police in Karachi arrest suspects in its investigation into a recent assassination, as the death toll in riots reaches 63. (BBC) At least 6 people are killed and around 50 others are injured in twin car bombings in Kut . (BBC) A suicide attack kills 4 people, a paramilitary commander Sifwat Ghuyur and three bodyguards, in Peshawar . (Aljazeera) (Reuters via ABC Online) (BBC) Adaisseh incident : The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces assert that Israeli soldiers were attacked in Israeli territory while performing routine maintenance, leading to yesterday's deadly clash. (Boston Herald) [ permanent dead link ] The United Nations Security Council agrees that Israel and Lebanon must show "utmost restraint" following the clash. (BBC) Hezbollah 's second in command Naim Qassem warns that the organisation will "retaliate" against Israel if there are further incidents. (AFP via Google News) The Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu warns both Hamas and Lebanon about further attacks on Israelis. ( Jerusalem Post ) A Lebanese government official confirms that Israel was not in violation of international law. (ANSAmed) Israeli troops uproot the very trees that caused the dispute. (Brisbane Times) Officials say more than 28,000 people have died in Mexican drug violence since December 2006, thousands more than previously thought. (BBC) India expresses deep regret that its police had to kill at least 28 people this week in Kashmir , with its Home Affairs Minister requesting that protesters stop. (BBC) New Zealand experiences its first combat fatality in Afghanistan ; he was also the country's first military death in fighting anywhere for a decade. (BBC) ( The New Zealand Herald ) ( The Washington Post ) A man found dead in forest near Trongsa is thought to have been killed by a tiger , possibly Bhutan 's first such death in 15 years. (BBC) A controlled explosion is carried out on a device discovered beneath the car of a serving soldier, believed to be an army major , in Bangor , County Down in Northern Ireland . ( The Guardian ) Arts, culture and entertainment A vault containing non- words - those rejected by the Oxford English Dictionary - is uncovered. ( The Daily Telegraph ) Sharers of the Radiohead album In Rainbows , once offered by the band for nothing, are sent cease-and-desist letters by the RIAA and IFPI . ( The Guardian ) Musician Wyclef Jean confirms he is to announce plans to stand for the presidency in Haiti . (BBC) Disasters 2010 Pakistan floods : Nearly 1 million people are estimated to have been left homeless during the ongoing severe floods in Pakistan . ( The Guardian ) Thousands of people flee their homes in Punjab due to flood fears. (Aljazeera) Rain falls, causing more damage. (BBC) The United Nations World Food Programme warns that parts of northwest Pakistan are facing urgent food shortages. (Sky News) The Disasters Emergency Committee launches its appeal for donations. (BBC) Summer 2010 Russian wildfires : President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev interrupts his summer holiday to return and fire several top military officials after wildfires destroy a naval base outside Moscow . (BBC) (Aljazeera) At a meeting of the national Security Council Medvedev states: "By no means you may allow anarchy [...] You must not let the situation go out of local authorities' control". (Xinhua) The confirmed death toll from flooding in China rises above 1,000. (Associated Press) Eurotunnel has "apologised profusely" after train passengers brought to Calais , France , through the Channel Tunnel are locked into their carriages upon arrival and immediately returned to Kent , England . ( The Guardian ) Three barns collapse at the largest egg farm in the U.S. state of Ohio in Croton , with at least one worker dead. (AP via Houston Chronicle ) Admiral Thad Allen , the man in charge of the US Government 's efforts to clear up the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , has given clearance for BP to pour cement into its Gulf of Mexico oil well . (Reuters) International relations The Pacific Islands Forum discusses Fiji in Vanuatu . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Law and crime Theresa Riggi stabs her three children to death and attempts suicide. Vaughn R. Walker , the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California , rules in Perry v. Schwarzenegger that California Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage in California is unconstitutional. ( Los Angeles Times ) (Reuters via New York Times ) (CNN) (BBC) A journalist with The Sunday Times is arrested in South Africa . [ clarification needed ] (News24) ( The Sowetan ) (Times LIVE) (iAfrica) A man with a knife embarks on a fatal slashing rampage in a kindergarten in Zibo , Shandong . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) The prison sentence of Sabbar Kashur , a married Arab man convicted by Israel of " rape by deception " after telling the accuser that he's Jewish and single , is delayed as he attempts an appeal. ( The Guardian ) ( Haaretz ) Canadian Abdullah Khadr , charged with terrorism by the United States and jailed in Canada since 2005, is released from prison after a Canadian judge declines an extradition attempt by the United States. (Aljazeera) Mohamed Mostafaei , an Iranian lawyer who defended convicted adulterer Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , is reported to be in Turkey , seeking asylum . (BBC) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] A decision by Malacca to allow under-age marriage is criticised by groups of women. (BBC) (Reuters) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Politics and elections President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's trip to Hamedan : Ahmadinejad announces in Hamedan that Iran is ready to start talks this month about a possible nuclear fuel swap. (Xinhua) Ahmadinejad denies rumors that he survived an assassination attempt while in Hamedan, and claims that a customary firecracker was set off to greet him. (Xinhua) ( The Guardian ) (BBC) (AFP via News Limited) (Press TV) Fidel Castro is expected to address the Cuban national assembly on Saturday for the first time in four years; his speech is anticipated to talk of a possible nuclear war involving the United States , Israel and Iran . ( The Daily Telegraph ) (BBC) ( The Star ) Kenyans head to the polls to decide the fate of a potential new constitution . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Reuters) (CNN) Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi survives a no-confidence vote. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) (France24) ( The Irish Times ) Dokka Umarov denies he has quit as head of Chechnya 's armed separatist group. (Aljazeera) Cabinet formation in the Netherlands : Ivo Opstelten , the chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , is appointed the new informateur , tasked with finalizing the formation of a right-wing minority coalition cabinet. (NOS) U.S. Rep. Don Young R - Alaska claims that he has been cleared in a United States Department of Justice corruption probe. (AP via Google News) Sport 10,000 people arrive in Cologne for the opening ceremony of the 2010 Gay Games . ( The Guardian ) Surrey defeat Glamorgan by 39 runs on the Duckworth–Lewis method to achieve a world record for the highest score in 40-over cricket in the CB 40 at The Oval . (BBC Sport) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Sky Sports) Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees becomes the seventh player in the history of Major League Baseball to hit 600 home runs . ( The New York Times ) August 5, 2010 ( 2010-08-05 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents South Korea begins a huge anti-submarine exercise in the Yellow Sea , near the disputed maritime border , in what it sees as a show of strength against North Korea and "to be fully prepared for combat"; North Korea disapproves of the exercise. (BBC) ( The Jakarta Post ) (Reuters) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The Times of India ) 33 Chilean miners are trapped 700 meters underground at the beginning of a 69 day odyssey in the Copiapó mining accident . At least 25 or 32 Afghans, including civilians, are killed by NATO airstrikes in Nangarhar Province , many bombed by NATO planes while attending the funeral of a flood victim; relatives are displeased. (BBC) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] ( The New York Times ) At least 17 more people are killed during a third day of violence in Karachi , with police given orders to shoot on sight as buildings burn. Current death toll: At least 80. (BBC) Kyrgyzstan : Troops in Bishkek fire shots as protesters travel to support Urmat Baryktabasov , an opposition politician who arrived back in Kyrgyzstan from overseas. (BBC) (UPI) Tear gas is fired and 27 people, including Baryktabasov, are arrested. (France24) ( China Daily ) At least six Afghan policemen are killed during a suicide attack in Kunduz , by the Tajikistan border. (BBC) ( The Asian Age ) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] Somali pirates seized a Syrian freighter flagged in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines carrying sugar with 24 crew (22 Syrian and 2 Egyptian ) in the Gulf of Aden . (AFP) Israel releases the MV Mavi Marmara , the aid ship which it impounded after killing nine activists during May's Gaza flotilla raid . (BBC) ( Arab News ) ( Indian Express ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Arts and culture A Salvador Dalí exhibition in Atlanta , United States , is to feature items from Canada , Japan and Scotland . (BBC) ( The Christian Science Monitor ) A piano which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is thought to have played is discovered in Baden-Baden , Baden-Württemberg . ( The Age ) A world-class example of a 17th-century ship's pass - dating from 1687 and signed by King James II and Samuel Pepys - is presented to the National Library of Ireland . (RTÉ) Russian pianist, conductor and composer Mikhail Pletnev cancels some appearances while he deals with accusations that he raped a 14-year-old boy in Thailand . (BBC) Business and economics The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sacks Ndi Okereke-Onyuike , the director-general of the Nigerian Stock Exchange and suspends its chairman, Aliko Dangote . (BBC) Taiwan and Singapore agree to hold talks on a free trade deal. (Focus Taiwan News Channel) ( Financial Times ) (Xinhua) (BBC) Pham Thanh Binh , the former boss of Vinashin, one of Vietnam 's largest state-owned companies, is arrested on suspicion of nearly bankrupting the company. (BBC) Disasters The United Nations states more than four million people are now affected by the most severe flooding in Pakistan 's history, while the death toll rises to at least 1,600. (Aljazeera) (BBC) A Russian military garrison near Naro-Fominsk outside Moscow moves its artillery rockets to a safer location as the wildfires get nearer. (AP via Google News) At least 20 people die after a bus falls into the Jhelum River in Pakistan controlled Kashmir . ( Peoples Daily ) 18 children die after their boat capsizes on the Tanzanian side of Lake Victoria . (News Limited) BP is authorized to pump cement into the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site after a successful "static kill" procedure with drilling mud. (CNN) International relations The Pacific Islands Forum meets in Vanuatu and discusses the situation in Fiji . (AFP via Google News) Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem sends a letter to Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon in which he writes charges against three Israelis charged with spying for Syria are "baseless" and "fabricated". ( Haaretz ) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron commits another gaffe - with an erroneous statement that Iran possesses a nuclear weapon - just after apologising to an angered pensioner for his previous gaffe about the Battle of Britain . (BBC) (news.com.au) ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Law and crime Model Naomi Campbell gives evidence that she received several "dirty looking stones" after meeting the former President of Liberia Charles Taylor in his trial at the United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone . ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) A Polish appellate court upholds the decision of a lower court to extradite an alleged Mossad agent to Germany to face trial for forging a passport used in the slaying of Hamas commander Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (AP via Google News) (BBC) (Press TV) ( Haaretz ) Israel charges three Arab men with spying for Syria ; they deny the charges and one is alleged to be a human rights activist. [ clarification needed ] (BBC) A woman who is alleged to have been raped by two police officers appears on Egyptian television where she is interviewed about the experience. (BBC) Supporters of California Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage lodge an appeal against the decision of United States district court Vaughn R. Walker overturning it. (CNN) The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation upholds as constitutional a law allowing same-sex marriages in Mexico City . (BBC) (France24) British police issue an apology after one of them shot a 14-year-old female bystander with a Taser , sending an electric shock through her body. (BBC) Reported Japanese child abuse reaches its highest level since records were first taken a decade ago. (BBC) ( The Age ) Brazilian police discover a Rio de Janeiro prison is being run by some of the inmates; a guard is arrested. (BBC) The U.S. Government charges 14 people as participants in "a deadly pipeline" sending money and fighters from the United States to the Somalian insurgency group Al-Shabaab . (AP via Google News) (BBC) Politics Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010 : Preliminary results of the referendum on the new Constitution of Kenya show it has passed with 67 per cent of the vote following a peaceful election. (Aljazeera) Those campaigning against the new Constitution concede defeat. (BBC) Rwanda : The Rwandan government denies in a statement that it has been responsible for the deaths of any political opponents. (BBC) Rwandan Foreign Minister Louise Mushikiwabo says the country is "committed to free expression" but that it does not favour "hate media". (IOL) Former Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd joins Julia Gillard 's election campaign while recovering from gallbladder surgery by attacking the opposition leader Tony Abbott . (BBC) The Ivorian presidential election, 2010 is set for 31 October. (BBC) Musician Wyclef Jean formally registers to stand for the presidency of Haiti . (BBC) (Aljazeera) The United States Senate confirms the nomination of Elena Kagan as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . (CNN) Science Newly released files, which can be freely downloaded for the next month, show that the British government felt threatened by UFOs in the 1950s and that Winston Churchill and Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the cover-up of one unexplained encounter. (BBC) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (News24) (Reuters) ( The Times of India ) Sports Anil Khanna , treasurer of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , resigns the position due to corrupt allegations. (BBC Sport) Uruguay striker and 2010 FIFA World Cup player of the tournament Diego Forlán is a popular attraction among the inhabitants of Kolkata as he participates in a talent search. (BBC News) In United States baseball , a group led by Nolan Ryan buys the Texas Rangers at a bankruptcy auction. (MSNBC) August 6, 2010 ( 2010-08-06 ) (Friday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents NATO admits it killed "between four and a dozen or more civilians" in Nangarhar Province as a result of air strikes on August 5. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The New York Times ) Germany offers compensation of € 3,800 to each family of 91 of the 142 people it killed and 11 it injured in an air strike near Kunduz , an incident which provoked outrage and led to political and military resignations. The Bundeswehr does not admit guilt and families say they may sue. (BBC) ( Der Spiegel ) Pakistan 's Major-General Tariq Khan urges NATO to do more to control the border with Afghanistan , amid increasing UK and U.S. pressure for Pakistan to deal with it. (BBC) Israeli authorities shut down all crossings into Gaza for the day. (Bernama) An international aid ship, the Saint Mariam , bearing only female passengers from all backgrounds, including singer May Hariri and several Americans, is to leave Tripoli bound for Gaza after overcoming an Israeli diplomatic mission designed to prevent it from setting sail. ( The Guardian ) The United Arab Emirates says the incident in which the Japanese tanker, the MV M. Star , was damaged in the Strait of Hormuz near Oman last week involved an explosives-laden dinghy . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Emirates News Agency) (AFP) An explosion at Zamboanga International Airport in the southern Philippines kills two people and injures 24. (BBC) ( Philippine Inquirer ) French police dismantle Romani camps in Saint-Étienne by order of the president. (BBC) (Expatica France) ( The Irish Times ) Arts and culture Reykjavík 's mayor, Jón Gnarr of the Best Party , dresses in drag for the opening of the city's gay pride festival. (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) Chinese culture minister Cai Wu expresses dismay at the quality of cultural productions in his country. ( China Daily ) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Reuters) Business and economy Vladimir Putin , the Prime Minister of Russia , bans export of flour and wheat from August 15 to December 31 due to the worst drought in Russian history. (Reuters) A 22-year-old Chinese woman falls from a building, becoming the thirteenth Foxconn employee to die in a spate of deaths at the company. (BBC) The Tata Group establishes a five-man panel in the search for Ratan Naval Tata 's successor as its head of business. (BBC) (NDTV) ( The Asian Age ) Mark Hurd resigns as chief executive officer of computer company Hewlett-Packard following investigation of a sexual harassment claim. (AP via ABC America) (BBC) Disasters At least 12 million people are now affected by the worst floods in the history of Pakistan with 1,600 people being killed and 650,000 homes being destroyed. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Sky News) ( The Irish Times ) Flash floods in the Ladakh region of India 's Jammu and Kashmir state kill at least 113 people and leave lots of others missing. (Aljazeera) ( The Times of India ) Rescue efforts continue to save 34 people trapped in a mine after a rock collapse near Copiapó . (BBC) (Reuters via Mineweb) ( Mining Weekly ) China suspends traffic on the Yalu River and evacuates more than 40,000 people from Dandong over fears of flooding amid unprecedented levels of rainfall. (BBC) ( BusinessWeek ) Smoke from Russian wildfires covers famous landmarks and delays more than 140 flights at Moscow airports while official figures indicate that 14,340 people died in Moscow during July 2010; 4,824 more than the same month last year. (Sky News) (Bloomberg) ( The Guardian ) Mount Karangetang , a volcano on the Indonesian island of Siau , erupts. (AP via Seattle PI ) International relations Hiroshima marks the 65th anniversary of the world's first atomic bomb attack ; United States representatives attend in an official capacity for the first time. (BBC) ( The Age ) ( The New Zealand Herald ) [ permanent dead link ] ( China Post ) Venezuela 's Hugo Chávez promises that his foreign minister will attend the inauguration of Juan Manuel Santos as Colombian president, two weeks after direct relations between the two countries were broken off, thanks to mediation efforts by President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . (BBC) South Africa recalls its ambassador to Rwanda . (BBC) (iAfrica) (Reuters Africa) ( The Mercury ) It is impossible that Abdelbaset al-Megrahi could have pretended to have terminal prostate cancer , according to an oncologist who examined him. (BBC) Britain's High Commission in Colombo lifts travel advice restrictions on Sri Lanka for the first time in approximately 30 years. (BBC) ( Daily Mail ) Asif Ali Zardari and David Cameron meeting: After meeting Pakistani President Zardari at Chequers UK Prime Minister Cameron speaks of an "unbreakable" friendship between Britain and Pakistan in his attempts to recover from remarks he made about Pakistan's alleged promotion of terrorism. (BBC) Zardari reiterates his desire to combat terrorism and says he has secured a deal with Britain to lobby the European Union for funds for a " Marshall Plan " to rebuild Pakistan and Afghanistan. ( The Guardian ) (BBC) Law and crime Saudi Arabia BlackBerry ban: Saudi Arabia 's ban of online functions on BlackBerry mobile phones is implemented. (BBC) BlackBerry devices can be used again now across the country following a four-hour outage earlier today. (BBC) Thousands of people attend the public flagellation of 5 people in Aceh amid requests that the practice be banned. (BBC) A 25-year-old Bosnian immigrant is arraigned in a Brooklyn United States District Court for involvement in an alleged terrorist plot to blow up New York City 's subway system. (CNN) Jeremy Ractliffe, former head of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund , admits he kept possible blood diamonds to protect the reputations of Mandela, Naomi Campbell and the fund but that he gave them to South African police and is willing to testify at Charles Taylor 's trial. ( The Guardian ) At least 14 people are killed during a prison riot in Matamoros in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . (BBC) Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , sentenced to death in Iran , speaks out, saying Iran is "desperately trying to distract attention and confuse the media so that they can kill me in secret". ( The Guardian ) Police near Colombo arrest a suspected fraudster for whom they had previously appealed to Interpol ; it is unknown if he denies the charges brought against him. (BBC) A woman is arrested following the discovery of baby corpses stored inside four suitcases in her attic in Nij Beets , Friesland . (BBC) (news.com.au) (Reuters) (Sky News) The Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger files a motion calling for same-sex marriages to resume in the U.S. state immediately. (AFP via The Age ) Politics The Pentagon makes a demand to Wikileaks that it remove its collection of classified military documents from the internet. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Reuters) Brazil 's four main presidential election candidates participate in their first televised debate. (BBC) Musician Wyclef Jean files his papers in his bid to become President of Haiti . (BBC) Pál Schmitt takes office as President of Hungary , succeeding outgoing president László Sólyom . (Politics.hu) Bronisław Komorowski is officially sworn in as President of Poland , following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash in April. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Nepalese politicians unsuccessfully attempt to elect a new prime minister for the fourth time; they will try again on 18 August. (BBC) Swaziland 's justice minister and senator Ndumiso Mamba resigns from both positions over allegations of an affair with a wife of King Mswati III ; the wife has denied the allegations. (BBC) ( Times LIVE ) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] ( The Guardian ) Science According to scientists, one million little brown bats ( Myotis lucifugus ) have contracted white nose syndrome (WNS) and died in North America . (BBC) U.S. scientists plan to rotate the Confederate submarine , the H. L. Hunley , buried in the outer harbour of Charleston , South Carolina so that they can examine it more closely. (AP via Google News) American scientists announce an ice sheet has broken from Greenland 's Petermann Glacier . (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Sport Usain Bolt is professionally defeated for only the second time in the 100 metres by Tyson Gay in Stockholm . (BBC Sport) ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( The Independent ) August 7, 2010 ( 2010-08-07 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah announces Monday as the day he will present evidence reputed to implicate Israel in the 2005 car bomb assassination of then Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafiq Hariri . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Israel announces that Benjamin Netanyahu , Ehud Barak and Avigdor Lieberman have chosen Yosef Ciechanover , who formerly held posts in the Foreign Ministry, Defence Ministry and defence mission to the United States , to represent it on the United Nations panel to investigate May's Gaza flotilla raid . ( The Jerusalem Post ) ( Haaretz ) The MV Mavi Marmara arrives in Turkey ; the remaining three non-Turkish flotilla vessels plus the MV Rachel Corrie cargo ship, which followed days later, remain in Israeli custody. (Aljazeera) (BBC) 10 people, including 2 Afghan civilians and 8 International Assistance Mission aid workers, are killed in Nuristan Province . (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) (Voice of America) 14 people die and 35 others are injured in Basra due to an explosion, possibly caused by a power generator . (BBC) (France24) 5 Iraqi policemen are killed in an overnight shootout in western Baghdad , while 1 policeman is killed at a checkpoint outside Fallujah . (AP via The Guardian ) Arts and entertainment Hungarian actress Zsa Zsa Gabor , hospitalised after falling in the United States last month, is not released from hospital as had been initially expected due to a negative reaction to her morphine . (BBC) Business and economy The Gulf of Mexico seafood industry starts to reopen after the Gulf of Mexico oil spill . (AP via News Times ) Disasters Pakistan issues a red alert as the worst floods in its history move south towards Sindh , with hundreds of thousands of people being evacuated, at least 10,000 cows killed and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani appealing on television for help from the international community. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Pollution hits record levels in Moscow as large wildfires continue to devastate Russia . (Aljazeera) At least 16 miners are killed during a fire at a gold mine in Zhaoyuan , Shandong , in China . 23 others are still trapped inside. (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) Efforts intensify to rescue at least 34 people trapped in a mine near Copiapó , Chile , in the Atacama Desert . (Aljazeera) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] ( People's Daily ) (news.com.au) 3 people are killed as a result of storms and flooding in Saxony . (Deutsche Welle) At least 127 people have died and 1,300 missing following landslides caused by heavy rains in China's northwestern Gansu province . (AFP via Google News) , (Bloomberg via Business Week ) An oil spill stretching at least two miles long occurs in the Arabian Sea offshore Mumbai , India , after a vessel from Panama collides with another vessel from St. Kitts . The Panamanian ship was carrying 2,662 tons of oil, 283 tons of diesel and 88,040 liters of lube oil when it became grounded and started to leak. (CNN) ( Sify ) International relations A poll of six countries, taken by the Brookings Institution , an American think tank , indicates that the popularity of the President of the United States Barack Obama has dropped significantly in the Arab World since " A New Beginning ". ( The Irish Times ) ( Asia Times Online ) (Press TV) President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and President of Guinea-Bissau Malam Bacai Sanhá meet in Tehran . (Press TV) President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos , in his inauguration speech, vows to improve relations with Ecuador and Venezuela . (Xinhua) Law and crime A Turkish court annuls an arrest warrant issued against 102 military officers over an alleged coup plot in 2003. (Aljazeera) An appeals court in Iran upholds a five year jail sentence against the owner of Mehdi Karroubi 's opposition website. (IOL) A man accused by witnesses of domestic violence informs a New Zealand court that he and his wife were performing the Turkish kolbasti traditional dance at the time of the alleged incident in Hawera . (BBC) (Canadian Press) ( The New Zealand Herald ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( The Age ) Saudi Arabia BlackBerry ban: Saudi Arabia decides it will not ban BlackBerry instant messaging after agreeing a deal to iron out security fears. ( The Daily Telegraph ) According to Saudi officials, a deal is close to prevent the ban of the devices. (BBC) Politics and elections President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo is diagnosed with lymphoma . (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Buenos Aires Herald ) Juan Manuel Santos is sworn in office as 59th President of Colombia , succeeding Álvaro Uribe , at a ceremony attended by more than 100 international delegations. (BBC) (Aljazeera) (France24) ( The Irish Times ) (CNN) Fidel Castro delivers a short speech to the Cuban Parliament to warn about the risk of a nuclear war between the United States and Iran , accusing Barack Obama of provoking conflict with Iran and North Korea and urging him to prevent such a conflict. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Science United States astronauts Douglas H. Wheelock and Tracy Caldwell Dyson fail on the International Space Station (ISS)'s longest spacewalk and sixth longest spacewalk to repair a cooling system, which means two more spacewalks are now required. (BBC) ( TIME ) [ permanent dead link ] Sport New Zealand's All Blacks defeat the Australian Wallabies 20-10 to win the Bledisloe Cup and Tri Nations . (Radio New Zealand) The 2010 World Sauna Championships ends upon the death of Russian finalist Vladimir Ladyzhensky in Heinola , Finland . (BBC News) ( The Age ) August 8, 2010 ( 2010-08-08 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents North Korea detains a South Korean fishing boat with four South Koreans and three Chinese on board. (BBC) ( Straits Times ) (Aljazeera) At least 8 people are killed and 32 others injured during a car bomb outside a restaurant in Ramadi , Iraq. (Aljazeera) The death toll of Saturday's explosion in Basra , Iraq , rises to 43, with the number of injured people being over 100. Police say the explosion was as a result of a power generator short-circuiting but other sources claim it was due to a car bomb . (Aljazeeera) (Euronews) (BBC) Adaisseh incident : United States Representative Ron Klein calls for an investigation into American military aid to Lebanon to determine whether the Lebanese soldiers involved used American-supplied military equipment or received American-funded training. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu orders his attorney-general to find out who leaked embarrassing details about a feud among some of his generals, one of whom is trying to smear his rivals. (Reuters India) The Anatolian Agency reports that two Turkish Army soldiers were killed in a roadside bomb explosion in Mardin Province near the Turkish border with Syria . (Canadian Press via Google News) A bridegroom accidentally shoots dead three relations and injures eight others while celebrating with an AK-47 at his wedding in Akcagoze, Gaziantep in Turkey ; the man has been detained. (BBC) (News24) Business and economy Mark Papermaster , who engineered the Apple Inc. iPhone , leaves the company due to the antenna issues associated with the iPhone 4 . (Aljazeera) Ads website Craigslist faces allegations of "pay to rape" underage prostitution after a letter is published in The Washington Post . ( The Guardian ) It is revealed that Sarah, Duchess of York faces possible bankruptcy, which would make her the first Royal to suffer this. ( The Guardian ) Disasters 127 people are killed and 2,000 missing in landslides in Gansu Province, China , due to ongoing flooding . ( China Daily ) ( The Times of India ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) The death toll rises to 132 and injury toll is at least 400 as severe flash floods devastate Kashmir . (Press TV) 2010 Pakistan floods : Torrential rains worsen the ongoing flood crisis across Pakistan , which has so far affected 14 million people, as rescue helicopters are forced to stay on the ground in the northwest of the country. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Landslips wreak further destruction in Pakistan : 28 corpses retrieved so far in 2 villages. (BBC) Food prices soar in Pakistan as the floods destroy one million acres of crops so far. ( The Express Tribune ) Flash floods in the Baltic and Central Europe: Flash floods sweep across central Europe and the Baltic states , killing at least 15 people - 5 Czechs , 4 Lithuanians , 3 Germans , 3 Poles -, whilst 3 Czechs are also missing. (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) (IOL) (Reuters Africa) ( The Age ) Poland 's Vistula River breaks is banks, leading to the evacuation of thousands of people. Hungary is also in a critical situation. Slovakia experiences its worst floods in a century. (Deutsche Welle) There is a further cave-in at the mine near Copiapó , Chile where people have been working since Thursday to rescue 34 miners trapped underground; work is currently suspended in an incident that is rare in that part of the world. (BBC) Several countries evacuate staff from their embassies in Moscow due to the 2010 Russian wildfires including Germany , Austria , Poland and Canada , (RIA Novosti) as Russia experiences its hottest year on record. (Voice of America) International relations President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir says the " mandate " of the United Nations , African Union and international aid organisations in Darfur is to "support government authorities" and that expulsion is the other option. (Aljazeera) There is "significant concern" after an investigation into the UK Border Agency (UKBA) reveals abuse and racial manhandlement of asylum seekers by staff. ( The Guardian ) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev arrives in Abkhazia on his first visit there since the territory declared independence from Georgia two years ago. (RIA Novosti) (Xinhua) (AFP) (BBC) Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al-Maliki visits Irbil to talk with President of Kurdistan Massoud Barzani . (Aljazeera) New President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos and President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez agree to meet for talks on Tuesday, following a recent diplomatic disagreement . (BBC) (Reuters) Cardinal Keith O'Brien who leads the Catholic Church in Scotland , defends the Scottish government's decision to release Abdelbaset al-Megrahi for humanitarian reasons and attacks the United States 's " culture of vengeance " for trying to coerce Scottish ministers into "crawling like lapdogs". (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( Daily Mail ) (Reuters) President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai 's senior adviser says the government has commenced talks with some Taliban leaders. (Aljazeera) Laws and crimes Mordechai Vanunu , who spoke about Israel 's nuclear ambitions to The Sunday Times in 1986 and was referred to as a " prisoner of conscience " by Amnesty International after Israel imprisoned him for that action, is released from prison again after serving three months for meeting foreigners, including his Norwegian girlfriend, in 2007. He requests that he be allowed to leave Israel. ( Haaretz ) ( The Guardian ) President of Mexico Felipe Calderón calls for a debate on the legalization of drugs. ( The Observer ) 18-year-old Ebrahim Hamidi is sentenced to death for sodomy in Iran , without legal representation after human rights lawyer Mohammad Mostafaei flees in the wake of the Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani case. ( The Observer ) Mohammad Mostafaei seeks asylum in Norway after his escape from Iran to Turkey by car, horse and foot. (BBC) Saudi Arabia delays shutting off Research in Motion 's BlackBerry instant messaging system allowing for test of a system allowing the Government of Saudi Arabia to monitor user data. (Bloomberg) Elena Kagan is sworn in as the fourth woman to sit on the Supreme Court of the United States . ( The New York Times ) Politics and elections More than 1,000 journalists march through Mexico City in protest at the repeated killings and disappearances of their colleagues throughout Mexico . (Aljazeera) The President of South Korea Lee Myung-Bak replaces the Prime Minister of South Korea Chung Un-chan with Kim Tae-ho as part of a Cabinet reshuffle with seven other ministers also being replaced. (AFP via Google News) Protesters in Potosí , Bolivia , strengthen an anti- government protest by starting a hunger strike and cutting rail links to Chile . (AFP via Google) ( Latin American Herald Tribune ) (ABC News) Rwanda prepares for a presidential election , its second since the 1994 Rwandan Genocide . (Aljazeera) Sport Officials say the World Sauna Championships will not run again after the death yesterday of Russian competitor Vladimir Ladyzhenskiy in Heinola , Finland . ( The Guardian ) Australia defeats England 4-0 to win the Hockey Champions Trophy in field hockey held in Mönchengladbach Germany . (AP via USA Today ) August 9, 2010 ( 2010-08-09 ) (Monday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . The testimony is scheduled to last five hours, with some of it closed to the media and public. ( The Jerusalem Post ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah gives a press conference in which he states he has evidence that implicates Israel in the 2005 assassination of then Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri , who was killed along with 22 others. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Haaretz ) (Reuters) Commemoration of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki : Japan marks the 65th anniversary of the 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki . The United States, which perpetrated the attack, upsets survivors by not sending an ambassador due to "scheduling reasons" this time, though France and the UK send representatives for the first time. ( China Daily ) ( Yomiuri Shimbun ) (BBC) Mayor of Nagasaki Tomihisa Taue calls for the international elimination of nuclear weapons before representatives of a record 32 countries. (Japan Times) The Turkish government promotes two new generals. (BBC) Iraqi traffic police are allegedly given AK-47 assault rifles for their use in Baghdad . (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters via Arab News ) South Korea claims that North Korea has fired more than 100 rounds of artillery into the Sea of Japan near the border highlighting the increase of tensions on the Korean Peninsula . ( Los Angeles Times ) ( China Daily ) The International Assistance Mission suspends medical expeditions in Afghanistan following loss of personnel in the 2010 Badakhshan massacre . ( The New York Times ) Arts and culture Actress Patricia Neal , the wife of author Roald Dahl , dies. (BBC) Business and economy Honda recalls more than 384,000 vehicles due to ignition difficulties. (BBC) (Japan Today) ( The Age ) ( The Times of India ) ( Los Angeles Times ) Mexicana de Aviación cancels flights to and from Europe and the Americas as it goes bankrupt. (BBC) (Mexicana de Aviación) Luxembourg 's Skype files for an initial public offering in the United States . (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Disasters The United Nations describes the ongoing 2010 Pakistan floods as the worst natural disaster in years - worse than the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake - as the number of people affected reaches an estimated 15 million and the waters and landslides continue to swamp the country. (Aljazeera) The death toll in China following the recent mudslide rises to 337. 1,148 people are now missing. (BBC) (AFP via France24) (AP via The Times of India ) (Reuters India) 33 miners are still trapped without any contact underground after days of rescue efforts at a collapsed mine near Copiapó in the Atacama Desert . (BBC) (Reuters India) (Aljazeera) Mumbai oil spill : An oil spill becomes more serious three days after two ships, MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia-111 collided off Mumbai , India . ( The Times of India ) (Aljazeera) Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh orders an investigation. (BBC) At least 10 people die and dozens disappear after a passenger boat sinks off the coast of Indonesia . (BBC) (France24) ( The News International ) ( The Age ) International relations President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announces that he has agreed to meet President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos tomorrow for talks to end strained relations between the two countries . (Aljazeera) The World Trade Organization orders Australia to change restrictions on New Zealand apple imports imposed due to the fear of fire blight . (AFP via ABC Online) Law and crime Journalists in South Africa launch a campaign to oppose possible legislation which may limit freedom of the press . (BBC) Israeli police examine office computers and issue a warrant to Channel 2 calling on it to surrender a military document they want. ( The Jerusalem Post ) A man from Israel is released after being detained as a suspected spy in Libya in return for the safe delivery to Gaza of 20 prefabricated houses, whose ship was forced to divert to Egypt in July. (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) An anonymous transsexual is involved in a landmark case in Hong Kong to win the right to marry her boyfriend. (BBC) Recently resigned Zambian Defence Minister George Mpombo , a critic of President Rupiah Banda , is imprisoned for 60 days due to a bounced cheque . (BBC) More than 200 Mexican police suspend and hold their own commander at gunpoint in a Ciudad Juárez hotel over allegations of drugs-related corruption. (BBC) Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Bashir is arrested - along with his wife, the driver of the car he was in and another woman - by Indonesian police in Ciamis , West Java . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (Reuters Africa) ( Herald Sun ) American politician Maxine Waters is formally charged with three counts of breaking ethics rules. (BBC) Former President of Mexico Vicente Fox calls for the legalisation of drugs in Mexico . (BBC) Actress Mia Farrow gives evidence in the trial of former President of Liberia Charles Taylor before the United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone . ( The Daily Telegraph ) (BBC) ( The Independent ) Bangladesh bans beatings. (BBC) Sudan outlaws BBC Arabic in Khartoum and three other cities. (BBC) (Reuters) (News24) Politics and elections Voters in Rwanda go to the polls for the presidential election . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Voice of America) Vice-President of Colombia Angelino Garzón gets sick two days into his term. (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters) Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands Derek Sikua retains his seat in his North East Guadalcanal constituency as vote tallying continues in the general election . (Solomon Times) Guinea 's presidential run-off is scheduled for 19 September. (BBC) August 10, 2010 ( 2010-08-10 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents A United States military judge at Guantánamo Bay rules that confessions allegedly forced via torture from Omar Khadr , a Canadian citizen they accuse of terrorism after his 2002 capture at the age of 15, count as evidence in his trial. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Independent ) Defense Minister of Israel Ehud Barak testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . His prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu yesterday testified that he had left Barak to "co-ordinate" the raid and response "in all of its aspects" while he visited North America. ( The Jerusalem Post ) The United States and Vietnam celebrate the 15th anniversary of diplomatic relations by conducting what the United States describes as a "series of naval engagement activities" in the South China Sea , risking a disagreement with China. (BBC) ( China Daily ) War in Afghanistan The United Nations releases a report highlighting the deaths of civilians in Afghanistan . (BBC) Two people are killed in a suicide attack on a guesthouse used by foreign security company in Kabul . (Voice of America) Israel 's Foreign Ministry alleges Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah 's press conference yesterday, in which he stated he has evidence that implicates Israel in the 2005 assassination of former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri and 22 others, was full of "ridiculous lies". ( The Jerusalem Post ) Business and economy A much-publicised project backed by Spain 's government sells just 16 of the 2,000 electric cars it had intended so far in 2010. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Hindu ) ( BusinessWeek ) Disasters The Niger River bursts its banks forcing 5,000 people to lose their homes and crops. (BBC) A 7.6 magnitude earthquake and small tsunami hits the Pacific Ocean nation of Vanuatu . (AFP via Yahoo News Australia) , (INO) Rescuers in China 's Gansu province continue to search for 1,100 missing people in a recent landslide , as the death toll rises to 702. (BBC) ( China Daily ) A de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter seaplane crashes near Aleknagik, Alaska , killing five people, including former U.S. Senator Ted Stevens . Former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe and O'Keefe's son were aboard the plane, but survived. (MarketWatch) (Reuters) (CNN) International relations The United States defends its decision to appoint as Venezuelan ambassador Larry Palmer , who has expressed negative views of the country in the past, including insinuating that it has ties with Colombian rebels. (Aljazeera) The Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan apologises to South Korea for colonising the Korean peninsula for three decades in the early 1900s and promises to return cultural relics in the near future. (CNN) (BBC) (AP) Iran digs mass graves in Khuzestan province, using psychological warfare in preparation for an invasion by the United States armed forces after the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 , and warns that Iran will attack American bases in the Middle East if American forces attack. ( Voice of America ) Law and crime The United States convicts Noshir Gowadia , a former engineer who allegedly sold secrets to China, and who now faces life imprisonment. (BBC) The United Nations warns that the trial of Guantánamo Bay inmate Omar Khadr violates an International Criminal Court statute banning the trial for war crimes of those under the age of 18, saying this has not happened since World War II . ( The Hindu ) The Israel Defense Forces arrest three wanted Palestinians during an operation in Tulkarm and Nablus in the West Bank . ( The Jerusalem Post ) The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation rules same-sex marriages in Mexico City have to be recognised across Mexico . (BBC) Saudi Arabia permits the use of BlackBerry devices for now, having previously considering banning them as they were unable to intercept and decrypt communications on that platform. (BBC) Guatemala issues arrest warrants for 18 former senior officials and policemen who killed 7 prisoners in 2006. (BBC) Morocco is to close 1,250 mosques deemed to be unsafe following the collapse of a minaret at the Bab Berdieyinne Mosque in February. (BBC) (AFP) A policy proposal by Google and Verizon regarding the way internet service is regulated comes under criticism from groups promoting net neutrality . ( New York Times ) Politics The President of the United States Barack Obama signs a $26 billion bill to help struggling states to meet budgets. (Reuters) Science The World Health Organization announces that the H1N1 flu pandemic which killed 18,000 people worldwide is over. (CBC) (WHO) Archaeologists claim they have located Britain's oldest house near Scarborough , North Yorkshire , England , UK. (BBC) Sport Usain Bolt sustains a back injury that rules him out of all competition for the remainder of the year. ( Jamaica Observer ) (BBC Sport) ( Herald Sun ) ( The Mercury ) August 11, 2010 ( 2010-08-11 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks A grenade attack occurs during rush hour in Kigali , Rwanda , two days after the country's presidential election . (BBC) A government-appointed commission in Sri Lanka investigating the country's civil war opens. (AP) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Corpses of more than 50 people are unearthed in Perućac lake on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia by investigators looking for people who were killed during the 1992-95 Bosnian War . (BBC) 8 Iraqi soldiers are killed and 4 others are wounded by an explosion at a house in Diyala . (Aljazeera) (BBC) Arts and culture Millions of Muslims begin the holy month of Ramadan in which they are required to fast between sunrise and sunset . ( The Guardian ) Pope Benedict XVI refuses the resignations of Irish bishops Eamonn Walsh and Raymond Field, who resigned at Christmas over criticism in the Murphy Report into child sexual abuse. (BBC) ( The Irish Times ) (RTÉ) ( The Guardian ) ( The Washington Post ) The Buggles , known for " Video Killed the Radio Star ", the first song played on MTV , announce they are to reunite for a one-off first ever live performance. (BBC) ( NME ) ( The Guardian ) An American museum launches an appeal designed to restore 5 dresses that actress Vivien Leigh wore in the film Gone with the Wind (1939) ahead of 2014's 75th anniversary. (BBC) The internet parody video " Newport State of Mind ", which had received hundreds of thousands of hits, is taken off YouTube due to a "copyright claim" by EMI Publishing. (BBC) Business and economy A preliminary investigation blames driver error for many Toyota accidents. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) International stock markets slump in value in Asia , Europe and North America due to speculation brought about by comments from the Federal Reserve System of the United States . (BBC) (CBC News) The Bank of England 's governor Mervyn King admits the economy will not grow very much and inflation will stay higher for longer in the UK, describing as a "choppy recovery" being ahead over the next two years. (BBC) Disasters Fires are reported in Russia 's nuclear-contaminated forests from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, amid concerns about the spread of radiation . (Xinhua) ( The Guardian ) ( Hindustan Times ) Heavy rains threaten rescue efforts after a deadly mudslide in Gansu , China , as the death toll reaches 1,117. (Xinhua) (BBC) (Aljazeera) 2010 Pakistan floods : Food prices quadruple in Pakistan as conditions worsen and at least 1.4 million acres of crops are wiped out in Punjab by Pakistan's worst floods . (Aljazeera) (BBC) The United Nations warns that there could be a second wave of deaths due to the devastation caused by the floods. ( Mail & Guardian ) Gordon Brown requests that the British public supply more money to be used to help those affected by the floods. ( The Guardian ) John Holmes , the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator appeals for $460 million in funding to assist victims of the 2010 Pakistan floods . (Xinhua) (Voice of America) National Transportation Safety Board investigators arrive at the scene of the 2010 Alaska plane crash near Aleknagik , Alaska . (CNN) International relations The Seychelles becomes the 112 th country to ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . (UN) Colombia-Venezuela relations : Venezuela and Colombia re-establish diplomatic relations after a meeting between recently inaugurated President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in Santa Marta, Colombia , mediated by UNASUR Secretary General Néstor Kirchner . ( The New York Times ) (Aljazeera) ( Buenos Aires Herald ) Colombian Foreign Minister María Ángela Holguín and Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro are to meet in Caracas on 20 August. (Xinhua) Investigation of the Gaza flotilla raid : Lieutenant-General of Israel Gabi Ashkenazi testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . He says force used was "proportionate and correct" and that soldiers "shot those who they needed to shoot". ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) Ashkenazi admits Israel did not have the intelligence to deal with the flotilla and threatens future flotillas with IDF snipers. (Xinhua) ( Haaretz ) The United Nations launches its own inquiry into May's Gaza flotilla raid , an inquiry "not designed to determine individual criminal responsibility". (Aljazeera) The Palestine Liberation Organization 's (PLO) executive committee announces that America's George J. Mitchell informed President of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas that the United States had given preliminary approval to the idea of the Quartet on the Middle East having peace talks with Israel . (Xinhua) President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signs a decree promising Brazil 's co-operation with United Nations sanctions against Iran . (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) Former Iranian presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi suggests that American and British sanctions on Iran increase the power of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's government. ( The Guardian ) Fidel Castro agrees with former U.S. intelligence agents who say Israel is planning for a sudden attack on Iran , but states that Israel won't start the war as it would be outnumbered. (Xinhua) Russia announces that it has deployed S-300 anti-aircraft missiles in Abkhazia ; the Georgian government expresses concern. (BBC) (Xinhua) The United States threatens to sell an anti-ballistic missile to Kuwait to counter alleged "current and future threats". (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters India) Lebanese Defence Minister Elias Murr rejects military offers from the United States after $100 million due to Lebanon is blocked by the United States House of Representatives . (BBC) Science Australopithecus afarensis evidently used stone tools for consumption of animal tissues as early as 3.39 million years ago, a study published in Nature finds. ( Nature ) (BBC) Law and crime The jury is selected for Canadian Omar Khadr 's war crimes trial at Guantanamo Bay . ( The Globe and Mail ) Ibrahim al Qosi , a former cook and driver of Osama Bin Laden , is imprisoned for 14 years by a Guantánamo Bay military tribunal. (BBC) Former Kyrgyz prime minister Igor Chudinov is arrested and charged with abuse of power during his 2007-2009 reign. (Xinhua) The Women's Commission of West Bengal says there will be an inquiry into the case of a tribal woman who is reported to have been paraded naked around several villages and filmed in this act via a mobile phone. (BBC) Michael Mara, a man dubbed the " Granddad Bandit " suspected of bank robbery in 13 US states is arrested in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . (AP via Google News) Politics and elections Peruvian indigenous Amazon groups announce a plan to launch their own political party before next year's election ; protecting the rainforest and indigenous rights are to be among its aims. (BBC) Rwanda 's incumbent President Paul Kagame wins the country's presidential election with 95% of the vote. (BBC) (AFP) A judge orders President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo to undergo DNA profiling relating to the matter of a two-year-old male child. (BBC) American Republican politician Bill McCollum proposes stricter immigration legislation for the U.S. state of Florida , similar to that in the U.S. state of Arizona . (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Sport President of FIFA Sepp Blatter says that FIFA is investigating reports that members of the North Korea national football team have been publicly humiliated and the coach Kim Jong-hun sentenced to hard labour following a poor performance in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . (Bloomberg) (BBC) Wendy Chapman, the doctor at the centre of the Bloodgate rugby union scandal, is summoned to a disciplinary hearing on 23 August. (RTÉ Sport) (Sky Sports) (BBC Sport) August 12, 2010 ( 2010-08-12 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks War in Afghanistan : The International Assistance Mission says it now believes that the Taliban was responsible for the 2010 Badakhshan massacre of its medical team in Afghanistan . (AP via Google News) NATO forces kill three civilians in a raid on a house in Wardak Province , prompting hundreds of angry people to block a main road to express their frustration with the United States . (Aljazeera) NATO says that it is investigating whether its troops killed or wounded up to seven Afghans in operations in southern Helmand Province . (Voice of America) Julian Assange , the director of Wikileaks , says that Wikileaks is planning to release the rest of Afghan War Diary , documents on the War in Afghanistan . (AP via Google News) Human Rights Watch accuses the northern Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army of abducting and forcing the recruitment of at least 697 people during the last year and a half across central Africa . (BBC) (Aljazeera) At least 50 people are injured in Dhaka as police use batons and tear gas to beat back civilians protesting against frequent power outage. (Aljazeera) The United Nations condemns France 's crackdown on 40 gypsy camps. (BBC) At least two people are killed, including one case of self-immolation from a balcony, while more than 80 sustain wounds after troops interrupt a protest against poor conditions with batons and flashbangs at a prison in Astana , Kazakhstan . (BBC) A car bomb explodes in the Colombian capital Bogotá outside Caracol Radio , one of the main radio networks in the country, injuring several people. (Colombia Reports) (Aljazeera) (AP) ( The Guardian ) Three people are arrested following a grenade attack in the Rwandan capital Kigali which injured several people. (BBC) Russia marks with ceremonies the 10th anniversary of the K-141 Kursk explosion in the Barents Sea . (BBC) Arts, culture and entertainment A national search uncovers 200 missing Japanese centenarians so far. (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (IOL) (Japan Today) Hungarian actress Zsa Zsa Gabor is discharged from a United States hospital after spending four weeks there. (BBC) Aljazeera , Canal 13 , Channel 4 , Globo , Radio-Canada , RT , Sky News and TVB are among the global broadcasters nominated for this year's International Emmy Awards . (CBC News) Singer George Michael is charged with possessing cannabis and being unfit for driving. (BBC) Actor Leonardo DiCaprio 's alleged attacker denies in court assaulting him with a broken bottle in 2005 in the United States . (BBC) Business and economy Edward Whitacre, Jr. announces that he will resign as chief executive officer of General Motors effective from September and that he will be replaced by Daniel Akerson . ( The Australian ) Greece 's economy shrinks further. (BBC) Disasters 2010 Pakistan floods : The United Nations launches a major appeal for assistance dealing with the ongoing floods that have devastated Pakistan . (BBC) President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari makes his first visit to the affected areas. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( The Guardian ) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Channel 4) (AP via Google News) Portuguese firefighters battle dozens of forest fires, with 2 dead so far. (BBC) Doctors in Moscow are encouraged to use "less frightening" causes of death as the mortality rate from heatstroke soars with fires burning across Russia . (BBC) Rescue efforts are disrupted by severe rain after last week's deadly landslide in Zhugqu County , Gansu . (BBC) (AFP via France24) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) A power crisis in Bangladesh prompts the government to order the partial shut-down of natural gas stations in and near Dhaka . (BBC) Fires destroy homes, amid ongoing drought in Central Brazil in Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park . (Latin American Herald Tribune) (The Weather Network) At least 58 people are killed after a lorry plunges into South Kivu 's Lake Tanganyika . ( Daily Times ) (AFP via Google News) (BBC) (Press TV) (Reuters) International relations Turkey sets up a commission of Turkish officials and bureaucrats to investigate May's Gaza flotilla raid . (AFP via Google News) Poland extradites Israeli citizen and suspected spy Uri Brodsky to Germany to face charges of being involved in the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (BBC) ( Daily Express ) A ship carrying Tamil asylum seekers who are travelling from Sri Lanka nears Canada . (Aljazeera) Mohammad-Reza Rahimi , the Vice-President of Iran describes inhabitants of the United Kingdom as "not human" and "a bunch of idiots run by a mafia ". He also describes Australians as "a bunch of cattlemen " and says that Koreans "need to be slapped". (UK Press Association via Google News) Law and crime Four British police officers are charged with beating, dragging, punching, stamping and mocking "terror suspect" Babar Ahmad after arresting him in Tooting , South London in 2003; the suspect, a 36-year-old IT worker, was later deemed innocent. (BBC) ( Wandsworth Guardian ) ( The Independent ) ( The Guardian ) (ABC News) (CNN) China announces an investigation into a brand of powdered milk that caused infant girls to grow breasts. (BBC) (Sify) Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , sentenced to death in Iran , "confesses" to adultery and murder in a televised broadcast. ( The Guardian ) (Reuters Africa) Federal Judge Vaughn R. Walker , after deciding for the plaintiffs in Perry v. Schwarzenegger , mandates that same-sex marriage in the U.S. state of California should resume on August 18. ( The New York Times ) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Iran commutes several death sentences from stoning to hanging. ( The Guardian ) Australia convicts a man it accuses of the 2001 smuggling more than 500 asylum seekers aboard a boat from Indonesia . (BBC) Charles Taylor 's defence lawyer Courtenay Griffiths is told not to speak, on a temporary basis, at Taylor's trial due to loss of temper; Griffiths apologises and is permitted to continue. (BBC) India issues the producer of the controversial BlackBerry devices a 31 August deadline to give the Indian government access to its services or be shut down over concerns the devices could be used to commit a repeat of the 2008 Mumbai attacks . (BBC) (Aljazeera) Israeli citizen Elias Abuelazam , a suspected serial killer from Flint, Michigan , is arrested while attempting to leave the United States . ( Haaretz ) (BBC) (Japan Today) Politics and elections Former President of the United Nations General Assembly and President of Malta Guido de Marco , who led his country into the European Union , dies suddenly after having apparently recovered from surgery, shocking the nation of Malta . (Malta Today) (TVNZ) (AP via Google News) (The Voice of Russia) ( The Times of Malta ) Burma begins preparations for its controversial general elections to be held sometime later this year, by designating electoral constituencies. (Radio Television Hong Kong) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] Anti-government protests in Potosí , Bolivia enter their third week, affecting mining production, blocking road and air transport, stranding tourists and reducing food supplies. (BBC) President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan is permitted by the People's Democratic Party (PDP) to run in the forthcoming election ; his candidacy would have breached informal election rules. (Aljazeera) President of Mexico Felipe Calderón conducts public anti-crime conferences. (Aljazeera) Science The Perseid meteor shower reaches its peak with a display of up to 80 meteors an hour. (BBC) Scientists announce the discovery of a chemical compound which destroys the reproduction capabilities of bacteria that are antibiotic-resistant. (FierceBiotech) Three participants in the Einstein@Home program from the United States and Germany help to discover pulsar PSR J2007+2722 . (BBC) August 13, 2010 ( 2010-08-13 ) (Friday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Police shoot dead at least four civilians, including two teenagers, demonstrating against the government in Indian-administered Kashmir ; protesters say they were unarmed. (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] An Australian Special Air Service Regiment soldier Jason Brown, is killed in fighting the Taliban in northern Kandahar Province , Afghanistan . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Business and economics The eurozone economy grows by 1% in the second quarter of 2010, with the German economy growing by 2.2%, its fastest quarterly growth in more than 20 years. (BBC) (Aljazeera) (MarketWatch) (AP) TAM Airlines of Brazil and LAN Airlines of Chile announce plans for a merger that would make the biggest carrier in the region. (BBC) The Hong Kong Monetary Authority announces it is to tighten some rules on mortgage lending , signalling that it is concerned about the dangers of a real estate bubble in Hong Kong . (Market Watch) Disasters Mosta - Malta Fireworks Factory (13t'Awissu) explodes leaving one man dead. [1] President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari officially cancels Independence Day as a direct consequence of the ongoing floods that have devastated the country. (BBC) (Associated Press of Pakistan) (Aljazeera) Fresh landslides and heavy rain in northwestern China leave at least 29 people dead and a further 10,500 trapped. (Reuters) ( China Daily ) (BBC) A forest fire grows in size near Russia 's main nuclear research centre in Sarov . (China Radio International) ( Times Live South Africa ) (AFP) 2 firefighters are killed fighting wildfires in Fornelos de Montes , Pontevedra , in Galicia , Spain . (BBC) A building collapse in Abuja , Nigeria sees further rescue efforts; at least 14 people are known to have died. (BBC) A strong earthquake strikes near Guam . (BBC) International relations Germany allows suspected Israeli spy Uri Brodsky , connected of the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai , to go free after his recent extradition from Poland . (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Haaretz ) France condemns the actions of a senior soldier after a YouTube video of him threatening a Togolese journalist in Lomé is released. (BBC) (France 24) MV Sun Sea , a cargo ship carrying around 490 Tamil migrants , refugees and suspected human smugglers and Tamil Tigers as well as reports of tuberculosis outbreaks is scheduled to arrive in Esquimalt , British Columbia . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Canadian Navy are escorting and boarding the ship, and the ship's captain is suspected by the Sri Lankan Government of being a gun runner . (Aljazeera) (CTV) ( Toronto Star ) , (CBC) President of the United States Barack Obama signs a bill increasing security along his country's border with Mexico . (BBC) (Reuters India) ( The Asian Age ) Sierra Leone 's human rights commission asks South Africa to return " blood diamonds " allegedly given to Naomi Campbell . ( Montreal Gazette ) (BBC) Lebanon cancels an Iranian made television series about Jesus after complaints from Christian leaders and the public. (Ya Libnan) (AFP) Rosatom , Russia 's nuclear energy corporation announces that it will start loading fuel for the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant Iran 's first nuclear power plant from August 21. ( The Hindu ) (Aljazeera) Law and crime Four bodies are discovered in an abandoned South African gold mine owned by relatives of Nelson Mandela and Jacob Zuma following a shooting. (AFP) (BBC) (IOL) Elias Abuelazam , an Arab Israeli arrested in the United States in connection with almost 20 stabbings across three U.S. states , agrees to face charges relating to one of the attacks. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) A Malaysian court sentences two men to five years imprisonment after firebombing a church in a row over the use of the word " Allah " by non- Muslims . (Bernama) (AP) (Kenya Broadcasting Coroporation) Sri Lanka convicts ex-army chief Sarath Fonseka on charges of engaging in politics while on active service. ( Sunday Leader ) (Aljazeera) (AFP) Trial of Omar Khadr : The lawyer of Omar Khadr , the former child soldier who is the youngest Guantánamo Bay inmate, faints in court and is rushed to hospital. The trial subsequently gets suspended. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Aljazeera) (France24) A serving officer in the United States Army is removed from the jury after informing the court of his belief that the American-run prison camps in Guantánamo Bay ought to be shut down. ( The Independent ) Erastus Akingbola , former head of the Intercontinental Bank of Nigeria , is charged with 22 counts of involvement in the bank's near collapse at a court in Lagos ; he denies all counts. (BBC) Politics and elections Cook Islands Prime Minister Jim Marurai sets the date for the upcoming 2010 general election for November 17th. (RNZI) Burma announces plans to hold its first election in 20 years on November 7. (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Science Peru 's health ministry is deployed into the Amazon to battle the vampire bats blamed for the deaths of four children from rabies . (BBC) India 's health ministry completely rejects as "unscientific" and a "conspiracy" claims by researchers that medical tourists are spreading a new "superbug" that is alleged to have originated in the country. India states that its hospitals are safe. (Aljazeera) Scientists find evidence that 250 rare Caquetá Titi monkeys survive in Colombia . ( CBS ) ( ScienceNews ) August 14, 2010 ( 2010-08-14 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 6 Eritrean migrants attempting to enter Israel are shot dead by smugglers and Egyptian border guards, while several others are injured. (BBC) (Reuters Africa) ( Al-Masry Al-Youm ) 2 more people are killed during protests in Kashmir . (Press TV) 16 people are killed by gunmen in the Balochistan province of Pakistan in the towns of Aab-e-Ghum and Quetta . (BBC) (Voice of America) 9 people are killed during clashes in Puntland . (Press TV) Lebanon fatally shoots and kills Abd-al-Rahman Awad , the suspected leader of Fatah al-Islam . (BBC) (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) 6 policemen are killed during 2 attacks in Baghdad , with 2 of the corpses burning in public. (Aljazeera) (AFP via Google News) 4 people are fatally shot outside a Buffalo restaurant in the U.S. state of New York , with 3 others sustaining injuries. (AP via Google News) (Press TV) 3 children are wounded after a wheelie bin explodes in Lurgan , County Armagh . (BBC) (RTÉ) ( The Guardian ) Two UNAMID peacekeepers are abducted by armed men in Nyala in the Darfur region of Sudan . (Reuters via Yahoo! News) Arts and culture Hungarian actress Zsa Zsa Gabor is rehospitalised for an operation days after her release. (BBC) Business and economics A rally takes place outside Google 's offices in the U.S. state of California against a proposal to change online data treatment. (BBC) Gabon signs over US$ 4 billion of contracts with Indian and Singaporean companies for infrastructure projects, on the eve of the country's 50th anniversary since independence. (AFP) (Xinhua) (Press TV) Disasters The United Nations states Niger faces its worst hunger crisis in history, worse than 2005 when thousands of people were left to starve to death. (BBC) (AP via San Jose Mercury News ) [ permanent dead link ] China announces a national day of mourning for the victims of mudslides in the northwest of the country, as the death toll rises to 1,239 people. ( China Daily ) (BBC) (Aljazeera) 2010 Pakistan floods Robert Zoellick , the President of the World Bank estimates that the 2010 Pakistan floods have caused $1 billion in damages to crops. ( Los Angeles Times ) The Prime Minister of Pakistan Yusuf Raza Gilani estimates that 20 million people have been affected by the floods. (BBC) (Aljazeera) The United Nations estimates that the relief efforts are yet to reach six million people. (Reuters) The UN confirms the first case of cholera in Mingora in the Swat District with many more cases suspected. (Voice of America) Russia announces that it is slowly bringing the 2010 Russian wildfires under control. (RIA Novosti) 9 people are wounded after a bridge collapses from the Gungahlin Drive Extension onto the Barton Highway in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Eight people are killed and 12 injured as a vehicle runs into a crowd during the California 200 Off-road racing event near Lucerne Valley , California . (AP via Seattle PI ) International relations Release of Uri Brodsky : Officials in the United Arab Emirates express concern after Germany releases suspected Israeli spy Uri Brodsky , who has been linked with the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (Aljazeera) Brodsky is reported to have arrived back in Israel . ( Haaretz ) A United Nations delegation arrives in Gaza for three days of following up the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict . (Xinhua) (AFP via Google News) Fiji announces that it seeks observer status in ASEAN after its suspension from the Pacific Islands Forum was extended. Timor-Leste seeks to become a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group . ( Solomon Star ) European politicians, including Jean-Marie Le Pen and Adam Walker , visit Yasukuni Shrine in Chiyoda , Tokyo ; visits to this shrine have traditionally been a sensitive point in international politics between Japan, Korea, and China. (BBC) ( The Independent ) Spain extradites Rifat Hadziahmetovic , an alleged member of the Pink Panthers , to Japan in relation to a 2007 jewel robbery in Tokyo . (BBC) United States prosecutors are investigating whether the Louis Berger Group overcharged the U.S. Agency for International Development for foreign aid projects. (AP via New Orleans) [ permanent dead link ] Law and crime A court in Somalia imprisons for six years and fines $500 radio journalist Abdifatah Jama Mire for the broadcast of an interview with a militia leader in Puntland . (RTÉ) (Aljazeera) A court in Venice frees Nizamettin Toğuç , a senior member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) wanted by Turkey . (Press TV) Several political parties in Azerbaijan release a statement criticising the ruling of Baku Yasamal Court against 15 Shia Muslims , arrested in February while practising their religion in Baku . (Press TV) Politics The Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement warns that the independence referendum in Southern Sudan could be delayed unless the country's electoral commission resolves an internal dispute. (Aljazeera) Guido de Marco , former President of Malta , lies in state after his death on Thursday. A state funeral is to be held on Monday. ( The Times of Malta ) President of the United States Barack Obama : President of the United States Barack Obama states that America's "commitment to religious freedom must be unshakable" as he declares his support for plans to build a mosque in New York City . (BBC) Obama goes for a swim while holidaying at Panama City in the U.S. state of Florida , allegedly to show that the Gulf of Mexico is safe for swimming following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . (CNN) A Sri Lankan government commission set up to look into the last years of the Sri Lankan Civil War holds a meeting in Vavuniya on the north of the island. (BBC) Science Data from a study at Purdue University suggest that the 2010 Haiti earthquake was caused by a previously unknown fault line, as opposed to the Enriquillo Fault Line as was initially presumed. (AP) Sport The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , the first of the Youth Olympic Games , begins in Singapore with 3,531 participating athletes aged 14–18 from 204 National Olympic Committees . (BBC News) ( The Straits Times ) The 2010 Women's Baseball World Cup is suspended after Hong Kong player Cheuk Woon Yee is shot through her lower left calf during the game against the Netherlands ; Hong Kong are forced to withdraw from the competition. (BBC News) (CBC Sports) (Reuters) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Tennis player Andy Roddick has mononucleosis . (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) The 2010 World Blind Football Championship begins in Hereford , United Kingdom with ten teams competing for the title. (BBC News) August 15, 2010 ( 2010-08-15 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Inspections of Israel's nuclear programme are urged by some concerned countries in a letter sent to Britain, China, France, Russia and the United States. (Aljazeera) iCasualties.org estimates that International Security Assistance Force casualties in the War in Afghanistan have now exceeded 2,000. (Al Jazeera) A teenager is shot dead and another is wounded by a further shot during a gay pride parade attended by around 70,000 people in Juiz de Fora , Minas Gerais , Brazil . (AP via MSNBC) Jamaican authorities impose a new curfew on Kingston . (Aljazeera) A policeman hurls a shoe towards the Chief Minister for Jammu and Kashmir , Omar Abdullah , during the Indian Independence Day function in Srinagar amid protests against Indian rule ; 15 policemen are later suspended. ( Indian Express ) (AFP) (Xinhua) (Aljazeera) A United States missile attack on a militant compound in the village of Essori near Miranshah in the North Waziristan area of Pakistan kills 13 people. (AFP via Google News) Ayman al-Zawahiri , speaking via an audio message, criticises the Turkish government for what he says is co-operation with Israel , as well as "killing Muslims in Afghanistan ". (Aljazeera) No people are killed in two blasts targeting Televisa in Monterrey and Matamoros . (BBC) Thousands are evacuated from the French pilgrimage site of Lourdes due to a bomb threat; it later reopens. (France 24) (BBC) General David Petraeus expresses doubt during an interview on American television that the United States will be able to definitely begin withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2011. (BBC) (Aljazeera) In Baghdad , Iraq multiple suicide bombings go off during mid-day rush hour, killing 4 and injuring about 16, another strike at 7:15am hits a mini-bus heading from Sadr City into downtown Baghdad, killing 3 including a police officer, and 9 others are wounded. Also, three other bombs go off simultaneously in a business district killing 1 and injuring 7. (AFP via Google News) Arts and culture Children's TV presenter Holly Walsh breaks bones and dislocates a shoulder whilst leaping from a pier during a festival in Worthing , West Sussex , England , UK; the festival is briefly halted. (BBC) (Press Association via Google News) ( Daily Mail ) Hungarian American actress Zsa Zsa Gabor is reported to be in an "extremely serious condition" after further surgery yesterday and has requested the Last Rites . ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Reuters) (AFP via news.com.au) (CNN) Business and economics Lebanon opens a bank account to help fund the country's army after the United States suspended the country's assistance due to the 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash . (Aljazeera) Disasters China has a day of mourning to commemorate the victims of last weekend's Zhouqu landslide . (Reuters) ( China Daily ) (Aljazeera) The Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visits Pakistan to inspect the relief effort for the 2010 Pakistan floods . (CNN) (BBC) (Aljazeera) 2010 Russian wildfires : Smog from the 2010 Russian wildfires returns to Moscow . (RIA Novosti) (AFP via Google News) A ban on grain exports begins in an effort to reduce increases in the price of bread . (BBC) (Aljazeera) International relations Romani evictions and deportations from illegal campsites by French authorities: A major road bridge is barricaded near Bordeaux during a holiday weekend by Romani objecting to forced evictions by French authorities. (BBC) Politicians, some from within President Nicolas Sarkozy 's own party, object to the treatment of the Romani as "reminiscent of roundups during the war". (Deutsche Welle) Australia and Malaysia remember the 1945 Sandakan Death Marches on their 65th anniversary. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Sri Lanka unveils a new seaport in southern Hambantota which received a large amount of financial assistance from China. (BBC) (Reuters India) Law and crime Charges against 5 men from Iraq , who had been accused of murdering 6 British police officers in 2003, are dropped. (BBC) 4 Shia Muslim activists are arrested in Bahrain . (BBC) Accused Craiglist killer Philip Markoff is found dead in prison in the U.S. state of Massachusetts after apparently committing suicide. (BBC) Daniel Skahan, a 29-year-old from Ottawa , is charged 5,000 $ for mischief and possession of incendiary materials, for his role in setting a fire just outside of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper 's home. ( The Star ) Politics and elections The Independent Democrats and Democratic Alliance opposition parties in South Africa agree to merge against the ruling African National Congress . ( Times Live South Africa ) (BBC) (Bloomberg) Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard defends her controversial plan to establish a citizens assembly of 150 randomly-selected Australians who would consider climate change . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) The entire cabinet of Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan avoids visiting Yasukuni Shrine on the anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II . (AP via Google News) (BBC) Sport The 2010 Women's Baseball World Cup is moved after Hong Kong player Cheuk Woon Yee was shot through her lower left calf during the game against the Netherlands . (BBC News) Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh sets up a ministerial committee as he intervenes to rescue the 2010 Commonwealth Games due to be held in Delhi in October. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Golfer Martin Kaymer of Germany wins the United States PGA Championship at the Whistling Straits course in Wisconsin beating US golfer Bubba Watson in a three hole playoff. (AAP via the Melbourne Age) Yuka Sato of Japan wins the first gold medal of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games in the girls' triathlon event. ( USA Today via Associated Press) 7-time world champion Valentino Rossi confirms he is to depart the Fiat Yamaha team for the Ducati team for 2 years from 2011. (BBC Sport) August 16, 2010 ( 2010-08-16 ) (Monday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks The Philippine security forces announce they will extend the controversial counter- insurgency tactic Oplan Bantay Laya up until December 31, 2010. The political party Bagong Alyansang Makabayan condemned the extension. ( The Philippine Daily Inquirer ) ( The Philippine Star ) [ permanent dead link ] (GMA News) 3 more people are killed during protests in Kashmir . (BBC) At least 2 people are injured after a grenade explosion outside a Televisa television station in Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico . (Al Jazeera) (CNN) The mayor of the Mexican town of Santiago, Nuevo León , Edelmiro Cavazos , is abducted. (BBC) ( China Daily ) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) : The President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai gives private security firms operating in that country four months to disband. (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (Aljazeera) General Stanley A. McChrystal , recently sacked from his post in Afghanistan by the United States for speaking to Rolling Stone , is given a lecturing post at a major university in the United States . (BBC) ( The New York Times ) A United States air strike kills an al-Qaeda leader who was thought to have been planning suicide bombings . (Reuters) The United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates says the July 2011 timetable to start withdrawing United States armed forces from Afghanistan is set in stone. (Voice of America) Arts, culture and entertainment Nadja Benaissa , a HIV-positive former singer in the German girl band No Angels , goes on trial for allegedly not advising sexual partners of her condition. (CNN) (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Independent ) (AFP via Philippine Daily Inquirer ) U.S. actor Michael Douglas begins chemotherapy after doctors discover a tumor in his throat. (MTV) Disasters Politicians and intellectuals including Étienne Balibar , Noam Chomsky , Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Eva Joly appeal to Nicolas Sarkozy that France repay €17 billion it took from Haiti in 1825 after the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804); they say the money is "morally, economically, and legally unassailable" in the aftermath of the January 2010 earthquake . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (France24) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The Guardian ) AIRES Flight 8250 crashes upon landing on San Andrés Island , Colombia ; one death is reported. (Aljazeera) (BBC News) (CNN) 2010 Pakistan floods : The devastating floods continue as a concern of the United Nations , with officials citing a lack of aid funding for six million people in urgent need of clean water. (New York Times) The United Nations states there is high risk for as many as 3.5 million children who may be struck down by diseases in the water. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Russia is battered by a severe storm following its recent heatwave , its hottest summer in recorded history. (BBC) An explosion at a maternity hospital in Romania 's capital Bucharest , kills at least 4 babies, while 2 pregnant women and 8 newborn infants sustain burns and other injuries in serious condition. (Reuters) (Press Association via Irish Independent ) (Voice of Russia) (Sky News) (CNN) As many as 40 people are killed due to a fiery collision between a lorry load of sugar and a police checkpoint in Nigeria . (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (News24) International relations Tens of thousands of Republic of Korea Armed Forces and United States armed forces ignore warnings from North Korea , and start a new round of the Ulchi-Freedom Guardian drills in South Korea . (AP via Google News) (Aljazeera) Easter Island Community leaders in Easter Island threaten to secede from Chile , prompting the resignation of Governor Pedro Edmunds Paoa . (RNZI) ( The Guardian ) Pro-independence activists reportedly seize control of government buildings, a museum and a hotel located on land claimed by ethnic Polynesians . ( Times Herald-Record ) 45 Chilean special forces have been sent to Easter Island to monitor events. (RNZI) Senior Romanian diplomat Gabriel Grecu is arrested in Russia , accused of spying and given 48 hours to leave the country. (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (Xinhua) Gabon signs agreements with several Asian companies designed to make it rely less on its oil. (BBC) ( Financial Times ) (Reuters Africa) Law and crime 2010 Thai political protests : Protest leaders plead innocence in court, denying charges of terrorism in Bangkok . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Thailand lifts its state of emergency in 3 provinces but retains it in 7 others, including Bangkok . (Reuters) ( The Irish Times ) (ABC News) American Lori Berenson , convicted of collaborating with a left-wing group in Peru , apologises after her release from a 20-year prison sentence; she denies any form of violence or murder. (Peruvian Times) (BBC) (Democracy Now) (Japan Today) (MercoPress) Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation upholds a Mexico City law allowing gay adoption . (AP via New York Times ) Israeli courts deem that its government was "responsible" for the death of a female Palestinian child, who was hit by a rubber bullet in 2007. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Politics and elections Malta buries former president Guido de Marco in a state funeral. ( The Times ) ( The Malta Independent ) Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair is to give the £4.6 million advance and all royalties from his forthcoming memoirs, A Journey , to a sports centre for badly injured soldiers; pacifists and the families of soldiers killed under his leadership call it "blood money". (BBC) (Sky News) ( The Guardian ) Talks on forming a coalition government are suspended in Iraq . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (France24) ( Mail & Guardian ) A book written by Chinese dissident Yu Jie critical of Premier Wen Jiabao goes on sale in Hong Kong , with threats of imprisonment from the mainland . (Radio Television Hong Kong) (Sify India) (BBC) Iran nuclear program Ali Akbar Salehi , head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran , says that Iran will build a third uranium enrichment plant next year. ( Jerusalem Post ) The President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad signs a new law binding the Government of Iran to pursue a target of refining uranium to 20 percent. (AFP via Google News) Science Australia 's (and the Southern Hemisphere 's) first total artificial heart transplant occurs at St Vincent's Hospital in Sydney , Australia . (AAP via Herald-Sun ) (Radio New Zealand) (International Business Times) A new species of Titi monkey , the Caquetá Titi , is discovered in the Colombian department of Caquetá . ( USA Today ) Scientists at the University of Toronto claim that mountain climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine could not have reached the top of Mount Everest in 1924 as they were caught in a perfect storm . ( Daily Telegraph ) August 17, 2010 ( 2010-08-17 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks At least one person is killed and 20 are injured in two separate explosions in Pyatigorsk and North Ossetia in Russia 's North Caucasus . (Al Jazeera) (AFP) (Voice of Russia) The United States confirms the existence of videotapes - found under a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) desk - of the alleged 2002 interrogation of a suspect the country had detained at a secret prison. (BBC) ( The Washington Times ) Hezbollah states it has passed on evidence said to implicate Israel in the 2005 assassination of then Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri . (BBC) A Ugandan lawmaker accuses the army of committing atrocities against civilians in the Karamoja region as part of a disarmament exercise. (BBC) ( Daily Monitor ) (Reuters) Iraq At least 61 people are killed and over one hundred are injured in a suicide bombing at an Iraqi Army recruiting centre in Baghdad , Iraq . (France 24) (Voice of America) (AP via New York Times ) At least 8 people are killed and 44 are wounded after a bomb attached to a fuel truck explodes in a Shiite section of Baghdad . (AP cia Central Florida News) [ permanent dead link ] A Palestinian man from Ramallah threatens to blow up the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv , Israel if not offered asylum, but is shot by security staff. ( Haaretz ) ( The Jerusalem Post ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Xinhua) Arts, culture and entertainment Archaeologists in Afghanistan discover the remains of a Buddhist site south of the capital Kabul . (Reuters Africa) Fiji officially designates the word " Fijian " as the term for the nationality of all the people of the islands including Indo-Fijians . The word was previously used only for indigenous inhabitants. ( People's Daily ) (Fijivillage) Disasters An Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force F4 aircraft crashes in the southern province of Bushehr ; both pilots survive. (AFP via Google News) (Press TV) Tornado has swept threw south western part of Lithuania , near city of Rusnė (Delfi) . A train derails in Sudbury, Suffolk, UK after hitting a sewage truck on a level crossing, injuring 18 people. Main article: 2010 Sudbury train accident . International relations The Chilean military removes 1,000 protesters who had occupied government buildings, museums and a hotel on Easter Island . (Radio New Zealand International) 3 more Cuban dissidents released on humanitarian grounds arrive with their families in Madrid , Spain . (BBC) Romania expresses dismay at Russia after it arrests and expels one of its diplomats; it is now to do the same in return. (BBC) (Xinhua) Lebanon grants Palestinian refugees the right to work legally. (BBC) ( Arab News ) A U.S. report claims that the Chinese military has been secretly expanding; the U.S. asks for dialogue with China to avert a "miscalculated" response. (BBC) (Al Jazeera) Two kidnapped Jordanian peacekeepers from the joint African Union - United Nations force in Darfur , Sudan , are released. (Al Jazeera) (BBC) (Xinhua) Law and crime Police in Tanzania arrest a Kenyan national who was attempting to sell an albino man. (BBC) ( The Citizen ) (AllAfrica.com) Same-sex marriage in the U.S. state of California , due to resume on Wednesday, is blocked by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals until it is decided whether a ban is constitutional. ( San Francisco Chronicle ) (BBC) A federal jury convicts former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich on one count of lying to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation . The jury is deadlocked on the other 23 charges. ( Chicago Tribune ) , ( Chicago Tribune ) Politics and elections Protesters in Potosí and the Bolivian government resolve a three-week disagreement. (BBC) Former Israeli soldier Eden Aberjil is criticized for her Facebook images of herself smiling with blindfolded and bound Palestinian prisoners. (BBC) Sport The French Football Federation bans Nicolas Anelka for 18 France games, Patrice Evra for 5, Franck Ribéry for 3, and Jérémy Toulalan for 1, while Éric Abidal escapes punishment, for their roles as the key players behind the 2010 FIFA World Cup player strike. (BBC Sport) ( The Guardian ) Zimbabwe Football Association (Zifa) chief executive Henrietta Rushwaya is charged in relation to allegations of match-fixing. (BBC Sport) Chess champion Bobby Fischer is, as a result of a DNA test , deemed not to have fathered a 9-year-old girl in the Philippines . (BBC News) August 18, 2010 ( 2010-08-18 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks The corpse of mayor Edelmiro Cavazos of the Mexican town of Santiago, Nuevo León , is found handcuffed and blindfolded after his abduction on Sunday night. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( Los Angeles Times ) (AP via Miamai Herald ) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters) 18 countries, including the United States , deploy naval troops in joint exercises which they say are an attempt to defend the Panama Canal against terrorism . (UPI) (Dominican Today) (MercoPress) (United States Department of Defense) Julian Assange of Wikileaks says the United States has approached the website to try to negotiate the release of a further 15,000 Afghanistan war documents which the military desires to keep secret; the United States denies this. (Aljazeera) The United States ends combat operations in Iraq as its last combat brigade departs for Kuwait . (Al Jazeera) (MSNBC) 3 Indian peacekeepers serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are killed by rebels in an apparent ambush. (BBC) ( Hindustan Times ) The United States deploys troops along its border with Mexico by the order of President Barack Obama . (BBC) Arts and culture The American Ballet Theatre is given permission by its country's President , Barack Obama , to perform in Cuba ; it would be the first time in 50 years. American tourists are still banned by their government from travelling to Cuba. (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] Soul singer Erykah Badu is fined and punished by the city of Dallas, Texas , United States, after being convicted of disorderly conduct for removing her clothes and re-enacting a controversial scene from the country's history while filming a music video . (BBC) ( China Daily ) (Sky News) ( TIME ) Business and economics Rupert Murdoch provides $1 million to the U.S. Republican Party ahead of an important election in November, more than doubling the party's funds with one of the largest handouts by a media organisation; critics declare Fox News is not impartial. (BBC) (Channel 4) ( The Irish Times ) More than 1 million state workers in South Africa go on strike to demand an increase in pay. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera) ( Times Live ) Iceland lowers its interest rate to 7%. (BBC) Foxconn holds employee rallies in a bid to stem the recent huge increase in suicides by its employees. (BBC) (iAfrica) (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) United States car maker General Motors files for an Initial Public Offering . ( The New York Times ) Japanese carmaker Mazda recalls 215,000 vehicles in the United States and 11,000 vehicles in China due to power steering flaws. (CBS Marketwatch) Disasters 2010 Pakistan floods : Saudi Arabia overtakes the United States as the main donor to the stricken country. ( The Guardian ) The United Nations says that flood relief aid to Pakistan is "arriving too slowly". (Aljazeera) ( The New York Times ) The European Union pledges an additional $39 million and the Islamic Development Bank pledges $11.2 million. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Scientists dispute the claim by the United States that all the oil has gone from the Gulf of Mexico . ( The Guardian ) A North Korean fighter plane crashes in China near the border, killing the pilot and possibly a second pilot bailing out. Pictures posted by local residents show a Soviet plane design which were used in the Korean War . It is suggested to have been a defection attempt. (BBC) (Yonhap) At least 67 people are missing in new landslides in Yunnan , southwest China , with at least two deaths confirmed. ( China Daily ) (Reuters) (BBC) , (AP via Google News) A school building collapses due to heavy rain in the village of Sumgarh in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , killing at least 17 schoolchildren. ( Times of India ) (AP via Google News) Scientists blame a peculiar double earthquake for the deadly tsunami responsible for the deaths of 192 people in the South Pacific last September, and described as "unlike anything seismologists have seen before". (BBC) A bus plunges into a 100 metre ravine in the Philippines Benguet province resulting in 39 deaths. (CNN) 3 people are killed and 3 others are missing after a South Korean fishing boat sinks 400 miles from Dunedin on the South Island of New Zealand . (CNN) International relations Moroccan activists blockading a Spanish enclave in protest at alleged abuses by border police agree to suspend the action during Ramadan . (Aljazeera) Mauritania extradites a man to Mali convicted for kidnapping three Spanish aid workers believed to be held by the Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb . (Reuters) (Voice of America) Russia , Afghanistan , Tajikistan and Pakistan agree to step up the fight against terrorism and narcotics in a summit in the Russian Black Sea resort of Sochi . ( The Hindu ) The United States offers its support for a proposed international commission intent on examining alleged war crimes by the military junta of Burma . (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] Law and crime A court in Israel court jails a man who broke into the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv and asked for asylum; his lawyer says the man was once an Israeli informer whose life is now under threat. (BBC) (News24) (Citizen.co.za) A court in Colombia declares as unconstitutional a controversial deal allowing the United States to freely use its military bases and says it will have to be redrafted; other Latin American countries have expressed concern that the United States is exerting excessive influence on the region. (BBC) ( The Age ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) A Peruvian court revokes the parole of Lori Berenson , a United States citizen convicted in the 1990s of collaborating with the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement . ( The New York Times ) (BBC) (AP via The Age ) Venezuela 's government begins a trial ban of the publication of "violent, bloody or grotesque" photographs in newspapers, as a result of controversy over pictures of bloodied corpses riddled with bullets appear on the front page of newspapers. (BBC) Nathan Mutei , a Kenyan man, is jailed for 17 years in Tanzania after being convicted of attempting to sell an albino man; the prized albino is escorted back to Kenya under armed guard. (BBC) The Philippines is shocked by mobile phone footage apparently demonstrating police torture of a naked man charged with theft; many suspensions occur. (BBC) Jeremy Ractliffe resigns from the board of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund after revealing he kept diamonds given to him by Naomi Campbell . (BBC) Politics and elections Two Israeli groups launch a course in "Zionist editing" of the online encyclopedia project Wikipedia . ( The Guardian ) Candidates commence daily broadcasts in Brazil ahead of general and presidential elections on 3 October. (BBC) David Paterson , Governor of the U.S. state of New York , is to discuss relocating the controversial Park51 Islamic community centre and mosque near World Trade Center site in New York City . (Al Arabiya) ( New York Post ) ( The Guardian ) Elections in Haiti: Haiti 's final decision on its presidential election candidates is delayed until Friday due to eligibility issues; it had initially been expected yesterday. (BBC) (News24) (Aljazeera) Potential candidate Wyclef Jean goes into hiding after receiving mysterious death threats from an anonymous source. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) August 19, 2010 ( 2010-08-19 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks South Africa deploys its army to deal with public sector workers striking in a bid to earn an increased wage; police shoot rubber bullets and water cannon into crowds outside a hospital in Soweto . At least five people have been killed so far during the strikes. (BBC) ( The Citizen ) (iAfrica) ( Mail & Guardian ) ( Times Live ) (Reuters Africa) Human rights groups express dismay at Kenya for the secret sending to Uganda of four suspects after the 2010 FIFA World Cup attacks in Kampala . Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents are also said to have engaged in illegal interrogation of three of them. (BBC) (News24) ( The Star ) Seven people are killed and fourteen injured in a bomb attack in China 's Xinjiang province. Although the region has recently been embroiled in violence including Muslim separatists and majority Han Chinese , the attack is being investigated as a criminal case. (AP) (Al Jazeera) The last United States brigade combat team leaves Iraq : there are still 56,000 members of the United States armed forces in the country. (CNN) Arts, culture and entertainment Winston Churchill 's butterfly house is rebuilt. ( The Independent ) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's house Undershaw , in which he wrote numerous Sherlock Holmes stories, is slated to be converted into apartments. ( Los Angeles Times ) The Scots Makar (national poet) Edwin Morgan , a leading twentieth century poet, dies. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (AFP via Google News) Female train carriages are launched in Jakarta as part of a crackdown on public sexual harassment. (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] The Oxford Dictionary of English adds new words and phrases to the language including vuvuzela , carbon capture and storage , toxic debt and quantitative easing . (ABC News Online) Two groups in Israel begin pro-Zionist courses in editing Wikipedia . ( The Guardian ) Sail Amsterdam begins in Amsterdam with the Sail-In Parade. Business and economics Foxconn states its intention to hire more workers following a rash of suicides among its workforce. (BBC) An American egg company recalls 380 million products as outbreaks of salmonella poisoning spread across the United States . (BBC) BP is accused by Transocean of trying to keep secret data required to investigate the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] Disasters The United Nations estimates that four million people have become homeless as a result of the 2010 Pakistan floods ; Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon , speaking in New York , states that the floods are a "slow-motion tsunami" as he calls for more funds to assist those affected. (Reuters) (BBC) Forty people are injured after a bull leaps into a crowd in Tafalla , Spain ; the bull is killed. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) ( The Independent ) Two passenger train carriages are swept into a river by floods in Sichuan , China . (Xinhua) (BBC) (Reuters) International relations The United Nations issues a report stating that Israel restricts with live ammunition access to land used for farming and fishing by Palestinians, causing a loss of livelihood for tens of thousands of Palestinians. (BBC) (United Nations Report) France 's government begins to deport thousands of Romani people , who are mainly from Romania and Bulgaria ; Romania fears this will lead to xenophobic tensions. (BBC) ( TIME ) (CNN) (Xinhua) North Korea confirms the seizure of a South Korean fishing boat two weeks ago, with four South Korean and three Chinese sailors on board. (Yonhap) (AFP) ( Korea Times ) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev begins a state visit in Armenia by meeting with Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan and paying tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide at the Tsitsernakaberd memorial. Russian military presence in the South Caucasian republic is to be extended until 2044. (Reuters) (Aysor) Law and crime Four Israel Defense Forces naval commandos are arrested by Israeli Military Police for suspected theft of laptops and cell phones from activists during May's Gaza flotilla raid . ( Haaretz ) Former chief of the Sri Lankan armed forces Sarath Fonseka admits he expects to be jailed after being charged with corruption and believes the verdict has been decided in advance; Fonseka has been elected to the Sri Lankan parliament since the charges were pressed. (BBC) Mexico City legalises the fining of shops which give away free plastic bags in an environmental initiative. (BBC) A record fine of almost three million is upheld by the Superior Labor Court of Brazil (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, TST). (BBC) ( The New Zealand Herald ) ( People's Daily ) Approximately 1,000 prisoners are released in Bangladesh as the country tries to reduce overcrowding in its prisons. (BBC) A court in Perth , Australia, rules that a female Muslim woman must fully remove her niqāb while giving evidence. (BBC) Australian Federal Police (AFP) and Victorian Police raid premises across Victoria in relation to alleged financing of a terrorist organisation believed to be the Kurdish Workers Party . One of the premises raided was of the Kurdish Association of Victoria ; the AFP also raids properties in Sydney and Perth . (ABC Online) ( Herald Sun ) Politics and elections Brazil hosts its first presidential debate online, ahead of elections in October . (BBC) The Burmese authorities announce thirteen new campaigning rules for the general election in November. (Al Jazeera) (Sify) Science The Fields Medal is awarded to Elon Lindenstrauss , Ngô Bảo Châu , Stanislav Smirnov and Cédric Villani at the 2010 International Congress of Mathematicians in Hyderabad, India . ( Science Now ) Sport Former Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser is criticised for controversial remarks during which she called for the boycott of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi . (BBC News) A U.S. federal grand jury in Washington indicts former Major League Baseball superstar pitcher Roger Clemens on charges of making false statements to Congress about his alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs . ( The New York Times ) ( USA Today ) August 20, 2010 ( 2010-08-20 ) (Friday) edit history watch Arts and culture Norwegian stand-up comedian Hans Morten Hansen completes a 38 hours and 14 minute long stand-up marathon, setting a new world record for longest stand-up performance. ( VG ) A spectator commits suicide during a concert by The Swell Season in the U.S. state of California . ( Herald Sun ) ( The Irish Times ) ( Billboard ) ( Hot Press ) ( NME ) Charles Haddon, singer of the British synthpop band Ou Est Le Swimming Pool , commits suicide after a show at the Pukkelpop festival in Belgium . (NME) Novelist A. S. Byatt and critic John Carey win the James Tait Black Memorial Prizes , Britain's oldest literary awards. (BBC) A. S. Byatt criticises the Orange Prize as "sexist" and says women who write intellectual books are viewed as "unnatural". ( The Guardian ) J. D. Salinger 's toilet is put on sale on eBay for $1 million. (BBC) (AP via The Washington Post ) Mr Benn is reprinted for the first time in 30 years. ( The Guardian ) Business and economics Carworkers in South Africa end their eight-day strike with a 10% pay deal. (BBC) Disasters Bolivia declares a state of emergency after approximately 25,000 forest fires spread across the country. (BBC) 58 pilot whales die after becoming stranded on New Zealand 's Karikari Peninsula . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The New Zealand Herald ) Hundreds of flights over Belgium , Germany , Luxembourg and the Netherlands are delayed by an air traffic control problem. (BBC) For failure to deal with the recent wildfires the head of Russia 's forestry agency is fired by Vladimir Putin and replaced with his deputy. (BBC) 2010 Pakistan floods : After initial hesitation, Pakistan ultimately accepts $5 million in aid from India ; it subsequently calls it a "very welcome initiative". ( The Times of India ) ( The Guardian ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) The United Nations calls for more helicopters. (BBC) Gas leak in a hardware store in Santa Cruz , Chile produces a massive evacuation in the surrounding area. ( Wikinews ) International relations France continues deporting Romani as the Vatican condemns this act. (Aljazeera) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (News24) Israel and Palestinians agree to resume peace talks on September 2. ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) ( The New York Times ) Canada Post advises customers that it cannot accept mail to Gaza until further notice. Israel Post continues to inform postal services around the world that mail service to Gaza is unavailable. (Reuters) President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad rejects calls from the United Nations Security Council to stop all uranium enrichment but promises to stop high level enrichment if the country is assured of uranium for a research reactor . ( The Guardian ) Hillary Clinton , the United States Secretary of State , states that the United States "categorically disagrees" with the decision of the Scottish Government to release on compassionate grounds Abdelbaset al-Megrahi , the man convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 . ( The Guardian ) Law and crime 6 police officers in Mexico are arrested and accused of participating in the kidnap and murder of Mayor Edelmiro Cavazos . (BBC) (AP via Arab News ) (Japan Today) South African health minister Aaron Motsoaledi accuses of murder public sector workers who disrupt important treatment of patients while striking for better pay. (BBC) (News24) Remains of a 104-year-old woman's body are discovered in her son's backpack during a nationwide search in Japan for missing centenarians . It is thought they may have been there for a decade. (AFP) (BBC) A Thai appeals court rules to extradite alleged Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout to the United States ; Russia expresses its disagreement with the ruling. ( The Independent ) (AP via CBS) [ permanent dead link ] (Thai News Agency) (BBC) An Irish-born Australian man who admitted after initially pleading innocence to breaching the state of emergency during the anti-government protests in Thailand is deported to Australia; he says he was beaten, was treated harshly and was not shown an arrest warrant. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Shining Path leaders Abimael Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre marry at a maximum-security prison near Lima ; they fought for their right to marry by going on hunger strike earlier this year. (BBC) (Reuters via The Independent ) A judge rules that former President of Guatemala Alfonso Portillo must stand trial. (BBC) A quadriplegic man leaves hospital in Hong Kong for his own home after 19 years, having written to the country's leader 6 years ago to ask that he be allowed to die. (BBC) The last remaining free inmate to have escaped from a prison in the U.S. state of Arizona is captured alongside his accomplice. ( The New York Times ) A man sues game-maker NCsoft , stating he would not have begun to play one of their games, Lineage II , if he had known it was addictive and claims it has left him unable to function. (GameSpy) Politics and elections Solomon Islands general election, 2010 : The two major political coalitions name their candidates for Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands following the general election : Steve Abana , the leader of the Democratic Party , and Danny Philip , the former Foreign Minister . (RNZI) Incumbent Derek Sikua will not be renominated as Prime Minister. ( Solomon Star ) Musician Wyclef Jean is reportedly omitted from the list of candidates for the Haitian presidential election . ( The Guardian ) Thousands of people rally in support of the mayor of Osh after rumours of his firing by Kyrgyzstan 's interim government circulate. (Aljazeera) India is to more than triple salaries of MPs. (BBC) The Pentagon vows to prevent "internal threats" in the United States . (BBC) More than half of politicians in Benin call for impeachment proceedings against President Boni Yayi over his involvement in a Ponzi scheme . (BBC) (Reuters Africa) India approves a draft law intended to open its civilian nuclear power industry to private investment. (BBC) Britain warns Libya not to celebrate the one year anniversary of the release of Pan Am Flight 103 bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi , released on compassionate grounds suffering terminal cancer and expected to live just three months. (Aljazeera) (Reuters) ( TIME ) ( Wall Street Journal ) Australians vote tomorrow in what is being called the closest election in 50 years , with some polls predicting a 50-50 draw. ( The Guardian ) Science The world's first solar - diesel power station opens in Marble Bar , Western Australia . ( Herald Sun ) Scientists publish a report in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology about a method of predicting radioactive contamination damage on species near Chernobyl , from historical mutation rates particularly in mitochondrial DNA . (BBC) ( J. Evol. Biol. ) A possible new approach for treating mood disorders, such as depression, suggested in study of ketamine activity with the nervous system , more specifically mTOR -dependent synapse formation. ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( Science ) A study links the risk of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to pesticide exposure before birth. (MSNBC) ( Env. Health Persp. ) August 21, 2010 ( 2010-08-21 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents Israel 's ambassador to the United Nations Gabriela Shalev writes a letter to Ban Ki-moon stating that Israel would use force against a Bolivian -flagged all-female aid ship intending to land near Gaza . ( The Age ) An injunction prevents public sector workers from continuing their national strike for better pay in South Africa ; the army had previously been deployed and the country's health minister accused strikers of murder. (BBC) Russian Federal Security Service assassinate Magomedali Vagabov , a top militant suspected to be responsible for the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings in Dagestan . (Sky News) At least 10 anti-government protesters are killed by early morning bombs in Mogadishu ; the dead include people from Afghanistan , Algeria , India and Pakistan . (BBC) About 35 people are taken hostage by drug dealers at a tourist hotel in São Conrado , Rio de Janeiro ; 1 woman, involved with them, is killed. (BBC) Arts and culture A Vincent van Gogh painting - known as both Poppy Flowers and Vase with Flowers - is stolen from the Mohammed Mahmoud Khalil art museum in Cairo , but is later said to have been recovered at Cairo Airport . (Aljazeera) (BBC) Disasters More than 50,000 people are evacuated after the Yalu River floods in China ; flooding is also reported in North Korea with the city of Sinuiju particularly affected. (BBC) (AFP) (Xinhua) The charity Save the Children says the food crisis in Niger is being made worse by hoarders selling grain at higher prices than most people can afford. (BBC) (RTHK) United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon welcomes more than $200 million in funds pledged towards the humanitarian effort following the 2010 Pakistan floods . (Aljazeera) Relatives accuse authorities of not doing enough to save 33 miners who have spent the past 15 days trapped in a collapsed mine near Copiapó in the Atacama Desert . (BBC) 11 beached pilot whales are refloated using a crane and body sling on New Zealand 's Karikari Peninsula . ( The Independent ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) The United States is hit by a salmonella scare, with hundreds of people now thought to be ill across the country due to bad eggs ; poisoning is expected to increase in the coming weeks. ( The Age ) International relations Italy backs France 's crackdown and expulsion of Romani from the country. (Aljazeera) (AP) Palestinians warn that building on occupied land by Israel would threaten negotiations. (Aljazeera) Russian engineers start loading fuel into Iran 's first nuclear reactor at Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant . (Reuters) Law Amnesty International urges Saudi Arabia not to sever the spine of a man as punishment; the man has been convicted of paralysing another man. (BBC) ( The Age ) Swedish prosecutors issue and then revoke an arrest warrant against Wikileaks spokesperson Julian Assange . Assange calls the incident "deeply disturbing" as Wikileaks prepares to release 15,000 documents which the U.S. military would like to keep secret. (Aljazeera) (AP via The Independent ) (Channel 4) (CNN) Politics and elections Australian federal election, 2010 Australians go to the polls with results indicating a hung parliament . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (Aljazeera) , (AAP via News Limited) Ken Wyatt of the Liberal Party of Australia becomes the first indigenous Australian to be elected to the House of Representatives of Australia representing the Division of Hasluck . ( The Sunday Times WA ) Musician Wyclef Jean is formally declared unsuitable as a presidential candidate in Haiti 's election . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (CNN) (Press Association via Google News) Sport Dutch sailor Laura Dekker starts her bid to become the youngest person to circumnavigate the world solo in Portimão , Portugal . (AP via KGW) August 22, 2010 ( 2010-08-22 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents A Venezuelan soldier opens fire at an army base in the capital Caracas , killing two officers and injuring six others. (BBC) (AP) The Philippines and the United States hold a joint exercise of their forces. (Xinhua) Brazilian police rescue 35 hostages from InterContinental in São Conrado , Rio de Janeiro . (Al Jazeera) The Government of Somalia claims that 10 members of the al-Shabab militant group have been killed when bombs they were preparing went off prematurely in Mogadishu . (Al Jazeera) Rwandan Lieutenant-Colonel Rugigana Ngabo , brother of exiled General Faustin Nyamwasa , is reported missing, having been arrested on Friday. (BBC) Arts and culture The Vincent van Gogh painting Poppy Flowers , missing but reportedly found yesterday, is now reported missing again after yesterday's find is proven false. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Hundreds of people rally in relation to an Islamic cultural centre proposed for New York City , United States ; opponents to the building blare Bruce Springsteen 's " Born in the U.S.A. " over loudspeakers. (Aljazeera) Disasters 5,000 people are evacuated in North Korea after the Yalu River on the border with China floods; 94,000 in China are also evacuated. (AFP) (Xinhua) (BBC) 2010 Pakistan floods : Around 150,000 people flee their homes in Sindh as the devastating floods worsen in Pakistan . (Al Jazeera) ( The Independent on Sunday ) (BBC) International pledges currently total $800 million, say government figures. (Aljazeera) All 33 Chilean miners trapped deep underground are located alive after 17 days, though they have not yet been removed from the mine and remain trapped. (AP via Google News) (BBC) (Reuters via France24) (Aljazeera) International relations A Bolivian -flagged all-female international aid ship bound for Gaza is delayed as Cyprus bans it from passing, with Israel 's Ehud Barak calling on France and the United States to prevent it from sailing because, he says, it is "a needless provocation". ( Haaretz ) (euronews) (Press TV) (Buenos Aires News) Iran unveils a long range unmanned bomber, the Karrar drone their latest addition in a number of recently disclosed military hardware. ( The Guardian ) , ( Los Angeles Times ) Palestinian official Wassel Abu Yousef objects to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 's talk of "preconditions" that the Palestinians should recognize Israel as the state of Jews and says such comments are a threat to direct talks next month. (Xinhua) Law and crime South African trade unions state that a court injunction successfully sought by the government is intended to "intimidate" workers who are striking in the hope of receiving better pay. (BBC) (News24) Supporters of Julian Assange of Wikileaks credit American intelligence agencies with recent smears against his character and express surprise that it has not happened sooner. ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) After a federal investigation by the United States , 47 foreign-born gang members are arrested in New England , including members of the "True Somali Bloods", "True Sudanese Bloods" and the "Asian Boyz". Over half are arrested in the U.S. state of Maine . ( Portland Press Herald ) 4 mutilated and decapitated corpses are located by police hanging by their ankles from a bridge outside Cuernavaca , Morelos . (BBC) Politics and elections Protesters against the Park51 project for an Islamic community center two blocks away from Ground Zero of the World Trade Center site gather in New York City . (CNN) (ABC) With results of the federal election in Australia indicating a hung parliament , Prime Minister Julia Gillard holds initial talks with independent candidates in an attempt to form a government. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Science United States authorities give the green light to human trials of an Ebola drug said to have worked during tests on monkeys. (BBC) Sport Kenyan runner David Lekuta Rudisha breaks a 13-year-old world record in the 800 metres at the ISTAF IAAF World Challenge meeting in Berlin , overshadowing Caster Semenya 's return to the venue of her triumph. (Press Association via The Guardian ) (BBC Sport) (AFP via Qatar Tribune ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) Brazil wins the 2010 World Blind Football Championship after beating Spain 2-0 in the final. ( Hereford Times ) ( BBC Sport ) The All Blacks win the 2010 Tri Nations Series 29-22 in a final minute try against the Springboks . (BBC) August 23, 2010 ( 2010-08-23 ) (Monday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents The Palestinian Authority has warned that it will pull out of peace talks if Israel renews the construction of settlements in the occupied West Bank . (BBC) Two members of NATO 's International Security Assistance Force are killed by improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan . (AFP via Google News) At least 17 people, including a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan , Maulana Noor Mohammed Wazir , are killed in the bombing of a mosque in Pakistan 's South Waziristan region. ( Economic Times of India ) [ permanent dead link ] Arts and culture The Anne Frank tree in Amsterdam is knocked down by a gust of heavy wind, breaking off about a meter above ground. (NOS) Jimena Navarrete , representing Mexico , wins Miss Universe 2010 . (AP via News OK) Business and economics Australia 's stock market and currency lose value because of the country's hung parliament . (BBC) Disasters Flooding in China and North Korea : More than 250,000 people are evacuated due to floods across China and North Korea. (Al Jazeera) (UK Press Association via Google News) 4 people die in floods in Dandong , China after flood waters cause the Yalu River to burst its banks. (AP via The Independent ) It is expected to take 120 days (4 months) to free the 33 miners trapped underground near Copiapó in the Atacama Desert after it is confirmed that they are all currently alive. ( The Guardian ) The United Nations describes the humanitarian situation caused by the 2010 Pakistan floods as critical. (BBC) International relations Cambodia and Thailand resume diplomatic relations after former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra resigns his post as economic advisor to the Cambodian government . (Thai News Agency) (BBC) Law and crime 2 tonnes of elephant ivory and five rhino horns disguised as avocados destined for Malaysia are seized in Nairobi , Kenya . (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters) China considers removing the death penalty for several economic crimes. (BBC) (Xinhua) (AFP) 25 prisoners, including Islamic militants, escape from a prison in Dushanbe , Tajikistan . (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] (ITAR-TASS) [ permanent dead link ] A dismissed police inspector hijacks a coach belonging to Hong Thai Travel and its 25 Hong Kong tourists in Manila , the capital of the Philippines in order to demand his reinstatement. He is later shot dead by the police. At least 7 hostages are killed and 2 others severely injured. (Al Jazeera) (CNN) ( Philippine Inquirer ) Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia rules against a decision by President Barack Obama allowing the expansion of embryonic stem cell research claiming it breaks US law. (Bloomberg) Sport Golfer Tiger Woods and his ex-wife Elin Nordegren finalise their divorce . (CBS Sports) August 24, 2010 ( 2010-08-24 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown : 80,000 people flee the southern Yemeni city of Lawdar after clashes between Al-Qaeda linked forces and government troops killed several people. (Al Jazeera) Two Catalonian aid workers kidnapped in Mauritania by Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb return home. (Al Jazeera) (Reuters) Battle of Mogadishu (2010) : Al-Shabaab militants storm the Hotel Muna , close to the Presidential palace Villa Somalia in Mogadishu, killing at least 33 people including several MPs . (euronews) (BBC) (AFP) , ( New York Times ) Foreign human rights groups accuse Rwandan and Congolese rebels of gang-raping nearly 200 women and some baby boys over four days within miles of a U.N. peacekeepers' base in the village of Bunangiri , North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo . (Al Jazeera) (CNN) (AP) (Reuters) A lance-corporal in the Australian Army is killed in fighting with the Taliban in Afghanistan 's Oruzgan province . (News Limited) Arts and culture American actor Lindsay Lohan is released from a rehabilitation centre 22 days into a three month program. (ABC News) Business and economics India rejects plans by mining group Vedanta to extract bauxite in Orissa due to environmental concerns. ( Times of India ) (BBC) Cairn Energy discovers gas off the coast of Greenland , amid protests from Greenpeace demanding it halt its oil operations. (BBC) (AFP) Stocks on the Philippine Stock Exchange fall the day after the Manila hostage crisis . (Businessweek) Disasters Henan Airlines Flight 8387 , carrying 91 people on board, overshoots the runway and bursts into flames in Yichun City in Heilongjiang , northeastern China ; at least 43 people are reported dead. (AP) (Xinhua) (BBC) Oxfam warns of a "double disaster" following flooding compounding a recent drought and food crisis in Niger . (AFP) (BBC) Agni Air Flight 101 , a small plane carrying fourteen people, crashes in Nepal 's Makwanpur District with no survivors expected. ( Kantipur ) (CNN) Rescue efforts start to free the men trapped following the 2010 Copiapó mining accident . (ABC News America) Law and crime The United States Department of Justice states that it will appeal a decision by United States federal judge Royce C. Lamberth to block an executive order by President Barack Obama to expand embryonic stem cell research. (BBC) Politics and elections Samantha Cameron , wife of the British Prime Minister David Cameron , gives birth to the couple's fourth child, a girl. ( Telegraph ) (BBC) John McCain wins the Republican Party primary election to become the nominee in the US Senate election in Arizona . (Fox News) August 25, 2010 ( 2010-08-25 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Battle of Mogadishu (2010) : Clashes continue in Mogadishu after a rebel advance on the presidential palace is repelled. (Reuters) A military spokesperson claims that a suicide bomber was shot and killed when he tried to drive a truckload of explosives into a Mauritanian army barracks in Néma near the border with Mali . (AP via Washington Post ) A string of attacks in Iraq targeting Iraqi security forces leaves at least 56 people dead. (AP via Washington Post ) , ( New York Times ) Arts and culture Actor Paul Hogan is banned from leaving Australia until he settles a multi-million dollar tax bill. ( The Australian ) Archaeologists working at the Umm El-Kharga Oasis , 200km south of Cairo , discover a 3,500-year-old ancient Egyptian settlement. (ABC News America) Disasters The flight data recorder from Henan Airlines Flight 8387 is found. (BBC) A school bus collides with a train in Cape Town , South Africa , killing at least nine pupils and injuring five others. (AP via The Globe and Mail ) At least 20 people are killed in Democratic Republic of the Congo after a Filair plane crashes near Bandundu . (BBC) , (Yahoo) Hurricane Danielle strengthens to Category 2 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale and heads towards Bermuda . (AP via Google News) International Relations The former President of the United States Jimmy Carter arrives in North Korea to negotiate for the release of United States citizen Aijalon Gomes . (CNN) Wikileaks publishes a CIA analysis claiming that the United States could be perceived as an "exporter of terrorism ". ( Washington Post ) Law and Crime Mexican Naval Infantry find 72 corpses at a remote ranch in San Fernando, Tamaulipas , near the border with the US state of Texas . The victims were economic migrants from Central America and South America believed to be murdered by a drug cartel . (Reuters) , ( Daily Mail ) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrests two suspects in Ottawa for alleged terrorism offences. (CTV) Politics and elections Danny Philip , an MP from Rendova Tetepare , is elected the new Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands following the 2010 general election . Philip narrowly defeated Steve Abana with 26-23 vote total. ( Solomon Times ) Craig Langdon resigns as an Australian Labor Party MP of the Victorian Legislative Assembly representing Ivanhoe . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Science A solar system is discovered for the star HD 10180 including a possible planet 1.4 times the size of the Earth . ( Christian Science Monitor ) ( New York Times ) August 26, 2010 ( 2010-08-26 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Arts and culture German HIV-positive pop singer Nadja Benaissa is found guilty of grievous bodily harm after transmitting HIV to a man who had unprotected sex with her without her telling him of her condition. ( New York Times ) Business and economy Mass protests by civil servants in South Africa continue, demanding improved pay and benefits. (Al Jazeera) Disasters Two Greek F-16 planes collide mid-air south of Crete ; 2 out of 3 pilots are rescued. (Athens News Agency) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) 2010 Pakistan floods Pakistan orders nearly half a million people in towns including Sujawal , Mirpur Bathoro and Daro threatened by floods to evacuate. (AFP via Google News) The Pakistan Taliban threatens to kidnap foreign aid workers. ( The Telegraph ) South Korea offers emergency aid to North Korea for floods. (AFP via Google News) The United States Food and Drug Administration finds that feed given to hens at Wright County Egg and Hillandale Farm led to a salmonella outbreak in eggs . (CNN) International relations Former International Atomic Energy Agency director Olli Heinonen claims that Iran has stockpiled enough low-enriched uranium for one to two nuclear bombs. (Haaretz) Israel asks Germany to arrest Klaas Carel Faber , a Nazi war criminal who killed 20 Jews at Westerbork concentration camp . ( Haaretz ) The New York Times claims that Mohammed Zia Salehi , an official of Afghanistan 's Karzai administration accused of graft is on the United States Central Intelligence Agency payroll. ( The New York Times ) Ahmad Vahidi , Iran 's Minister of Defense , offers military assistance to Lebanon following a request from Hezbollah . (AFP via Lebanon Daily Star ) South Korea's presidential office claims that North Korean leader Kim Jong-il is visiting China for the second time this year. (Yonhap) ( Wall Street Journal ) (Al Jazeera) Law and crime Russian police arrest activists from Amnesty International and remove volunteers from Greenpeace Russia and the ONE Campaign at a U2 concert in Moscow . (BBC) (RIA Novosti) (Business Week) An independent counsel finds that the Governor of New York David Paterson gave misleading evidence about intending to pay for free tickets that he obtained to last year's baseball world series and refers the issue to the Albany District Attorney for possible prosecution for perjury . ( New York Times ) Mexico asks its Latin American neighbours to help identify the 72 people found murdered in Tamaulipas . (AFP via The Age ) Politics Solomon Islands MP Steve Laore dies, reducing newly elected Prime Minister Danny Philip 's parliamentary majority to just one. (Agence France Presse) Democratic Party of Japan powerbroker Ichirō Ozawa announces a leadership challenge to the Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan with a ballot to be held on September 14. (Reuters) Science Heavy rains wash red argillite sediment from old sedimentary rock into a river at Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta , causing Cameron Falls to turn red. ( Daily Mail ) August 27, 2010 ( 2010-08-27 ) (Friday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Battle of Mogadishu The al-Shabaab rebel group in Somalia says it has called 11 truckloads of reinforcements to take over the capital Mogadishu after a week-long battle. (Al Jazeera) At least 43 people are killed in the violence. (Press TV) Police in India kill Umakanta Mahato , a top Maoist guerilla wanted in connection with the Gyaneshwari Express train derailment in May. (BBC) ( Times of India ) Two bombs explode in the Mexican city of Ciudad Victoria , the capital of Tamaulipas , outside the municipal police station and the Televisa television station. (BNO via New Kerala) Almost 45 people are injured in clashes between stone-throwing protesters and Indian security forces in India 's Kashmir Valley . (UPI) Business and economy Ben Bernanke , the Chair of the Federal Reserve , says the United States Federal Reserve is prepared to act against the prospects of deflation but expects economic growth to continue during the latter half of 2010 "albeit at a relatively modest pace." ( New York Times ) The United States Department of Justice closes an antitrust probe into a proposed merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines clearing the way for shareholders to vote on the proposal. (MoneyCNN) Ford announces that they has recalled more than 570,000 Windstar minivans in the United States and Canada over rear axle issues. ( Denver Post ) Archived August 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Disasters As many as 30 children die of lead poisoning in northern Nigeria . (BBC) (AllAfrica.com) 12 people are killed in landslides after heavy rains in northern Turkey . ( Hürriyet Daily News ) (BBC) The Indus River breaches its banks near the southern Pakistan city of Thatta forcing the evacuations of hundreds of thousands of people. (ABC Online and AFP) A magnitude 5.7 earthquake strikes northern Iran , killing two people. (WireUpdate) (Xinhua) (Radio New Zealand) Floods and landslides have killed at least 34 people in Nicaragua and affected 84,000 since the start of the rainy season on May 15. (AFP via Google News) International relations India cancels defence exchanges with China after the latter refused to grant a visa to a general from Kashmir . (BBC) ( Hindustan Times ) (Al Jazeera) Sri Lanka urges Saudi Arabia to investigate the case of a Sri Lankan maid who had nails and needles pushed into her by her employers as a "punishment". Doctors later remove 24 nails and needles from her body. (Arab News) (Lanka Business Online) (BBC) Muslims protest outside the United States embassy in Jakarta about plans by the Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida to burn Korans on the 9th anniversary of the September 11 attacks . (Fox News) France rejects criticism from the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination over its Romani removal strategy. (Xinhua) Law and crime A draft United Nations report says crimes by the Rwandan army and allied rebels in Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Second Congo War could be classified as genocide . (BBC) (IOL) (Reuters Africa) Former President of the United States Jimmy Carter secures the release of US citizen Aijalon Gomes from North Korea . (BBC) (Yonhap) (Xinhua) The President of Kenya Mwai Kibaki enacts the new constitution . (CNN) (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation) The chief investigator of the mass killing of 72 people in Mexico 's Tamaulipas state has been missing since Wednesday. (BBC) Paul Allen 's company, Interval Licensing LLC , files a patent infringement lawsuit against Google , Apple Computer , AOL , eBay , Facebook , Netflix , Office Depot , OfficeMax , Staples Inc. , Yahoo and YouTube . (NYT) Politics Leaders of the Burmese junta , including Senior General Than Shwe , resign from their posts ahead of general elections in November. (BBC) (Sify India) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] Legal advice clears Governor-General of Australia Mrs. Quentin Bryce to make a decision on who will be the next Prime Minister of Australia despite family ties to Australian Labor Party powerbroker Bill Shorten . ( The Australian ) Science A team of scientists, led by Neil Hall from the University of Liverpool , releases draft sequences of the wheat genome . (BBC) Arrowheads found in the Sibudu Cave in northern KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa show that humans were using bow and arrows 64000 years ago. (BBC) Weather Hurricane Danielle strengthens to Category 4 , becoming the first major hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season . (MSNBC) (CNN) (CBC) August 28, 2010 ( 2010-08-28 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Pakistan Suspected United States missiles strike two cars carrying militants in Pakistan 's Kurram Valley resulting in at least four deaths. (AP via Fox News) A heavy exchange of gunfire erupts outside a Pakistan security forces office in Peshawar near the United States consulate . Two hostages were taken but eventually freed. (AP via MSNBC) , (DNA India) , (Al-Jazeera) Suspected Taliban insurgents attack two coalition allied military bases in eastern Afghanistan ; both attacks are repelled by coalition forces, killing 24 militants while taking no casualties. (BBC) Business and economy Cuba eases property laws, allowing foreign investors to lease government land for up to 99 years. (AP) (Al Jazeera) International relations China and India state that the military ties between the two countries will not be affected despite the recent visa dispute. [2] [3] The International Criminal Court reports Kenya to the United Nations Security Council over a visit by Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir to the country. (BBC) ( The Standard ) Rwanda threatens to limit cooperation with the United Nations after a report accused the country of war crimes in neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo . (AFP) Iran answers Lebanon 's call to help fund the Lebanese Army after the United States threatened to cut off funds following the 2010 Adaisseh incident . [4] [ permanent dead link ] Mount Sinabung in Sumatra , Indonesia , erupts. Thousands of people evacuated. (The Jakarta Post) (Wikinews) Law and crime Iran says no final decision has been made on the stoning of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , who was convicted of adultery . (AFP) (Iranian Students' News Agency) Politics Former President of Madagascar Marc Ravalomanana is sentenced in absentia to life in prison with hard labour for ordering the killing of opposition supporters. (BBC) (Reuters Africa) A large gathering of people attend Glenn Beck 's "Restoring Honor" rally at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. ( USA Today ) Sport Four members of the Pakistan national cricket team are allegedly involved in a betting scandal including captain Salman Butt fast bowlers Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir and wicketkeeper Kamran Akmal during their current tour of England . ( Daily Mail ) August 29, 2010 ( 2010-08-29 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Eighty thousand people rally in Hong Kong after last week's fatal tourist coach hijacking hostage crisis in the Philippines . (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] ( The Independent ) At least 19 people are killed in a fire fight between President of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov 's personal guards and protesters in Tsentoroi . (Aljazeera) A Palestinian man is killed by the collapse of a smuggling tunnel under the border between Egypt and the Gaza Strip . (AFP via Google News) Afghanistan 7 American soldiers are killed in fighting in Afghanistan over the weekend. (AP via MSNBC) Gunmen kill 5 campaign workers for a female candidate in the Afghan parliamentary election, 2010 . (Reuters) The Catholic Church admits that during a meeting in April Godfried Danneels , the retired Catholic leader in Belgium , advised a person who had experienced abuse to remain silent until his abuser Roger Vangheluwe , the Bishop of Bruges , retired. (BBC) Arts and Culture 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards Mad Men wins the Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series. ( Los Angeles Times ) Modern Family wins the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series. ( Los Angeles Times ) The final episode of Last of the Summer Wine airs on BBC One after 37 years. ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( Daily Mail ) A small semi-train is driven through the streets of Gaza after six months of construction, to the delight of children living in harsh conditions. (Xinhua) Disasters Floods worsen in Pakistan as more towns are threatened. (Press TV) 1 person dies as the Sumatran volcano Sinabung prompts a red alert by erupting for the first time in over 400 years, leading to Indonesia evacuating thousands of people. (ABC News Online) (AFP via Google News) (DPA via Monsters and Critics) At least 38 people, including the driver, are killed in Ecuador when a bus falls down a cliff outside the capital Quito , reportedly after the driver fell asleep. ( Reuters Africa ) (Sky News Australia) International relations The Palestinian Authority launches a United States -funded advertising campaign supporting peace talks with Israel . ( Jerusalem Post ) Law and crime Indonesian detainees riot and light a fire at the Northern Immigration Detention Centre in Darwin , Australia . (ABC News Online) , (AFP via Yahoo! News) Unidentified gunmen assassinate Marco Antonio Leal Garcia, the mayor of the small town of Hidalgo in Tamaulipas , Mexico . (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Politics Afghanistan 's former deputy attorney-general Fazel Ahmed Faqiryar is sacked over his refusal to obstruct corruption investigations into senior government officials; Faqiryar is critical of President Hamid Karzai . (Aljazeera) Racism in Australia is shown to be subsiding as the country elects its first indigenous parliamentarian , Ken Wyatt . (BBC) ( The Independent ) ( The Age ) President of the United States Barack Obama pledges to restore the Gulf Coast on the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina in a speech in New Orleans . (Reuters via Toronto Sun ) (Aljazeera) Sport A man is arrested in connection to an alleged sports betting scam centered on the current Test match at Lord's Cricket Ground in London between England and Pakistan . (BBC) David Lekuta Rudisha lowers the 800 metres world record to 1:41.01 seconds. (IAAF) August 30, 2010 ( 2010-08-30 ) (Monday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Four Israeli settlers , including a pregnant woman, are shot dead in a shooting outside Kiryat Arba , when a gunman opens fire on their car. Hamas claims responsibility for the murder. (Haaretz) A gunman opens fire in Devínska Nová Ves , a borough of the Slovak capital Bratislava , killing 8 people and injuring 14 others. (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) ( The Guardian ) (AP via The Hindu ) (Xinhua) (Aljazeera) Marco Antonio Leal García , the Mayor of Hidalgo, Tamaulipas , in northeastern Mexico, is shot dead while operating his car; his 4-year-old daughter is wounded. (BBC) The presidential palace in Somalia is shelled. (Aljazeera) 6 civilians are killed and 19 others are injured in a shelling incident in Mogadishu . ( The Guardian ) 4 African Union peacekeepers from Uganda are killed during a mortar strike in Mogadishu , Somalia. (BBC) (AFP via France24) 4 people are killed and 3 others are injured due to a rocket launcher explosion in Pursat Province , northwestern Cambodia . (Xinhua) Two Russian pilots are abducted in Sudan 's western Darfur region. (RIA Novosti) (BBC) Gunmen kidnap a politician in southern Nigeria , days after a supporter of President Goodluck Jonathan was also kidnapped. (News24) (Xinhua) Arts and culture It is announced that Isabella Rossellini is to chair the judging panel at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011 . (BBC) (Reuters) (UPI) (AFP via The Independent ) Concern is expressed for more than 500 indigenous women who have gone missing in Canada on the International Day of the Disappeared . (Aljazeera) Alain "Spiderman" Robert climbs another building barehanded, this time in Sydney ; he is later arrested. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) (Xinhua) (Sky News) (France24) Disasters 2010 Pakistan floods The historic city of Thatta is preserved by troops and volunteers fighting severe floodwaters in Pakistan ; it had been thought of as being at great risk. (AP via Google News) ( The Independent ) ( Daily Times ) More than 175,000 people flee, as the city virtually empties. (Aljazeera) Chile mining accident The 33 miners involved in the accident make telephone contact with their families for the first time in 3 weeks. (BBC) Rescuers are to begin drilling to rescue the trapped miners. ( Santiago Times ) [ permanent dead link ] (Al Jazeera) 2010 Atlantic hurricane season Category 4 Hurricane Earl takes aim at the northern Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico with winds of up to 135 miles per hour (215 km/h) prompting hurricane warnings. (msnbc.com) (CNN) (BBC) Tropical Storm Fiona forms in the central Atlantic Ocean with the potential to become the fourth hurricane of the season. ( Huffington Post ) Indonesia 's Mount Sinabung continues to erupt with 21,000 people now evacuated from nearby areas of north Sumatra and two people dead. (AP via Fox News) (CNN) 9 people die and 480 are rescued following a fire at a retirement home in the Tver region of Russia . (CNN) (Al Jazeera) It is announced that a preserved corpse belonging to William Holland, an American mountaineer lost in the Canadian Rockies in 1989, has been located in Jasper National Park . (BBC) (AP via Google News) 42 killed, 11 injured in bus crash 55 miles south of Quito , Ecuador . (CNN) International relations Ovadia Yosef , a senior rabbi from Shas , a party within Israel 's coalition government , calls for Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to "vanish from our world". The United States condemns the remarks as "deeply offensive". (BBC) ( Haaretz ) ( The Times of India ) The United States begins patrolling with troops its border with Mexico . (BBC) United States Vice President Joe Biden pays a surprise visit to Iraq . (Aljazeera) (Aswat al-Iraq) China and North Korea acknowledge the leader of North Korea Kim Jong Il visited China recently where he met with the President of China Hu Jintao . (UK Press Association via Google News) (Xinhua) ( The Chosun Ilbo ) ( Daily Times ) The President of the United States Barack Obama freezes the assets of three North Korean organisations and one individual in response to the sinking of a South Korean warship in March. North Korea has denied it is responsible. ( The Guardian ) (Xinhua) (Aljazeera) Law and crime More than 100 Russian far-right skinheads attack a music festival in central Russia, injuring at least 10 people and leaving one 14-year-old girl dead. (BBC) (RIA Novosti) 3,200 police officers have been fired so far this year by Mexico 's federal police force due to extracurricular activities. (BBC) (AP via France24) (Aljazeera) The Indian government decides not to ban the controversial BlackBerry devices for at least two months after the North American manufacturer allows "lawful access" to encrypted data it had been feared would be a security threat. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Indonesian detainees continue to riot at the Northern Immigration Detention Facility . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) South African rugby union player Bees Roux of the Bulls is charged with murdering a police officer in Pretoria . (AP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Mexico captures alleged Mexican-American drug trafficker Edgar Valdez Villarreal in the state of Morelos near Mexico City . (ABC News Online) Politics and elections Italian health minister Ferruccio Fazio apologises while visiting a woman subjected to violent confrontation between two doctors as her baby was on the verge of being born at a hospital in Messina , Sicily . (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (AP via CBC News) ( The Washington Post ) Talks begin between the government and workers striking for better conditions in South Africa in the third week of a conflict which has seen troops deployed. (BBC) ( TIMES Live ) (Reuters) Science The InterAcademy Panel on International Issues issues a report finding that The IPCC assessment process has been successful overall but making seven formal recommendations for improving the IPCC's assessment process, and that "“Straying into advocacy can only hurt I.P.C.C.’s credibility.” (Aljazeera) ( The Irish Times ) ( The New York Times ) ( The New Zealand Herald ) InterAcademy Council news release 30.August.2010 Sport The International Cricket Council states that Pakistan 's tour of England is to continue despite yesterday's spot-fixing allegations exposed by a British newspaper. (BBC Sport) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) August 31, 2010 ( 2010-08-31 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks A roadside bomb and mortar attack in the Somali capital Mogadishu kill at least 14 people and injure several others. (Al Jazeera) 8 people are killed in a petrol bomb attack at a bar in Cancún , Mexico. (BBC) (APA) 4 Israelis are shot to death in an attack in the West Bank next to Kiryat Arba . (Ynetnews) (BBC) A roadside bomb kills 4 United States troops in eastern Afghanistan . (AP via MSNBC) An explosion occurs outside the head office of a government-run television station in Bangkok , Thailand . ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] (Xinhua) 3 Russian aircrew kidnapped in Sudan 's Darfur region are released. (Reuters) (RIA Novosti) The Sudan People's Liberation Army pledges to demobilise all of its child soldiers by the end of the year. (BBC) Business and economics Hewlett-Packard (HP), the world's largest computer maker based in the U.S. state of California , pays US$55 million amid allegations it defrauded the United States government. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] , (BBC) Disasters Floodwaters continue to wreak havoc in Pakistan , affecting areas near Larkana . ( DAWN ) Four people die following a Cessna Citation crash on Misima Island in Papua New Guinea 's Milne Bay Province . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (ABC Online) Hurricane Earl moves away from the Leeward Islands towards the east coast of the United States with a hurricane watch issued for most of the North Carolina coast. (Reuters) (MSNBC) International relations The Russian embassy in the Belarussian capital Minsk is attacked with firebombs ; Russia says the incident is "outrageous". (RIA Novosti) ( Times of India ) (Reuters) Iran 's foreign ministry criticises state media for branding French first lady Carla Bruni as a "prostitute" over her support for Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani who faces death by stoning after being convicted of adultery . (ABC News) (IOL) (AP) Following an Israeli-course on editing Wikipedia to further a national agenda, a Palestinian group initiates a plan to establish its view on the encyclopaedia. [5] [6] Law and crime The Danish-based Kurdish TV station Roj TV faces terror charges for supporting PKK. (Denmark.DK) Mexican authorities arrest top drug trafficker Edgar Valdez Villarreal . (Al Jazeera) ( The Guardian ) A Chinese court accepts its first case relating to a man claiming job discrimination on the grounds he had HIV . (BBC) ( China Daily ) (AFP) Russian police detain more than 150 people including prominent opponents of Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin such as former Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov , following protests in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in support of freedom of assembly . ( Irish Times ) (Al Jazeera) ( The Moscow Times ) Politics President of the United States Barack Obama delivers a televised Oval Office address to the United States commemorating the end of United States armed forces being directly involved in fighting in Iraq . ( New York Times ) The South African government improves a pay offer to more than a million striking public sector workers in an attempt to end the two-week-long strike. (AllAfrica.com) (BBC) (CNN) US Senator Lisa Murkowski concedes defeat in the Alaskan Republican primary election to challenger to Joe Miller . (MSNBC) As part of a lengthy interview with the Mexican newspaper La Jornada , Fidel Castro admits responsibility for the persecution of homosexuals in Cuba after the revolution of 1959 . (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) Science Fossils of Balaur genus dinosaur are unearthed in Romania . (BBC) edit history watch War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Netherlands pulls out of Afghanistan . (rfi) Two NATO soldiers are killed in fighting in the south of Afghanistan . (AFP via Focus net) Netherlands pulls out of Afghanistan . (rfi) Two NATO soldiers are killed in fighting in the south of Afghanistan . (AFP via Focus net) Wooden box mines , suspected to come from North Korea , wash ashore on a South Korean beach killing one man and injuring another. (Reuters) (Yonhap) Israel Defense Forces jets attack targets in the Gaza Strip following a Qassam rocket fired at the Negev in Israel on Saturday night. (Ynet News) Almost 90,000 people flee renewed fighting in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the past month reflecting a declining security situation as the military fights Allied Democratic Forces-National Army for the Liberation of Uganda Ugandan Islamist rebels. (Reuters Africa) Six people die in the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir after a third day of clashes between security forces and Muslim separatists. (Voice of America) World Heritage List Hawaii 's Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , the habitat of the endangered Hawaiian Monk seal and rare birds, and Sri Lanka 's central highlands are added. (Reuters) Tanzania 's Ngorongoro Conservation Area , including the Serengeti National Park and Olduvai Gorge , are added. ( The Earth Times ) Eleven of Australia 's most important convict sites including Hyde Park Barracks and The Domain in Sydney , Fremantle Prison in Western Australia and Port Arthur , Tasmania are added. (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Hawaii 's Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , the habitat of the endangered Hawaiian Monk seal and rare birds, and Sri Lanka 's central highlands are added. (Reuters) Tanzania 's Ngorongoro Conservation Area , including the Serengeti National Park and Olduvai Gorge , are added. ( The Earth Times ) Eleven of Australia 's most important convict sites including Hyde Park Barracks and The Domain in Sydney , Fremantle Prison in Western Australia and Port Arthur , Tasmania are added. (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Philippine Airlines tells 25 airline pilots to return to work after quitting without notice forcing the airline to cancel flights. (Bloomberg via Business Week ) Manufacturing output in China grows at its slowest rate in 17 months in July, with the Purchasing Managers Index falling 0.9% to 51.2%. (BBC) (Xinhua) The United Arab Emirates will suspend some BlackBerry mobile services from October amid concerns that data from some equipment is being exported offshore and managed by foreign organisations. Saudi Arabia plans to suspend some services later this month. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Thousands of troops are mobilised in Russia to tackle forest fires spreading in 17 regions, the worst in decades, as the death toll rises to 30. (Voice of Russia) (AFP) Floods in northeastern China kill more than 100 people and sweep 3,000 chemical-filled barrels into the Songhua River . (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) (AFP) ( Times of India ) Pakistan floods The death toll from floods in northwestern Pakistan exceeds 1,000. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( The Nation ) The United States pledges $10 million in foreign aid to Pakistan to help the nation respond. (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) The death toll from floods in northwestern Pakistan exceeds 1,000. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( The Nation ) The United States pledges $10 million in foreign aid to Pakistan to help the nation respond. (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) The Convention on Cluster Munitions banning the use, production and transfer of cluster bombs in some countries, comes into effect. (AFP) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Colombia denies claims by Venezuela that it is planning a military attack, a day after Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez said he was sending troops to their mutual border. (CNN) (Xinhua) The President of Israel Shimon Peres and the President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak agree that Israel and the Palestinian Authority should hold direct talks. ( Jerusalem Post ) United Kingdom - Sarah's Law , a scheme which allows parents to check if someone with access to their children is a sex offender, will be extended to cover the whole of England and Wales by Spring 2011 after proving successful in four pilot areas. (BBC) Scientists announce the discovery of the world's first active undersea river , in the Black Sea . ( The Daily Telegraph ) edit history watch A Jordanian civilian is killed and three others are wounded as a Grad rocket launched from the Sinai hits the city of Aqaba . Four other rockets land in open areas in the Gulf of Aqaba . Jordan , Israel , Egypt and the United States condemn the attack. (YnetNews) ( Haaretz ) The United Nations establishes a panel with an Israeli and Turk amongst its members to investigate the Gaza flotilla raid in May. (AFP via Google News) An antiques dealer is imprisoned for handling a copy of the First Folio by poet and playwright William Shakespeare , though cleared of actually stealing it, in the UK. (BBC) Cuban President Raúl Castro pledges to ease state control of the economy . (BBC) ( People's Daily ) (Angola Press) Hundreds of new wildfires erupt in Russia as fire has damaged or destroyed 27 towns and villages. (AP via Boston Globe ) A fire at a retirement home in Nigel, Gauteng , South Africa , kills 18 people. (BBC) ( Times Live South Africa ) Eleven people are killed and four survive after a passenger plane crashes in Russia's Krasnoyarsk territory . (RIA Novosti) ( Times of India ) The Government of the United States claims that nearly 5 million barrels of oil have spilt from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico , making it the largest accidental maritime oil spill ever . ( New York Times ) At least 33 people drown after a boat capsizes on Lake Albert in Uganda . (UPI) (AFP) The European Union announces it will end its mission to reform security forces in Guinea-Bissau due to the deteriorating situation in the country. (BBC) (News24) The Government of Pakistan summons the British High Commissioner to Islamabad for a "dressing down" by Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi over remarks made by the British Prime Minister David Cameron on Pakistan "looking both ways" on terrorism . (AFP via Google News) ( The Guardian ) (BBC) The trial of Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim on sodomy charges is deferred until August 9. (CNN) A drunk man on a tractor kills 11 people and injures many others in a rampage in northern China . (Reuters Africa) (BBC) ( The Hindu ) Politicians in Nepal fail to elect a new Prime Minister for the third time after no candidate secured a majority. ( Kantipur ) (BBC) ( Indian Express ) Several people are killed during protests in Indian-administered Kashmir after the worst anti-government violence in two years. ( The Hindu ) (BBC) A Greek truck drivers strike ends with the situation expected to get back to normal quickly. (AP via The Australian ) The United States House of Representatives ethics committee charges California Democrat Maxine Waters with breaking ethics rules. ( USA Today ) The Census of Marine Life is released after 10 years of study of the worlds oceans showing that there are 230,000 species of animal living there. (Fox News) , ( The Guardian ) Lithuania wins the European U-18 basketball championship. (Ballineurope) Former World No. 1 professional tennis player Ivan Lendl announces a return after a 16-year break. (BBC Sport) Car driver Michael Schumacher apologises to Rubens Barrichello for what Barichello describes as "the most dangerous manoeuvre against me I have ever known", which occurred during the 2010 Hungarian Grand Prix . ( The Guardian ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Adaisseh incident Three Lebanese soldiers , one Israeli soldier , and a journalist are killed, and others are wounded, in clashes along the Israel-Lebanon border. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (AFP via Google News) The United Nations Security Council goes into closed-door consultations. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu claims that IDF soldiers did not cross the border. ( The Jerusalem Post ) UNIFIL confirms that the IDF did not cross the border. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Lebanese officials maintain it was the fault of Israel and expresses dissatisfaction at Israel's "aggression" against their country. ( Gulf Daily News ) Three Lebanese soldiers , one Israeli soldier , and a journalist are killed, and others are wounded, in clashes along the Israel-Lebanon border. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (AFP via Google News) The United Nations Security Council goes into closed-door consultations. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu claims that IDF soldiers did not cross the border. ( The Jerusalem Post ) UNIFIL confirms that the IDF did not cross the border. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Lebanese officials maintain it was the fault of Israel and expresses dissatisfaction at Israel's "aggression" against their country. ( Gulf Daily News ) Assassination of Raza Haider Around 46 people are killed and more than 100 others are wounded in Karachi during violent scenes that follow the assassination. (Aljazeera) ( Daily Mail ) (AP via The Guardian ) Police fill the streets of Karachi and Hyderabad is also deserted. (Reuters) Around 46 people are killed and more than 100 others are wounded in Karachi during violent scenes that follow the assassination. (Aljazeera) ( Daily Mail ) (AP via The Guardian ) Police fill the streets of Karachi and Hyderabad is also deserted. (Reuters) Twin explosions kill at least 3 people and injure at least 50 others in a crowded shopping area in Kut , Wasit ; women and children are seen bleeding in the streets. (BBC) Authorities shoot dead at least 2 people for protesting on a highway near Srinagar in Kashmir . (Aljazeera) Hundreds of people supporting Lech Kaczyński are sprayed with lachrymator by police outside Warsaw 's Presidential Palace . (BBC) (Reuters) ( The Washington Post ) Jordan says it has evidence that a fatal Grad-type rocket strike on Aqaba originated in Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) At least 5 police officers are shot dead at a checkpoint in Baghdad , Iraq . (Aljazeera) A battle erupts as the Taliban attacks the Kandahar Air Field , the main NATO base in southern Afghanistan . The battle lasts an hour, after which the Taliban flee. (Aljazeera) A worker kills 9 people , including himself, in a workplace incident at Hartford Distributors Inc in Connecticut , United States . (France24) (Xinhua) (BBC) A car bomb explodes in Derry , Northern Ireland , injuring no one. ( The Guardian ) (RTÉ) ( The Irish Times ) Arts, culture and society The daughter of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin , Bristol Palin and Levi Johnston once again call off their engagement after it's revealed that Johnston fathered a child with another woman. (ABC) A letter is unveiled demonstrating how Robert Burns was "reduced and shattered" in his final days; it will soon be exhibited in Edinburgh , Scotland . (BBC) Tokyo 's "oldest woman" cannot be located, casting doubts upon her claim to the title. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Disasters and accidents 2010 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa floods More than three million people are dislocated and 1,500 are now dead as Pakistan's worst floods flow to the south. (Aljazeera) Rescue attempts are underway. (BBC) The Warsak Dam near Peshawar , Pakistan 's third-largest dam, is threatened by rising water levels. ( The Guardian ) The United States Army sends four CH-47 Chinook helicopters and two UH-60 Blackhawks helicopters to help with the relief effort. (AFP via Google) More than three million people are dislocated and 1,500 are now dead as Pakistan's worst floods flow to the south. (Aljazeera) Rescue attempts are underway. (BBC) The Warsak Dam near Peshawar , Pakistan 's third-largest dam, is threatened by rising water levels. ( The Guardian ) The United States Army sends four CH-47 Chinook helicopters and two UH-60 Blackhawks helicopters to help with the relief effort. (AFP via Google) Russian wildfires worsen. (BBC) (IOL) The family of Terry Jupp claim that the Ministry of Defence did not use "stringent procedures" during the secretive explosive experiment on an island in the Thames Estuary that led to his death. ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (BBC) ( The Washington Post ) Business and economy Nearly £2 billion of savings are revealed to have been removed from the UK's nationalised Northern Rock bank. ( The Guardian ) Ecuador says it will not drill for oil in the Yasuni National Park for at least a decade after being provided with $3.6 billion (£2.26 billion) - half the money it would receive from selling the oil - in a deal signed with the United Nations . (BBC) Mexicana de Aviación , Mexico's biggest airline, files for bankruptcy . (BBC) ( Los Angeles Times ) International relations Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah suggests Israel carried out the 2005 assassination of ex-Lebanese PM Rafic Hariri , and promises he will show proof at a press conference next week. (BBC) Turkey 's Foreign Ministry summons Israel 's ambassador after the Israeli Defence Minister Ehud Barak accuses the new head of Turkish intelligence of being a "friend of Iran ". (Reuters) The 41st annual Pacific Islands Forum Leaders Summit opens in Port Vila , Vanuatu . (Radio New Zealand International) President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari arrives in the United Kingdom upon a five-day visit as the two countries disagree over David Cameron 's remarks on "the export of terror". (Aljazeera) Zimbabwe requests apologies from American , German and European Union envoys who walked out of the burial ceremony for President Robert Mugabe 's sister; they refuse to apologise. (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (BBC) (News24) Iran rejects Brazil 's offer to grant political asylum to Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , who has been sentenced to death in Iran for adultery. (AP via The Guardian ) Law and crime The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) both sue the United States (US) after it bans lawyers from a case taken by the father of Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki against the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has labelled him a "specially designated global terrorist". (BBC) (Reuters) Seven people go on trial in Kuwait accused of spying for Iran against Kuwait and the United States ; they deny all charges and say they were tortured into confessing. (BBC) Canada 's Transportation Minister John Baird orders an inquiry after a video surfaces showing two figures boarding a flight without showing their faces. (BBC) (Canada.com) ( Daily Star ) ( Ottawa Citizen ) ( South China Morning Post ) Jackie Selebi , former chief of Interpol and South Africa 's top police officer , is sentenced to 15 years in prison on corruption charges. (AP via GaeaTimes) (Aljazeera) ( The Guardian ) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters India) Former Rwandan administrator Dominique Ntawukulilyayo is given a 25-year sentence of imprisonment by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda after being convicted of the transportation of soldiers during the Rwandan Genocide . (BBC) The United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) posts a letter to the offices of online encyclopedia project Wikipedia , threatening fines and imprisonments over what it claims is the "particularly problematic" use of the agency's seal. (BBC) (CNN) ( Vanity Fair ) (Wikipedia entry) Saudi Arabia announces it is to commence a ban on the "messenger function" on BlackBerry handsets from Friday due to security concerns over the Research In Motion (RIM) technological device. (BBC) ( Arab News ) (Reuters) Politics and elections A prostitute informs Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi 's corruption inquiry that she received presents after he shared a bed with her and two others. ( The Guardian ) Kenya deploys an additional 18,000 police officers as the country heads to the polls to decide the fate of a potential new constitution . (Aljazeera) A top civil service union in Sri Lanka condemns the tying to a tree of an official by a government minister in Colombo , a disagreement related to dengue fever . (BBC) ( People's Daily ) The Elders criticise the Sri Lankan government. (BBC) Denmark has a political taxes scandal involving a "big and sloppy error" by Social Democrats leader Helle Thorning-Schmidt . (BBC) Irish senator Ivor Callely is suspended from Fianna Fáil over new expense allegations. (RTÉ) ( The Irish Times ) ( Irish Independent ) ( Irish Examiner ) Science and technology The first major Earth -directed solar eruption in a decade will generate aurorae visible in non-polar areas from early August 4th to August 5th. (Foxnews.com) (CNN) Sports Angola jails 4 human rights activists - a university professor, priest, lawyer and former police officer - for alleged links to the perpetrators of the Togo national football team attack ; Amnesty International and other organisations describe it as a crackdown on criticism. (BBC News) (Aljazeera) Spain and the Netherlands are both fined by FIFA for their antics during the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final . (BBC Sport) (Sky Sports) ( The Monitor - Uganda) Paraguayan footballer Salvador Cabañas , shot by a gun in the head, says his memories are vague. (BBC News) ( Times LIVE ) Alberto Contador joins Team Saxo Bank , managed by Bjarne Riis . (BBC Sport) Steward Derek Warwick gives Michael Schumacher , who performed a dangerous maneuver against a fellow driver, a 10-place penalty in a future Grand Prix race. (Press Association via The Guardian ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks About 70 Indian police personnel are reported missing in Chhattisgarh forests amid a major engagement with Maoist guerrillas ; they are later found. No casualties have been reported. ( The Times of India ) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Lebanon arrests a man it suspects has spied for Israel . (Aljazeera) Israeli shellfire kills a Palestinian militant and wounds 1 other in Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip as the search gets underway for further casualties. (Reuters) Corpses belonging to 59 migrants are located in a desert in the U.S. state of Arizona . (BBC) Police in Karachi arrest suspects in its investigation into a recent assassination, as the death toll in riots reaches 63. (BBC) At least 6 people are killed and around 50 others are injured in twin car bombings in Kut . (BBC) A suicide attack kills 4 people, a paramilitary commander Sifwat Ghuyur and three bodyguards, in Peshawar . (Aljazeera) (Reuters via ABC Online) (BBC) Adaisseh incident : The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces assert that Israeli soldiers were attacked in Israeli territory while performing routine maintenance, leading to yesterday's deadly clash. (Boston Herald) [ permanent dead link ] The United Nations Security Council agrees that Israel and Lebanon must show "utmost restraint" following the clash. (BBC) Hezbollah 's second in command Naim Qassem warns that the organisation will "retaliate" against Israel if there are further incidents. (AFP via Google News) The Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu warns both Hamas and Lebanon about further attacks on Israelis. ( Jerusalem Post ) A Lebanese government official confirms that Israel was not in violation of international law. (ANSAmed) Israeli troops uproot the very trees that caused the dispute. (Brisbane Times) The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces assert that Israeli soldiers were attacked in Israeli territory while performing routine maintenance, leading to yesterday's deadly clash. (Boston Herald) [ permanent dead link ] The United Nations Security Council agrees that Israel and Lebanon must show "utmost restraint" following the clash. (BBC) Hezbollah 's second in command Naim Qassem warns that the organisation will "retaliate" against Israel if there are further incidents. (AFP via Google News) The Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu warns both Hamas and Lebanon about further attacks on Israelis. ( Jerusalem Post ) A Lebanese government official confirms that Israel was not in violation of international law. (ANSAmed) Israeli troops uproot the very trees that caused the dispute. (Brisbane Times) Officials say more than 28,000 people have died in Mexican drug violence since December 2006, thousands more than previously thought. (BBC) India expresses deep regret that its police had to kill at least 28 people this week in Kashmir , with its Home Affairs Minister requesting that protesters stop. (BBC) New Zealand experiences its first combat fatality in Afghanistan ; he was also the country's first military death in fighting anywhere for a decade. (BBC) ( The New Zealand Herald ) ( The Washington Post ) A man found dead in forest near Trongsa is thought to have been killed by a tiger , possibly Bhutan 's first such death in 15 years. (BBC) A controlled explosion is carried out on a device discovered beneath the car of a serving soldier, believed to be an army major , in Bangor , County Down in Northern Ireland . ( The Guardian ) Arts, culture and entertainment A vault containing non- words - those rejected by the Oxford English Dictionary - is uncovered. ( The Daily Telegraph ) Sharers of the Radiohead album In Rainbows , once offered by the band for nothing, are sent cease-and-desist letters by the RIAA and IFPI . ( The Guardian ) Musician Wyclef Jean confirms he is to announce plans to stand for the presidency in Haiti . (BBC) Disasters 2010 Pakistan floods : Nearly 1 million people are estimated to have been left homeless during the ongoing severe floods in Pakistan . ( The Guardian ) Thousands of people flee their homes in Punjab due to flood fears. (Aljazeera) Rain falls, causing more damage. (BBC) The United Nations World Food Programme warns that parts of northwest Pakistan are facing urgent food shortages. (Sky News) The Disasters Emergency Committee launches its appeal for donations. (BBC) Nearly 1 million people are estimated to have been left homeless during the ongoing severe floods in Pakistan . ( The Guardian ) Thousands of people flee their homes in Punjab due to flood fears. (Aljazeera) Rain falls, causing more damage. (BBC) The United Nations World Food Programme warns that parts of northwest Pakistan are facing urgent food shortages. (Sky News) The Disasters Emergency Committee launches its appeal for donations. (BBC) Summer 2010 Russian wildfires : President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev interrupts his summer holiday to return and fire several top military officials after wildfires destroy a naval base outside Moscow . (BBC) (Aljazeera) At a meeting of the national Security Council Medvedev states: "By no means you may allow anarchy [...] You must not let the situation go out of local authorities' control". (Xinhua) President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev interrupts his summer holiday to return and fire several top military officials after wildfires destroy a naval base outside Moscow . (BBC) (Aljazeera) At a meeting of the national Security Council Medvedev states: "By no means you may allow anarchy [...] You must not let the situation go out of local authorities' control". (Xinhua) The confirmed death toll from flooding in China rises above 1,000. (Associated Press) Eurotunnel has "apologised profusely" after train passengers brought to Calais , France , through the Channel Tunnel are locked into their carriages upon arrival and immediately returned to Kent , England . ( The Guardian ) Three barns collapse at the largest egg farm in the U.S. state of Ohio in Croton , with at least one worker dead. (AP via Houston Chronicle ) Admiral Thad Allen , the man in charge of the US Government 's efforts to clear up the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , has given clearance for BP to pour cement into its Gulf of Mexico oil well . (Reuters) International relations The Pacific Islands Forum discusses Fiji in Vanuatu . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Law and crime Theresa Riggi stabs her three children to death and attempts suicide. Vaughn R. Walker , the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California , rules in Perry v. Schwarzenegger that California Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage in California is unconstitutional. ( Los Angeles Times ) (Reuters via New York Times ) (CNN) (BBC) A journalist with The Sunday Times is arrested in South Africa . [ clarification needed ] (News24) ( The Sowetan ) (Times LIVE) (iAfrica) A man with a knife embarks on a fatal slashing rampage in a kindergarten in Zibo , Shandong . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) The prison sentence of Sabbar Kashur , a married Arab man convicted by Israel of " rape by deception " after telling the accuser that he's Jewish and single , is delayed as he attempts an appeal. ( The Guardian ) ( Haaretz ) Canadian Abdullah Khadr , charged with terrorism by the United States and jailed in Canada since 2005, is released from prison after a Canadian judge declines an extradition attempt by the United States. (Aljazeera) Mohamed Mostafaei , an Iranian lawyer who defended convicted adulterer Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , is reported to be in Turkey , seeking asylum . (BBC) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] A decision by Malacca to allow under-age marriage is criticised by groups of women. (BBC) (Reuters) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Politics and elections President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's trip to Hamedan : Ahmadinejad announces in Hamedan that Iran is ready to start talks this month about a possible nuclear fuel swap. (Xinhua) Ahmadinejad denies rumors that he survived an assassination attempt while in Hamedan, and claims that a customary firecracker was set off to greet him. (Xinhua) ( The Guardian ) (BBC) (AFP via News Limited) (Press TV) Ahmadinejad announces in Hamedan that Iran is ready to start talks this month about a possible nuclear fuel swap. (Xinhua) Ahmadinejad denies rumors that he survived an assassination attempt while in Hamedan, and claims that a customary firecracker was set off to greet him. (Xinhua) ( The Guardian ) (BBC) (AFP via News Limited) (Press TV) Fidel Castro is expected to address the Cuban national assembly on Saturday for the first time in four years; his speech is anticipated to talk of a possible nuclear war involving the United States , Israel and Iran . ( The Daily Telegraph ) (BBC) ( The Star ) Kenyans head to the polls to decide the fate of a potential new constitution . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Reuters) (CNN) Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi survives a no-confidence vote. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) (France24) ( The Irish Times ) Dokka Umarov denies he has quit as head of Chechnya 's armed separatist group. (Aljazeera) Cabinet formation in the Netherlands : Ivo Opstelten , the chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , is appointed the new informateur , tasked with finalizing the formation of a right-wing minority coalition cabinet. (NOS) U.S. Rep. Don Young R - Alaska claims that he has been cleared in a United States Department of Justice corruption probe. (AP via Google News) Sport 10,000 people arrive in Cologne for the opening ceremony of the 2010 Gay Games . ( The Guardian ) Surrey defeat Glamorgan by 39 runs on the Duckworth–Lewis method to achieve a world record for the highest score in 40-over cricket in the CB 40 at The Oval . (BBC Sport) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Sky Sports) Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees becomes the seventh player in the history of Major League Baseball to hit 600 home runs . ( The New York Times ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents South Korea begins a huge anti-submarine exercise in the Yellow Sea , near the disputed maritime border , in what it sees as a show of strength against North Korea and "to be fully prepared for combat"; North Korea disapproves of the exercise. (BBC) ( The Jakarta Post ) (Reuters) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The Times of India ) 33 Chilean miners are trapped 700 meters underground at the beginning of a 69 day odyssey in the Copiapó mining accident . At least 25 or 32 Afghans, including civilians, are killed by NATO airstrikes in Nangarhar Province , many bombed by NATO planes while attending the funeral of a flood victim; relatives are displeased. (BBC) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] ( The New York Times ) At least 17 more people are killed during a third day of violence in Karachi , with police given orders to shoot on sight as buildings burn. Current death toll: At least 80. (BBC) Kyrgyzstan : Troops in Bishkek fire shots as protesters travel to support Urmat Baryktabasov , an opposition politician who arrived back in Kyrgyzstan from overseas. (BBC) (UPI) Tear gas is fired and 27 people, including Baryktabasov, are arrested. (France24) ( China Daily ) Troops in Bishkek fire shots as protesters travel to support Urmat Baryktabasov , an opposition politician who arrived back in Kyrgyzstan from overseas. (BBC) (UPI) Tear gas is fired and 27 people, including Baryktabasov, are arrested. (France24) ( China Daily ) At least six Afghan policemen are killed during a suicide attack in Kunduz , by the Tajikistan border. (BBC) ( The Asian Age ) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] Somali pirates seized a Syrian freighter flagged in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines carrying sugar with 24 crew (22 Syrian and 2 Egyptian ) in the Gulf of Aden . (AFP) Israel releases the MV Mavi Marmara , the aid ship which it impounded after killing nine activists during May's Gaza flotilla raid . (BBC) ( Arab News ) ( Indian Express ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Arts and culture A Salvador Dalí exhibition in Atlanta , United States , is to feature items from Canada , Japan and Scotland . (BBC) ( The Christian Science Monitor ) A piano which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is thought to have played is discovered in Baden-Baden , Baden-Württemberg . ( The Age ) A world-class example of a 17th-century ship's pass - dating from 1687 and signed by King James II and Samuel Pepys - is presented to the National Library of Ireland . (RTÉ) Russian pianist, conductor and composer Mikhail Pletnev cancels some appearances while he deals with accusations that he raped a 14-year-old boy in Thailand . (BBC) Business and economics The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sacks Ndi Okereke-Onyuike , the director-general of the Nigerian Stock Exchange and suspends its chairman, Aliko Dangote . (BBC) Taiwan and Singapore agree to hold talks on a free trade deal. (Focus Taiwan News Channel) ( Financial Times ) (Xinhua) (BBC) Pham Thanh Binh , the former boss of Vinashin, one of Vietnam 's largest state-owned companies, is arrested on suspicion of nearly bankrupting the company. (BBC) Disasters The United Nations states more than four million people are now affected by the most severe flooding in Pakistan 's history, while the death toll rises to at least 1,600. (Aljazeera) (BBC) A Russian military garrison near Naro-Fominsk outside Moscow moves its artillery rockets to a safer location as the wildfires get nearer. (AP via Google News) At least 20 people die after a bus falls into the Jhelum River in Pakistan controlled Kashmir . ( Peoples Daily ) 18 children die after their boat capsizes on the Tanzanian side of Lake Victoria . (News Limited) BP is authorized to pump cement into the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site after a successful "static kill" procedure with drilling mud. (CNN) International relations The Pacific Islands Forum meets in Vanuatu and discusses the situation in Fiji . (AFP via Google News) Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem sends a letter to Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon in which he writes charges against three Israelis charged with spying for Syria are "baseless" and "fabricated". ( Haaretz ) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron commits another gaffe - with an erroneous statement that Iran possesses a nuclear weapon - just after apologising to an angered pensioner for his previous gaffe about the Battle of Britain . (BBC) (news.com.au) ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Law and crime Model Naomi Campbell gives evidence that she received several "dirty looking stones" after meeting the former President of Liberia Charles Taylor in his trial at the United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone . ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) A Polish appellate court upholds the decision of a lower court to extradite an alleged Mossad agent to Germany to face trial for forging a passport used in the slaying of Hamas commander Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (AP via Google News) (BBC) (Press TV) ( Haaretz ) Israel charges three Arab men with spying for Syria ; they deny the charges and one is alleged to be a human rights activist. [ clarification needed ] (BBC) A woman who is alleged to have been raped by two police officers appears on Egyptian television where she is interviewed about the experience. (BBC) Supporters of California Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage lodge an appeal against the decision of United States district court Vaughn R. Walker overturning it. (CNN) The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation upholds as constitutional a law allowing same-sex marriages in Mexico City . (BBC) (France24) British police issue an apology after one of them shot a 14-year-old female bystander with a Taser , sending an electric shock through her body. (BBC) Reported Japanese child abuse reaches its highest level since records were first taken a decade ago. (BBC) ( The Age ) Brazilian police discover a Rio de Janeiro prison is being run by some of the inmates; a guard is arrested. (BBC) The U.S. Government charges 14 people as participants in "a deadly pipeline" sending money and fighters from the United States to the Somalian insurgency group Al-Shabaab . (AP via Google News) (BBC) Politics Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010 : Preliminary results of the referendum on the new Constitution of Kenya show it has passed with 67 per cent of the vote following a peaceful election. (Aljazeera) Those campaigning against the new Constitution concede defeat. (BBC) Preliminary results of the referendum on the new Constitution of Kenya show it has passed with 67 per cent of the vote following a peaceful election. (Aljazeera) Those campaigning against the new Constitution concede defeat. (BBC) Rwanda : The Rwandan government denies in a statement that it has been responsible for the deaths of any political opponents. (BBC) Rwandan Foreign Minister Louise Mushikiwabo says the country is "committed to free expression" but that it does not favour "hate media". (IOL) The Rwandan government denies in a statement that it has been responsible for the deaths of any political opponents. (BBC) Rwandan Foreign Minister Louise Mushikiwabo says the country is "committed to free expression" but that it does not favour "hate media". (IOL) Former Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd joins Julia Gillard 's election campaign while recovering from gallbladder surgery by attacking the opposition leader Tony Abbott . (BBC) The Ivorian presidential election, 2010 is set for 31 October. (BBC) Musician Wyclef Jean formally registers to stand for the presidency of Haiti . (BBC) (Aljazeera) The United States Senate confirms the nomination of Elena Kagan as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . (CNN) Science Newly released files, which can be freely downloaded for the next month, show that the British government felt threatened by UFOs in the 1950s and that Winston Churchill and Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the cover-up of one unexplained encounter. (BBC) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (News24) (Reuters) ( The Times of India ) Sports Anil Khanna , treasurer of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , resigns the position due to corrupt allegations. (BBC Sport) Uruguay striker and 2010 FIFA World Cup player of the tournament Diego Forlán is a popular attraction among the inhabitants of Kolkata as he participates in a talent search. (BBC News) In United States baseball , a group led by Nolan Ryan buys the Texas Rangers at a bankruptcy auction. (MSNBC) edit history watch Armed conflicts and incidents NATO admits it killed "between four and a dozen or more civilians" in Nangarhar Province as a result of air strikes on August 5. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The New York Times ) Germany offers compensation of € 3,800 to each family of 91 of the 142 people it killed and 11 it injured in an air strike near Kunduz , an incident which provoked outrage and led to political and military resignations. The Bundeswehr does not admit guilt and families say they may sue. (BBC) ( Der Spiegel ) Pakistan 's Major-General Tariq Khan urges NATO to do more to control the border with Afghanistan , amid increasing UK and U.S. pressure for Pakistan to deal with it. (BBC) Israeli authorities shut down all crossings into Gaza for the day. (Bernama) An international aid ship, the Saint Mariam , bearing only female passengers from all backgrounds, including singer May Hariri and several Americans, is to leave Tripoli bound for Gaza after overcoming an Israeli diplomatic mission designed to prevent it from setting sail. ( The Guardian ) The United Arab Emirates says the incident in which the Japanese tanker, the MV M. Star , was damaged in the Strait of Hormuz near Oman last week involved an explosives-laden dinghy . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Emirates News Agency) (AFP) An explosion at Zamboanga International Airport in the southern Philippines kills two people and injures 24. (BBC) ( Philippine Inquirer ) French police dismantle Romani camps in Saint-Étienne by order of the president. (BBC) (Expatica France) ( The Irish Times ) Arts and culture Reykjavík 's mayor, Jón Gnarr of the Best Party , dresses in drag for the opening of the city's gay pride festival. (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) Chinese culture minister Cai Wu expresses dismay at the quality of cultural productions in his country. ( China Daily ) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Reuters) Business and economy Vladimir Putin , the Prime Minister of Russia , bans export of flour and wheat from August 15 to December 31 due to the worst drought in Russian history. (Reuters) A 22-year-old Chinese woman falls from a building, becoming the thirteenth Foxconn employee to die in a spate of deaths at the company. (BBC) The Tata Group establishes a five-man panel in the search for Ratan Naval Tata 's successor as its head of business. (BBC) (NDTV) ( The Asian Age ) Mark Hurd resigns as chief executive officer of computer company Hewlett-Packard following investigation of a sexual harassment claim. (AP via ABC America) (BBC) Disasters At least 12 million people are now affected by the worst floods in the history of Pakistan with 1,600 people being killed and 650,000 homes being destroyed. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Sky News) ( The Irish Times ) Flash floods in the Ladakh region of India 's Jammu and Kashmir state kill at least 113 people and leave lots of others missing. (Aljazeera) ( The Times of India ) Rescue efforts continue to save 34 people trapped in a mine after a rock collapse near Copiapó . (BBC) (Reuters via Mineweb) ( Mining Weekly ) China suspends traffic on the Yalu River and evacuates more than 40,000 people from Dandong over fears of flooding amid unprecedented levels of rainfall. (BBC) ( BusinessWeek ) Smoke from Russian wildfires covers famous landmarks and delays more than 140 flights at Moscow airports while official figures indicate that 14,340 people died in Moscow during July 2010; 4,824 more than the same month last year. (Sky News) (Bloomberg) ( The Guardian ) Mount Karangetang , a volcano on the Indonesian island of Siau , erupts. (AP via Seattle PI ) International relations Hiroshima marks the 65th anniversary of the world's first atomic bomb attack ; United States representatives attend in an official capacity for the first time. (BBC) ( The Age ) ( The New Zealand Herald ) [ permanent dead link ] ( China Post ) Venezuela 's Hugo Chávez promises that his foreign minister will attend the inauguration of Juan Manuel Santos as Colombian president, two weeks after direct relations between the two countries were broken off, thanks to mediation efforts by President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . (BBC) South Africa recalls its ambassador to Rwanda . (BBC) (iAfrica) (Reuters Africa) ( The Mercury ) It is impossible that Abdelbaset al-Megrahi could have pretended to have terminal prostate cancer , according to an oncologist who examined him. (BBC) Britain's High Commission in Colombo lifts travel advice restrictions on Sri Lanka for the first time in approximately 30 years. (BBC) ( Daily Mail ) Asif Ali Zardari and David Cameron meeting: After meeting Pakistani President Zardari at Chequers UK Prime Minister Cameron speaks of an "unbreakable" friendship between Britain and Pakistan in his attempts to recover from remarks he made about Pakistan's alleged promotion of terrorism. (BBC) Zardari reiterates his desire to combat terrorism and says he has secured a deal with Britain to lobby the European Union for funds for a " Marshall Plan " to rebuild Pakistan and Afghanistan. ( The Guardian ) (BBC) After meeting Pakistani President Zardari at Chequers UK Prime Minister Cameron speaks of an "unbreakable" friendship between Britain and Pakistan in his attempts to recover from remarks he made about Pakistan's alleged promotion of terrorism. (BBC) Zardari reiterates his desire to combat terrorism and says he has secured a deal with Britain to lobby the European Union for funds for a " Marshall Plan " to rebuild Pakistan and Afghanistan. ( The Guardian ) (BBC) Law and crime Saudi Arabia BlackBerry ban: Saudi Arabia 's ban of online functions on BlackBerry mobile phones is implemented. (BBC) BlackBerry devices can be used again now across the country following a four-hour outage earlier today. (BBC) Saudi Arabia 's ban of online functions on BlackBerry mobile phones is implemented. (BBC) BlackBerry devices can be used again now across the country following a four-hour outage earlier today. (BBC) Thousands of people attend the public flagellation of 5 people in Aceh amid requests that the practice be banned. (BBC) A 25-year-old Bosnian immigrant is arraigned in a Brooklyn United States District Court for involvement in an alleged terrorist plot to blow up New York City 's subway system. (CNN) Jeremy Ractliffe, former head of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund , admits he kept possible blood diamonds to protect the reputations of Mandela, Naomi Campbell and the fund but that he gave them to South African police and is willing to testify at Charles Taylor 's trial. ( The Guardian ) At least 14 people are killed during a prison riot in Matamoros in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . (BBC) Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , sentenced to death in Iran , speaks out, saying Iran is "desperately trying to distract attention and confuse the media so that they can kill me in secret". ( The Guardian ) Police near Colombo arrest a suspected fraudster for whom they had previously appealed to Interpol ; it is unknown if he denies the charges brought against him. (BBC) A woman is arrested following the discovery of baby corpses stored inside four suitcases in her attic in Nij Beets , Friesland . (BBC) (news.com.au) (Reuters) (Sky News) The Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger files a motion calling for same-sex marriages to resume in the U.S. state immediately. (AFP via The Age ) Politics The Pentagon makes a demand to Wikileaks that it remove its collection of classified military documents from the internet. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Reuters) Brazil 's four main presidential election candidates participate in their first televised debate. (BBC) Musician Wyclef Jean files his papers in his bid to become President of Haiti . (BBC) Pál Schmitt takes office as President of Hungary , succeeding outgoing president László Sólyom . (Politics.hu) Bronisław Komorowski is officially sworn in as President of Poland , following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash in April. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Nepalese politicians unsuccessfully attempt to elect a new prime minister for the fourth time; they will try again on 18 August. (BBC) Swaziland 's justice minister and senator Ndumiso Mamba resigns from both positions over allegations of an affair with a wife of King Mswati III ; the wife has denied the allegations. (BBC) ( Times LIVE ) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] ( The Guardian ) Science According to scientists, one million little brown bats ( Myotis lucifugus ) have contracted white nose syndrome (WNS) and died in North America . (BBC) U.S. scientists plan to rotate the Confederate submarine , the H. L. Hunley , buried in the outer harbour of Charleston , South Carolina so that they can examine it more closely. (AP via Google News) American scientists announce an ice sheet has broken from Greenland 's Petermann Glacier . (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Sport Usain Bolt is professionally defeated for only the second time in the 100 metres by Tyson Gay in Stockholm . (BBC Sport) ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( The Independent ) edit history watch Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah announces Monday as the day he will present evidence reputed to implicate Israel in the 2005 car bomb assassination of then Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafiq Hariri . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Israel announces that Benjamin Netanyahu , Ehud Barak and Avigdor Lieberman have chosen Yosef Ciechanover , who formerly held posts in the Foreign Ministry, Defence Ministry and defence mission to the United States , to represent it on the United Nations panel to investigate May's Gaza flotilla raid . ( The Jerusalem Post ) ( Haaretz ) The MV Mavi Marmara arrives in Turkey ; the remaining three non-Turkish flotilla vessels plus the MV Rachel Corrie cargo ship, which followed days later, remain in Israeli custody. (Aljazeera) (BBC) 10 people, including 2 Afghan civilians and 8 International Assistance Mission aid workers, are killed in Nuristan Province . (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) (Voice of America) 14 people die and 35 others are injured in Basra due to an explosion, possibly caused by a power generator . (BBC) (France24) 5 Iraqi policemen are killed in an overnight shootout in western Baghdad , while 1 policeman is killed at a checkpoint outside Fallujah . (AP via The Guardian ) Hungarian actress Zsa Zsa Gabor , hospitalised after falling in the United States last month, is not released from hospital as had been initially expected due to a negative reaction to her morphine . (BBC) The Gulf of Mexico seafood industry starts to reopen after the Gulf of Mexico oil spill . (AP via News Times ) Pakistan issues a red alert as the worst floods in its history move south towards Sindh , with hundreds of thousands of people being evacuated, at least 10,000 cows killed and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani appealing on television for help from the international community. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Pollution hits record levels in Moscow as large wildfires continue to devastate Russia . (Aljazeera) At least 16 miners are killed during a fire at a gold mine in Zhaoyuan , Shandong , in China . 23 others are still trapped inside. (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) Efforts intensify to rescue at least 34 people trapped in a mine near Copiapó , Chile , in the Atacama Desert . (Aljazeera) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] ( People's Daily ) (news.com.au) 3 people are killed as a result of storms and flooding in Saxony . (Deutsche Welle) At least 127 people have died and 1,300 missing following landslides caused by heavy rains in China's northwestern Gansu province . (AFP via Google News) , (Bloomberg via Business Week ) An oil spill stretching at least two miles long occurs in the Arabian Sea offshore Mumbai , India , after a vessel from Panama collides with another vessel from St. Kitts . The Panamanian ship was carrying 2,662 tons of oil, 283 tons of diesel and 88,040 liters of lube oil when it became grounded and started to leak. (CNN) ( Sify ) A poll of six countries, taken by the Brookings Institution , an American think tank , indicates that the popularity of the President of the United States Barack Obama has dropped significantly in the Arab World since " A New Beginning ". ( The Irish Times ) ( Asia Times Online ) (Press TV) President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and President of Guinea-Bissau Malam Bacai Sanhá meet in Tehran . (Press TV) President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos , in his inauguration speech, vows to improve relations with Ecuador and Venezuela . (Xinhua) A Turkish court annuls an arrest warrant issued against 102 military officers over an alleged coup plot in 2003. (Aljazeera) An appeals court in Iran upholds a five year jail sentence against the owner of Mehdi Karroubi 's opposition website. (IOL) A man accused by witnesses of domestic violence informs a New Zealand court that he and his wife were performing the Turkish kolbasti traditional dance at the time of the alleged incident in Hawera . (BBC) (Canadian Press) ( The New Zealand Herald ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( The Age ) Saudi Arabia BlackBerry ban: Saudi Arabia decides it will not ban BlackBerry instant messaging after agreeing a deal to iron out security fears. ( The Daily Telegraph ) According to Saudi officials, a deal is close to prevent the ban of the devices. (BBC) Saudi Arabia decides it will not ban BlackBerry instant messaging after agreeing a deal to iron out security fears. ( The Daily Telegraph ) According to Saudi officials, a deal is close to prevent the ban of the devices. (BBC) President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo is diagnosed with lymphoma . (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Buenos Aires Herald ) Juan Manuel Santos is sworn in office as 59th President of Colombia , succeeding Álvaro Uribe , at a ceremony attended by more than 100 international delegations. (BBC) (Aljazeera) (France24) ( The Irish Times ) (CNN) Fidel Castro delivers a short speech to the Cuban Parliament to warn about the risk of a nuclear war between the United States and Iran , accusing Barack Obama of provoking conflict with Iran and North Korea and urging him to prevent such a conflict. (Aljazeera) (BBC) United States astronauts Douglas H. Wheelock and Tracy Caldwell Dyson fail on the International Space Station (ISS)'s longest spacewalk and sixth longest spacewalk to repair a cooling system, which means two more spacewalks are now required. (BBC) ( TIME ) [ permanent dead link ] New Zealand's All Blacks defeat the Australian Wallabies 20-10 to win the Bledisloe Cup and Tri Nations . (Radio New Zealand) The 2010 World Sauna Championships ends upon the death of Russian finalist Vladimir Ladyzhensky in Heinola , Finland . (BBC News) ( The Age ) edit history watch North Korea detains a South Korean fishing boat with four South Koreans and three Chinese on board. (BBC) ( Straits Times ) (Aljazeera) At least 8 people are killed and 32 others injured during a car bomb outside a restaurant in Ramadi , Iraq. (Aljazeera) The death toll of Saturday's explosion in Basra , Iraq , rises to 43, with the number of injured people being over 100. Police say the explosion was as a result of a power generator short-circuiting but other sources claim it was due to a car bomb . (Aljazeeera) (Euronews) (BBC) Adaisseh incident : United States Representative Ron Klein calls for an investigation into American military aid to Lebanon to determine whether the Lebanese soldiers involved used American-supplied military equipment or received American-funded training. ( The Jerusalem Post ) United States Representative Ron Klein calls for an investigation into American military aid to Lebanon to determine whether the Lebanese soldiers involved used American-supplied military equipment or received American-funded training. ( The Jerusalem Post ) Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu orders his attorney-general to find out who leaked embarrassing details about a feud among some of his generals, one of whom is trying to smear his rivals. (Reuters India) The Anatolian Agency reports that two Turkish Army soldiers were killed in a roadside bomb explosion in Mardin Province near the Turkish border with Syria . (Canadian Press via Google News) A bridegroom accidentally shoots dead three relations and injures eight others while celebrating with an AK-47 at his wedding in Akcagoze, Gaziantep in Turkey ; the man has been detained. (BBC) (News24) Mark Papermaster , who engineered the Apple Inc. iPhone , leaves the company due to the antenna issues associated with the iPhone 4 . (Aljazeera) Ads website Craigslist faces allegations of "pay to rape" underage prostitution after a letter is published in The Washington Post . ( The Guardian ) It is revealed that Sarah, Duchess of York faces possible bankruptcy, which would make her the first Royal to suffer this. ( The Guardian ) 127 people are killed and 2,000 missing in landslides in Gansu Province, China , due to ongoing flooding . ( China Daily ) ( The Times of India ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) The death toll rises to 132 and injury toll is at least 400 as severe flash floods devastate Kashmir . (Press TV) 2010 Pakistan floods : Torrential rains worsen the ongoing flood crisis across Pakistan , which has so far affected 14 million people, as rescue helicopters are forced to stay on the ground in the northwest of the country. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Landslips wreak further destruction in Pakistan : 28 corpses retrieved so far in 2 villages. (BBC) Food prices soar in Pakistan as the floods destroy one million acres of crops so far. ( The Express Tribune ) Torrential rains worsen the ongoing flood crisis across Pakistan , which has so far affected 14 million people, as rescue helicopters are forced to stay on the ground in the northwest of the country. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Landslips wreak further destruction in Pakistan : 28 corpses retrieved so far in 2 villages. (BBC) Food prices soar in Pakistan as the floods destroy one million acres of crops so far. ( The Express Tribune ) Flash floods in the Baltic and Central Europe: Flash floods sweep across central Europe and the Baltic states , killing at least 15 people - 5 Czechs , 4 Lithuanians , 3 Germans , 3 Poles -, whilst 3 Czechs are also missing. (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) (IOL) (Reuters Africa) ( The Age ) Poland 's Vistula River breaks is banks, leading to the evacuation of thousands of people. Hungary is also in a critical situation. Slovakia experiences its worst floods in a century. (Deutsche Welle) Flash floods sweep across central Europe and the Baltic states , killing at least 15 people - 5 Czechs , 4 Lithuanians , 3 Germans , 3 Poles -, whilst 3 Czechs are also missing. (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) (IOL) (Reuters Africa) ( The Age ) Poland 's Vistula River breaks is banks, leading to the evacuation of thousands of people. Hungary is also in a critical situation. Slovakia experiences its worst floods in a century. (Deutsche Welle) There is a further cave-in at the mine near Copiapó , Chile where people have been working since Thursday to rescue 34 miners trapped underground; work is currently suspended in an incident that is rare in that part of the world. (BBC) Several countries evacuate staff from their embassies in Moscow due to the 2010 Russian wildfires including Germany , Austria , Poland and Canada , (RIA Novosti) as Russia experiences its hottest year on record. (Voice of America) President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir says the " mandate " of the United Nations , African Union and international aid organisations in Darfur is to "support government authorities" and that expulsion is the other option. (Aljazeera) There is "significant concern" after an investigation into the UK Border Agency (UKBA) reveals abuse and racial manhandlement of asylum seekers by staff. ( The Guardian ) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev arrives in Abkhazia on his first visit there since the territory declared independence from Georgia two years ago. (RIA Novosti) (Xinhua) (AFP) (BBC) Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al-Maliki visits Irbil to talk with President of Kurdistan Massoud Barzani . (Aljazeera) New President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos and President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez agree to meet for talks on Tuesday, following a recent diplomatic disagreement . (BBC) (Reuters) Cardinal Keith O'Brien who leads the Catholic Church in Scotland , defends the Scottish government's decision to release Abdelbaset al-Megrahi for humanitarian reasons and attacks the United States 's " culture of vengeance " for trying to coerce Scottish ministers into "crawling like lapdogs". (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( Daily Mail ) (Reuters) President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai 's senior adviser says the government has commenced talks with some Taliban leaders. (Aljazeera) Mordechai Vanunu , who spoke about Israel 's nuclear ambitions to The Sunday Times in 1986 and was referred to as a " prisoner of conscience " by Amnesty International after Israel imprisoned him for that action, is released from prison again after serving three months for meeting foreigners, including his Norwegian girlfriend, in 2007. He requests that he be allowed to leave Israel. ( Haaretz ) ( The Guardian ) President of Mexico Felipe Calderón calls for a debate on the legalization of drugs. ( The Observer ) 18-year-old Ebrahim Hamidi is sentenced to death for sodomy in Iran , without legal representation after human rights lawyer Mohammad Mostafaei flees in the wake of the Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani case. ( The Observer ) Mohammad Mostafaei seeks asylum in Norway after his escape from Iran to Turkey by car, horse and foot. (BBC) Saudi Arabia delays shutting off Research in Motion 's BlackBerry instant messaging system allowing for test of a system allowing the Government of Saudi Arabia to monitor user data. (Bloomberg) Elena Kagan is sworn in as the fourth woman to sit on the Supreme Court of the United States . ( The New York Times ) More than 1,000 journalists march through Mexico City in protest at the repeated killings and disappearances of their colleagues throughout Mexico . (Aljazeera) The President of South Korea Lee Myung-Bak replaces the Prime Minister of South Korea Chung Un-chan with Kim Tae-ho as part of a Cabinet reshuffle with seven other ministers also being replaced. (AFP via Google News) Protesters in Potosí , Bolivia , strengthen an anti- government protest by starting a hunger strike and cutting rail links to Chile . (AFP via Google) ( Latin American Herald Tribune ) (ABC News) Rwanda prepares for a presidential election , its second since the 1994 Rwandan Genocide . (Aljazeera) Officials say the World Sauna Championships will not run again after the death yesterday of Russian competitor Vladimir Ladyzhenskiy in Heinola , Finland . ( The Guardian ) Australia defeats England 4-0 to win the Hockey Champions Trophy in field hockey held in Mönchengladbach Germany . (AP via USA Today ) edit history watch Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . The testimony is scheduled to last five hours, with some of it closed to the media and public. ( The Jerusalem Post ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah gives a press conference in which he states he has evidence that implicates Israel in the 2005 assassination of then Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri , who was killed along with 22 others. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Haaretz ) (Reuters) Commemoration of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki : Japan marks the 65th anniversary of the 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki . The United States, which perpetrated the attack, upsets survivors by not sending an ambassador due to "scheduling reasons" this time, though France and the UK send representatives for the first time. ( China Daily ) ( Yomiuri Shimbun ) (BBC) Mayor of Nagasaki Tomihisa Taue calls for the international elimination of nuclear weapons before representatives of a record 32 countries. (Japan Times) Japan marks the 65th anniversary of the 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki . The United States, which perpetrated the attack, upsets survivors by not sending an ambassador due to "scheduling reasons" this time, though France and the UK send representatives for the first time. ( China Daily ) ( Yomiuri Shimbun ) (BBC) Mayor of Nagasaki Tomihisa Taue calls for the international elimination of nuclear weapons before representatives of a record 32 countries. (Japan Times) The Turkish government promotes two new generals. (BBC) Iraqi traffic police are allegedly given AK-47 assault rifles for their use in Baghdad . (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters via Arab News ) South Korea claims that North Korea has fired more than 100 rounds of artillery into the Sea of Japan near the border highlighting the increase of tensions on the Korean Peninsula . ( Los Angeles Times ) ( China Daily ) The International Assistance Mission suspends medical expeditions in Afghanistan following loss of personnel in the 2010 Badakhshan massacre . ( The New York Times ) Actress Patricia Neal , the wife of author Roald Dahl , dies. (BBC) Honda recalls more than 384,000 vehicles due to ignition difficulties. (BBC) (Japan Today) ( The Age ) ( The Times of India ) ( Los Angeles Times ) Mexicana de Aviación cancels flights to and from Europe and the Americas as it goes bankrupt. (BBC) (Mexicana de Aviación) Luxembourg 's Skype files for an initial public offering in the United States . (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) The United Nations describes the ongoing 2010 Pakistan floods as the worst natural disaster in years - worse than the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake - as the number of people affected reaches an estimated 15 million and the waters and landslides continue to swamp the country. (Aljazeera) The death toll in China following the recent mudslide rises to 337. 1,148 people are now missing. (BBC) (AFP via France24) (AP via The Times of India ) (Reuters India) 33 miners are still trapped without any contact underground after days of rescue efforts at a collapsed mine near Copiapó in the Atacama Desert . (BBC) (Reuters India) (Aljazeera) Mumbai oil spill : An oil spill becomes more serious three days after two ships, MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia-111 collided off Mumbai , India . ( The Times of India ) (Aljazeera) Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh orders an investigation. (BBC) An oil spill becomes more serious three days after two ships, MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia-111 collided off Mumbai , India . ( The Times of India ) (Aljazeera) Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh orders an investigation. (BBC) At least 10 people die and dozens disappear after a passenger boat sinks off the coast of Indonesia . (BBC) (France24) ( The News International ) ( The Age ) President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announces that he has agreed to meet President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos tomorrow for talks to end strained relations between the two countries . (Aljazeera) The World Trade Organization orders Australia to change restrictions on New Zealand apple imports imposed due to the fear of fire blight . (AFP via ABC Online) Journalists in South Africa launch a campaign to oppose possible legislation which may limit freedom of the press . (BBC) Israeli police examine office computers and issue a warrant to Channel 2 calling on it to surrender a military document they want. ( The Jerusalem Post ) A man from Israel is released after being detained as a suspected spy in Libya in return for the safe delivery to Gaza of 20 prefabricated houses, whose ship was forced to divert to Egypt in July. (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) An anonymous transsexual is involved in a landmark case in Hong Kong to win the right to marry her boyfriend. (BBC) Recently resigned Zambian Defence Minister George Mpombo , a critic of President Rupiah Banda , is imprisoned for 60 days due to a bounced cheque . (BBC) More than 200 Mexican police suspend and hold their own commander at gunpoint in a Ciudad Juárez hotel over allegations of drugs-related corruption. (BBC) Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Bashir is arrested - along with his wife, the driver of the car he was in and another woman - by Indonesian police in Ciamis , West Java . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (Reuters Africa) ( Herald Sun ) American politician Maxine Waters is formally charged with three counts of breaking ethics rules. (BBC) Former President of Mexico Vicente Fox calls for the legalisation of drugs in Mexico . (BBC) Actress Mia Farrow gives evidence in the trial of former President of Liberia Charles Taylor before the United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone . ( The Daily Telegraph ) (BBC) ( The Independent ) Bangladesh bans beatings. (BBC) Sudan outlaws BBC Arabic in Khartoum and three other cities. (BBC) (Reuters) (News24) Voters in Rwanda go to the polls for the presidential election . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Voice of America) Vice-President of Colombia Angelino Garzón gets sick two days into his term. (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters) Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands Derek Sikua retains his seat in his North East Guadalcanal constituency as vote tallying continues in the general election . (Solomon Times) Guinea 's presidential run-off is scheduled for 19 September. (BBC) edit history watch A United States military judge at Guantánamo Bay rules that confessions allegedly forced via torture from Omar Khadr , a Canadian citizen they accuse of terrorism after his 2002 capture at the age of 15, count as evidence in his trial. (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Independent ) Defense Minister of Israel Ehud Barak testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . His prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu yesterday testified that he had left Barak to "co-ordinate" the raid and response "in all of its aspects" while he visited North America. ( The Jerusalem Post ) The United States and Vietnam celebrate the 15th anniversary of diplomatic relations by conducting what the United States describes as a "series of naval engagement activities" in the South China Sea , risking a disagreement with China. (BBC) ( China Daily ) War in Afghanistan The United Nations releases a report highlighting the deaths of civilians in Afghanistan . (BBC) Two people are killed in a suicide attack on a guesthouse used by foreign security company in Kabul . (Voice of America) The United Nations releases a report highlighting the deaths of civilians in Afghanistan . (BBC) Two people are killed in a suicide attack on a guesthouse used by foreign security company in Kabul . (Voice of America) Israel 's Foreign Ministry alleges Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah 's press conference yesterday, in which he stated he has evidence that implicates Israel in the 2005 assassination of former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri and 22 others, was full of "ridiculous lies". ( The Jerusalem Post ) A much-publicised project backed by Spain 's government sells just 16 of the 2,000 electric cars it had intended so far in 2010. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Hindu ) ( BusinessWeek ) The Niger River bursts its banks forcing 5,000 people to lose their homes and crops. (BBC) A 7.6 magnitude earthquake and small tsunami hits the Pacific Ocean nation of Vanuatu . (AFP via Yahoo News Australia) , (INO) Rescuers in China 's Gansu province continue to search for 1,100 missing people in a recent landslide , as the death toll rises to 702. (BBC) ( China Daily ) A de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter seaplane crashes near Aleknagik, Alaska , killing five people, including former U.S. Senator Ted Stevens . Former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe and O'Keefe's son were aboard the plane, but survived. (MarketWatch) (Reuters) (CNN) The United States defends its decision to appoint as Venezuelan ambassador Larry Palmer , who has expressed negative views of the country in the past, including insinuating that it has ties with Colombian rebels. (Aljazeera) The Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan apologises to South Korea for colonising the Korean peninsula for three decades in the early 1900s and promises to return cultural relics in the near future. (CNN) (BBC) (AP) Iran digs mass graves in Khuzestan province, using psychological warfare in preparation for an invasion by the United States armed forces after the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 , and warns that Iran will attack American bases in the Middle East if American forces attack. ( Voice of America ) The United States convicts Noshir Gowadia , a former engineer who allegedly sold secrets to China, and who now faces life imprisonment. (BBC) The United Nations warns that the trial of Guantánamo Bay inmate Omar Khadr violates an International Criminal Court statute banning the trial for war crimes of those under the age of 18, saying this has not happened since World War II . ( The Hindu ) The Israel Defense Forces arrest three wanted Palestinians during an operation in Tulkarm and Nablus in the West Bank . ( The Jerusalem Post ) The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation rules same-sex marriages in Mexico City have to be recognised across Mexico . (BBC) Saudi Arabia permits the use of BlackBerry devices for now, having previously considering banning them as they were unable to intercept and decrypt communications on that platform. (BBC) Guatemala issues arrest warrants for 18 former senior officials and policemen who killed 7 prisoners in 2006. (BBC) Morocco is to close 1,250 mosques deemed to be unsafe following the collapse of a minaret at the Bab Berdieyinne Mosque in February. (BBC) (AFP) A policy proposal by Google and Verizon regarding the way internet service is regulated comes under criticism from groups promoting net neutrality . ( New York Times ) The President of the United States Barack Obama signs a $26 billion bill to help struggling states to meet budgets. (Reuters) The World Health Organization announces that the H1N1 flu pandemic which killed 18,000 people worldwide is over. (CBC) (WHO) Archaeologists claim they have located Britain's oldest house near Scarborough , North Yorkshire , England , UK. (BBC) Usain Bolt sustains a back injury that rules him out of all competition for the remainder of the year. ( Jamaica Observer ) (BBC Sport) ( Herald Sun ) ( The Mercury ) edit history watch A grenade attack occurs during rush hour in Kigali , Rwanda , two days after the country's presidential election . (BBC) A government-appointed commission in Sri Lanka investigating the country's civil war opens. (AP) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Corpses of more than 50 people are unearthed in Perućac lake on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia by investigators looking for people who were killed during the 1992-95 Bosnian War . (BBC) 8 Iraqi soldiers are killed and 4 others are wounded by an explosion at a house in Diyala . (Aljazeera) (BBC) Millions of Muslims begin the holy month of Ramadan in which they are required to fast between sunrise and sunset . ( The Guardian ) Pope Benedict XVI refuses the resignations of Irish bishops Eamonn Walsh and Raymond Field, who resigned at Christmas over criticism in the Murphy Report into child sexual abuse. (BBC) ( The Irish Times ) (RTÉ) ( The Guardian ) ( The Washington Post ) The Buggles , known for " Video Killed the Radio Star ", the first song played on MTV , announce they are to reunite for a one-off first ever live performance. (BBC) ( NME ) ( The Guardian ) An American museum launches an appeal designed to restore 5 dresses that actress Vivien Leigh wore in the film Gone with the Wind (1939) ahead of 2014's 75th anniversary. (BBC) The internet parody video " Newport State of Mind ", which had received hundreds of thousands of hits, is taken off YouTube due to a "copyright claim" by EMI Publishing. (BBC) A preliminary investigation blames driver error for many Toyota accidents. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) International stock markets slump in value in Asia , Europe and North America due to speculation brought about by comments from the Federal Reserve System of the United States . (BBC) (CBC News) The Bank of England 's governor Mervyn King admits the economy will not grow very much and inflation will stay higher for longer in the UK, describing as a "choppy recovery" being ahead over the next two years. (BBC) Fires are reported in Russia 's nuclear-contaminated forests from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, amid concerns about the spread of radiation . (Xinhua) ( The Guardian ) ( Hindustan Times ) Heavy rains threaten rescue efforts after a deadly mudslide in Gansu , China , as the death toll reaches 1,117. (Xinhua) (BBC) (Aljazeera) 2010 Pakistan floods : Food prices quadruple in Pakistan as conditions worsen and at least 1.4 million acres of crops are wiped out in Punjab by Pakistan's worst floods . (Aljazeera) (BBC) The United Nations warns that there could be a second wave of deaths due to the devastation caused by the floods. ( Mail & Guardian ) Gordon Brown requests that the British public supply more money to be used to help those affected by the floods. ( The Guardian ) John Holmes , the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator appeals for $460 million in funding to assist victims of the 2010 Pakistan floods . (Xinhua) (Voice of America) Food prices quadruple in Pakistan as conditions worsen and at least 1.4 million acres of crops are wiped out in Punjab by Pakistan's worst floods . (Aljazeera) (BBC) The United Nations warns that there could be a second wave of deaths due to the devastation caused by the floods. ( Mail & Guardian ) Gordon Brown requests that the British public supply more money to be used to help those affected by the floods. ( The Guardian ) John Holmes , the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator appeals for $460 million in funding to assist victims of the 2010 Pakistan floods . (Xinhua) (Voice of America) National Transportation Safety Board investigators arrive at the scene of the 2010 Alaska plane crash near Aleknagik , Alaska . (CNN) The Seychelles becomes the 112 th country to ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . (UN) Colombia-Venezuela relations : Venezuela and Colombia re-establish diplomatic relations after a meeting between recently inaugurated President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in Santa Marta, Colombia , mediated by UNASUR Secretary General Néstor Kirchner . ( The New York Times ) (Aljazeera) ( Buenos Aires Herald ) Colombian Foreign Minister María Ángela Holguín and Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro are to meet in Caracas on 20 August. (Xinhua) Venezuela and Colombia re-establish diplomatic relations after a meeting between recently inaugurated President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in Santa Marta, Colombia , mediated by UNASUR Secretary General Néstor Kirchner . ( The New York Times ) (Aljazeera) ( Buenos Aires Herald ) Colombian Foreign Minister María Ángela Holguín and Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro are to meet in Caracas on 20 August. (Xinhua) Investigation of the Gaza flotilla raid : Lieutenant-General of Israel Gabi Ashkenazi testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . He says force used was "proportionate and correct" and that soldiers "shot those who they needed to shoot". ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) Ashkenazi admits Israel did not have the intelligence to deal with the flotilla and threatens future flotillas with IDF snipers. (Xinhua) ( Haaretz ) The United Nations launches its own inquiry into May's Gaza flotilla raid , an inquiry "not designed to determine individual criminal responsibility". (Aljazeera) Lieutenant-General of Israel Gabi Ashkenazi testifies before Israel's Turkel Commission investigating the country's role in May's Gaza flotilla raid , chaired by Israeli judge Jacob Turkel . He says force used was "proportionate and correct" and that soldiers "shot those who they needed to shoot". ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) Ashkenazi admits Israel did not have the intelligence to deal with the flotilla and threatens future flotillas with IDF snipers. (Xinhua) ( Haaretz ) The United Nations launches its own inquiry into May's Gaza flotilla raid , an inquiry "not designed to determine individual criminal responsibility". (Aljazeera) The Palestine Liberation Organization 's (PLO) executive committee announces that America's George J. Mitchell informed President of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas that the United States had given preliminary approval to the idea of the Quartet on the Middle East having peace talks with Israel . (Xinhua) President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signs a decree promising Brazil 's co-operation with United Nations sanctions against Iran . (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) Former Iranian presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi suggests that American and British sanctions on Iran increase the power of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's government. ( The Guardian ) Fidel Castro agrees with former U.S. intelligence agents who say Israel is planning for a sudden attack on Iran , but states that Israel won't start the war as it would be outnumbered. (Xinhua) Russia announces that it has deployed S-300 anti-aircraft missiles in Abkhazia ; the Georgian government expresses concern. (BBC) (Xinhua) The United States threatens to sell an anti-ballistic missile to Kuwait to counter alleged "current and future threats". (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters India) Lebanese Defence Minister Elias Murr rejects military offers from the United States after $100 million due to Lebanon is blocked by the United States House of Representatives . (BBC) Australopithecus afarensis evidently used stone tools for consumption of animal tissues as early as 3.39 million years ago, a study published in Nature finds. ( Nature ) (BBC) The jury is selected for Canadian Omar Khadr 's war crimes trial at Guantanamo Bay . ( The Globe and Mail ) Ibrahim al Qosi , a former cook and driver of Osama Bin Laden , is imprisoned for 14 years by a Guantánamo Bay military tribunal. (BBC) Former Kyrgyz prime minister Igor Chudinov is arrested and charged with abuse of power during his 2007-2009 reign. (Xinhua) The Women's Commission of West Bengal says there will be an inquiry into the case of a tribal woman who is reported to have been paraded naked around several villages and filmed in this act via a mobile phone. (BBC) Michael Mara, a man dubbed the " Granddad Bandit " suspected of bank robbery in 13 US states is arrested in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . (AP via Google News) Peruvian indigenous Amazon groups announce a plan to launch their own political party before next year's election ; protecting the rainforest and indigenous rights are to be among its aims. (BBC) Rwanda 's incumbent President Paul Kagame wins the country's presidential election with 95% of the vote. (BBC) (AFP) A judge orders President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo to undergo DNA profiling relating to the matter of a two-year-old male child. (BBC) American Republican politician Bill McCollum proposes stricter immigration legislation for the U.S. state of Florida , similar to that in the U.S. state of Arizona . (BBC) ( The Guardian ) President of FIFA Sepp Blatter says that FIFA is investigating reports that members of the North Korea national football team have been publicly humiliated and the coach Kim Jong-hun sentenced to hard labour following a poor performance in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . (Bloomberg) (BBC) Wendy Chapman, the doctor at the centre of the Bloodgate rugby union scandal, is summoned to a disciplinary hearing on 23 August. (RTÉ Sport) (Sky Sports) (BBC Sport) edit history watch War in Afghanistan : The International Assistance Mission says it now believes that the Taliban was responsible for the 2010 Badakhshan massacre of its medical team in Afghanistan . (AP via Google News) NATO forces kill three civilians in a raid on a house in Wardak Province , prompting hundreds of angry people to block a main road to express their frustration with the United States . (Aljazeera) NATO says that it is investigating whether its troops killed or wounded up to seven Afghans in operations in southern Helmand Province . (Voice of America) Julian Assange , the director of Wikileaks , says that Wikileaks is planning to release the rest of Afghan War Diary , documents on the War in Afghanistan . (AP via Google News) The International Assistance Mission says it now believes that the Taliban was responsible for the 2010 Badakhshan massacre of its medical team in Afghanistan . (AP via Google News) NATO forces kill three civilians in a raid on a house in Wardak Province , prompting hundreds of angry people to block a main road to express their frustration with the United States . (Aljazeera) NATO says that it is investigating whether its troops killed or wounded up to seven Afghans in operations in southern Helmand Province . (Voice of America) Julian Assange , the director of Wikileaks , says that Wikileaks is planning to release the rest of Afghan War Diary , documents on the War in Afghanistan . (AP via Google News) Human Rights Watch accuses the northern Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army of abducting and forcing the recruitment of at least 697 people during the last year and a half across central Africa . (BBC) (Aljazeera) At least 50 people are injured in Dhaka as police use batons and tear gas to beat back civilians protesting against frequent power outage. (Aljazeera) The United Nations condemns France 's crackdown on 40 gypsy camps. (BBC) At least two people are killed, including one case of self-immolation from a balcony, while more than 80 sustain wounds after troops interrupt a protest against poor conditions with batons and flashbangs at a prison in Astana , Kazakhstan . (BBC) A car bomb explodes in the Colombian capital Bogotá outside Caracol Radio , one of the main radio networks in the country, injuring several people. (Colombia Reports) (Aljazeera) (AP) ( The Guardian ) Three people are arrested following a grenade attack in the Rwandan capital Kigali which injured several people. (BBC) Russia marks with ceremonies the 10th anniversary of the K-141 Kursk explosion in the Barents Sea . (BBC) A national search uncovers 200 missing Japanese centenarians so far. (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (IOL) (Japan Today) Hungarian actress Zsa Zsa Gabor is discharged from a United States hospital after spending four weeks there. (BBC) Aljazeera , Canal 13 , Channel 4 , Globo , Radio-Canada , RT , Sky News and TVB are among the global broadcasters nominated for this year's International Emmy Awards . (CBC News) Singer George Michael is charged with possessing cannabis and being unfit for driving. (BBC) Actor Leonardo DiCaprio 's alleged attacker denies in court assaulting him with a broken bottle in 2005 in the United States . (BBC) Edward Whitacre, Jr. announces that he will resign as chief executive officer of General Motors effective from September and that he will be replaced by Daniel Akerson . ( The Australian ) Greece 's economy shrinks further. (BBC) 2010 Pakistan floods : The United Nations launches a major appeal for assistance dealing with the ongoing floods that have devastated Pakistan . (BBC) President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari makes his first visit to the affected areas. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( The Guardian ) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Channel 4) (AP via Google News) The United Nations launches a major appeal for assistance dealing with the ongoing floods that have devastated Pakistan . (BBC) President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari makes his first visit to the affected areas. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( The Guardian ) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] (Channel 4) (AP via Google News) Portuguese firefighters battle dozens of forest fires, with 2 dead so far. (BBC) Doctors in Moscow are encouraged to use "less frightening" causes of death as the mortality rate from heatstroke soars with fires burning across Russia . (BBC) Rescue efforts are disrupted by severe rain after last week's deadly landslide in Zhugqu County , Gansu . (BBC) (AFP via France24) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) A power crisis in Bangladesh prompts the government to order the partial shut-down of natural gas stations in and near Dhaka . (BBC) Fires destroy homes, amid ongoing drought in Central Brazil in Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park . (Latin American Herald Tribune) (The Weather Network) At least 58 people are killed after a lorry plunges into South Kivu 's Lake Tanganyika . ( Daily Times ) (AFP via Google News) (BBC) (Press TV) (Reuters) Turkey sets up a commission of Turkish officials and bureaucrats to investigate May's Gaza flotilla raid . (AFP via Google News) Poland extradites Israeli citizen and suspected spy Uri Brodsky to Germany to face charges of being involved in the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (BBC) ( Daily Express ) A ship carrying Tamil asylum seekers who are travelling from Sri Lanka nears Canada . (Aljazeera) Mohammad-Reza Rahimi , the Vice-President of Iran describes inhabitants of the United Kingdom as "not human" and "a bunch of idiots run by a mafia ". He also describes Australians as "a bunch of cattlemen " and says that Koreans "need to be slapped". (UK Press Association via Google News) Four British police officers are charged with beating, dragging, punching, stamping and mocking "terror suspect" Babar Ahmad after arresting him in Tooting , South London in 2003; the suspect, a 36-year-old IT worker, was later deemed innocent. (BBC) ( Wandsworth Guardian ) ( The Independent ) ( The Guardian ) (ABC News) (CNN) China announces an investigation into a brand of powdered milk that caused infant girls to grow breasts. (BBC) (Sify) Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , sentenced to death in Iran , "confesses" to adultery and murder in a televised broadcast. ( The Guardian ) (Reuters Africa) Federal Judge Vaughn R. Walker , after deciding for the plaintiffs in Perry v. Schwarzenegger , mandates that same-sex marriage in the U.S. state of California should resume on August 18. ( The New York Times ) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) Iran commutes several death sentences from stoning to hanging. ( The Guardian ) Australia convicts a man it accuses of the 2001 smuggling more than 500 asylum seekers aboard a boat from Indonesia . (BBC) Charles Taylor 's defence lawyer Courtenay Griffiths is told not to speak, on a temporary basis, at Taylor's trial due to loss of temper; Griffiths apologises and is permitted to continue. (BBC) India issues the producer of the controversial BlackBerry devices a 31 August deadline to give the Indian government access to its services or be shut down over concerns the devices could be used to commit a repeat of the 2008 Mumbai attacks . (BBC) (Aljazeera) Israeli citizen Elias Abuelazam , a suspected serial killer from Flint, Michigan , is arrested while attempting to leave the United States . ( Haaretz ) (BBC) (Japan Today) Former President of the United Nations General Assembly and President of Malta Guido de Marco , who led his country into the European Union , dies suddenly after having apparently recovered from surgery, shocking the nation of Malta . (Malta Today) (TVNZ) (AP via Google News) (The Voice of Russia) ( The Times of Malta ) Burma begins preparations for its controversial general elections to be held sometime later this year, by designating electoral constituencies. (Radio Television Hong Kong) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] Anti-government protests in Potosí , Bolivia enter their third week, affecting mining production, blocking road and air transport, stranding tourists and reducing food supplies. (BBC) President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan is permitted by the People's Democratic Party (PDP) to run in the forthcoming election ; his candidacy would have breached informal election rules. (Aljazeera) President of Mexico Felipe Calderón conducts public anti-crime conferences. (Aljazeera) The Perseid meteor shower reaches its peak with a display of up to 80 meteors an hour. (BBC) Scientists announce the discovery of a chemical compound which destroys the reproduction capabilities of bacteria that are antibiotic-resistant. (FierceBiotech) Three participants in the Einstein@Home program from the United States and Germany help to discover pulsar PSR J2007+2722 . (BBC) edit history watch Police shoot dead at least four civilians, including two teenagers, demonstrating against the government in Indian-administered Kashmir ; protesters say they were unarmed. (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] An Australian Special Air Service Regiment soldier Jason Brown, is killed in fighting the Taliban in northern Kandahar Province , Afghanistan . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) The eurozone economy grows by 1% in the second quarter of 2010, with the German economy growing by 2.2%, its fastest quarterly growth in more than 20 years. (BBC) (Aljazeera) (MarketWatch) (AP) TAM Airlines of Brazil and LAN Airlines of Chile announce plans for a merger that would make the biggest carrier in the region. (BBC) The Hong Kong Monetary Authority announces it is to tighten some rules on mortgage lending , signalling that it is concerned about the dangers of a real estate bubble in Hong Kong . (Market Watch) Mosta - Malta Fireworks Factory (13t'Awissu) explodes leaving one man dead. [1] President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari officially cancels Independence Day as a direct consequence of the ongoing floods that have devastated the country. (BBC) (Associated Press of Pakistan) (Aljazeera) Fresh landslides and heavy rain in northwestern China leave at least 29 people dead and a further 10,500 trapped. (Reuters) ( China Daily ) (BBC) A forest fire grows in size near Russia 's main nuclear research centre in Sarov . (China Radio International) ( Times Live South Africa ) (AFP) 2 firefighters are killed fighting wildfires in Fornelos de Montes , Pontevedra , in Galicia , Spain . (BBC) A building collapse in Abuja , Nigeria sees further rescue efforts; at least 14 people are known to have died. (BBC) A strong earthquake strikes near Guam . (BBC) Germany allows suspected Israeli spy Uri Brodsky , connected of the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai , to go free after his recent extradition from Poland . (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Haaretz ) France condemns the actions of a senior soldier after a YouTube video of him threatening a Togolese journalist in Lomé is released. (BBC) (France 24) MV Sun Sea , a cargo ship carrying around 490 Tamil migrants , refugees and suspected human smugglers and Tamil Tigers as well as reports of tuberculosis outbreaks is scheduled to arrive in Esquimalt , British Columbia . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Canadian Navy are escorting and boarding the ship, and the ship's captain is suspected by the Sri Lankan Government of being a gun runner . (Aljazeera) (CTV) ( Toronto Star ) , (CBC) President of the United States Barack Obama signs a bill increasing security along his country's border with Mexico . (BBC) (Reuters India) ( The Asian Age ) Sierra Leone 's human rights commission asks South Africa to return " blood diamonds " allegedly given to Naomi Campbell . ( Montreal Gazette ) (BBC) Lebanon cancels an Iranian made television series about Jesus after complaints from Christian leaders and the public. (Ya Libnan) (AFP) Rosatom , Russia 's nuclear energy corporation announces that it will start loading fuel for the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant Iran 's first nuclear power plant from August 21. ( The Hindu ) (Aljazeera) Four bodies are discovered in an abandoned South African gold mine owned by relatives of Nelson Mandela and Jacob Zuma following a shooting. (AFP) (BBC) (IOL) Elias Abuelazam , an Arab Israeli arrested in the United States in connection with almost 20 stabbings across three U.S. states , agrees to face charges relating to one of the attacks. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) A Malaysian court sentences two men to five years imprisonment after firebombing a church in a row over the use of the word " Allah " by non- Muslims . (Bernama) (AP) (Kenya Broadcasting Coroporation) Sri Lanka convicts ex-army chief Sarath Fonseka on charges of engaging in politics while on active service. ( Sunday Leader ) (Aljazeera) (AFP) Trial of Omar Khadr : The lawyer of Omar Khadr , the former child soldier who is the youngest Guantánamo Bay inmate, faints in court and is rushed to hospital. The trial subsequently gets suspended. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Aljazeera) (France24) A serving officer in the United States Army is removed from the jury after informing the court of his belief that the American-run prison camps in Guantánamo Bay ought to be shut down. ( The Independent ) The lawyer of Omar Khadr , the former child soldier who is the youngest Guantánamo Bay inmate, faints in court and is rushed to hospital. The trial subsequently gets suspended. (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Aljazeera) (France24) A serving officer in the United States Army is removed from the jury after informing the court of his belief that the American-run prison camps in Guantánamo Bay ought to be shut down. ( The Independent ) Erastus Akingbola , former head of the Intercontinental Bank of Nigeria , is charged with 22 counts of involvement in the bank's near collapse at a court in Lagos ; he denies all counts. (BBC) Cook Islands Prime Minister Jim Marurai sets the date for the upcoming 2010 general election for November 17th. (RNZI) Burma announces plans to hold its first election in 20 years on November 7. (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) (Aljazeera) Peru 's health ministry is deployed into the Amazon to battle the vampire bats blamed for the deaths of four children from rabies . (BBC) India 's health ministry completely rejects as "unscientific" and a "conspiracy" claims by researchers that medical tourists are spreading a new "superbug" that is alleged to have originated in the country. India states that its hospitals are safe. (Aljazeera) Scientists find evidence that 250 rare Caquetá Titi monkeys survive in Colombia . ( CBS ) ( ScienceNews ) edit history watch 6 Eritrean migrants attempting to enter Israel are shot dead by smugglers and Egyptian border guards, while several others are injured. (BBC) (Reuters Africa) ( Al-Masry Al-Youm ) 2 more people are killed during protests in Kashmir . (Press TV) 16 people are killed by gunmen in the Balochistan province of Pakistan in the towns of Aab-e-Ghum and Quetta . (BBC) (Voice of America) 9 people are killed during clashes in Puntland . (Press TV) Lebanon fatally shoots and kills Abd-al-Rahman Awad , the suspected leader of Fatah al-Islam . (BBC) (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) 6 policemen are killed during 2 attacks in Baghdad , with 2 of the corpses burning in public. (Aljazeera) (AFP via Google News) 4 people are fatally shot outside a Buffalo restaurant in the U.S. state of New York , with 3 others sustaining injuries. (AP via Google News) (Press TV) 3 children are wounded after a wheelie bin explodes in Lurgan , County Armagh . (BBC) (RTÉ) ( The Guardian ) Two UNAMID peacekeepers are abducted by armed men in Nyala in the Darfur region of Sudan . (Reuters via Yahoo! News) Hungarian actress Zsa Zsa Gabor is rehospitalised for an operation days after her release. (BBC) A rally takes place outside Google 's offices in the U.S. state of California against a proposal to change online data treatment. (BBC) Gabon signs over US$ 4 billion of contracts with Indian and Singaporean companies for infrastructure projects, on the eve of the country's 50th anniversary since independence. (AFP) (Xinhua) (Press TV) The United Nations states Niger faces its worst hunger crisis in history, worse than 2005 when thousands of people were left to starve to death. (BBC) (AP via San Jose Mercury News ) [ permanent dead link ] China announces a national day of mourning for the victims of mudslides in the northwest of the country, as the death toll rises to 1,239 people. ( China Daily ) (BBC) (Aljazeera) 2010 Pakistan floods Robert Zoellick , the President of the World Bank estimates that the 2010 Pakistan floods have caused $1 billion in damages to crops. ( Los Angeles Times ) The Prime Minister of Pakistan Yusuf Raza Gilani estimates that 20 million people have been affected by the floods. (BBC) (Aljazeera) The United Nations estimates that the relief efforts are yet to reach six million people. (Reuters) The UN confirms the first case of cholera in Mingora in the Swat District with many more cases suspected. (Voice of America) Robert Zoellick , the President of the World Bank estimates that the 2010 Pakistan floods have caused $1 billion in damages to crops. ( Los Angeles Times ) The Prime Minister of Pakistan Yusuf Raza Gilani estimates that 20 million people have been affected by the floods. (BBC) (Aljazeera) The United Nations estimates that the relief efforts are yet to reach six million people. (Reuters) The UN confirms the first case of cholera in Mingora in the Swat District with many more cases suspected. (Voice of America) Russia announces that it is slowly bringing the 2010 Russian wildfires under control. (RIA Novosti) 9 people are wounded after a bridge collapses from the Gungahlin Drive Extension onto the Barton Highway in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Eight people are killed and 12 injured as a vehicle runs into a crowd during the California 200 Off-road racing event near Lucerne Valley , California . (AP via Seattle PI ) Release of Uri Brodsky : Officials in the United Arab Emirates express concern after Germany releases suspected Israeli spy Uri Brodsky , who has been linked with the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (Aljazeera) Brodsky is reported to have arrived back in Israel . ( Haaretz ) Officials in the United Arab Emirates express concern after Germany releases suspected Israeli spy Uri Brodsky , who has been linked with the murder of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in Dubai . (Aljazeera) Brodsky is reported to have arrived back in Israel . ( Haaretz ) A United Nations delegation arrives in Gaza for three days of following up the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict . (Xinhua) (AFP via Google News) Fiji announces that it seeks observer status in ASEAN after its suspension from the Pacific Islands Forum was extended. Timor-Leste seeks to become a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group . ( Solomon Star ) European politicians, including Jean-Marie Le Pen and Adam Walker , visit Yasukuni Shrine in Chiyoda , Tokyo ; visits to this shrine have traditionally been a sensitive point in international politics between Japan, Korea, and China. (BBC) ( The Independent ) Spain extradites Rifat Hadziahmetovic , an alleged member of the Pink Panthers , to Japan in relation to a 2007 jewel robbery in Tokyo . (BBC) United States prosecutors are investigating whether the Louis Berger Group overcharged the U.S. Agency for International Development for foreign aid projects. (AP via New Orleans) [ permanent dead link ] A court in Somalia imprisons for six years and fines $500 radio journalist Abdifatah Jama Mire for the broadcast of an interview with a militia leader in Puntland . (RTÉ) (Aljazeera) A court in Venice frees Nizamettin Toğuç , a senior member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) wanted by Turkey . (Press TV) Several political parties in Azerbaijan release a statement criticising the ruling of Baku Yasamal Court against 15 Shia Muslims , arrested in February while practising their religion in Baku . (Press TV) The Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement warns that the independence referendum in Southern Sudan could be delayed unless the country's electoral commission resolves an internal dispute. (Aljazeera) Guido de Marco , former President of Malta , lies in state after his death on Thursday. A state funeral is to be held on Monday. ( The Times of Malta ) President of the United States Barack Obama : President of the United States Barack Obama states that America's "commitment to religious freedom must be unshakable" as he declares his support for plans to build a mosque in New York City . (BBC) Obama goes for a swim while holidaying at Panama City in the U.S. state of Florida , allegedly to show that the Gulf of Mexico is safe for swimming following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . (CNN) President of the United States Barack Obama states that America's "commitment to religious freedom must be unshakable" as he declares his support for plans to build a mosque in New York City . (BBC) Obama goes for a swim while holidaying at Panama City in the U.S. state of Florida , allegedly to show that the Gulf of Mexico is safe for swimming following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . (CNN) A Sri Lankan government commission set up to look into the last years of the Sri Lankan Civil War holds a meeting in Vavuniya on the north of the island. (BBC) Data from a study at Purdue University suggest that the 2010 Haiti earthquake was caused by a previously unknown fault line, as opposed to the Enriquillo Fault Line as was initially presumed. (AP) The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , the first of the Youth Olympic Games , begins in Singapore with 3,531 participating athletes aged 14–18 from 204 National Olympic Committees . (BBC News) ( The Straits Times ) The 2010 Women's Baseball World Cup is suspended after Hong Kong player Cheuk Woon Yee is shot through her lower left calf during the game against the Netherlands ; Hong Kong are forced to withdraw from the competition. (BBC News) (CBC Sports) (Reuters) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Tennis player Andy Roddick has mononucleosis . (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) The 2010 World Blind Football Championship begins in Hereford , United Kingdom with ten teams competing for the title. (BBC News) edit history watch Inspections of Israel's nuclear programme are urged by some concerned countries in a letter sent to Britain, China, France, Russia and the United States. (Aljazeera) iCasualties.org estimates that International Security Assistance Force casualties in the War in Afghanistan have now exceeded 2,000. (Al Jazeera) A teenager is shot dead and another is wounded by a further shot during a gay pride parade attended by around 70,000 people in Juiz de Fora , Minas Gerais , Brazil . (AP via MSNBC) Jamaican authorities impose a new curfew on Kingston . (Aljazeera) A policeman hurls a shoe towards the Chief Minister for Jammu and Kashmir , Omar Abdullah , during the Indian Independence Day function in Srinagar amid protests against Indian rule ; 15 policemen are later suspended. ( Indian Express ) (AFP) (Xinhua) (Aljazeera) A United States missile attack on a militant compound in the village of Essori near Miranshah in the North Waziristan area of Pakistan kills 13 people. (AFP via Google News) Ayman al-Zawahiri , speaking via an audio message, criticises the Turkish government for what he says is co-operation with Israel , as well as "killing Muslims in Afghanistan ". (Aljazeera) No people are killed in two blasts targeting Televisa in Monterrey and Matamoros . (BBC) Thousands are evacuated from the French pilgrimage site of Lourdes due to a bomb threat; it later reopens. (France 24) (BBC) General David Petraeus expresses doubt during an interview on American television that the United States will be able to definitely begin withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2011. (BBC) (Aljazeera) In Baghdad , Iraq multiple suicide bombings go off during mid-day rush hour, killing 4 and injuring about 16, another strike at 7:15am hits a mini-bus heading from Sadr City into downtown Baghdad, killing 3 including a police officer, and 9 others are wounded. Also, three other bombs go off simultaneously in a business district killing 1 and injuring 7. (AFP via Google News) Children's TV presenter Holly Walsh breaks bones and dislocates a shoulder whilst leaping from a pier during a festival in Worthing , West Sussex , England , UK; the festival is briefly halted. (BBC) (Press Association via Google News) ( Daily Mail ) Hungarian American actress Zsa Zsa Gabor is reported to be in an "extremely serious condition" after further surgery yesterday and has requested the Last Rites . ( The Daily Telegraph ) (Reuters) (AFP via news.com.au) (CNN) Lebanon opens a bank account to help fund the country's army after the United States suspended the country's assistance due to the 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash . (Aljazeera) China has a day of mourning to commemorate the victims of last weekend's Zhouqu landslide . (Reuters) ( China Daily ) (Aljazeera) The Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visits Pakistan to inspect the relief effort for the 2010 Pakistan floods . (CNN) (BBC) (Aljazeera) 2010 Russian wildfires : Smog from the 2010 Russian wildfires returns to Moscow . (RIA Novosti) (AFP via Google News) A ban on grain exports begins in an effort to reduce increases in the price of bread . (BBC) (Aljazeera) Smog from the 2010 Russian wildfires returns to Moscow . (RIA Novosti) (AFP via Google News) A ban on grain exports begins in an effort to reduce increases in the price of bread . (BBC) (Aljazeera) Romani evictions and deportations from illegal campsites by French authorities: A major road bridge is barricaded near Bordeaux during a holiday weekend by Romani objecting to forced evictions by French authorities. (BBC) Politicians, some from within President Nicolas Sarkozy 's own party, object to the treatment of the Romani as "reminiscent of roundups during the war". (Deutsche Welle) A major road bridge is barricaded near Bordeaux during a holiday weekend by Romani objecting to forced evictions by French authorities. (BBC) Politicians, some from within President Nicolas Sarkozy 's own party, object to the treatment of the Romani as "reminiscent of roundups during the war". (Deutsche Welle) Australia and Malaysia remember the 1945 Sandakan Death Marches on their 65th anniversary. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Sri Lanka unveils a new seaport in southern Hambantota which received a large amount of financial assistance from China. (BBC) (Reuters India) Charges against 5 men from Iraq , who had been accused of murdering 6 British police officers in 2003, are dropped. (BBC) 4 Shia Muslim activists are arrested in Bahrain . (BBC) Accused Craiglist killer Philip Markoff is found dead in prison in the U.S. state of Massachusetts after apparently committing suicide. (BBC) Daniel Skahan, a 29-year-old from Ottawa , is charged 5,000 $ for mischief and possession of incendiary materials, for his role in setting a fire just outside of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper 's home. ( The Star ) The Independent Democrats and Democratic Alliance opposition parties in South Africa agree to merge against the ruling African National Congress . ( Times Live South Africa ) (BBC) (Bloomberg) Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard defends her controversial plan to establish a citizens assembly of 150 randomly-selected Australians who would consider climate change . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) The entire cabinet of Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan avoids visiting Yasukuni Shrine on the anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II . (AP via Google News) (BBC) The 2010 Women's Baseball World Cup is moved after Hong Kong player Cheuk Woon Yee was shot through her lower left calf during the game against the Netherlands . (BBC News) Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh sets up a ministerial committee as he intervenes to rescue the 2010 Commonwealth Games due to be held in Delhi in October. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Golfer Martin Kaymer of Germany wins the United States PGA Championship at the Whistling Straits course in Wisconsin beating US golfer Bubba Watson in a three hole playoff. (AAP via the Melbourne Age) Yuka Sato of Japan wins the first gold medal of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games in the girls' triathlon event. ( USA Today via Associated Press) 7-time world champion Valentino Rossi confirms he is to depart the Fiat Yamaha team for the Ducati team for 2 years from 2011. (BBC Sport) edit history watch The Philippine security forces announce they will extend the controversial counter- insurgency tactic Oplan Bantay Laya up until December 31, 2010. The political party Bagong Alyansang Makabayan condemned the extension. ( The Philippine Daily Inquirer ) ( The Philippine Star ) [ permanent dead link ] (GMA News) 3 more people are killed during protests in Kashmir . (BBC) At least 2 people are injured after a grenade explosion outside a Televisa television station in Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico . (Al Jazeera) (CNN) The mayor of the Mexican town of Santiago, Nuevo León , Edelmiro Cavazos , is abducted. (BBC) ( China Daily ) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) : The President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai gives private security firms operating in that country four months to disband. (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (Aljazeera) General Stanley A. McChrystal , recently sacked from his post in Afghanistan by the United States for speaking to Rolling Stone , is given a lecturing post at a major university in the United States . (BBC) ( The New York Times ) A United States air strike kills an al-Qaeda leader who was thought to have been planning suicide bombings . (Reuters) The United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates says the July 2011 timetable to start withdrawing United States armed forces from Afghanistan is set in stone. (Voice of America) The President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai gives private security firms operating in that country four months to disband. (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (Aljazeera) General Stanley A. McChrystal , recently sacked from his post in Afghanistan by the United States for speaking to Rolling Stone , is given a lecturing post at a major university in the United States . (BBC) ( The New York Times ) A United States air strike kills an al-Qaeda leader who was thought to have been planning suicide bombings . (Reuters) The United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates says the July 2011 timetable to start withdrawing United States armed forces from Afghanistan is set in stone. (Voice of America) Nadja Benaissa , a HIV-positive former singer in the German girl band No Angels , goes on trial for allegedly not advising sexual partners of her condition. (CNN) (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Independent ) (AFP via Philippine Daily Inquirer ) U.S. actor Michael Douglas begins chemotherapy after doctors discover a tumor in his throat. (MTV) Politicians and intellectuals including Étienne Balibar , Noam Chomsky , Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Eva Joly appeal to Nicolas Sarkozy that France repay €17 billion it took from Haiti in 1825 after the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804); they say the money is "morally, economically, and legally unassailable" in the aftermath of the January 2010 earthquake . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (France24) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The Guardian ) AIRES Flight 8250 crashes upon landing on San Andrés Island , Colombia ; one death is reported. (Aljazeera) (BBC News) (CNN) 2010 Pakistan floods : The devastating floods continue as a concern of the United Nations , with officials citing a lack of aid funding for six million people in urgent need of clean water. (New York Times) The United Nations states there is high risk for as many as 3.5 million children who may be struck down by diseases in the water. (BBC) (Aljazeera) The devastating floods continue as a concern of the United Nations , with officials citing a lack of aid funding for six million people in urgent need of clean water. (New York Times) The United Nations states there is high risk for as many as 3.5 million children who may be struck down by diseases in the water. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Russia is battered by a severe storm following its recent heatwave , its hottest summer in recorded history. (BBC) An explosion at a maternity hospital in Romania 's capital Bucharest , kills at least 4 babies, while 2 pregnant women and 8 newborn infants sustain burns and other injuries in serious condition. (Reuters) (Press Association via Irish Independent ) (Voice of Russia) (Sky News) (CNN) As many as 40 people are killed due to a fiery collision between a lorry load of sugar and a police checkpoint in Nigeria . (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (News24) Tens of thousands of Republic of Korea Armed Forces and United States armed forces ignore warnings from North Korea , and start a new round of the Ulchi-Freedom Guardian drills in South Korea . (AP via Google News) (Aljazeera) Easter Island Community leaders in Easter Island threaten to secede from Chile , prompting the resignation of Governor Pedro Edmunds Paoa . (RNZI) ( The Guardian ) Pro-independence activists reportedly seize control of government buildings, a museum and a hotel located on land claimed by ethnic Polynesians . ( Times Herald-Record ) 45 Chilean special forces have been sent to Easter Island to monitor events. (RNZI) Community leaders in Easter Island threaten to secede from Chile , prompting the resignation of Governor Pedro Edmunds Paoa . (RNZI) ( The Guardian ) Pro-independence activists reportedly seize control of government buildings, a museum and a hotel located on land claimed by ethnic Polynesians . ( Times Herald-Record ) 45 Chilean special forces have been sent to Easter Island to monitor events. (RNZI) Senior Romanian diplomat Gabriel Grecu is arrested in Russia , accused of spying and given 48 hours to leave the country. (BBC) (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] (Xinhua) Gabon signs agreements with several Asian companies designed to make it rely less on its oil. (BBC) ( Financial Times ) (Reuters Africa) 2010 Thai political protests : Protest leaders plead innocence in court, denying charges of terrorism in Bangkok . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Thailand lifts its state of emergency in 3 provinces but retains it in 7 others, including Bangkok . (Reuters) ( The Irish Times ) (ABC News) Protest leaders plead innocence in court, denying charges of terrorism in Bangkok . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Thailand lifts its state of emergency in 3 provinces but retains it in 7 others, including Bangkok . (Reuters) ( The Irish Times ) (ABC News) American Lori Berenson , convicted of collaborating with a left-wing group in Peru , apologises after her release from a 20-year prison sentence; she denies any form of violence or murder. (Peruvian Times) (BBC) (Democracy Now) (Japan Today) (MercoPress) Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation upholds a Mexico City law allowing gay adoption . (AP via New York Times ) Israeli courts deem that its government was "responsible" for the death of a female Palestinian child, who was hit by a rubber bullet in 2007. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Malta buries former president Guido de Marco in a state funeral. ( The Times ) ( The Malta Independent ) Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair is to give the £4.6 million advance and all royalties from his forthcoming memoirs, A Journey , to a sports centre for badly injured soldiers; pacifists and the families of soldiers killed under his leadership call it "blood money". (BBC) (Sky News) ( The Guardian ) Talks on forming a coalition government are suspended in Iraq . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (France24) ( Mail & Guardian ) A book written by Chinese dissident Yu Jie critical of Premier Wen Jiabao goes on sale in Hong Kong , with threats of imprisonment from the mainland . (Radio Television Hong Kong) (Sify India) (BBC) Iran nuclear program Ali Akbar Salehi , head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran , says that Iran will build a third uranium enrichment plant next year. ( Jerusalem Post ) The President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad signs a new law binding the Government of Iran to pursue a target of refining uranium to 20 percent. (AFP via Google News) Ali Akbar Salehi , head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran , says that Iran will build a third uranium enrichment plant next year. ( Jerusalem Post ) The President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad signs a new law binding the Government of Iran to pursue a target of refining uranium to 20 percent. (AFP via Google News) Australia 's (and the Southern Hemisphere 's) first total artificial heart transplant occurs at St Vincent's Hospital in Sydney , Australia . (AAP via Herald-Sun ) (Radio New Zealand) (International Business Times) A new species of Titi monkey , the Caquetá Titi , is discovered in the Colombian department of Caquetá . ( USA Today ) Scientists at the University of Toronto claim that mountain climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine could not have reached the top of Mount Everest in 1924 as they were caught in a perfect storm . ( Daily Telegraph ) edit history watch At least one person is killed and 20 are injured in two separate explosions in Pyatigorsk and North Ossetia in Russia 's North Caucasus . (Al Jazeera) (AFP) (Voice of Russia) The United States confirms the existence of videotapes - found under a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) desk - of the alleged 2002 interrogation of a suspect the country had detained at a secret prison. (BBC) ( The Washington Times ) Hezbollah states it has passed on evidence said to implicate Israel in the 2005 assassination of then Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri . (BBC) A Ugandan lawmaker accuses the army of committing atrocities against civilians in the Karamoja region as part of a disarmament exercise. (BBC) ( Daily Monitor ) (Reuters) Iraq At least 61 people are killed and over one hundred are injured in a suicide bombing at an Iraqi Army recruiting centre in Baghdad , Iraq . (France 24) (Voice of America) (AP via New York Times ) At least 8 people are killed and 44 are wounded after a bomb attached to a fuel truck explodes in a Shiite section of Baghdad . (AP cia Central Florida News) [ permanent dead link ] At least 61 people are killed and over one hundred are injured in a suicide bombing at an Iraqi Army recruiting centre in Baghdad , Iraq . (France 24) (Voice of America) (AP via New York Times ) At least 8 people are killed and 44 are wounded after a bomb attached to a fuel truck explodes in a Shiite section of Baghdad . (AP cia Central Florida News) [ permanent dead link ] A Palestinian man from Ramallah threatens to blow up the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv , Israel if not offered asylum, but is shot by security staff. ( Haaretz ) ( The Jerusalem Post ) (Aljazeera) (BBC) (Xinhua) Archaeologists in Afghanistan discover the remains of a Buddhist site south of the capital Kabul . (Reuters Africa) Fiji officially designates the word " Fijian " as the term for the nationality of all the people of the islands including Indo-Fijians . The word was previously used only for indigenous inhabitants. ( People's Daily ) (Fijivillage) An Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force F4 aircraft crashes in the southern province of Bushehr ; both pilots survive. (AFP via Google News) (Press TV) Tornado has swept threw south western part of Lithuania , near city of Rusnė (Delfi) . A train derails in Sudbury, Suffolk, UK after hitting a sewage truck on a level crossing, injuring 18 people. Main article: 2010 Sudbury train accident . The Chilean military removes 1,000 protesters who had occupied government buildings, museums and a hotel on Easter Island . (Radio New Zealand International) 3 more Cuban dissidents released on humanitarian grounds arrive with their families in Madrid , Spain . (BBC) Romania expresses dismay at Russia after it arrests and expels one of its diplomats; it is now to do the same in return. (BBC) (Xinhua) Lebanon grants Palestinian refugees the right to work legally. (BBC) ( Arab News ) A U.S. report claims that the Chinese military has been secretly expanding; the U.S. asks for dialogue with China to avert a "miscalculated" response. (BBC) (Al Jazeera) Two kidnapped Jordanian peacekeepers from the joint African Union - United Nations force in Darfur , Sudan , are released. (Al Jazeera) (BBC) (Xinhua) Police in Tanzania arrest a Kenyan national who was attempting to sell an albino man. (BBC) ( The Citizen ) (AllAfrica.com) Same-sex marriage in the U.S. state of California , due to resume on Wednesday, is blocked by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals until it is decided whether a ban is constitutional. ( San Francisco Chronicle ) (BBC) A federal jury convicts former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich on one count of lying to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation . The jury is deadlocked on the other 23 charges. ( Chicago Tribune ) , ( Chicago Tribune ) Protesters in Potosí and the Bolivian government resolve a three-week disagreement. (BBC) Former Israeli soldier Eden Aberjil is criticized for her Facebook images of herself smiling with blindfolded and bound Palestinian prisoners. (BBC) The French Football Federation bans Nicolas Anelka for 18 France games, Patrice Evra for 5, Franck Ribéry for 3, and Jérémy Toulalan for 1, while Éric Abidal escapes punishment, for their roles as the key players behind the 2010 FIFA World Cup player strike. (BBC Sport) ( The Guardian ) Zimbabwe Football Association (Zifa) chief executive Henrietta Rushwaya is charged in relation to allegations of match-fixing. (BBC Sport) Chess champion Bobby Fischer is, as a result of a DNA test , deemed not to have fathered a 9-year-old girl in the Philippines . (BBC News) edit history watch The corpse of mayor Edelmiro Cavazos of the Mexican town of Santiago, Nuevo León , is found handcuffed and blindfolded after his abduction on Sunday night. (BBC) (Aljazeera) ( Los Angeles Times ) (AP via Miamai Herald ) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters) 18 countries, including the United States , deploy naval troops in joint exercises which they say are an attempt to defend the Panama Canal against terrorism . (UPI) (Dominican Today) (MercoPress) (United States Department of Defense) Julian Assange of Wikileaks says the United States has approached the website to try to negotiate the release of a further 15,000 Afghanistan war documents which the military desires to keep secret; the United States denies this. (Aljazeera) The United States ends combat operations in Iraq as its last combat brigade departs for Kuwait . (Al Jazeera) (MSNBC) 3 Indian peacekeepers serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are killed by rebels in an apparent ambush. (BBC) ( Hindustan Times ) The United States deploys troops along its border with Mexico by the order of President Barack Obama . (BBC) The American Ballet Theatre is given permission by its country's President , Barack Obama , to perform in Cuba ; it would be the first time in 50 years. American tourists are still banned by their government from travelling to Cuba. (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] Soul singer Erykah Badu is fined and punished by the city of Dallas, Texas , United States, after being convicted of disorderly conduct for removing her clothes and re-enacting a controversial scene from the country's history while filming a music video . (BBC) ( China Daily ) (Sky News) ( TIME ) Rupert Murdoch provides $1 million to the U.S. Republican Party ahead of an important election in November, more than doubling the party's funds with one of the largest handouts by a media organisation; critics declare Fox News is not impartial. (BBC) (Channel 4) ( The Irish Times ) More than 1 million state workers in South Africa go on strike to demand an increase in pay. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera) ( Times Live ) Iceland lowers its interest rate to 7%. (BBC) Foxconn holds employee rallies in a bid to stem the recent huge increase in suicides by its employees. (BBC) (iAfrica) (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) United States car maker General Motors files for an Initial Public Offering . ( The New York Times ) Japanese carmaker Mazda recalls 215,000 vehicles in the United States and 11,000 vehicles in China due to power steering flaws. (CBS Marketwatch) 2010 Pakistan floods : Saudi Arabia overtakes the United States as the main donor to the stricken country. ( The Guardian ) The United Nations says that flood relief aid to Pakistan is "arriving too slowly". (Aljazeera) ( The New York Times ) The European Union pledges an additional $39 million and the Islamic Development Bank pledges $11.2 million. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Saudi Arabia overtakes the United States as the main donor to the stricken country. ( The Guardian ) The United Nations says that flood relief aid to Pakistan is "arriving too slowly". (Aljazeera) ( The New York Times ) The European Union pledges an additional $39 million and the Islamic Development Bank pledges $11.2 million. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Scientists dispute the claim by the United States that all the oil has gone from the Gulf of Mexico . ( The Guardian ) A North Korean fighter plane crashes in China near the border, killing the pilot and possibly a second pilot bailing out. Pictures posted by local residents show a Soviet plane design which were used in the Korean War . It is suggested to have been a defection attempt. (BBC) (Yonhap) At least 67 people are missing in new landslides in Yunnan , southwest China , with at least two deaths confirmed. ( China Daily ) (Reuters) (BBC) , (AP via Google News) A school building collapses due to heavy rain in the village of Sumgarh in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , killing at least 17 schoolchildren. ( Times of India ) (AP via Google News) Scientists blame a peculiar double earthquake for the deadly tsunami responsible for the deaths of 192 people in the South Pacific last September, and described as "unlike anything seismologists have seen before". (BBC) A bus plunges into a 100 metre ravine in the Philippines Benguet province resulting in 39 deaths. (CNN) 3 people are killed and 3 others are missing after a South Korean fishing boat sinks 400 miles from Dunedin on the South Island of New Zealand . (CNN) Moroccan activists blockading a Spanish enclave in protest at alleged abuses by border police agree to suspend the action during Ramadan . (Aljazeera) Mauritania extradites a man to Mali convicted for kidnapping three Spanish aid workers believed to be held by the Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb . (Reuters) (Voice of America) Russia , Afghanistan , Tajikistan and Pakistan agree to step up the fight against terrorism and narcotics in a summit in the Russian Black Sea resort of Sochi . ( The Hindu ) The United States offers its support for a proposed international commission intent on examining alleged war crimes by the military junta of Burma . (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] A court in Israel court jails a man who broke into the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv and asked for asylum; his lawyer says the man was once an Israeli informer whose life is now under threat. (BBC) (News24) (Citizen.co.za) A court in Colombia declares as unconstitutional a controversial deal allowing the United States to freely use its military bases and says it will have to be redrafted; other Latin American countries have expressed concern that the United States is exerting excessive influence on the region. (BBC) ( The Age ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) A Peruvian court revokes the parole of Lori Berenson , a United States citizen convicted in the 1990s of collaborating with the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement . ( The New York Times ) (BBC) (AP via The Age ) Venezuela 's government begins a trial ban of the publication of "violent, bloody or grotesque" photographs in newspapers, as a result of controversy over pictures of bloodied corpses riddled with bullets appear on the front page of newspapers. (BBC) Nathan Mutei , a Kenyan man, is jailed for 17 years in Tanzania after being convicted of attempting to sell an albino man; the prized albino is escorted back to Kenya under armed guard. (BBC) The Philippines is shocked by mobile phone footage apparently demonstrating police torture of a naked man charged with theft; many suspensions occur. (BBC) Jeremy Ractliffe resigns from the board of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund after revealing he kept diamonds given to him by Naomi Campbell . (BBC) Two Israeli groups launch a course in "Zionist editing" of the online encyclopedia project Wikipedia . ( The Guardian ) Candidates commence daily broadcasts in Brazil ahead of general and presidential elections on 3 October. (BBC) David Paterson , Governor of the U.S. state of New York , is to discuss relocating the controversial Park51 Islamic community centre and mosque near World Trade Center site in New York City . (Al Arabiya) ( New York Post ) ( The Guardian ) Elections in Haiti: Haiti 's final decision on its presidential election candidates is delayed until Friday due to eligibility issues; it had initially been expected yesterday. (BBC) (News24) (Aljazeera) Potential candidate Wyclef Jean goes into hiding after receiving mysterious death threats from an anonymous source. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) Haiti 's final decision on its presidential election candidates is delayed until Friday due to eligibility issues; it had initially been expected yesterday. (BBC) (News24) (Aljazeera) Potential candidate Wyclef Jean goes into hiding after receiving mysterious death threats from an anonymous source. ( The Guardian ) (Sky News) edit history watch South Africa deploys its army to deal with public sector workers striking in a bid to earn an increased wage; police shoot rubber bullets and water cannon into crowds outside a hospital in Soweto . At least five people have been killed so far during the strikes. (BBC) ( The Citizen ) (iAfrica) ( Mail & Guardian ) ( Times Live ) (Reuters Africa) Human rights groups express dismay at Kenya for the secret sending to Uganda of four suspects after the 2010 FIFA World Cup attacks in Kampala . Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents are also said to have engaged in illegal interrogation of three of them. (BBC) (News24) ( The Star ) Seven people are killed and fourteen injured in a bomb attack in China 's Xinjiang province. Although the region has recently been embroiled in violence including Muslim separatists and majority Han Chinese , the attack is being investigated as a criminal case. (AP) (Al Jazeera) The last United States brigade combat team leaves Iraq : there are still 56,000 members of the United States armed forces in the country. (CNN) Winston Churchill 's butterfly house is rebuilt. ( The Independent ) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's house Undershaw , in which he wrote numerous Sherlock Holmes stories, is slated to be converted into apartments. ( Los Angeles Times ) The Scots Makar (national poet) Edwin Morgan , a leading twentieth century poet, dies. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (AFP via Google News) Female train carriages are launched in Jakarta as part of a crackdown on public sexual harassment. (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] The Oxford Dictionary of English adds new words and phrases to the language including vuvuzela , carbon capture and storage , toxic debt and quantitative easing . (ABC News Online) Two groups in Israel begin pro-Zionist courses in editing Wikipedia . ( The Guardian ) Sail Amsterdam begins in Amsterdam with the Sail-In Parade. Foxconn states its intention to hire more workers following a rash of suicides among its workforce. (BBC) An American egg company recalls 380 million products as outbreaks of salmonella poisoning spread across the United States . (BBC) BP is accused by Transocean of trying to keep secret data required to investigate the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . (BBC) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] The United Nations estimates that four million people have become homeless as a result of the 2010 Pakistan floods ; Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon , speaking in New York , states that the floods are a "slow-motion tsunami" as he calls for more funds to assist those affected. (Reuters) (BBC) Forty people are injured after a bull leaps into a crowd in Tafalla , Spain ; the bull is killed. (BBC) ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) ( The Independent ) Two passenger train carriages are swept into a river by floods in Sichuan , China . (Xinhua) (BBC) (Reuters) The United Nations issues a report stating that Israel restricts with live ammunition access to land used for farming and fishing by Palestinians, causing a loss of livelihood for tens of thousands of Palestinians. (BBC) (United Nations Report) France 's government begins to deport thousands of Romani people , who are mainly from Romania and Bulgaria ; Romania fears this will lead to xenophobic tensions. (BBC) ( TIME ) (CNN) (Xinhua) North Korea confirms the seizure of a South Korean fishing boat two weeks ago, with four South Korean and three Chinese sailors on board. (Yonhap) (AFP) ( Korea Times ) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev begins a state visit in Armenia by meeting with Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan and paying tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide at the Tsitsernakaberd memorial. Russian military presence in the South Caucasian republic is to be extended until 2044. (Reuters) (Aysor) Four Israel Defense Forces naval commandos are arrested by Israeli Military Police for suspected theft of laptops and cell phones from activists during May's Gaza flotilla raid . ( Haaretz ) Former chief of the Sri Lankan armed forces Sarath Fonseka admits he expects to be jailed after being charged with corruption and believes the verdict has been decided in advance; Fonseka has been elected to the Sri Lankan parliament since the charges were pressed. (BBC) Mexico City legalises the fining of shops which give away free plastic bags in an environmental initiative. (BBC) A record fine of almost three million is upheld by the Superior Labor Court of Brazil (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, TST). (BBC) ( The New Zealand Herald ) ( People's Daily ) Approximately 1,000 prisoners are released in Bangladesh as the country tries to reduce overcrowding in its prisons. (BBC) A court in Perth , Australia, rules that a female Muslim woman must fully remove her niqāb while giving evidence. (BBC) Australian Federal Police (AFP) and Victorian Police raid premises across Victoria in relation to alleged financing of a terrorist organisation believed to be the Kurdish Workers Party . One of the premises raided was of the Kurdish Association of Victoria ; the AFP also raids properties in Sydney and Perth . (ABC Online) ( Herald Sun ) Brazil hosts its first presidential debate online, ahead of elections in October . (BBC) The Burmese authorities announce thirteen new campaigning rules for the general election in November. (Al Jazeera) (Sify) The Fields Medal is awarded to Elon Lindenstrauss , Ngô Bảo Châu , Stanislav Smirnov and Cédric Villani at the 2010 International Congress of Mathematicians in Hyderabad, India . ( Science Now ) Former Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser is criticised for controversial remarks during which she called for the boycott of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi . (BBC News) A U.S. federal grand jury in Washington indicts former Major League Baseball superstar pitcher Roger Clemens on charges of making false statements to Congress about his alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs . ( The New York Times ) ( USA Today ) edit history watch Norwegian stand-up comedian Hans Morten Hansen completes a 38 hours and 14 minute long stand-up marathon, setting a new world record for longest stand-up performance. ( VG ) A spectator commits suicide during a concert by The Swell Season in the U.S. state of California . ( Herald Sun ) ( The Irish Times ) ( Billboard ) ( Hot Press ) ( NME ) Charles Haddon, singer of the British synthpop band Ou Est Le Swimming Pool , commits suicide after a show at the Pukkelpop festival in Belgium . (NME) Novelist A. S. Byatt and critic John Carey win the James Tait Black Memorial Prizes , Britain's oldest literary awards. (BBC) A. S. Byatt criticises the Orange Prize as "sexist" and says women who write intellectual books are viewed as "unnatural". ( The Guardian ) J. D. Salinger 's toilet is put on sale on eBay for $1 million. (BBC) (AP via The Washington Post ) Mr Benn is reprinted for the first time in 30 years. ( The Guardian ) Carworkers in South Africa end their eight-day strike with a 10% pay deal. (BBC) Bolivia declares a state of emergency after approximately 25,000 forest fires spread across the country. (BBC) 58 pilot whales die after becoming stranded on New Zealand 's Karikari Peninsula . (BBC) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) ( The New Zealand Herald ) Hundreds of flights over Belgium , Germany , Luxembourg and the Netherlands are delayed by an air traffic control problem. (BBC) For failure to deal with the recent wildfires the head of Russia 's forestry agency is fired by Vladimir Putin and replaced with his deputy. (BBC) 2010 Pakistan floods : After initial hesitation, Pakistan ultimately accepts $5 million in aid from India ; it subsequently calls it a "very welcome initiative". ( The Times of India ) ( The Guardian ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) The United Nations calls for more helicopters. (BBC) After initial hesitation, Pakistan ultimately accepts $5 million in aid from India ; it subsequently calls it a "very welcome initiative". ( The Times of India ) ( The Guardian ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) The United Nations calls for more helicopters. (BBC) Gas leak in a hardware store in Santa Cruz , Chile produces a massive evacuation in the surrounding area. ( Wikinews ) France continues deporting Romani as the Vatican condemns this act. (Aljazeera) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (News24) Israel and Palestinians agree to resume peace talks on September 2. ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) (Xinhua) ( The New York Times ) Canada Post advises customers that it cannot accept mail to Gaza until further notice. Israel Post continues to inform postal services around the world that mail service to Gaza is unavailable. (Reuters) President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad rejects calls from the United Nations Security Council to stop all uranium enrichment but promises to stop high level enrichment if the country is assured of uranium for a research reactor . ( The Guardian ) Hillary Clinton , the United States Secretary of State , states that the United States "categorically disagrees" with the decision of the Scottish Government to release on compassionate grounds Abdelbaset al-Megrahi , the man convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 . ( The Guardian ) 6 police officers in Mexico are arrested and accused of participating in the kidnap and murder of Mayor Edelmiro Cavazos . (BBC) (AP via Arab News ) (Japan Today) South African health minister Aaron Motsoaledi accuses of murder public sector workers who disrupt important treatment of patients while striking for better pay. (BBC) (News24) Remains of a 104-year-old woman's body are discovered in her son's backpack during a nationwide search in Japan for missing centenarians . It is thought they may have been there for a decade. (AFP) (BBC) A Thai appeals court rules to extradite alleged Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout to the United States ; Russia expresses its disagreement with the ruling. ( The Independent ) (AP via CBS) [ permanent dead link ] (Thai News Agency) (BBC) An Irish-born Australian man who admitted after initially pleading innocence to breaching the state of emergency during the anti-government protests in Thailand is deported to Australia; he says he was beaten, was treated harshly and was not shown an arrest warrant. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) Shining Path leaders Abimael Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre marry at a maximum-security prison near Lima ; they fought for their right to marry by going on hunger strike earlier this year. (BBC) (Reuters via The Independent ) A judge rules that former President of Guatemala Alfonso Portillo must stand trial. (BBC) A quadriplegic man leaves hospital in Hong Kong for his own home after 19 years, having written to the country's leader 6 years ago to ask that he be allowed to die. (BBC) The last remaining free inmate to have escaped from a prison in the U.S. state of Arizona is captured alongside his accomplice. ( The New York Times ) A man sues game-maker NCsoft , stating he would not have begun to play one of their games, Lineage II , if he had known it was addictive and claims it has left him unable to function. (GameSpy) Solomon Islands general election, 2010 : The two major political coalitions name their candidates for Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands following the general election : Steve Abana , the leader of the Democratic Party , and Danny Philip , the former Foreign Minister . (RNZI) Incumbent Derek Sikua will not be renominated as Prime Minister. ( Solomon Star ) The two major political coalitions name their candidates for Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands following the general election : Steve Abana , the leader of the Democratic Party , and Danny Philip , the former Foreign Minister . (RNZI) Incumbent Derek Sikua will not be renominated as Prime Minister. ( Solomon Star ) Musician Wyclef Jean is reportedly omitted from the list of candidates for the Haitian presidential election . ( The Guardian ) Thousands of people rally in support of the mayor of Osh after rumours of his firing by Kyrgyzstan 's interim government circulate. (Aljazeera) India is to more than triple salaries of MPs. (BBC) The Pentagon vows to prevent "internal threats" in the United States . (BBC) More than half of politicians in Benin call for impeachment proceedings against President Boni Yayi over his involvement in a Ponzi scheme . (BBC) (Reuters Africa) India approves a draft law intended to open its civilian nuclear power industry to private investment. (BBC) Britain warns Libya not to celebrate the one year anniversary of the release of Pan Am Flight 103 bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi , released on compassionate grounds suffering terminal cancer and expected to live just three months. (Aljazeera) (Reuters) ( TIME ) ( Wall Street Journal ) Australians vote tomorrow in what is being called the closest election in 50 years , with some polls predicting a 50-50 draw. ( The Guardian ) The world's first solar - diesel power station opens in Marble Bar , Western Australia . ( Herald Sun ) Scientists publish a report in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology about a method of predicting radioactive contamination damage on species near Chernobyl , from historical mutation rates particularly in mitochondrial DNA . (BBC) ( J. Evol. Biol. ) A possible new approach for treating mood disorders, such as depression, suggested in study of ketamine activity with the nervous system , more specifically mTOR -dependent synapse formation. ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( Science ) A study links the risk of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to pesticide exposure before birth. (MSNBC) ( Env. Health Persp. ) edit history watch Israel 's ambassador to the United Nations Gabriela Shalev writes a letter to Ban Ki-moon stating that Israel would use force against a Bolivian -flagged all-female aid ship intending to land near Gaza . ( The Age ) An injunction prevents public sector workers from continuing their national strike for better pay in South Africa ; the army had previously been deployed and the country's health minister accused strikers of murder. (BBC) Russian Federal Security Service assassinate Magomedali Vagabov , a top militant suspected to be responsible for the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings in Dagestan . (Sky News) At least 10 anti-government protesters are killed by early morning bombs in Mogadishu ; the dead include people from Afghanistan , Algeria , India and Pakistan . (BBC) About 35 people are taken hostage by drug dealers at a tourist hotel in São Conrado , Rio de Janeiro ; 1 woman, involved with them, is killed. (BBC) A Vincent van Gogh painting - known as both Poppy Flowers and Vase with Flowers - is stolen from the Mohammed Mahmoud Khalil art museum in Cairo , but is later said to have been recovered at Cairo Airport . (Aljazeera) (BBC) More than 50,000 people are evacuated after the Yalu River floods in China ; flooding is also reported in North Korea with the city of Sinuiju particularly affected. (BBC) (AFP) (Xinhua) The charity Save the Children says the food crisis in Niger is being made worse by hoarders selling grain at higher prices than most people can afford. (BBC) (RTHK) United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon welcomes more than $200 million in funds pledged towards the humanitarian effort following the 2010 Pakistan floods . (Aljazeera) Relatives accuse authorities of not doing enough to save 33 miners who have spent the past 15 days trapped in a collapsed mine near Copiapó in the Atacama Desert . (BBC) 11 beached pilot whales are refloated using a crane and body sling on New Zealand 's Karikari Peninsula . ( The Independent ) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) The United States is hit by a salmonella scare, with hundreds of people now thought to be ill across the country due to bad eggs ; poisoning is expected to increase in the coming weeks. ( The Age ) Italy backs France 's crackdown and expulsion of Romani from the country. (Aljazeera) (AP) Palestinians warn that building on occupied land by Israel would threaten negotiations. (Aljazeera) Russian engineers start loading fuel into Iran 's first nuclear reactor at Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant . (Reuters) Amnesty International urges Saudi Arabia not to sever the spine of a man as punishment; the man has been convicted of paralysing another man. (BBC) ( The Age ) Swedish prosecutors issue and then revoke an arrest warrant against Wikileaks spokesperson Julian Assange . Assange calls the incident "deeply disturbing" as Wikileaks prepares to release 15,000 documents which the U.S. military would like to keep secret. (Aljazeera) (AP via The Independent ) (Channel 4) (CNN) Australian federal election, 2010 Australians go to the polls with results indicating a hung parliament . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (Aljazeera) , (AAP via News Limited) Ken Wyatt of the Liberal Party of Australia becomes the first indigenous Australian to be elected to the House of Representatives of Australia representing the Division of Hasluck . ( The Sunday Times WA ) Australians go to the polls with results indicating a hung parliament . ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (Aljazeera) , (AAP via News Limited) Ken Wyatt of the Liberal Party of Australia becomes the first indigenous Australian to be elected to the House of Representatives of Australia representing the Division of Hasluck . ( The Sunday Times WA ) Musician Wyclef Jean is formally declared unsuitable as a presidential candidate in Haiti 's election . (Aljazeera) (BBC) (CNN) (Press Association via Google News) Dutch sailor Laura Dekker starts her bid to become the youngest person to circumnavigate the world solo in Portimão , Portugal . (AP via KGW) edit history watch A Venezuelan soldier opens fire at an army base in the capital Caracas , killing two officers and injuring six others. (BBC) (AP) The Philippines and the United States hold a joint exercise of their forces. (Xinhua) Brazilian police rescue 35 hostages from InterContinental in São Conrado , Rio de Janeiro . (Al Jazeera) The Government of Somalia claims that 10 members of the al-Shabab militant group have been killed when bombs they were preparing went off prematurely in Mogadishu . (Al Jazeera) Rwandan Lieutenant-Colonel Rugigana Ngabo , brother of exiled General Faustin Nyamwasa , is reported missing, having been arrested on Friday. (BBC) The Vincent van Gogh painting Poppy Flowers , missing but reportedly found yesterday, is now reported missing again after yesterday's find is proven false. (BBC) (Aljazeera) Hundreds of people rally in relation to an Islamic cultural centre proposed for New York City , United States ; opponents to the building blare Bruce Springsteen 's " Born in the U.S.A. " over loudspeakers. (Aljazeera) 5,000 people are evacuated in North Korea after the Yalu River on the border with China floods; 94,000 in China are also evacuated. (AFP) (Xinhua) (BBC) 2010 Pakistan floods : Around 150,000 people flee their homes in Sindh as the devastating floods worsen in Pakistan . (Al Jazeera) ( The Independent on Sunday ) (BBC) International pledges currently total $800 million, say government figures. (Aljazeera) Around 150,000 people flee their homes in Sindh as the devastating floods worsen in Pakistan . (Al Jazeera) ( The Independent on Sunday ) (BBC) International pledges currently total $800 million, say government figures. (Aljazeera) All 33 Chilean miners trapped deep underground are located alive after 17 days, though they have not yet been removed from the mine and remain trapped. (AP via Google News) (BBC) (Reuters via France24) (Aljazeera) A Bolivian -flagged all-female international aid ship bound for Gaza is delayed as Cyprus bans it from passing, with Israel 's Ehud Barak calling on France and the United States to prevent it from sailing because, he says, it is "a needless provocation". ( Haaretz ) (euronews) (Press TV) (Buenos Aires News) Iran unveils a long range unmanned bomber, the Karrar drone their latest addition in a number of recently disclosed military hardware. ( The Guardian ) , ( Los Angeles Times ) Palestinian official Wassel Abu Yousef objects to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 's talk of "preconditions" that the Palestinians should recognize Israel as the state of Jews and says such comments are a threat to direct talks next month. (Xinhua) South African trade unions state that a court injunction successfully sought by the government is intended to "intimidate" workers who are striking in the hope of receiving better pay. (BBC) (News24) Supporters of Julian Assange of Wikileaks credit American intelligence agencies with recent smears against his character and express surprise that it has not happened sooner. ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) After a federal investigation by the United States , 47 foreign-born gang members are arrested in New England , including members of the "True Somali Bloods", "True Sudanese Bloods" and the "Asian Boyz". Over half are arrested in the U.S. state of Maine . ( Portland Press Herald ) 4 mutilated and decapitated corpses are located by police hanging by their ankles from a bridge outside Cuernavaca , Morelos . (BBC) Protesters against the Park51 project for an Islamic community center two blocks away from Ground Zero of the World Trade Center site gather in New York City . (CNN) (ABC) With results of the federal election in Australia indicating a hung parliament , Prime Minister Julia Gillard holds initial talks with independent candidates in an attempt to form a government. (BBC) (Aljazeera) United States authorities give the green light to human trials of an Ebola drug said to have worked during tests on monkeys. (BBC) Kenyan runner David Lekuta Rudisha breaks a 13-year-old world record in the 800 metres at the ISTAF IAAF World Challenge meeting in Berlin , overshadowing Caster Semenya 's return to the venue of her triumph. (Press Association via The Guardian ) (BBC Sport) (AFP via Qatar Tribune ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) Brazil wins the 2010 World Blind Football Championship after beating Spain 2-0 in the final. ( Hereford Times ) ( BBC Sport ) The All Blacks win the 2010 Tri Nations Series 29-22 in a final minute try against the Springboks . (BBC) edit history watch The Palestinian Authority has warned that it will pull out of peace talks if Israel renews the construction of settlements in the occupied West Bank . (BBC) Two members of NATO 's International Security Assistance Force are killed by improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan . (AFP via Google News) At least 17 people, including a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan , Maulana Noor Mohammed Wazir , are killed in the bombing of a mosque in Pakistan 's South Waziristan region. ( Economic Times of India ) [ permanent dead link ] The Anne Frank tree in Amsterdam is knocked down by a gust of heavy wind, breaking off about a meter above ground. (NOS) Jimena Navarrete , representing Mexico , wins Miss Universe 2010 . (AP via News OK) Australia 's stock market and currency lose value because of the country's hung parliament . (BBC) Flooding in China and North Korea : More than 250,000 people are evacuated due to floods across China and North Korea. (Al Jazeera) (UK Press Association via Google News) 4 people die in floods in Dandong , China after flood waters cause the Yalu River to burst its banks. (AP via The Independent ) More than 250,000 people are evacuated due to floods across China and North Korea. (Al Jazeera) (UK Press Association via Google News) 4 people die in floods in Dandong , China after flood waters cause the Yalu River to burst its banks. (AP via The Independent ) It is expected to take 120 days (4 months) to free the 33 miners trapped underground near Copiapó in the Atacama Desert after it is confirmed that they are all currently alive. ( The Guardian ) The United Nations describes the humanitarian situation caused by the 2010 Pakistan floods as critical. (BBC) Cambodia and Thailand resume diplomatic relations after former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra resigns his post as economic advisor to the Cambodian government . (Thai News Agency) (BBC) 2 tonnes of elephant ivory and five rhino horns disguised as avocados destined for Malaysia are seized in Nairobi , Kenya . (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation) [ permanent dead link ] (Reuters) China considers removing the death penalty for several economic crimes. (BBC) (Xinhua) (AFP) 25 prisoners, including Islamic militants, escape from a prison in Dushanbe , Tajikistan . (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] (ITAR-TASS) [ permanent dead link ] A dismissed police inspector hijacks a coach belonging to Hong Thai Travel and its 25 Hong Kong tourists in Manila , the capital of the Philippines in order to demand his reinstatement. He is later shot dead by the police. At least 7 hostages are killed and 2 others severely injured. (Al Jazeera) (CNN) ( Philippine Inquirer ) Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia rules against a decision by President Barack Obama allowing the expansion of embryonic stem cell research claiming it breaks US law. (Bloomberg) Golfer Tiger Woods and his ex-wife Elin Nordegren finalise their divorce . (CBS Sports) edit history watch Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown : 80,000 people flee the southern Yemeni city of Lawdar after clashes between Al-Qaeda linked forces and government troops killed several people. (Al Jazeera) 80,000 people flee the southern Yemeni city of Lawdar after clashes between Al-Qaeda linked forces and government troops killed several people. (Al Jazeera) Two Catalonian aid workers kidnapped in Mauritania by Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb return home. (Al Jazeera) (Reuters) Battle of Mogadishu (2010) : Al-Shabaab militants storm the Hotel Muna , close to the Presidential palace Villa Somalia in Mogadishu, killing at least 33 people including several MPs . (euronews) (BBC) (AFP) , ( New York Times ) Al-Shabaab militants storm the Hotel Muna , close to the Presidential palace Villa Somalia in Mogadishu, killing at least 33 people including several MPs . (euronews) (BBC) (AFP) , ( New York Times ) Foreign human rights groups accuse Rwandan and Congolese rebels of gang-raping nearly 200 women and some baby boys over four days within miles of a U.N. peacekeepers' base in the village of Bunangiri , North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo . (Al Jazeera) (CNN) (AP) (Reuters) A lance-corporal in the Australian Army is killed in fighting with the Taliban in Afghanistan 's Oruzgan province . (News Limited) American actor Lindsay Lohan is released from a rehabilitation centre 22 days into a three month program. (ABC News) India rejects plans by mining group Vedanta to extract bauxite in Orissa due to environmental concerns. ( Times of India ) (BBC) Cairn Energy discovers gas off the coast of Greenland , amid protests from Greenpeace demanding it halt its oil operations. (BBC) (AFP) Stocks on the Philippine Stock Exchange fall the day after the Manila hostage crisis . (Businessweek) Henan Airlines Flight 8387 , carrying 91 people on board, overshoots the runway and bursts into flames in Yichun City in Heilongjiang , northeastern China ; at least 43 people are reported dead. (AP) (Xinhua) (BBC) Oxfam warns of a "double disaster" following flooding compounding a recent drought and food crisis in Niger . (AFP) (BBC) Agni Air Flight 101 , a small plane carrying fourteen people, crashes in Nepal 's Makwanpur District with no survivors expected. ( Kantipur ) (CNN) Rescue efforts start to free the men trapped following the 2010 Copiapó mining accident . (ABC News America) The United States Department of Justice states that it will appeal a decision by United States federal judge Royce C. Lamberth to block an executive order by President Barack Obama to expand embryonic stem cell research. (BBC) Samantha Cameron , wife of the British Prime Minister David Cameron , gives birth to the couple's fourth child, a girl. ( Telegraph ) (BBC) John McCain wins the Republican Party primary election to become the nominee in the US Senate election in Arizona . (Fox News) edit history watch Battle of Mogadishu (2010) : Clashes continue in Mogadishu after a rebel advance on the presidential palace is repelled. (Reuters) Clashes continue in Mogadishu after a rebel advance on the presidential palace is repelled. (Reuters) A military spokesperson claims that a suicide bomber was shot and killed when he tried to drive a truckload of explosives into a Mauritanian army barracks in Néma near the border with Mali . (AP via Washington Post ) A string of attacks in Iraq targeting Iraqi security forces leaves at least 56 people dead. (AP via Washington Post ) , ( New York Times ) Actor Paul Hogan is banned from leaving Australia until he settles a multi-million dollar tax bill. ( The Australian ) Archaeologists working at the Umm El-Kharga Oasis , 200km south of Cairo , discover a 3,500-year-old ancient Egyptian settlement. (ABC News America) The flight data recorder from Henan Airlines Flight 8387 is found. (BBC) A school bus collides with a train in Cape Town , South Africa , killing at least nine pupils and injuring five others. (AP via The Globe and Mail ) At least 20 people are killed in Democratic Republic of the Congo after a Filair plane crashes near Bandundu . (BBC) , (Yahoo) Hurricane Danielle strengthens to Category 2 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale and heads towards Bermuda . (AP via Google News) The former President of the United States Jimmy Carter arrives in North Korea to negotiate for the release of United States citizen Aijalon Gomes . (CNN) Wikileaks publishes a CIA analysis claiming that the United States could be perceived as an "exporter of terrorism ". ( Washington Post ) Mexican Naval Infantry find 72 corpses at a remote ranch in San Fernando, Tamaulipas , near the border with the US state of Texas . The victims were economic migrants from Central America and South America believed to be murdered by a drug cartel . (Reuters) , ( Daily Mail ) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrests two suspects in Ottawa for alleged terrorism offences. (CTV) Danny Philip , an MP from Rendova Tetepare , is elected the new Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands following the 2010 general election . Philip narrowly defeated Steve Abana with 26-23 vote total. ( Solomon Times ) Craig Langdon resigns as an Australian Labor Party MP of the Victorian Legislative Assembly representing Ivanhoe . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) A solar system is discovered for the star HD 10180 including a possible planet 1.4 times the size of the Earth . ( Christian Science Monitor ) ( New York Times ) edit history watch German HIV-positive pop singer Nadja Benaissa is found guilty of grievous bodily harm after transmitting HIV to a man who had unprotected sex with her without her telling him of her condition. ( New York Times ) Mass protests by civil servants in South Africa continue, demanding improved pay and benefits. (Al Jazeera) Two Greek F-16 planes collide mid-air south of Crete ; 2 out of 3 pilots are rescued. (Athens News Agency) ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) 2010 Pakistan floods Pakistan orders nearly half a million people in towns including Sujawal , Mirpur Bathoro and Daro threatened by floods to evacuate. (AFP via Google News) The Pakistan Taliban threatens to kidnap foreign aid workers. ( The Telegraph ) Pakistan orders nearly half a million people in towns including Sujawal , Mirpur Bathoro and Daro threatened by floods to evacuate. (AFP via Google News) The Pakistan Taliban threatens to kidnap foreign aid workers. ( The Telegraph ) South Korea offers emergency aid to North Korea for floods. (AFP via Google News) The United States Food and Drug Administration finds that feed given to hens at Wright County Egg and Hillandale Farm led to a salmonella outbreak in eggs . (CNN) Former International Atomic Energy Agency director Olli Heinonen claims that Iran has stockpiled enough low-enriched uranium for one to two nuclear bombs. (Haaretz) Israel asks Germany to arrest Klaas Carel Faber , a Nazi war criminal who killed 20 Jews at Westerbork concentration camp . ( Haaretz ) The New York Times claims that Mohammed Zia Salehi , an official of Afghanistan 's Karzai administration accused of graft is on the United States Central Intelligence Agency payroll. ( The New York Times ) Ahmad Vahidi , Iran 's Minister of Defense , offers military assistance to Lebanon following a request from Hezbollah . (AFP via Lebanon Daily Star ) South Korea's presidential office claims that North Korean leader Kim Jong-il is visiting China for the second time this year. (Yonhap) ( Wall Street Journal ) (Al Jazeera) Russian police arrest activists from Amnesty International and remove volunteers from Greenpeace Russia and the ONE Campaign at a U2 concert in Moscow . (BBC) (RIA Novosti) (Business Week) An independent counsel finds that the Governor of New York David Paterson gave misleading evidence about intending to pay for free tickets that he obtained to last year's baseball world series and refers the issue to the Albany District Attorney for possible prosecution for perjury . ( New York Times ) Mexico asks its Latin American neighbours to help identify the 72 people found murdered in Tamaulipas . (AFP via The Age ) Solomon Islands MP Steve Laore dies, reducing newly elected Prime Minister Danny Philip 's parliamentary majority to just one. (Agence France Presse) Democratic Party of Japan powerbroker Ichirō Ozawa announces a leadership challenge to the Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan with a ballot to be held on September 14. (Reuters) Heavy rains wash red argillite sediment from old sedimentary rock into a river at Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta , causing Cameron Falls to turn red. ( Daily Mail ) edit history watch Battle of Mogadishu The al-Shabaab rebel group in Somalia says it has called 11 truckloads of reinforcements to take over the capital Mogadishu after a week-long battle. (Al Jazeera) At least 43 people are killed in the violence. (Press TV) The al-Shabaab rebel group in Somalia says it has called 11 truckloads of reinforcements to take over the capital Mogadishu after a week-long battle. (Al Jazeera) At least 43 people are killed in the violence. (Press TV) Police in India kill Umakanta Mahato , a top Maoist guerilla wanted in connection with the Gyaneshwari Express train derailment in May. (BBC) ( Times of India ) Two bombs explode in the Mexican city of Ciudad Victoria , the capital of Tamaulipas , outside the municipal police station and the Televisa television station. (BNO via New Kerala) Almost 45 people are injured in clashes between stone-throwing protesters and Indian security forces in India 's Kashmir Valley . (UPI) Ben Bernanke , the Chair of the Federal Reserve , says the United States Federal Reserve is prepared to act against the prospects of deflation but expects economic growth to continue during the latter half of 2010 "albeit at a relatively modest pace." ( New York Times ) The United States Department of Justice closes an antitrust probe into a proposed merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines clearing the way for shareholders to vote on the proposal. (MoneyCNN) Ford announces that they has recalled more than 570,000 Windstar minivans in the United States and Canada over rear axle issues. ( Denver Post ) Archived August 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine As many as 30 children die of lead poisoning in northern Nigeria . (BBC) (AllAfrica.com) 12 people are killed in landslides after heavy rains in northern Turkey . ( Hürriyet Daily News ) (BBC) The Indus River breaches its banks near the southern Pakistan city of Thatta forcing the evacuations of hundreds of thousands of people. (ABC Online and AFP) A magnitude 5.7 earthquake strikes northern Iran , killing two people. (WireUpdate) (Xinhua) (Radio New Zealand) Floods and landslides have killed at least 34 people in Nicaragua and affected 84,000 since the start of the rainy season on May 15. (AFP via Google News) India cancels defence exchanges with China after the latter refused to grant a visa to a general from Kashmir . (BBC) ( Hindustan Times ) (Al Jazeera) Sri Lanka urges Saudi Arabia to investigate the case of a Sri Lankan maid who had nails and needles pushed into her by her employers as a "punishment". Doctors later remove 24 nails and needles from her body. (Arab News) (Lanka Business Online) (BBC) Muslims protest outside the United States embassy in Jakarta about plans by the Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida to burn Korans on the 9th anniversary of the September 11 attacks . (Fox News) France rejects criticism from the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination over its Romani removal strategy. (Xinhua) A draft United Nations report says crimes by the Rwandan army and allied rebels in Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Second Congo War could be classified as genocide . (BBC) (IOL) (Reuters Africa) Former President of the United States Jimmy Carter secures the release of US citizen Aijalon Gomes from North Korea . (BBC) (Yonhap) (Xinhua) The President of Kenya Mwai Kibaki enacts the new constitution . (CNN) (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation) The chief investigator of the mass killing of 72 people in Mexico 's Tamaulipas state has been missing since Wednesday. (BBC) Paul Allen 's company, Interval Licensing LLC , files a patent infringement lawsuit against Google , Apple Computer , AOL , eBay , Facebook , Netflix , Office Depot , OfficeMax , Staples Inc. , Yahoo and YouTube . (NYT) Leaders of the Burmese junta , including Senior General Than Shwe , resign from their posts ahead of general elections in November. (BBC) (Sify India) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] Legal advice clears Governor-General of Australia Mrs. Quentin Bryce to make a decision on who will be the next Prime Minister of Australia despite family ties to Australian Labor Party powerbroker Bill Shorten . ( The Australian ) A team of scientists, led by Neil Hall from the University of Liverpool , releases draft sequences of the wheat genome . (BBC) Arrowheads found in the Sibudu Cave in northern KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa show that humans were using bow and arrows 64000 years ago. (BBC) Hurricane Danielle strengthens to Category 4 , becoming the first major hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season . (MSNBC) (CNN) (CBC) edit history watch Pakistan Suspected United States missiles strike two cars carrying militants in Pakistan 's Kurram Valley resulting in at least four deaths. (AP via Fox News) A heavy exchange of gunfire erupts outside a Pakistan security forces office in Peshawar near the United States consulate . Two hostages were taken but eventually freed. (AP via MSNBC) , (DNA India) , (Al-Jazeera) Suspected United States missiles strike two cars carrying militants in Pakistan 's Kurram Valley resulting in at least four deaths. (AP via Fox News) A heavy exchange of gunfire erupts outside a Pakistan security forces office in Peshawar near the United States consulate . Two hostages were taken but eventually freed. (AP via MSNBC) , (DNA India) , (Al-Jazeera) Suspected Taliban insurgents attack two coalition allied military bases in eastern Afghanistan ; both attacks are repelled by coalition forces, killing 24 militants while taking no casualties. (BBC) Cuba eases property laws, allowing foreign investors to lease government land for up to 99 years. (AP) (Al Jazeera) China and India state that the military ties between the two countries will not be affected despite the recent visa dispute. [2] [3] The International Criminal Court reports Kenya to the United Nations Security Council over a visit by Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir to the country. (BBC) ( The Standard ) Rwanda threatens to limit cooperation with the United Nations after a report accused the country of war crimes in neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo . (AFP) Iran answers Lebanon 's call to help fund the Lebanese Army after the United States threatened to cut off funds following the 2010 Adaisseh incident . [4] [ permanent dead link ] Mount Sinabung in Sumatra , Indonesia , erupts. Thousands of people evacuated. (The Jakarta Post) (Wikinews) Iran says no final decision has been made on the stoning of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , who was convicted of adultery . (AFP) (Iranian Students' News Agency) Former President of Madagascar Marc Ravalomanana is sentenced in absentia to life in prison with hard labour for ordering the killing of opposition supporters. (BBC) (Reuters Africa) A large gathering of people attend Glenn Beck 's "Restoring Honor" rally at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. ( USA Today ) Four members of the Pakistan national cricket team are allegedly involved in a betting scandal including captain Salman Butt fast bowlers Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir and wicketkeeper Kamran Akmal during their current tour of England . ( Daily Mail ) edit history watch Eighty thousand people rally in Hong Kong after last week's fatal tourist coach hijacking hostage crisis in the Philippines . (Aljazeera) (BBC) ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] ( The Independent ) At least 19 people are killed in a fire fight between President of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov 's personal guards and protesters in Tsentoroi . (Aljazeera) A Palestinian man is killed by the collapse of a smuggling tunnel under the border between Egypt and the Gaza Strip . (AFP via Google News) Afghanistan 7 American soldiers are killed in fighting in Afghanistan over the weekend. (AP via MSNBC) Gunmen kill 5 campaign workers for a female candidate in the Afghan parliamentary election, 2010 . (Reuters) 7 American soldiers are killed in fighting in Afghanistan over the weekend. (AP via MSNBC) Gunmen kill 5 campaign workers for a female candidate in the Afghan parliamentary election, 2010 . (Reuters) The Catholic Church admits that during a meeting in April Godfried Danneels , the retired Catholic leader in Belgium , advised a person who had experienced abuse to remain silent until his abuser Roger Vangheluwe , the Bishop of Bruges , retired. (BBC) 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards Mad Men wins the Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series. ( Los Angeles Times ) Modern Family wins the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series. ( Los Angeles Times ) Mad Men wins the Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series. ( Los Angeles Times ) Modern Family wins the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series. ( Los Angeles Times ) The final episode of Last of the Summer Wine airs on BBC One after 37 years. ( The Guardian ) ( The Daily Telegraph ) ( Daily Mail ) A small semi-train is driven through the streets of Gaza after six months of construction, to the delight of children living in harsh conditions. (Xinhua) Floods worsen in Pakistan as more towns are threatened. (Press TV) 1 person dies as the Sumatran volcano Sinabung prompts a red alert by erupting for the first time in over 400 years, leading to Indonesia evacuating thousands of people. (ABC News Online) (AFP via Google News) (DPA via Monsters and Critics) At least 38 people, including the driver, are killed in Ecuador when a bus falls down a cliff outside the capital Quito , reportedly after the driver fell asleep. ( Reuters Africa ) (Sky News Australia) The Palestinian Authority launches a United States -funded advertising campaign supporting peace talks with Israel . ( Jerusalem Post ) Indonesian detainees riot and light a fire at the Northern Immigration Detention Centre in Darwin , Australia . (ABC News Online) , (AFP via Yahoo! News) Unidentified gunmen assassinate Marco Antonio Leal Garcia, the mayor of the small town of Hidalgo in Tamaulipas , Mexico . (AFP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Afghanistan 's former deputy attorney-general Fazel Ahmed Faqiryar is sacked over his refusal to obstruct corruption investigations into senior government officials; Faqiryar is critical of President Hamid Karzai . (Aljazeera) Racism in Australia is shown to be subsiding as the country elects its first indigenous parliamentarian , Ken Wyatt . (BBC) ( The Independent ) ( The Age ) President of the United States Barack Obama pledges to restore the Gulf Coast on the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina in a speech in New Orleans . (Reuters via Toronto Sun ) (Aljazeera) A man is arrested in connection to an alleged sports betting scam centered on the current Test match at Lord's Cricket Ground in London between England and Pakistan . (BBC) David Lekuta Rudisha lowers the 800 metres world record to 1:41.01 seconds. (IAAF) edit history watch Four Israeli settlers , including a pregnant woman, are shot dead in a shooting outside Kiryat Arba , when a gunman opens fire on their car. Hamas claims responsibility for the murder. (Haaretz) A gunman opens fire in Devínska Nová Ves , a borough of the Slovak capital Bratislava , killing 8 people and injuring 14 others. (BBC) (Deutsche Welle) ( The Guardian ) (AP via The Hindu ) (Xinhua) (Aljazeera) Marco Antonio Leal García , the Mayor of Hidalgo, Tamaulipas , in northeastern Mexico, is shot dead while operating his car; his 4-year-old daughter is wounded. (BBC) The presidential palace in Somalia is shelled. (Aljazeera) 6 civilians are killed and 19 others are injured in a shelling incident in Mogadishu . ( The Guardian ) 4 African Union peacekeepers from Uganda are killed during a mortar strike in Mogadishu , Somalia. (BBC) (AFP via France24) 4 people are killed and 3 others are injured due to a rocket launcher explosion in Pursat Province , northwestern Cambodia . (Xinhua) Two Russian pilots are abducted in Sudan 's western Darfur region. (RIA Novosti) (BBC) Gunmen kidnap a politician in southern Nigeria , days after a supporter of President Goodluck Jonathan was also kidnapped. (News24) (Xinhua) It is announced that Isabella Rossellini is to chair the judging panel at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011 . (BBC) (Reuters) (UPI) (AFP via The Independent ) Concern is expressed for more than 500 indigenous women who have gone missing in Canada on the International Day of the Disappeared . (Aljazeera) Alain "Spiderman" Robert climbs another building barehanded, this time in Sydney ; he is later arrested. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (BBC) (Xinhua) (Sky News) (France24) 2010 Pakistan floods The historic city of Thatta is preserved by troops and volunteers fighting severe floodwaters in Pakistan ; it had been thought of as being at great risk. (AP via Google News) ( The Independent ) ( Daily Times ) More than 175,000 people flee, as the city virtually empties. (Aljazeera) The historic city of Thatta is preserved by troops and volunteers fighting severe floodwaters in Pakistan ; it had been thought of as being at great risk. (AP via Google News) ( The Independent ) ( Daily Times ) More than 175,000 people flee, as the city virtually empties. (Aljazeera) Chile mining accident The 33 miners involved in the accident make telephone contact with their families for the first time in 3 weeks. (BBC) Rescuers are to begin drilling to rescue the trapped miners. ( Santiago Times ) [ permanent dead link ] (Al Jazeera) The 33 miners involved in the accident make telephone contact with their families for the first time in 3 weeks. (BBC) Rescuers are to begin drilling to rescue the trapped miners. ( Santiago Times ) [ permanent dead link ] (Al Jazeera) 2010 Atlantic hurricane season Category 4 Hurricane Earl takes aim at the northern Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico with winds of up to 135 miles per hour (215 km/h) prompting hurricane warnings. (msnbc.com) (CNN) (BBC) Tropical Storm Fiona forms in the central Atlantic Ocean with the potential to become the fourth hurricane of the season. ( Huffington Post ) Category 4 Hurricane Earl takes aim at the northern Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico with winds of up to 135 miles per hour (215 km/h) prompting hurricane warnings. (msnbc.com) (CNN) (BBC) Tropical Storm Fiona forms in the central Atlantic Ocean with the potential to become the fourth hurricane of the season. ( Huffington Post ) Indonesia 's Mount Sinabung continues to erupt with 21,000 people now evacuated from nearby areas of north Sumatra and two people dead. (AP via Fox News) (CNN) 9 people die and 480 are rescued following a fire at a retirement home in the Tver region of Russia . (CNN) (Al Jazeera) It is announced that a preserved corpse belonging to William Holland, an American mountaineer lost in the Canadian Rockies in 1989, has been located in Jasper National Park . (BBC) (AP via Google News) 42 killed, 11 injured in bus crash 55 miles south of Quito , Ecuador . (CNN) Ovadia Yosef , a senior rabbi from Shas , a party within Israel 's coalition government , calls for Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to "vanish from our world". The United States condemns the remarks as "deeply offensive". (BBC) ( Haaretz ) ( The Times of India ) The United States begins patrolling with troops its border with Mexico . (BBC) United States Vice President Joe Biden pays a surprise visit to Iraq . (Aljazeera) (Aswat al-Iraq) China and North Korea acknowledge the leader of North Korea Kim Jong Il visited China recently where he met with the President of China Hu Jintao . (UK Press Association via Google News) (Xinhua) ( The Chosun Ilbo ) ( Daily Times ) The President of the United States Barack Obama freezes the assets of three North Korean organisations and one individual in response to the sinking of a South Korean warship in March. North Korea has denied it is responsible. ( The Guardian ) (Xinhua) (Aljazeera) More than 100 Russian far-right skinheads attack a music festival in central Russia, injuring at least 10 people and leaving one 14-year-old girl dead. (BBC) (RIA Novosti) 3,200 police officers have been fired so far this year by Mexico 's federal police force due to extracurricular activities. (BBC) (AP via France24) (Aljazeera) The Indian government decides not to ban the controversial BlackBerry devices for at least two months after the North American manufacturer allows "lawful access" to encrypted data it had been feared would be a security threat. (Aljazeera) (BBC) Indonesian detainees continue to riot at the Northern Immigration Detention Facility . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) South African rugby union player Bees Roux of the Bulls is charged with murdering a police officer in Pretoria . (AP via Sydney Morning Herald ) Mexico captures alleged Mexican-American drug trafficker Edgar Valdez Villarreal in the state of Morelos near Mexico City . (ABC News Online) Italian health minister Ferruccio Fazio apologises while visiting a woman subjected to violent confrontation between two doctors as her baby was on the verge of being born at a hospital in Messina , Sicily . (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (AP via CBC News) ( The Washington Post ) Talks begin between the government and workers striking for better conditions in South Africa in the third week of a conflict which has seen troops deployed. (BBC) ( TIMES Live ) (Reuters) The InterAcademy Panel on International Issues issues a report finding that The IPCC assessment process has been successful overall but making seven formal recommendations for improving the IPCC's assessment process, and that "“Straying into advocacy can only hurt I.P.C.C.’s credibility.” (Aljazeera) ( The Irish Times ) ( The New York Times ) ( The New Zealand Herald ) InterAcademy Council news release 30.August.2010 The International Cricket Council states that Pakistan 's tour of England is to continue despite yesterday's spot-fixing allegations exposed by a British newspaper. (BBC Sport) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] ( The Guardian ) (Aljazeera) edit history watch A roadside bomb and mortar attack in the Somali capital Mogadishu kill at least 14 people and injure several others. (Al Jazeera) 8 people are killed in a petrol bomb attack at a bar in Cancún , Mexico. (BBC) (APA) 4 Israelis are shot to death in an attack in the West Bank next to Kiryat Arba . (Ynetnews) (BBC) A roadside bomb kills 4 United States troops in eastern Afghanistan . (AP via MSNBC) An explosion occurs outside the head office of a government-run television station in Bangkok , Thailand . ( Bangkok Post ) [ permanent dead link ] (Xinhua) 3 Russian aircrew kidnapped in Sudan 's Darfur region are released. (Reuters) (RIA Novosti) The Sudan People's Liberation Army pledges to demobilise all of its child soldiers by the end of the year. (BBC) Hewlett-Packard (HP), the world's largest computer maker based in the U.S. state of California , pays US$55 million amid allegations it defrauded the United States government. ( The Sydney Morning Herald ) (AFP via France24) [ permanent dead link ] , (BBC) Floodwaters continue to wreak havoc in Pakistan , affecting areas near Larkana . ( DAWN ) Four people die following a Cessna Citation crash on Misima Island in Papua New Guinea 's Milne Bay Province . (AAP via Sydney Morning Herald ) (ABC Online) Hurricane Earl moves away from the Leeward Islands towards the east coast of the United States with a hurricane watch issued for most of the North Carolina coast. (Reuters) (MSNBC) The Russian embassy in the Belarussian capital Minsk is attacked with firebombs ; Russia says the incident is "outrageous". (RIA Novosti) ( Times of India ) (Reuters) Iran 's foreign ministry criticises state media for branding French first lady Carla Bruni as a "prostitute" over her support for Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani who faces death by stoning after being convicted of adultery . (ABC News) (IOL) (AP) Following an Israeli-course on editing Wikipedia to further a national agenda, a Palestinian group initiates a plan to establish its view on the encyclopaedia. [5] [6] The Danish-based Kurdish TV station Roj TV faces terror charges for supporting PKK. (Denmark.DK) Mexican authorities arrest top drug trafficker Edgar Valdez Villarreal . (Al Jazeera) ( The Guardian ) A Chinese court accepts its first case relating to a man claiming job discrimination on the grounds he had HIV . (BBC) ( China Daily ) (AFP) Russian police detain more than 150 people including prominent opponents of Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin such as former Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov , following protests in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in support of freedom of assembly . ( Irish Times ) (Al Jazeera) ( The Moscow Times ) President of the United States Barack Obama delivers a televised Oval Office address to the United States commemorating the end of United States armed forces being directly involved in fighting in Iraq . ( New York Times ) The South African government improves a pay offer to more than a million striking public sector workers in an attempt to end the two-week-long strike. (AllAfrica.com) (BBC) (CNN) US Senator Lisa Murkowski concedes defeat in the Alaskan Republican primary election to challenger to Joe Miller . (MSNBC) As part of a lengthy interview with the Mexican newspaper La Jornada , Fidel Castro admits responsibility for the persecution of homosexuals in Cuba after the revolution of 1959 . (BBC) ( The Daily Telegraph ) (AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald ) Fossils of Balaur genus dinosaur are unearthed in Romania . (BBC) .mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar{clear:right;max-width:350px;width:100%;margin:auto;padding:0.2em;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5;border-spacing:3px;border:1px solid #cedff2;text-align:center;background-color:#f5faff;color:black}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar tbody a{font-weight:bold;width:100%;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar-archive{margin:8px 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cedff2;line-height:1.6;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption span:first-child{float:left;width:calc(14% + 6px)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption span:last-child{float:right;width:calc(14% + 6px)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar th{width:14%}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar-footer td{padding-top:3px;padding-bottom:5px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar-footer td a{font-weight:normal;width:initial} ◀ August 2010 ▶ S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ongoing events Cultural [ edit ] 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards Economic [ edit ] Automotive industry crisis Global financial crisis European sovereign debt crisis Greek economic crisis Worldwide recession Labour unrest in China Medical [ edit ] West African meningitis outbreak HIV/AIDS in Africa Political [ edit ] Political killings in the Philippines Scientific [ edit ] Expedition 24 Environmental [ edit ] Haiti earthquake response Gulf of Mexico oil spill Flooding in China Flooding in Pakistan Heatwave in the Northern Hemisphere North-east China oil spill 2010 Russian wildfires 2010 Bolivia forest fires edit this archived sidebar Recent deaths August [ edit ] 1 : Robert F. Boyle 1 : Lolita Lebrón 2 : James Hunter 3 : Bobby Hebb 4 : Jim Kennan 5 : Godfrey Binaisa 5 : Robert Baker Aitken 6 : Fredrik Ericsson 7 : Bruno Cremer 7 : Tony Judt 8 : Patricia Neal 8 : Massamasso Tchangai 9 : Ted Stevens 10 : Antonio Pettigrew 10 : Radomír Šimůnek Sr. 12 : Isaac Bonewits 12 : Guido de Marco 12 : André Kim 13 : Lance Cade 13 : Janaki Venkataraman 14 : Abbey Lincoln 15 : Philip Markoff 16 : Bobby Thomson 16 : Dimitrios Ioannidis 17 : Frank Kermode 17 : Francesco Cossiga 18 : Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma 19 : Edwin Morgan 21 : Gheorghe Apostol 22 : Michel Montignac 22 : Stjepan Bobek 23 : Marcel Albert 24 : Satoshi Kon 24 : William B. Saxbe 27 : Luna Vachon 27 : Anton Geesink 28 : Corinne Day 30 : Alain Corneau 30 : Francisco Varallo 31 : Laurent Fignon 31 : Mick Lally edit this archived sidebar Ongoing conflicts Africa [ edit ] Chadian Civil War Darfur conflict Maghreb insurgency Somali Civil War Middle East [ edit ] Israeli–Arab conflict South Yemen insurgency Turkey–PKK conflict Asia [ edit ] Afghanistan war Balochistan conflict Jammu and Kashmir insurgency Nagaland ethnic conflict Naxalite–Maoist insurgency North-West Pakistan war Philippines insurgency South Thailand insurgency Americas [ edit ] Colombian conflict Mexican drug war Peru internal conflict edit this archived sidebar Elections August [ edit ] 1 : São Tomé and Príncipe , Parliament 4 : Kenya , Constitutional referendum 4 : Solomon Islands , General 9 : Rwanda , President 21 : Australia , Federal Trials Recently concluded [ edit ] Australia: Jayant Patel Cambodia: Kang Kek Iew France: Manuel Noriega Germany: Nadja Benaissa India: Ajmal Kasab Japan: Peter James Bethune Ongoing [ edit ] Argentina: Jorge Rafael Videla Cambodia: Khmer Rouge Tribunal China: Organized crime in Chongqing France: Church of Scientology , Air France Flight 4590 , Jérôme Kerviel Germany: Heinrich Boere , John Demjanjuk Iraq: Supreme Criminal Tribunal Malaysia: Anwar Ibrahim Netherlands: Thomas Lubanga ( ICC ), Radovan Karadžić ( ICTY ), Geert Wilders Palau: Tommy Remengesau Peru: Joran van der Sloot Philippines: Andal Ampatuan Jr. Russia: Mikhail Khodorkovsky , Platon Lebedev Sierra Leone: Charles Taylor ( SCFSL ) Singapore: Tak Boleh Tahan Thailand: Thaksin Shinawatra United States: David Headley , Rod Blagojevich Upcoming [ edit ] Singapore: Alan Shadrake Sudan: Lubna al-Hussein United States: Viktor Bout , Noshir Gowadia , Allen Stanford edit this archived sidebar Holidays and observances August 2010 [ edit ] 1 : Imbolc (Southern Hemisphere) 1 : Swiss National Day (Switzerland) 1 : Lammas (England and Scotland) 1 : International Friendship Day 1 : Emancipation Day ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 2 : Emancipation Day (various Caribbean countries) 2 : Republic Day (Republic of Macedonia) 2 : Civic Holiday (much of Canada) 3 : Flag Day (Venezuela) 3 : Independence Day (Niger) 4 : Constitution Day (Cook Islands) 4 : Matica Slovenská Day ( Slovakia ) 4 : Revolution Day (Burkina Faso) 5 : Victory Day (Croatia) 5 : Independence Day (Burkina Faso) 6 : Independence Day (Bolivia) 6 : Independence Day (Jamaica) 7 : Independence Day (Côte d'Ivoire) 7 : Boyacá Battle Day ( Colombia ) 8 : Father's Day ( Taiwan ) 8 : Farmer's Day ( Tanzania ) 9 : National Day (Singapore) 9 : National Women's Day (South Africa) 9 : National Peacekeepers' Day (Canada) 9 : International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples 10 : Independence Day (Ecuador) 11 : Ramadan begins (Islam, ends on September 9 ) 11 : Independence Day (Chad) 12 : International Youth Day 12 : Glorious Twelfth (United Kingdom) 12 : Mother's Day ( Thailand ) 13 : Independence Day (Central African Republic) 13 : National Women's Day (Tunisia) ) 13 : International Lefthanders Day 14 : Independence Day (Pakistan) ) 15 : Independence Day (India) 15 : Liberation Day (Korea) 16 : Children's Day ( Paraguay ) 16 : Xicolatada ( Palau-de-Cerdagne , France) 16 : Qixi Festival ( Chinese calendar ) 17 : Independence Day (Indonesia) 17 : Independence Day (Gabon) 17 : Prekmurje Union Day ( Slovenia ) 18 : National Science Day ( Thailand ) 18 : Vietnam War Veterans' Remembrance Day (Australia) 19 : Afghan Independence Day 19 : A Level results day (United Kingdom) 19 : Manuel Luis Quezón Day ( Quezon City ) 19 : National Aviation Day (United States) 19 : World Humanitarian Day 20 : Saint Stephen's Day (Hungary) 20 : Father's Day ( Nepal ) 20 : Revolution of the King and People ( Morocco ) 20 : Feast of Asmá’ ( Baháʼí Faith ) 21 : Ninoy Aquino Day ( Philippines ) 21 : Youth Day / King Mohammed VI 's Birthday ( Morocco ) 23 : International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 23 : European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism 24 : Raksha Bandhan (Hinduism) 24 : Ghost Festival ( Chinese calendar ) 24 : Independence Day (Ukraine) 25 : Independence Day (Uruguay) 26 : Heroes' Day (Namibia) 26 : Women's Equality Day (United States) 27 : Independence Day (Moldova) 27 : Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( Texas ) 28 : Assumption of Mary ( Eastern Orthodoxy ) 29 : Anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising ( Slovakia ) 30 : International Day of the Disappeared 30 : Victory Day (Turkey) 30 : Day of St Rose of Lima ( Peru ) 31 : Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan) 31 : Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago) 31 : Hari Merdeka ( Malaysia ) 31 : Limba noastră ( Moldova ) 31 : Day of Solidarity and Freedom (Poland) edit this archived sidebar S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ongoing events Cultural [ edit ] 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards Economic [ edit ] Automotive industry crisis Global financial crisis European sovereign debt crisis Greek economic crisis Worldwide recession Labour unrest in China Medical [ edit ] West African meningitis outbreak HIV/AIDS in Africa Political [ edit ] Political killings in the Philippines Scientific [ edit ] Expedition 24 Environmental [ edit ] Haiti earthquake response Gulf of Mexico oil spill Flooding in China Flooding in Pakistan Heatwave in the Northern Hemisphere North-east China oil spill 2010 Russian wildfires 2010 Bolivia forest fires edit this archived sidebar Cultural 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards Economic Automotive industry crisis Global financial crisis European sovereign debt crisis Greek economic crisis European sovereign debt crisis Greek economic crisis Worldwide recession Labour unrest in China Medical West African meningitis outbreak HIV/AIDS in Africa Political Political killings in the Philippines Scientific Expedition 24 Environmental Haiti earthquake response Gulf of Mexico oil spill Flooding in China Flooding in Pakistan Heatwave in the Northern Hemisphere North-east China oil spill 2010 Russian wildfires 2010 Bolivia forest fires edit this archived sidebar Recent deaths August [ edit ] 1 : Robert F. Boyle 1 : Lolita Lebrón 2 : James Hunter 3 : Bobby Hebb 4 : Jim Kennan 5 : Godfrey Binaisa 5 : Robert Baker Aitken 6 : Fredrik Ericsson 7 : Bruno Cremer 7 : Tony Judt 8 : Patricia Neal 8 : Massamasso Tchangai 9 : Ted Stevens 10 : Antonio Pettigrew 10 : Radomír Šimůnek Sr. 12 : Isaac Bonewits 12 : Guido de Marco 12 : André Kim 13 : Lance Cade 13 : Janaki Venkataraman 14 : Abbey Lincoln 15 : Philip Markoff 16 : Bobby Thomson 16 : Dimitrios Ioannidis 17 : Frank Kermode 17 : Francesco Cossiga 18 : Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma 19 : Edwin Morgan 21 : Gheorghe Apostol 22 : Michel Montignac 22 : Stjepan Bobek 23 : Marcel Albert 24 : Satoshi Kon 24 : William B. Saxbe 27 : Luna Vachon 27 : Anton Geesink 28 : Corinne Day 30 : Alain Corneau 30 : Francisco Varallo 31 : Laurent Fignon 31 : Mick Lally edit this archived sidebar August 1 : Robert F. Boyle 1 : Lolita Lebrón 2 : James Hunter 3 : Bobby Hebb 4 : Jim Kennan 5 : Godfrey Binaisa 5 : Robert Baker Aitken 6 : Fredrik Ericsson 7 : Bruno Cremer 7 : Tony Judt 8 : Patricia Neal 8 : Massamasso Tchangai 9 : Ted Stevens 10 : Antonio Pettigrew 10 : Radomír Šimůnek Sr. 12 : Isaac Bonewits 12 : Guido de Marco 12 : André Kim 13 : Lance Cade 13 : Janaki Venkataraman 14 : Abbey Lincoln 15 : Philip Markoff 16 : Bobby Thomson 16 : Dimitrios Ioannidis 17 : Frank Kermode 17 : Francesco Cossiga 18 : Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma 19 : Edwin Morgan 21 : Gheorghe Apostol 22 : Michel Montignac 22 : Stjepan Bobek 23 : Marcel Albert 24 : Satoshi Kon 24 : William B. Saxbe 27 : Luna Vachon 27 : Anton Geesink 28 : Corinne Day 30 : Alain Corneau 30 : Francisco Varallo 31 : Laurent Fignon 31 : Mick Lally edit this archived sidebar Ongoing conflicts Africa [ edit ] Chadian Civil War Darfur conflict Maghreb insurgency Somali Civil War Middle East [ edit ] Israeli–Arab conflict South Yemen insurgency Turkey–PKK conflict Asia [ edit ] Afghanistan war Balochistan conflict Jammu and Kashmir insurgency Nagaland ethnic conflict Naxalite–Maoist insurgency North-West Pakistan war Philippines insurgency South Thailand insurgency Americas [ edit ] Colombian conflict Mexican drug war Peru internal conflict edit this archived sidebar Africa Chadian Civil War Darfur conflict Maghreb insurgency Somali Civil War Middle East Israeli–Arab conflict South Yemen insurgency Turkey–PKK conflict Asia Afghanistan war Balochistan conflict Jammu and Kashmir insurgency Nagaland ethnic conflict Naxalite–Maoist insurgency North-West Pakistan war Philippines insurgency South Thailand insurgency Americas Colombian conflict Mexican drug war Peru internal conflict edit this archived sidebar Elections August [ edit ] 1 : São Tomé and Príncipe , Parliament 4 : Kenya , Constitutional referendum 4 : Solomon Islands , General 9 : Rwanda , President 21 : Australia , Federal August 1 : São Tomé and Príncipe , Parliament 4 : Kenya , Constitutional referendum 4 : Solomon Islands , General 9 : Rwanda , President 21 : Australia , Federal Trials Recently concluded [ edit ] Australia: Jayant Patel Cambodia: Kang Kek Iew France: Manuel Noriega Germany: Nadja Benaissa India: Ajmal Kasab Japan: Peter James Bethune Ongoing [ edit ] Argentina: Jorge Rafael Videla Cambodia: Khmer Rouge Tribunal China: Organized crime in Chongqing France: Church of Scientology , Air France Flight 4590 , Jérôme Kerviel Germany: Heinrich Boere , John Demjanjuk Iraq: Supreme Criminal Tribunal Malaysia: Anwar Ibrahim Netherlands: Thomas Lubanga ( ICC ), Radovan Karadžić ( ICTY ), Geert Wilders Palau: Tommy Remengesau Peru: Joran van der Sloot Philippines: Andal Ampatuan Jr. Russia: Mikhail Khodorkovsky , Platon Lebedev Sierra Leone: Charles Taylor ( SCFSL ) Singapore: Tak Boleh Tahan Thailand: Thaksin Shinawatra United States: David Headley , Rod Blagojevich Upcoming [ edit ] Singapore: Alan Shadrake Sudan: Lubna al-Hussein United States: Viktor Bout , Noshir Gowadia , Allen Stanford edit this archived sidebar Recently concluded Australia: Jayant Patel Cambodia: Kang Kek Iew France: Manuel Noriega Germany: Nadja Benaissa India: Ajmal Kasab Japan: Peter James Bethune Ongoing Argentina: Jorge Rafael Videla Cambodia: Khmer Rouge Tribunal China: Organized crime in Chongqing France: Church of Scientology , Air France Flight 4590 , Jérôme Kerviel Germany: Heinrich Boere , John Demjanjuk Iraq: Supreme Criminal Tribunal Malaysia: Anwar Ibrahim Netherlands: Thomas Lubanga ( ICC ), Radovan Karadžić ( ICTY ), Geert Wilders Palau: Tommy Remengesau Peru: Joran van der Sloot Philippines: Andal Ampatuan Jr. Russia: Mikhail Khodorkovsky , Platon Lebedev Sierra Leone: Charles Taylor ( SCFSL ) Singapore: Tak Boleh Tahan Thailand: Thaksin Shinawatra United States: David Headley , Rod Blagojevich Upcoming Singapore: Alan Shadrake Sudan: Lubna al-Hussein United States: Viktor Bout , Noshir Gowadia , Allen Stanford edit this archived sidebar Holidays and observances August 2010 [ edit ] 1 : Imbolc (Southern Hemisphere) 1 : Swiss National Day (Switzerland) 1 : Lammas (England and Scotland) 1 : International Friendship Day 1 : Emancipation Day ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 2 : Emancipation Day (various Caribbean countries) 2 : Republic Day (Republic of Macedonia) 2 : Civic Holiday (much of Canada) 3 : Flag Day (Venezuela) 3 : Independence Day (Niger) 4 : Constitution Day (Cook Islands) 4 : Matica Slovenská Day ( Slovakia ) 4 : Revolution Day (Burkina Faso) 5 : Victory Day (Croatia) 5 : Independence Day (Burkina Faso) 6 : Independence Day (Bolivia) 6 : Independence Day (Jamaica) 7 : Independence Day (Côte d'Ivoire) 7 : Boyacá Battle Day ( Colombia ) 8 : Father's Day ( Taiwan ) 8 : Farmer's Day ( Tanzania ) 9 : National Day (Singapore) 9 : National Women's Day (South Africa) 9 : National Peacekeepers' Day (Canada) 9 : International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples 10 : Independence Day (Ecuador) 11 : Ramadan begins (Islam, ends on September 9 ) 11 : Independence Day (Chad) 12 : International Youth Day 12 : Glorious Twelfth (United Kingdom) 12 : Mother's Day ( Thailand ) 13 : Independence Day (Central African Republic) 13 : National Women's Day (Tunisia) ) 13 : International Lefthanders Day 14 : Independence Day (Pakistan) ) 15 : Independence Day (India) 15 : Liberation Day (Korea) 16 : Children's Day ( Paraguay ) 16 : Xicolatada ( Palau-de-Cerdagne , France) 16 : Qixi Festival ( Chinese calendar ) 17 : Independence Day (Indonesia) 17 : Independence Day (Gabon) 17 : Prekmurje Union Day ( Slovenia ) 18 : National Science Day ( Thailand ) 18 : Vietnam War Veterans' Remembrance Day (Australia) 19 : Afghan Independence Day 19 : A Level results day (United Kingdom) 19 : Manuel Luis Quezón Day ( Quezon City ) 19 : National Aviation Day (United States) 19 : World Humanitarian Day 20 : Saint Stephen's Day (Hungary) 20 : Father's Day ( Nepal ) 20 : Revolution of the King and People ( Morocco ) 20 : Feast of Asmá’ ( Baháʼí Faith ) 21 : Ninoy Aquino Day ( Philippines ) 21 : Youth Day / King Mohammed VI 's Birthday ( Morocco ) 23 : International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 23 : European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism 24 : Raksha Bandhan (Hinduism) 24 : Ghost Festival ( Chinese calendar ) 24 : Independence Day (Ukraine) 25 : Independence Day (Uruguay) 26 : Heroes' Day (Namibia) 26 : Women's Equality Day (United States) 27 : Independence Day (Moldova) 27 : Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( Texas ) 28 : Assumption of Mary ( Eastern Orthodoxy ) 29 : Anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising ( Slovakia ) 30 : International Day of the Disappeared 30 : Victory Day (Turkey) 30 : Day of St Rose of Lima ( Peru ) 31 : Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan) 31 : Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago) 31 : Hari Merdeka ( Malaysia ) 31 : Limba noastră ( Moldova ) 31 : Day of Solidarity and Freedom (Poland) edit this archived sidebar August 2010 1 : Imbolc (Southern Hemisphere) 1 : Swiss National Day (Switzerland) 1 : Lammas (England and Scotland) 1 : International Friendship Day 1 : Emancipation Day ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 2 : Emancipation Day (various Caribbean countries) 2 : Republic Day (Republic of Macedonia) 2 : Civic Holiday (much of Canada) 3 : Flag Day (Venezuela) 3 : Independence Day (Niger) 4 : Constitution Day (Cook Islands) 4 : Matica Slovenská Day ( Slovakia ) 4 : Revolution Day (Burkina Faso) 5 : Victory Day (Croatia) 5 : Independence Day (Burkina Faso) 6 : Independence Day (Bolivia) 6 : Independence Day (Jamaica) 7 : Independence Day (Côte d'Ivoire) 7 : Boyacá Battle Day ( Colombia ) 8 : Father's Day ( Taiwan ) 8 : Farmer's Day ( Tanzania ) 9 : National Day (Singapore) 9 : National Women's Day (South Africa) 9 : National Peacekeepers' Day (Canada) 9 : International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples 10 : Independence Day (Ecuador) 11 : Ramadan begins (Islam, ends on September 9 ) 11 : Independence Day (Chad) 12 : International Youth Day 12 : Glorious Twelfth (United Kingdom) 12 : Mother's Day ( Thailand ) 13 : Independence Day (Central African Republic) 13 : National Women's Day (Tunisia) ) 13 : International Lefthanders Day 14 : Independence Day (Pakistan) ) 15 : Independence Day (India) 15 : Liberation Day (Korea) 16 : Children's Day ( Paraguay ) 16 : Xicolatada ( Palau-de-Cerdagne , France) 16 : Qixi Festival ( Chinese calendar ) 17 : Independence Day (Indonesia) 17 : Independence Day (Gabon) 17 : Prekmurje Union Day ( Slovenia ) 18 : National Science Day ( Thailand ) 18 : Vietnam War Veterans' Remembrance Day (Australia) 19 : Afghan Independence Day 19 : A Level results day (United Kingdom) 19 : Manuel Luis Quezón Day ( Quezon City ) 19 : National Aviation Day (United States) 19 : World Humanitarian Day 20 : Saint Stephen's Day (Hungary) 20 : Father's Day ( Nepal ) 20 : Revolution of the King and People ( Morocco ) 20 : Feast of Asmá’ ( Baháʼí Faith ) 21 : Ninoy Aquino Day ( Philippines ) 21 : Youth Day / King Mohammed VI 's Birthday ( Morocco ) 23 : International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 23 : European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism 24 : Raksha Bandhan (Hinduism) 24 : Ghost Festival ( Chinese calendar ) 24 : Independence Day (Ukraine) 25 : Independence Day (Uruguay) 26 : Heroes' Day (Namibia) 26 : Women's Equality Day (United States) 27 : Independence Day (Moldova) 27 : Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( Texas ) 28 : Assumption of Mary ( Eastern Orthodoxy ) 29 : Anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising ( Slovakia ) 30 : International Day of the Disappeared 30 : Victory Day (Turkey) 30 : Day of St Rose of Lima ( Peru ) 31 : Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan) 31 : Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago) 31 : Hari Merdeka ( Malaysia ) 31 : Limba noastră ( Moldova ) 31 : Day of Solidarity and Freedom (Poland) edit this archived sidebar .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Current events by month v t e 2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2013 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2012 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2011 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2008 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2006 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 by day August 2010 Months in the 2010s Current events archives Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 07:28 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2010
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . Sudan War Monitor . 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ "Malik Agar reveals government-proposed roadmap to end Sudan's war" . Sudan Tribune . 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Copnall, James; Kupemba, Danai Nesta (17 November 2023). "Sudan civil war: Darfur's Jem rebels join army fight against RSF" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ a b "Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces" . 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 . Retrieved 16 November 2023 . ^ a b "SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 . ^ "Sudanese paramilitary group says its forming a rival government" . AP News . 16 April 2025. ^ a b c "South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates" . al-Arabiya . 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ a b c Hinda, Edwin (23 February 2025). "Details of Sudanese Rebels Forming a Parallel Govt Last Night in Nairobi" . The Kenya Times . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (25 July 2024). " 'Smoking gun' evidence points to UAE involvement in Sudan civil war" . The Guardian . ^ Prendergast, John; Lake, Anthony (31 July 2024). "The UAE's Secret War in Sudan" . Foreign Affairs . ^ a b Yazdani, Mariam; Bouzidi, Fadhel; Mamadou Diatta, Mohamed; Mollan, Hanna (5 June 2024). "Letter dated 5 June 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to resolution 2693 (2023) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF) . Letter to Hwang Joon-Kook . Retrieved 27 October 2025 . ^ a b c Farmer, Ben (4 August 2025). "Colombian mercenaries hired to fight for Sudan rebels" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ a b "Sudanese army retreats from Libyan border after alleging Haftar attack" . Arab News . 11 June 2025 . Retrieved 21 June 2025 . ^ "IntelBrief: Libyan Warlord Exploits Sudan Crisis" . The Soufan Center . 23 May 2023. ^ "Wagner out, Africa Corps in — Shabaab, Central Somalia — Africa File — June 12, 2025" . Critical Threats . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . ^ "Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army" . 20 April 2023. ^ "Russian mercenaries in Sudan: What is the Wagner Group's role?" . Al Jazeera . 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 29 October 2025 . ^ "SLM-Abdel Wahid forces seize RSF camp in South Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 26 December 2023 . ^ "مناطق السيطره" . Google My Maps . ^ "الحدث عاجل (@Alhadath_Brk) on X" . ^ "Chadian army attacks Darfur groups, killing and wounding fighter" . Sudan Tribune . 8 February 2025. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025 . Retrieved 9 February 2025 . ^ "South Sudan Confirms Rapid Support Forces Incursion in Raja" . Sudan Tribune . 5 September 2024. ^ "RSF presence in Raja, South Sudan" . Ayin network - شبكة عاين . 4 October 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2025 . Retrieved 9 February 2025 . ^ "Sudan conflict forces thousands to flee to Ethiopia" . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 1 June 2023. ^ "Monthly Report : Human Rights Situation December 2024" (PDF) . MINUSCA . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ van Linge, Thomas (2 November 2023). "Map of the Areas of Control in Sudan" . Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 . Retrieved 10 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: RSF enters White Nile state and Sennar" . Radio Dabanga . 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . ^ McGregor, Andrew (8 August 2023). "The Third Front: Sudan's Armed Rebel Movements Join the War Between the Generals" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Ali, Mahmoud (21 July 2023). "Situation Update July 2023 Sudan: The SAF Faces Setbacks as Armed Groups Overtake Territory Across the Country 21 July 2023" . Archived from the original on 2 October 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Ali, Mahmoud (11 August 2023). "Sudan: Heightened Violence in Kordofan Region as More Militia Groups Step Into the Conflict" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Darfur movements: 'We renounce our neutrality' " . Sudan War Monitor . 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ a b Lodhi, Areesha (11 April 2024). "After a year of war in Sudan, what is the situation now?" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 9 June 2024 . Retrieved 3 July 2024 . ^ "Heavy fighting in Khartoum continues unabated, 16 days after" . Sudan Tribune . May 2023. ^ a b "How many have died in Sudan's civil war? Satellite images and models offer clues" . www.science.org . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ a b Chothia, Natasha Booty & Farouk (25 October 2021). "Sudan war: A simple guide to what is happening" . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b Sampson, Eve (7 January 2025). "Disaster by the Numbers: The Crisis in Sudan" . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ "Khartoum: Destroyed buildings, cars covered in ash tell horrors of war in Sudan capital" . The New Arab . 8 July 2025 . Retrieved 14 August 2025 . It caused one of the world's biggest humanitarian crises and at least 150,000 people have been killed. Rights organisations say the number is likely to be much higher. The conflict has also triggered a widespread famine, impacting millions of Sudanese, especially children. An estimated 522,000 children have already died from starvation, the Sudan Tribune has reported. ^ a b "Sudan's children are suffering – this is how conflict is destroying their future" . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 18 August 2025 . Retrieved 10 November 2025 . ^ a b "IOM Sudan Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Sudan Mobility Update (15)" . reliefweb . 5 February 2025 . Retrieved 18 February 2025 . ^ "Sudan war: A simple guide to what is happening" . BBC . 10 November 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "Operational data portal: Sudan situation" . United Nations Human Rights Council . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "UN: Sudan now faces world's largest displacement crisis" . Middle East Monitor . 10 November 2025 . Retrieved 16 November 2025 . ^ "Why Sudan's catastrophic war is the world's problem" . The Economist . 29 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 August 2024 . ^ "100 days of conflict in Sudan: A timeline" . Al Jazeera. 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 . Retrieved 28 September 2023 . ^ Steinhauser, Gabriele (12 August 2024). "War Tears Apart Sudan's Capital City" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 13 August 2024 . Retrieved 13 August 2024 . ^ "Sudan faces the world's worst humanitarian crisis as second anniversary of war nears, UN says" . AP News . 10 April 2025. Archived from the original on 11 April 2025 . Retrieved 10 May 2025 . ^ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (14 April 2025). "In Sudan, hundreds killed in attacks on famine-hit displacement camps" . NPR . Archived from the original on 10 May 2025 . Retrieved 21 May 2025 . ^ Yibeltal, Kalkidan; Rukanga, Basillioh (14 November 2024). "Sudan death toll far higher than previously reported – study" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 November 2024 . Retrieved 15 November 2024 . ^ a b "Sudan's RSF accused of 'sickening' sexual violence on women, girls: Report" . Al Jazeera . 12 April 2025 . Retrieved 16 April 2025 . ^ "Sudan civil war: One-year-olds among those raped, UN says" . BBC . 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ "Children as young as one reported among survivors of rape during Sudan's violent conflict" . UNICEF . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ a b "Sudan: Advanced Chinese weaponry provided by UAE identified in breach of arms embargo – new investigation" . Amnesty International . 8 May 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "Treasury Sanctions Sudanese Rapid Support Forces Procurement Director" . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 8 February 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ Gramer, Jared Malsin, Benoit Faucon and Robbie (28 October 2025). "Exclusive: How U.A.E. Arms Bolstered a Sudanese Militia Accused of Genocide" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Townsend, Mark (14 April 2025). "Leaked UN experts report raises fresh concerns over UAE's role in Sudan war" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ Kottasová, Ivana (7 November 2025). "Sudan's bloody conflict is plagued by foreign influence – here is what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "Genocide returns to Darfur" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures" . state.gov . Archived from the original on 23 January 2025 . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ Fabricius, Peter (31 July 2020). "Sudan, a coup laboratory" . Institute for Security Studies . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ Biajo, Nabeel (22 October 2022). "Military Rule No Longer Viable in Sudan: Analyst" . VOA Africa . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan is sliding towards civil war" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ "The basics about Sudan" . BBC News . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024 . Retrieved 7 September 2024 . ^ a b Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Eltahir, Nafisa (15 April 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). "Sudan's army chief, paramilitary head ready to de-escalate tensions, mediators say" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ a b Magdy, Samy; Krauss, Joseph (20 May 2019). "Sudanese general's path to power ran through Darfur" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 3 May 2023 . ^ "Who is 'Hemedti', general behind Sudan's feared RSF force?" . Al Jazeera . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. ^ a b c d Fulton, Adam; Holmes, Oliver (25 April 2023). "Sudan conflict: why is there fighting and what is at stake in the region?" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Harriet Barber, 'Men with no mercy': The vicious history of Sudan's Rapid Support Forces Archived 26 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Telegraph (25 April 2023). ^ a b c d e Michael Georgy, How Sudan's Hemedti carved his route to power Archived 24 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Reuters (15 April 2023) ^ a b c Factbox: Who are Sudan's Rapid Support Forces? Archived 14 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Reuters (15 April 2023). ^ a b Elbagir, Nima; Qiblawi, Tamara (15 April 2023). "How paramilitary group leader Dagalo has consolidated power in Sudan" . CNN . Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ Uras, Umut; Gadzo, Mersiha; Siddiqui, Usaid. "Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ a b c d Sudan timeline: From the fall of Bashir to street-fighting in Khartoum Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Eye (18 April 2023). ^ a b Jack Jeffrey & Samy Magdt, Deal to restore democratic transition in Sudan delayed again Archived 16 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Associated Press (7 April 2023). ^ "Sudan military admits it ordered brutal crackdown on protesters" . Al Jazeera . 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024 . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ a b Olewe, Dickens (20 February 2023). "Mohamed 'Hemeti' Dagalo: Top Sudan military figure says coup was a mistake" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 22 March 2023 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ "Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels?" . BBC . Archived from the original on 27 December 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ Flint, Julie and De Waal, Alexander (2008) Darfur: A New History of a Long War Zed Books, London, pp. 16–17, ISBN 978-1-84277-949-1 ^ Jok, Jok Madut (2007) Sudán: Race, Religion and Violence Oneworld, Oxford, p. 4 ISBN 978-1-85168-366-6 ^ "Darfur Peace Agreement Fact Sheet" Archived 2 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, May 2006, from Internet Archives ^ "Minawi announces withdrawal from Abuja Agreement" . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ a b " 'Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba" . Radio Dabanga . September 2020. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ a b c d "Who's who in Sudan's new civil war?" . Sudan War Monitor . 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ "SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 31 July 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 2 January 2024 . ^ "Refinansiering av Forbrukslån Uten Sikkerhet via Splm" . Splmtoday.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ "Al-Mahdi rejects linking peace in Sudan to secular state" . Sudan Tribune . 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020 . Retrieved 16 January 2020 . ^ a b c "Sudan army claims victory over rebel fighters in Blue Nile region" . Radio Dabanga . 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ Michael Atit (4 September 2020). "Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State" . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 8 September 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ "SCP signs agreement with SPLM-N Al-Hilu and SLM Al-Nur" . Radio Tamazuj . 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 December 2023 . ^ a b c "Stopping Sudan's Descent into Full-Blown Civil War" . International Crisis Group . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Burhan and Hemedti – the two generals at the heart of the conflict" . BBC News. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . ^ Walsh, Declan (15 April 2023). "Gunfire and Blasts Rock Sudan's Capital as Factions Vie for Control" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan factions delay post-coup deal on civilian rule" . Al Jazeera . 1 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 December 2023 . ^ a b c d Salih, Zeinab Mohammed ; Igunza, Emmanuel (15 April 2023). "Sudan: Army and RSF battle over key sites, leaving 56 civilians dead" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan unrest: How did we get here?" . Middle East Eye . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ "At least 56 killed, hundreds injured in clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace" . CNN . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ a b Sudan: clashes around the presidential palace, there are fears of a coup attempt in Khartoum – video Archived 15 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , 15 April 2023. ^ "Fears in Sudan as army and paramilitary force face off" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 14 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Fighting broke out in Sudan between national army and RSF militiamen" . Sudan Tribune . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ a b "State TV back on air" . BBC News . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ a b c d لحظة بلحظة.. اشتباكات بين الجيش السوداني والدعم السريع . Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ Shieff, Chris (16 April 2023). "Military Coup: Sudan Airspace Closed" . OPS Group . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ Arwa Ibrahim. "Dozens of people killed as Sudan fighting enters second day" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Near-total collapse of internet connectivity" . Al Jazeera . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ "Shipping group Maersk halts Sudan bookings over violence" . Al Jazeera . 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan army chief Burhan appears to leave army HQ for first time – video" . Reuters. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ "RSF head calls for the international community to intervene" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 7 September 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Fighting rages in central Khartoum on fifth day of clashes" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Clashes in Sudan despite calls for Eid ceasefire" . rtl.lu . Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ Osman, Mohamed; Booty, Natasha (21 April 2023). "Sudan fighting: Muted Eid as ceasefire broken" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "Battles 'raging' in Khartoum: AJ correspondent" . Al Jazeera . 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "Shaky ceasefire enters second day as Sudanese, foreigners flee" . France24 . 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan's Darfur fighting: 'I saw pick-up trucks full of dead people' " . BBC News. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 April 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army: RSF's combat capabilities reduced" . Al Jazeera . 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023 . Retrieved 1 May 2023 . ^ "Sudanese police deploy central reserve units in Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023 . Retrieved 30 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Air strikes and fighting in Khartoum as truce collapses" . BBC . 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023 . Retrieved 30 April 2023 . ^ "Confrontations continue near Presidential Palace: AJ Correspondent" . Al Jazeera . 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023 . Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's Army and Paramilitary RSF Sign 7-Day Cease-Fire" . Voice of America . 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Burhan makes first appearance among troops since outbreak of clashes" . Sudan Tribune . 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ Ross, Will. "Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 May 2023 . Retrieved 17 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's Burhan sacks paramilitary leader as his deputy" . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2023 . Retrieved 19 May 2023 . ^ "UN rights council votes to strenthen monitoring of abuses in Sudan" . France 24. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Rival Sudan factions meet in Saudi Arabia as pressure mounts" . Al Jazeera . 6 May 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023 . Retrieved 6 May 2023 . ^ a b "Sudan conflict: Army and RSF agree deal to protect civilians" . BBC . Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ "Clashes rock Sudan ceasefire as UN official seeks aid protection" . Al Jazeera . 3 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 3 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's warring sides trade blame over church attack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ "No escape, no aid as fighting intensifies in Sudan's West Darfur" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 20 May 2023 . Retrieved 20 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ "Gunfire and explosions rock Sudan despite ongoing talks" . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2023 . Retrieved 15 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's army and paramilitary RSF sign seven-day ceasefire" . Reuters . 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023 . Retrieved 20 May 2023 . ^ a b "Rights group urges probe into Darfur atrocities by Sudanese paramilitary forces battling the army" . ABC . 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Situation Report – Horn of Africa no. 442- 1 June 2023" (PDF) . EEPA . 1 June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023 . Retrieved 1 June 2023 . ^ Hamilton, Richard (2 June 2023). "Gunfire around state TV building in Sudan capital – reports" . BBC . Archived from the original on 8 June 2023 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ "How conflict is jeopardizing Sudan's museums and cultural heritage" . Arab News . 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "Arms depot battle rages in Sudan as fuel facility burns" . Al Jazeera . 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 445 – 6 June 2023" (PDF) . EEPA . 6 June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 6 June 2023 . ^ Walsh, Declan; Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 August 2024). "War in Sudan: How Two Rival Generals Wrecked Their Country" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 December 2024 . ^ "Army column suffers losses in Khartoum Bahri" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ "Shelling continues in Sudan capital, 15 killed in Omdurman" . Radio Dabanga . 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 . ^ "At least 32 civilians killed in Sudan army strikes: Activists" . Aljazeera . 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . ^ "Air strikes kill dozens in Nyala as Sudan violence escalates in Darfur" . France 24 . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ "100+ dead as 'indiscriminate' shelling ravages Sudan capital" . Radio Dabanga . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ "10 civilians killed in artillery shelling by RSF in Omdurman" . Sudan Tribune . 29 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ "RSF breach the outer defenses of Armored Corps" . Sudan War Monitor . 21 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Map: RSF's attack on the Armored Corps headquarters, August 20–21" . Sudan War Monitor . 22 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: airstrikes on Republican Palace, civil servants await salaries while oil ministry raises fuel prices" . Radio Dabanga . 7 August 2023. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army kills 12 RSF troops in Khartoum" . Sudan Tribune . 2 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Sudan's Al-Burhan heads first cabinet meeting since conflict erupted" . africanews . 29 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 . ^ "Al-Burhan inspects Sudanese troops in Omdurman following repelled RSF attack" . Sudan Tribune . 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "Sudan declares UN envoy Volker Perthes 'persona non grata' " . Al Jazeera . 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 June 2023 . ^ "Saudi Arabia condemns attack on its embassy in Sudan" . BBC . 8 June 2023. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Egypt toughens visa rules for Sudanese nationals fleeing war" . Al Jazeera . 11 June 2023. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023 . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan Emergency: Regional Refugee Response, June 2023 – Progress report" . reliefweb.int . 18 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 18 June 2023 . ^ "Al-Burhan flies to Egypt for talks with Sisi" . Sudan Tribune . 29 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 . ^ "Al-Burhan visits to Uganda for talks with Museveni" . Sudan Tribune . 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . "Sudan's Burhan In Juba For Talks On Conflict" . Barron's . 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 4 September 2023 . "Sudan army chief arrives in Qatar on third trip since war began" . Africanews . 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . "Al-Burhan embarks on official visit to Eritrea" . Sudan Tribune . 10 September 2023 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Sudan Army Chief Headed To Turkey On Latest Trip Abroad" . Barron's . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . "Al-Burhan visits to Uganda for talks with Museveni" . Sudan Tribune . 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . "Sudan's Burhan In Juba For Talks On Conflict" . Barron's . 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 4 September 2023 . "Sudan army chief arrives in Qatar on third trip since war began" . Africanews . 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . "Al-Burhan embarks on official visit to Eritrea" . Sudan Tribune . 10 September 2023 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Sudan Army Chief Headed To Turkey On Latest Trip Abroad" . Barron's . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ "El Burhan returns to Sudan from #UNGA78, meets foreign delegates" . Radio Dabanga . 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan army chief warns UN that war could spill over in region" . France 24 . 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ "Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians" . Barron's . 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023 . Retrieved 27 June 2023 . ^ "South Sudan president persuades SPLM-N al-Hilu to refrain from attacking Sudanese army" . Sudan Tribune . 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ "SPLM-N launches fresh attacks in South Kordofan amid calls for ceasefire" . Sudan Tribune . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ a b "SPLM-N El Hilu wins terrain in South Kordofan" . Radio Dabanga . 3 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "SPLM-N El Hilu launches new attack in Blue Nile region and wins terrain in South Kordofan" . Radio Dabanga . 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army repels SPLM-N's fresh attack on Kadugli" . Sudan Tribune . 27 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 September 2023 . ^ " 'Real hell': Deadly fighting escalates in Sudan as truce expires" . Aljazeera . 4 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 June 2023 . ^ "SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 460 – 06 July 2023" (PDF) . EEPA . 6 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2023 . Retrieved 6 July 2023 . ^ "RSF claim 'full control' of Central Darfur after clashes" . Radio Dabanga . 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 6 August 2023 . ^ a b "Bodies of 87 people found in Sudan mass grave, says UN" . The Guardian . 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Nashed, Mat. "RSF atrocities pile up in Darfur after 100 days of Sudan fighting" . aljazeera.com . Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . ^ "West Darfur governor abducted, killed as war in Sudan spreads" . Al Jazeera . 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 15 June 2023 . ^ "Tamazuj group aligns with RSF in Sudan's ongoing war" . Sudan Tribune . 17 August 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ "Public support for the RSF from seven tribal leaders in South Darfur" . Radio Dabanga . 4 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Hemedti: 'RSF does not seek control over Sudan but will fight on to the last soldier' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . ^ "Escalating Conflict: Sudanese army, RSF clash in Khartoum, El-Obeid, Zalingei" . Sudan Tribune . 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: clashes near Um Ruwaba, airstrikes on Khartoum, companies report financial losses" . Radio Dabanga . 2 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ "RSF retreat from South Kordofan stronghold, military detentions across Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023 . Retrieved 14 September 2023 . ^ "SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official" . Sudan Tribune . 23 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support Forces seize Sudanese army base in Central Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 . ^ "Fall of the 16th Division headquarters in Nyala" . Sudan War Monitor . 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 26 October 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army forced to withdraw from Nyala due to supply shortage: military" . Sudan Tribune . 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 29 October 2023 . ^ McGregor, Andrew (15 December 2023). "Assessing the War in Sudan: Is an RSF Victory in Sight?" . Jamestown Foundation . Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . ^ a b "Fall of Nyala and Zalingei garrisons closes one chapter and opens another in new Darfur war" . Sudan War Monitor . 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support Forces launch fresh attack on El Fasher, sparking displacement" . Sudan Tribune . 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan mil expert: 'Advances in Darfur will boost RSF leverage in Jeddah' " . Radio Dabanga . 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . ^ a b c "Mass arrests in El Geneina after withdrawal of garrison to Chad" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023 . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ a b "RSF seize North Darfur garrison, reportedly commit mass atrocities in West Darfur" . Radio Dabanga . 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 8 November 2023 . ^ "A genocidal militia is winning the war in Sudan" . The Economist . 16 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ Nashed, Mat (8 November 2023). "Sudan's RSF closes in on capturing all of Darfur" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 8 November 2023 . ^ "RSF seize control of Sudanese army base in East Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023 . Retrieved 21 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: East Darfur SAF base 'falls to RSF' " . Radio Dabanga . 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2023 . ^ Lawal, Shola (31 October 2023). "Why are Sudan's warring factions meeting in Jeddah?" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Sudan's army, RSF fighters agree on humanitarian aid in peace talks but fall short of ceasefire" . France 24 . 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Mediators suspended Sudan's ceasefire talks Indefinitely" . Sudan Tribune . 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ "Regional bloc calls for summit to consider Sudan troop deployment" . Al Jazeera . 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023 . Retrieved 11 July 2023 . ^ "African mediators claim progress in latest effort to end war in Sudan" . Al Jazeera. 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "RSF attack Wad Ajana in North Kordofan" . Sudan War Monitor . 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Thousands flee southern Sudan town as war spreads: witnesses" . Yahoo News . AFP. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "RSF 'liberates' vital Sudan oilfield" . Dabanga Sudan . 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support attack Balila oilfield airport and kill at least 16" . Sudan War Monitor . 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support Forces attack al-'Aylafun" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Sudan paramilitaries capture key oil station: Witnesses" . Al-Arabiya . AFP. 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Eltahir, Nafisa (26 October 2023). "Paramilitary RSF say they have seized Sudan's second city" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 27 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2023 . ^ a b "Sudanese army accuses RSF of destroying strategic bridge in the capital" . Sudan Tribune . 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "Shambat Bridge destroyed, bringing new advantage to Sudan's army" . Sudan War Monitor . 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "RSF launch attack to capture Jebel Aulia dam" . Sudan War Monitor . 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 November 2023 . ^ "RSF capture Jebel Aulia dam" . Sudan War Monitor . 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ "Rapid collapse of Sudan army defenses in Jebel Aulia" . Sudan War Monitor . 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 21 November 2023 . ^ a b "RSF enter Gedaref State for the first time" . Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . Retrieved 9 December 2023 . ^ "Map: RSF raid Abu Guta in Jezira State" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 December 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid (15 December 2023). "Sudan's RSF advances on Wad Madani as eight-month-old war spreads" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ a b "RSF seize bridge and storm into Wad Madani" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023 . Retrieved 19 December 2023 . ^ a b c "Fall of Wad Madani fuels criticism of army" . Sudan War Monitor . 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023 . Retrieved 20 December 2023 . ^ a b "RSF consolidate control over Jezira and reach the gates of Sennar" . Sudan War Monitor . 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 December 2023 . ^ "Map: Areas of Control in Central Sudan" . Sudan War Monitor . 28 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024 . Retrieved 2 January 2024 . ^ "Eastern Sudan announces general mobilization against the Rapid Support Force" . Sudan Tribune (in Arabic). 25 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 . Retrieved 25 December 2023 . ^ a b c "Janjaweed leader visits Rwanda genocide memorial" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 January 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024 . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ "Scenes of Sudan's gutted capital Khartoum" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 January 2024. ^ "Breaking: Sudan's El Burhan agrees to meet with 'Hemedti' " . Radio Dabanga . 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ "Djibouti summit between Sudan's warring generals postponed to January" . Ahram Online . 27 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ a b "Sudan's feared paramilitary leader signals ambition to rule the country" . Al Jazeera . 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024 . Retrieved 3 January 2024 . ^ "RSF to release over 450 prisoners, says ready for immediate ceasefire in Sudan" . Sudan Tribune . 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ Eltahir, Nafisa (5 January 2024). "Sudan's Burhan says 'no reconciliation' with paramilitary RSF" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ "Sudan suspends contacts with IGAD mediating group foreign ministry" . Al Jazeera. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024 . Retrieved 17 January 2024 . ^ "RSF attack Habila in the Nuba Mountains" . Sudan War Monitor . 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 . Retrieved 12 January 2024 . ^ "Fighting rages in Dilling after RSF attack" . Sudan War Monitor . 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024 . Retrieved 11 January 2024 . ^ a b "Kordofan conflict spirals in dangerous direction" . Sudan War Monitor . 13 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2024 . ^ "Fighting west of Sennar after IGAD summit" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024 . Retrieved 20 January 2024 . ^ "Sudan army at risk of another disaster in Babanusa" . Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 27 January 2024 . Retrieved 27 January 2024 . ^ "Fighting escalates on the Jazira front" . Sudan War Monitor . 3 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ "JEM to join battle on Gedaref front" . Sudan War Monitor . 22 March 2024. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024 . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ "Sudan army advances into Jazira State" . Sudan War Monitor . 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "Heavy fighting rages in Al-Madina Arab, Al Gazira State" . Radio Tamazuj . 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Fierce fighting between Sudan army and RSF in El Gezira continues" . Radio Dabanga . 8 December 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ "Sudan army retakes key town in Al Jazirah state" . Sudan Tribune . 8 January 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ "Sudanese army gains ground in Al Jazirah state, tightens grip near Wad Madani" . Sudan Tribune . 9 January 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ "SAF seizes Um al-Qura and new villages in Gezira" . 10 January 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ a b "Sudanese Army Closes in on Presidential Palace" . Asharq Al-Awsat . ^ "Sudanese forces recapture strategic city of al-Rahad" . İLKHA . Archived from the original on 19 February 2025 . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ Jimoh, Abdullahi (23 February 2025). "Sudan Army Ends RSF Siege of El-Obeid" . News Central TV . ^ a b "Map: Sudan army breaks Omdurman siege" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024 . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ Elimam, Ahmed (12 March 2024). "Sudan's army says it took control of national radio and television HQ" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 March 2024 . ^ "Fighting set to escalate in Bahri" . Sudan War Monitor . 17 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024 . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ "Map of the Areas of Control in Khartoum" . Sudan War Monitor . 5 April 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024 . Retrieved 5 April 2024 . ^ "Sudan army says retakes Khartoum-area market from paramilitaries" . France 24 . 29 March 2025 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ "Sudanese army gains ground in Omdurman, frees captive officers" . Sudan Tribune . 7 January 2025 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ Nour, Mohammed Haj (15 April 2024). "عشرات الجرحي والقتلى من المدنيين بسبب الإشتباكات في الفاشر مساء اليوم" [Dozens of civilians were injured and killed in clashes in El Fasher this evening.]. Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 20 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Darfur Joint Force declares war on Rapid Support Forces" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Darfur movements coordinate war plans against RSF" . Sudan War Monitor . 4 May 2024. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ "Understanding the fighting in El Fasher" . Sudan War Monitor . 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024 . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Halting the Catastrophic Battle for Sudan's El Fasher" . Crisis Group . 24 June 2024. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024 . Retrieved 14 July 2024 . ^ "Top RSF commander Ali Yagoub killed in El Fasher" . Sudan War Monitor . 14 June 2024. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 17 June 2024 . ^ Altayeb, Abdalrahman; Huang, Jon; Khavin, Dmitriy; Williams, Josh (19 June 2024). "A Massacre Threatens Darfur, Again" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 June 2024 . Retrieved 19 June 2024 . ^ "Artillery battle in Babanusa as RSF threaten Fula" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 May 2024. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024 . Retrieved 6 May 2024 . ^ "Sudan army routed in heavy fighting along El Obeid-Kosti road" . Sudan War Monitor . 8 May 2024. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024 . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ "Sudan's RSF captures key army stronghold of el-Fula" . Al Jazeera . 20 June 2024. ^ "RSF launch raids in White Nile, River Nile" . Sudan War Monitor . 20 May 2024. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024 . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ "RSF suffer losses attacking Khartoum enclave" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 June 2024. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024 . Retrieved 19 June 2024 . ^ a b c "Blitzkrieg: RSF advance deep into Sennar State and storm into the capital Sinja" . Sudan War Monitor . 30 June 2024. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024 . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan's RSF says it has taken key town" . Voice of America . Agence France-Presse . 29 June 2024. Archived from the original on 30 June 2024 . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ "Map: Sudan's Rapid Support Forces extend control in Sennar State" . Sudan War Monitor . 2 July 2024. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024 . Retrieved 5 July 2024 . ^ "The New Gedaref Front" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024 . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ "RSF commander killed in central Sudan's Sennar State" . Sudan Tribune . 20 July 2024. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024 . Retrieved 21 July 2024 . ^ "Sudan's army repels RSF attack in Blue Nile" . Radio Dabanga . 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024 . Retrieved 4 August 2024 . ^ "More than 100 killed in RSF revenge attack on Sudan village" . Radio Dabanga . 19 August 2024. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024 . Retrieved 19 August 2024 . ^ Magdy, Samy (17 August 2024). "Sudan's paramilitary fighters killed 85 people in an attack on a central village, residents say" . AP News . Archived from the original on 18 August 2024 . Retrieved 17 August 2024 . ^ "Air strikes in Khartoum as Sudan army attacks paramilitary RSF positions" . The New Arab . 26 September 2024 . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brachet, Eliott (11 November 2024). "War in Sudan: Death strikes at every corner in devastated Khartoum" . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 12 November 2024 . Retrieved 12 November 2024 . ^ Mao, Frances; Usher, Barbara (26 September 2024). "Sudan war: Army launches major attack on Khartoum against RSF" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 9 October 2024 . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ "Sudan's army launches major offensive on Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 26 September 2024. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024 . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ "Map: Sudan army advances in eastern states" . Sudan War Monitor . 23 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025 . Retrieved 26 October 2024 . ^ "Dozens killed by paramilitary RSF in Sudan's Gezira, aid groups say" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 26 October 2024 . ^ Brachet, Eliott (17 November 2024). "The lost children of Sudan's revolution: 'We fight today alongside the men who fought us yesterday' " . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 12 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 November 2024 . ^ "Sudan Army Says Recaptures Key State Capital" . Barron's . Agence France-Presse . 23 November 2024. ^ "Burhan arrives in Sinjah after army recaptures city" . Sudan Tribune . 23 November 2024. Archived from the original on 24 November 2024 . Retrieved 24 November 2024 . ^ Alaa, Menna; Tolba, Ahmed; Abdelaziz, Khalid (11 January 2025). Barbara Lewis; Angus MacSwan; Diane Craft (eds.). "Sudanese army advances to retake city of Wad Madani from RSF" . Reuters . ^ "Sudan army claims major advances against RSF in greater Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 8 February 2025. Archived from the original on 12 February 2025 . Retrieved 12 February 2025 . Development marks one of army's most significant advances since war broke out between army chief al-Burhan and RSF. ^ "Death toll in Sudan military plane crash rises to 46" . Al Jazeera . 26 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan army allies intentionally targeting civilians: HRW" . Al Jazeera . 25 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan army within 500 metres of presidential palace: military source" . The New Arab . 20 March 2025 . Retrieved 20 March 2025 . ^ Plett-Usher, Barbara; Muia, Wycliffe (21 March 2025). "Sudan army recaptures presidential palace after two years of war" . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2025 . ^ Magdy, Samy (22 March 2025). "Sudan's army says it seized key buildings in Khartoum after retaking the Republican Palace" . AP News . Retrieved 22 March 2025 . ^ "Paramilitary shelling kills 3 in Omdurman after Sudan army gains: medic" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 23 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 March 2025 . ^ "Sudanese army retakes Khartoum airport from rebels" . RFI . 26 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ " 'Khartoum is free' says Sudan Army chief al-Burhan after airport captured" . Al Jazeera . 26 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan's army declares Khartoum state 'completely free' of paramilitary RSF" . Al Jazeera. 20 May 2025 . Retrieved 21 May 2025 . ^ Macaulay, Cecilia (20 May 2025). "Sudan war: RSF entirely pushed out of Khartoum state, army says" . BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2025 . ^ "Violent Battles as SAF Change Tactics in El Fasher" . Darfur24 . 21 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "RSF Mobilizing Fighters Across Darfur for El Fasher" . Darfur24 . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ a b "Sudan's RSF claims control of famine-hit Zamzam camp in Darfur" . Al Jazeera . 13 April 2025 . Retrieved 16 April 2025 . ^ "Sudan paramilitaries kill at least 100 people in Darfur attack, UN says" . Al Jazeera . 12 April 2025 . Retrieved 16 April 2025 . ^ "New Clashes between SAF, RSF Erupt in El Fasher, North Darfur" . Darfur24 . 30 June 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "5 civilians killed as clashes between SAF, RSF renewed in El Fasher, North Darfur" . Darfur24 . 31 July 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ a b "Heavy Fighting in El Fasher as RSF Advances Toward Army Positions" . Darfur24 . 19 September 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ Nashed, Mat. "War in Sudan: Humanitarian, fighting, control developments, August 2025" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "SAF affiliates complain of difficulty of war in El Fasher amid widespread hunger" . Darfur24 . 24 July 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "Sudan's RSF says it seized key army base in El Fasher" . Sudan Tribune . 26 October 2025 . Retrieved 26 October 2025 . ^ "Sudan paramilitary group accused of killing 2,000 civilians in El-Fasher" . ABC News . Agence France-Press . 28 October 2025 . Retrieved 28 October 2025 . ^ Shelton, Joe; Connor, Richard (29 October 2025). "Sudan: WHO 'appalled' by RSF maternity ward massacre" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 29 October 2025 . ^ "RSF digging mass graves in Sudan's el-Fasher to 'clean up massacre': Expert" . Al Jazeera . 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 5 November 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (5 December 2025). "RSF massacres left Sudanese city 'a slaughterhouse', satellite images show" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ "Sudanese paramilitary RSF kills 19 after taking city of al-Nahud: Sources" . Al Jazeera . 2 May 2025. ^ "Sudan army says it recaptured West Kordofan town from RSF" . Sudan Tribune . 11 May 2025. ^ "Sudan army captures key South Kordofan town, gains in Omdurman" . Sudan Tribune . 14 May 2025 . Retrieved 14 May 2025 . ^ "Sudanese Army Base in Babanusa Overrun After Protracted Siege" . Sudan War Monitor . 1 December 2025 . Retrieved 1 December 2025 . ^ "RSF seizes key Heglig oilfield as it pushes to expand control in Sudan" . Al Jazeera . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "RSF seizes strategic Heglig oilfield, local administration deploys protection force" . Sudan Tribune . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "South Sudan army receives fleeing Sudanese troops, eyes control of Heglig oilfield" . Sudan Tribune . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Sudanese paramilitary forces carried out 1st drone attack on Port Sudan, army says" . The Times of Israel . 3 May 2025. ^ "Army and allies take control of strategic area near triangle border area, Minawi says" . Sudan Tribune . 19 May 2025 . Retrieved 19 May 2025 . ^ "بعد تحرير الخرطوم بالكامل.. السلطات السودانية تعلن ولاية جديدة خالية من الدعم السريع" [After the complete liberation of Khartoum, Sudanese authorities declare a new state free of the Rapid Support Forces]. Youm7 (in Arabic). 21 May 2025 . Retrieved 24 May 2025 . ^ Abdel-Rahim, Adel; Asmar, Ahmed (23 May 2025). "Sudanese army, allied forces seize strategic city in South Kordofan state" . Anadolu Agency . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "«الدعم السريع» تعلن سيطرتها على مناطق قرب الحدود مع ليبيا ومصر" [Rapid Support Forces announce they have taken control of areas near the borders with Libya and Egypt]. Aawsat (in Arabic) . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ "الحدث عاجل" [The Sudanese army: The Libyan army, led by Khalifa Haftar, supported the Rapid Support Forces in their attack on border points]. Nabd (in Arabic) . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ Plaut, Martin (19 June 2025). "SITUATION REPORT – Horn of Africa News & Highlights No. 640 – 19 June 2025" . Martin Plaut . ^ "Sudan's army says it retook key road from insurgents in South Kordofan" . Sudan Tribune . 28 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2025 . ^ Gardner, Tom (12 November 2025). "A quick, dirty, Trump-backed ceasefire is possible in Sudan" . The Economist . Archived from the original on 12 November 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ a b Wintour, Patrick (15 April 2025). "UK conference on Sudan fails to set up contact group for ceasefire talks" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Boswell, Alan (18 April 2025). "London Conference Puts Paralysed Sudan Peace Efforts on Display" . International Crisis Group . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b Eltahir, Nafisa; Alashray, Enas (12 September 2025). Alexandra Hudson; Lisa Shumaker (eds.). "US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt propose roadmap for Sudan peace" . Reuters . ^ a b Khaled, Fatma (6 November 2025). "Sudan's paramilitary forces agree to truce proposed by U.S.-led mediator group" . PBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b c Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Psaledakis, Daphne; Alashray, Enas (7 November 2025). Alex Richardson; Aidan Lewis; Diane Craft (eds.). "Sudan's RSF agrees to US proposal for humanitarian ceasefire" . Reuters . ^ Rogers, Abby (6 November 2025). "RSF says it agrees to ceasefire in Sudan war" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Knox, Brady (6 November 2025). "RSF agrees to US humanitarian ceasefire proposal" . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ "Sudan's RSF rebels say they captured army base in key city, as fears grow of split in war-torn nation" . CNN . Reuters . 27 October 2025 . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . ^ " 'Invisible and severe' death toll of Sudan conflict revealed" . LSHTM . Archived from the original on 14 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "Nearly 100 people dead across Sudan" . Al Jazeera . 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ a b "More than 5,000 reportedly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' " . Radio Dabanga . 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ a b "10,000 reported killed in one West Darfur city, as ethnic violence ravages Sudanese region" . CNN . 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 . ^ "RSF accused of over 500 cases of enforced disappearance in Sudan" . Sudan Tribune . 3 August 2023 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "US Senate hears urgent plea from envoy to Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ "Explorer" . ACLED . Archived from the original on 27 May 2024 . Retrieved 27 May 2024 . ^ "Sudanese rights group says 50,000 missing as war nears two-year mark" . Sudan Tribune . 30 March 2025 . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ a b Babaee, Samane (9 December 2025). "Sudan Authorities Exhume Thousands of Bodies in War-Hit Khartoum" . Fars News Agency . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ a b "Khartoum state collects 15,000 bodies from neighbourhoods, schools" . Sudan Tribune . 12 December 2025 . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ "Ethnic violence in Sudan raises genocide alarm as war rages on" . Al Jazeera . 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ a b "New killings reported in Darfur on second day of Sudan ceasefire" . CNN . 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 22 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says" . BBC News . 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ "Horrifying testimonies on West Darfur ethnic targeting as other Masalit Sultan relative is killed" . Radio Dabanga . 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ a b Sey, Abdoulie (23 April 2023). "At least 15 Ethiopians killed in Sudan crossfires" . Apa News . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ a b "Diplomat Says 15 Syrians Killed Amid Clashes in Sudan" . Asharq Al-Awsat . 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ a b Mwai, Peter (7 June 2023). "Sudan conflict: Army accused of killing Congolese in campus bombing" . BBC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . ^ a b "Eritrea accused of forcibly repatriating civilians caught up in Sudan fighting" . The Guardian . 7 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ a b Kolinovsky, Sarah (27 April 2023). "2nd American dies amid violence in Sudan, White House official says" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 3 May 2023 . ^ a b "Dozens killed as fighting between Sudan military rivals enters a second day" . CNN . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ a b "Turkish toddler killed in ongoing clashes in Sudan" . aa.com . 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ "US confirms second American death in Sudan, seeks extended cease-fire" . Arab News . 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Egypt denies killing of assistant military attaché by RSF fire" . Al Jazeera . 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "Trapped in a church in Sudan with no food or water" . BBC News . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Σουδάν: Δραματική κατάσταση για τους Έλληνες εγκλωβισμένους και τραυματίες – Χωρίς προμήθειες, ιατρική περίθαλψη και ρεύμα" [Sudan: Dramatic situation for Greeks stranded and injured – No supplies, medical care and electricity]. ethnos.gr (in Greek). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 April 2023 . ^ "Filipino injured in Sudan clashes; 80 requesting to be rescued: DFA" . news.abs-cbn.com . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ "1 WNI Terluka Kena Peluru Nyasar saat Terjebak Perang Saudara di Sudan" [One Indonesian Citizen Injured by Stray Bullets while Trapped in Civil War in Sudan]. cnnindonesia.com (in Indonesian). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan fighting: EU ambassador assaulted in Khartoum home" . BBC News . 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Residents flee Khartoum as battles rage for fifth day" . BBC News . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan fighting: Special forces airlift US diplomats from Sudan" . BBC News . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ "France evacuated 538 people, Macron says" . Al Jazeera . 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "Foreign powers rescue nationals while Sudanese must fend for themselves" . CNN . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ إصابة أحد أعضاء السفارة المصرية بالخرطوم بطلق ناري (in Arabic). Al-Ittihad . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ "Foreigners evacuated as factions battle in Sudan's Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie; Britzky, Haley; Liebermann, Oren (23 April 2023). "US has evacuated American diplomatic personnel from Sudan" . CNN . Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ "Which countries have evacuated nationals from Sudan?" . Al Jazeera . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ "How the crisis in Sudan accentuated the strategic importance of Djibouti" . Observer Research Foundation . 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "US sanctions Sudan army leader, citing atrocities" . Voice of America. 16 January 2025. ^ "US sanctions Sudan's Hemedti, declares RSF committed genocide" . Al Monitor. 7 January 2025. ^ Gallopin, Jean-Baptiste (9 May 2024). "The Massalit Will Not Come Home" . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 10 May 2024 . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (22 August 2023). "War crimes being committed in Darfur, says UK minister Andrew Mitchell" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 19 November 2023 . ^ a b "Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says" . BBC . 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ "Designation of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity Committed in Sudan" . USAID . 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023 . Retrieved 21 December 2023 . ^ "US declares warring factions in Sudan have committed war crimes" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 22 January 2024 . Retrieved 30 December 2023 . ^ Goldberg, Mark Leon (17 August 2023). "Ethnic Cleansing Has Returned to Darfur. Is Genocide Next?" . UN Dispatch . Archived from the original on 14 November 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ "UN adviser on genocide: 'Sudan conflict has strong identity-based components' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . ^ "Genocide returns to Darfur" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "More than 5,000 reportedly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' " . Radio Dabanga . 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan conflict: Possible genocide committed in Darfur, HRW says" . BBC . 9 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "Save the Children: Children as young as 12 raped as sexual violence rips through Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan civil war: One-year-olds among those raped, UN says" . www.bbc.com . 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ "Children as young as one reported among survivors of rape during Sudan's violent conflict" . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ عثمان, مزدلفة. "الحلقات تضيق بشأن المسؤولية عن تصفيته.. تفاصيل جديدة عن اغتيال والي غرب دارفور خميس أبكر" . Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "Darfur: International Criminal Court launches investigation into surging violence" . UN News . 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan conflict brings new atrocities to Darfur as militias kill, rape, burn homes in rampages" . AP News . 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023 . Retrieved 19 November 2023 . ^ "War crimes and civilian suffering in Sudan" . Amnesty International . 2 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ "Sudan: Constant flow of arms fuelling relentless civilian suffering in conflict – new investigation" . 25 July 2024. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024 . Retrieved 31 July 2024 . ^ Khair, Kholood (4 September 2024). "The World Is Ignoring the Catastrophe in Sudan" . TIME . Retrieved 23 November 2024 . ^ a b "Sudan Army finds UAE arms supplied to RSF rebels" . Middle East Monitor . 8 October 2024 . Retrieved 7 November 2025 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (4 November 2025). "As criticism grows, is UAE ready to walk away from Sudan's RSF militia?" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 7 November 2025 . ^ York, Geoffrey (17 November 2025). "Officials won't say if Carney will raise issue of UAE arms shipments to Sudanese militia during Abu Dhabi visit" . The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 18 November 2025. ^ Ismail Adam; Nisrin Elamin; Robyn Maynard (27 November 2025). "In the genocide in Sudan, Canada has a hand in the violence" . The Breach . Archived from the original on 27 November 2025. ^ Brewster, Murray (13 September 2016). "UN arms panel criticizes Canadian company in secret report" . CBC . ^ "Armoured vehicles from Canadian-owned company deployed in Sudan's war zones" . The Globe and Mail . 26 August 2025. Archived from the original on 26 August 2025. ^ a b York, Geoffrey (24 November 2025). "Ottawa reviewing two Canadian-owned companies over Sudan links" . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 25 November 2025. ^ "New weapons fuelling the Sudan conflict" . Amnesty International . 24 July 2024. ^ Elfaki, Shahad; Angelovski, Ivan; Pearson, Jordan (7 November 2025). "Sudanese fighters accused of massacres use Canadian-made rifles" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. ^ "Kabbashi reaffirms Sudan's military leadership support for Burhan" . Sudan Tribune . 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024 . Retrieved 20 July 2023 . ^ "Darfur armed movements renounce neutrality in Sudan war" . Radio Dabanga . 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ "JEM denies receiving military supplies from joint Sudanese-Chadian forces" . Sudan Tribune . 7 December 2023 . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . ^ a b Walsh, Declan; Koettl, Christoph; Schmitt, Eric (29 September 2023). "Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2023 . Retrieved 30 September 2023 . ^ "Will Chad be the next Western ally in Africa to fail?" . The Economist . 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024 . Retrieved 15 March 2024 . ^ "Sudan confirms receiving Chadian decision to expel four Sudanese diplomats" . Sudan Tribune . 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Sudan accuses Chad of aiding RSF in complaint to African Rights Commission" . Sudan Tribune . 6 November 2024 . Retrieved 10 November 2024 . ^ "Chinese weapons and ordnance" . Amnesty International . 24 July 2024. ^ Mateja Peter; Marcel Plichta (2022). "China and Russia in Sudan: Surveying Data on Economic and Military Engagement" (PDF) . ^ "Words Come Easy, Action Does Not: China in the Context of Sudan" . chinaglobalsouth.com . 26 April 2024. ^ "Sudan starts distribution of China-donated rice" . Xinhua . ^ "Sudan's RSF says it's ready to cooperate over Egyptian troops" . Reuters. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan paramilitary group says it has seized presidential palace and Khartoum airport amid clashes with army – live" . The Guardian . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. ^ a b "Egyptian soldiers captured in Sudan to be returned, says RSF" . Aljazeera . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan's paramilitary shares video they claim shows 'surrendered' Egyptian troops" . al-Arabiya . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Egyptian soldiers in Sudan moved from airbase – RSF" . BBC . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Egyptian air force personnel remain in Khartoum: Sudanese army corrects earlier statement" . Aljazeera. 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ "Egyptian army says soldiers stuck in Sudan back home or at embassy" . Reuters . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ الدعم السريع: نتعرض لهجوم من طيران أجنبي في بورتسودان [Rapid Support: We are under attack from foreign aircraft in Port Sudan]. العربية (in Arabic). Al Arabiya . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 18 April 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (18 April 2023). "Sudan and a decade-long path to turmoil" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 18 April 2023 . 'The Egyptians are already heavily involved,' Cameron Hudson, a former CIA analyst, told MEE. 'They are actively in the fight. There are Egyptian fighter jets that are part of these bombing campaigns. Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and the Egyptians are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF.' ^ a b Faucon, Benoit; Said, Summer; Malsin, Jared (19 April 2023). "Libyan Militia and Egypt's Military Back Opposite Sides in Sudan Conflict" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ Tack, Sim; Rogoway, Tyler (17 April 2023). "Egyptian MiG-29s Destroyed In Sudan" . The War Zone. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 18 April 2023 . ^ Digna, Omar (18 December 2024). "Opinion: Who is profiting from the Sudan war?" . The Africa Report . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan: 'Sudan-Eritrea Military Alliance Risks Igniting Tribal Conflict' " . All Africa . 29 November 2024 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (19 December 2024). "Conflict in Sudan: A Map of Regional and International Actors" . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ a b Amin, Mohammed (17 July 2024). "Burhan and Abiy's secretive talks signal shifting Ethiopian position on Sudan" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Ethiopian PM meets Sudan army chief in push for 'peace and security' " . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Leader of Sudan's RSF visits Ethiopia in rare foreign trip as war rages" . Al Jazeera . 28 December 2023 . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Ethiopian militias making new incursions on Sudan border, official says" . Sudan Tribune . 4 July 2025 . Retrieved 5 July 2025 . ^ "Iran and Sudan agree to resume diplomatic relations" . 2023. ^ "Sudan, Iran agree to boost ties in trade, diplomacy, reconstruction" . Middle East Monitor . 18 February 2025 . Retrieved 15 November 2025 . ^ a b Abu Taleb, Abdelrahman (12 June 2024). "Evidence of Iran and UAE drones used in Sudan war" . Archived from the original on 17 June 2024 . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b "Why Sudan's army is pivoting towards Iran" . The New Arab . 12 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan denies receiving military aid from Iran" . Sudan Tribune . 24 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 March 2024 . ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Hafezi, Parisa; Lewis, Aidan (10 April 2024). "Sudan civil war: are Iranian drones helping the army gain ground?" . Reuters. ^ "Sudan's al-Burhan renews rejection of Kenya's chairmanship of IGAD mediation" . Sudan Tribune . 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan rejects African peace bid and 'enemy' peacekeeping force" . Al Jazeera . 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . ^ "Sudanese general accuses Kenyan President of mercenarism, rejects East African force" . Sudan Tribune . 23 July 2023. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan threatens IGAD withdrawal over Kenyan chairmanship" . Sudan Tribune . 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan political blocs in Cairo called on army leader to form 'caretaker government' " . Radio Dabanga . 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan military chief Yasir Alatta dares Kenya's Ruto to intervene in Khartoum conflict" . The East African . 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan hackers target Kenyan govt websites" . Radio Dabanga . 31 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ "Abu Dhabi's Plot: Kenya Threatens Sudan's Unity Amid UAE Partnership" . Emirates Leaks . 21 February 2025 . Retrieved 9 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan's RSF, allies sign charter for rival government" . france24 . 23 February 2025 . Retrieved 9 March 2025 . ^ a b Burke, Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (23 April 2023). "Libyan warlord could plunge Sudan into a drawn-out 'nightmare' conflict" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ Tasci, Ufuk Necat (1 May 2023). "Haftar and Hemedti: Two sides of the same coin" . The New Arab . Retrieved 6 June 2024 . ^ a b Rickett, Oscar; Amin, Mohammed (6 May 2024). "Sudan war: Russia hedges bets by aiding both sides in conflict" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 6 June 2024 . ^ "Russia Switches Sides in Sudan War" . Jamestown Foundation . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 27 March 2025 . ^ "Inside Sudan's Endless Civil War" . Bloomberg . 2024 . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ Elbagir, Nima; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Qiblawi, Tamara (20 April 2023). "Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army" . CNN . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ Schmitt, Eric; Wong, Edward (23 April 2023). "United States Says Wagner Has Quietly Picked Sides in Sudan" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . Yevgeny Prigozhin, the founder of the notorious private military company Wagner, has offered weapons to the paramilitaries fighting for control of Sudan, according to American officials. ^ a b Butenko, Victoria; Elbagir, Nima; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Qiblawi, Tamara; Goodwin, Allegra; Carey, Andrew; Munsi, Pallabi; Zene, Mahamat Tahir; Arvanitidis, Barbara; Platt, Alex; Baron, Mark; Lauren, Kent (19 September 2023). "Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says" . CNN . Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ a b "Sudan general accuses 'mafia state' Emirates of supplying RSF" . Radio Dabanga . 29 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ "Russia's Wagner denies involvement in Sudan crisis" . BBC . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan's army chief says Haftar denies supporting RSF; no confirmation on Wagner Group's involvement" . Al-Ahram . 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ Donelli, Federico (16 March 2025). "Middle Eastern monarchies in Sudan's war: what's driving their interests" . The Conversation . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ a b Mohammad, Talal (12 July 2023). "How Sudan Became a Saudi-UAE Proxy War" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Al-Burhan in Saudi Arabia as his forces advance in Sudan" . The Middle East Monitor . 29 March 2025 . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Instability in South Sudan | Global Conflict Tracker" . CFR . ^ Two Years of Civil War in Sudan ^ "What's the difference between Sudan and South Sudan?" . ^ "South Sudan on brink of civil war as UN warns of rising tensions" . France 24 . 25 March 2025. ^ Easter, Reagan (15 March 2025). "Is Turkey Playing Both Sides of Sudan's Civil War?" . FDD . ^ "Turkey's Baykar sent $120 mln in drones and missiles to Sudanese army: report" . 9 March 2025. ^ "A Turkish arms firm helped fuel Sudan's brutal civil war, records show" . The Washington Post . 7 March 2025. ^ Sema, Zulal. "Türkiye's deal with Somalia on hydrocarbon exploration is important. Why?" . TRT World . ^ "Somalia Plays Key Role in Sudanese Military Reinforcement Amid Ongoing Conflict With RSF" . All Africa . 13 January 2025 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ "The Government of Somalia is Supporting Sudan in Funding The Training of The Army in Sudan" . KAAB TV. 13 January 2025 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Altman, Howard (22 September 2023). "Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room" . The War Zone . Archived from the original on 24 September 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don't remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny it. ^ Fenbert, Abbey (24 September 2023). "Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 13 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 . Retrieved 9 November 2023 . ^ "Ukrainian Drones 'Destroy Russian Mercenaries' in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 30 January 2024 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Ukrainian Special Forces Interrogate Wagner Mercenaries in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024 . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador" . Sudan Tribune . 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . Retrieved 2 December 2023 . ^ "The War in Sudan: How Weapons and Networks Shattered a Power Struggle" . Giga Hamburg . ^ "Sudan reveals the arrival of new supplies to the militia from the UAE via Chad" . 20 April 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024 . Retrieved 23 April 2024 . ^ "Sudan demands emergency UN meeting on UAE 'aggression' " . 28 April 2024. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024 . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ Bariyo, Nicholas; Faucon, Benoit (10 August 2023). "A U.S. Ally Promised to Send Aid to Sudan. It Sent Weapons Instead" . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 23 January 2025 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (25 July 2024). " 'Smoking gun' evidence points to UAE involvement in Sudan civil war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 July 2024 . ^ "UAE, Sudan blame each other over bombing of ambassador home" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "UAE Denies Sending Weapons To Sudan War" . Barron's . 13 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ "Sudan files case against UAE for 'complicity in genocide' " . BBC . 6 March 2025. ^ Tolba, Ahmed; Abdelaziz, Khalid (10 December 2023). "Sudan declares 15 UAE diplomats persona non grata" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ "UAE expels three Sudanese diplomats amid escalating tensions" . Sudan Tribune . 9 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Sudan criticizes Security Council for lack of focus on 'UAE's aggression' " . 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024 . Retrieved 4 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan demands UN condemnation of UAE support for RSF" . 29 March 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024 . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Request for the indication of provisional measures - Public hearings to be held on Thursday 10 April 2025" (PDF) . ICJ . ^ "UAE says residence of its ambassador in Khartoum attacked by Sudanese military" . Reuters. 29 September 2024. ^ "U.S. lawmakers call on UAE to cease support for Sudan's RSF" . 22 December 2023. ^ Nichols, Michelle (29 April 2024). "US appeals to UAE, others to stop support for Sudan's warring parties" . Reuters . Reuters . ^ Walsh, Declan; Koettl, Christoph (21 September 2024). "How a U.S. Ally Uses Aid as a Cover in War" . The New York Times . ^ Mahjoub, Husam (24 May 2024). "It's an open secret: The UAE is fuelling Sudan's war – and there'll be no peace until we call it out" . The Guardian . ^ Rinaldi, Alma Selvaggia (1 September 2024). "How Sudan's RSF became a key ally for the UAE's logistical and corporate interests" . Archived from the original on 2 September 2024 . Retrieved 4 September 2024 . ^ "Sudan accuses South Sudan of allowing UAE 'aggression base' " . Sudan Tribune . 8 March 2025. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025 . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . ^ Farmer, Ben (14 September 2024). "UAE using Wagner fighters to smuggle weapons into Sudan" . The Telegraph . ^ "UAE 'used Russian mercenary group to arm Sudan rebels' " . SourceMaterial . 14 September 2024. ^ Farmer, Ben (22 October 2024). "Sudan rebels 'shoot down own plane with Russians on board' " . Retrieved 5 November 2024 . ^ Gambrell, Jon (22 October 2024). "Mystery of downed aeroplane in Sudan deepens as Kyrgyzstan insists aircraft had been de-registered" . Retrieved 5 November 2024 . ^ "One of the fastest ways to end Sudan's civil war is to stop the UAE's involvement" . The Hill . 7 August 2024. ^ "Rep. Sara Jacobs Pens Op-Ed: U.S. Must Stop Arms Sales to the UAE Until They Stop Arming the RSF in Sudan War" . U.S. Congresswoman Sara Jacobs Of California's 51st District . ^ "Van Hollen, Jacobs Reintroduce Bill to Prohibit U.S. Arms Sales to UAE Until They Cease Support of RSF in Sudan" . vanhollen.senate.gov . 11 March 2025. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ "Top lawmaker blocking US arms sales to UAE over role in Sudan war" . Politico . 7 March 2025. Archived from the original on 13 March 2025. ^ "EU urged to challenge UAE, Gulf states, over roles in Sudan war" . 16 October 2024. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024 . Retrieved 16 January 2025 . ^ "1 st European Union-Gulf Cooperation Council Summit Joint Statement" (PDF) . 16 October 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2024 . Retrieved 16 January 2025 . ^ "Parliamentary Questions: Weapons trafficking to Sudan" . The European Parliament . 27 January 2025. ^ "Fanning the Flames: Sudanese Warring Parties' Access To New Foreign-Made Weapons and Equipment" . HRW . 9 September 2024. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "Sudan aid chief slams UN, AU officials for attending UAE-sponsored meeting" . Sudan Tribune . 14 February 2025 . Retrieved 20 February 2025 . ^ "UAE says it foiled attempt to transfer ammunition to Sudan's army" . Reuters. 30 April 2025. ^ "Sudan tells top UN court that UAE is breaching genocide convention by funding rebels" . AP News . 10 April 2025 . Retrieved 10 April 2025 . ^ "ICJ dismisses Sudan's genocide case alleging UAE backing of RSF rebels" . Al Jazeera. 5 May 2025. ^ "Behind Bosaso Airport, the UAE's key hub for supplying arms to Sudan" . Africa Intelligence . 1 July 2025 . Retrieved 4 September 2025 . ^ "Behind Bosaso Airport, the UAE's key hub for supplying arms to Sudan" . Horn of Africa Intelligence . 2 July 2025 . Retrieved 4 September 2025 . ^ "Sudan urges Somalia to halt UAE-linked arms and mercenary transfers via Puntland" . Somalia Guardian . 2 September 2025 . Retrieved 4 September 2025 . ^ "Sudan accuses UAE of shielding allied RSF militia at international forums" . Sudan Tribune. 5 July 2025. ^ "Sudan Accuses UAE of Shielding RSF "Terrorism" on International Stage" . DNE Africa. 6 July 2025. ^ "Sudan Accuses Foreign Powers of Fueling Militia Violence in Escalating Proxy War" . OZ Arab Media . 5 August 2025. ^ "The Penholder System : Research Report" . Security Council Report . Retrieved 7 August 2024 . ^ a b Townsend, Mark (24 June 2024). "UK 'tried to suppress criticism' of alleged UAE role in arming Sudan's RSF militia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 7 August 2024 . ^ Townsend, Mark (15 April 2024). "UK Foreign Office holding secret talks with Sudan's RSF paramilitary group" . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 7 August 2024 . ^ "Sudan demands UK policy shift for improved ties" . Sudan Tribune . 13 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (29 October 2025). "UK military equipment used by militia accused of genocide found in Sudan, UN told" . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . ^ "Aid freezes and withdrawals leave Sudan's needy battling famine alone" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan conflict: USAID cut hits people 'screaming from hunger' " . BBC . 25 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ Walsh, Declan; Prickett, Ivor (19 April 2025). "As Famine Rages in Sudan, U.S. Aid Remains Scarce" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 April 2025 . ^ "U.S. Aid Cuts Make Famine More Likely and Easier to Hide" . Crisis Group . 28 February 2025 . Retrieved 5 March 2025 . ^ "Washington to host Quartet on 29 July" . Africa Intelligence . 24 July 2025 . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "US to Host Sudan Quartet Meeting Wednesday to Push for Political Settlement" . DNE Africa . 27 July 2025 . Retrieved 27 July 2025 . ^ "Sudan Quartet Meeting Postponed After Egypt-UAE Spat: Diplomatic Sources" . Barron's . Retrieved 29 July 2025 . ^ "Sudanese parties reject UAE as mediator in peace talks, citing RSF ties" . Sudan Tribune . 24 July 2025 . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ Uras, Umut (25 April 2023). "Supply shortages becoming 'extremely acute' – UN" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "As Sudan war rages, rival sides accused of looting, diverting aid" . Al Jazeera . 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan civil war: UN receiving reports of starvation deaths" . BBC News . 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024 . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ "President Biden authorises sanctions against Sudan" . BBC . 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ Mariel Ferragamo, Sabine Baumgartner (19 September 2024). "Crisis in Sudan: War, Famine, and a Failing Global Response" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "Operational data portal: Sudan situation" . United Nations Human Rights Council . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "UN: Sudan now faces world's largest displacement crisis" . Middle East Monitor . 10 November 2025 . Retrieved 16 November 2025 . ^ "Sudan faces the world's worst humanitarian crisis as second anniversary of war nears, UN says" . AP News . 10 April 2025. Archived from the original on 11 April 2025 . Retrieved 10 May 2025 . ^ "Sudan's children are suffering – this is how conflict is destroying their future" . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 18 August 2025 . Retrieved 10 November 2025 . ^ "Humanitarian Cirsis Analysis 2025" (PDF) . SIDA . 30 September 2025 . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ "How many have died in Sudan's civil war? Satellite images and models offer clues" . www.science.org . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ Chothia, Natasha Booty & Farouk (25 October 2021). "Sudan war: A simple guide to what is happening" . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ Sampson, Eve (7 January 2025). "Disaster by the Numbers: The Crisis in Sudan" . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b c "Economy another victim of the war in impoverished Sudan" . France 24 . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million" . Radio Dabanga . 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages" . Africanews . 29 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 March 2024 . ^ a b "$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict" . Sudan Tribune . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Wexler, Alexandra; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 May 2024). "How Chocolate, Soda and Chewing Gum Are Funding War in Sudan" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . ^ a b Suleiman, Ali Sam (19 May 2023). "How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan" . SMEX . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Malashenko, Uliana (27 April 2023). "Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023" . Lead Stories . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ "The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan" . International Policy Digest . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Momanyi, Kevin Philips. "Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked" . TRT Afrika . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims" . Euronews. 27 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (2 June 2023). "Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu)" وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) [The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video)]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest" . Medium . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟" . جهينة (in Arabic). 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum" . Radio Dabanga . 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ " 'Downed Sudan jet' video fake" . Radio Dabanga . 30 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ a b Blackall, Molly; Holmes, Richard (5 May 2023). " 'Ethical' private equity firm helped a notorious Sudan militia to lobby UK MPs" . i . Archived from the original on 7 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ "Facebook removes RSF pages from its platforms" . Sudan Tribune . 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023 . Retrieved 11 August 2023 . ^ "Emirati, Israeli and far-right influencers 'invented Christian killings in Sudan': Report" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Sudan's Doctors Falsely Accused of Siding with the Rapid Support Forces – Social Media Monitoring, July 2023 – Sudan" . reliefweb.int . 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Biden authorizes future sanctions tied to the conflict in Sudan" . CNN . 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ "US imposes first sanctions over Sudan conflict" . Aljazeera . 1 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ Jeffreys, Jack (29 September 2023). "US imposes sanctions on former Sudanese minister and 2 companies backing the paramilitary force" . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ "U.S. sanctions former Sudanese officials for undermining peace and stability" . Sudan Tribune . 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ "New US sanctions target 'contributors to Sudan's instability' " . Radio Dabanga . 29 September 2023 . Retrieved 30 September 2023 . ^ "U.S. sanctions RSF commanders over civilian deaths in Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 15 May 2024 . Retrieved 16 May 2024 . ^ Phillips, Michael M.; Bariyo, Nicholas (9 January 2025). "U.S. Declares Genocide in Sudan. Critics Say Biden Acted Too Late" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ "Treasury Sanctions Sudanese Paramilitary Leader, Weapons Supplier, and Related Companies" . US Treasury Department . 7 January 2025. ^ Mitchell, Ottilie; Macaulay, Cecilia (23 May 2025). "US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Category Commons Category Commons v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Africa v t e North Africa Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) West Africa Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Central Africa Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East Africa Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with excerpts Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-81
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Classification Toggle Classification subsection 2.1 Number of sides 2.2 Convexity and intersection 2.3 Equality and symmetry 2.4 Miscellaneous 2.1 Number of sides 2.2 Convexity and intersection 2.3 Equality and symmetry 2.4 Miscellaneous 3 Properties and formulas Toggle Properties and formulas subsection 3.1 Angles 3.2 Area 3.2.1 Simple polygons 3.2.2 Regular polygons 3.2.3 Self-intersecting 3.3 Centroid 3.1 Angles 3.2 Area 3.2.1 Simple polygons 3.2.2 Regular polygons 3.2.3 Self-intersecting 3.2.1 Simple polygons 3.2.2 Regular polygons 3.2.3 Self-intersecting 3.3 Centroid 4 Generalizations 5 Naming 6 History 7 In nature 8 Computer graphics 9 See also 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 Notes 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 Notes 11 External links Polygon Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item In geometry , a polygon ( / ˈ p ɒ l ɪ ɡ ɒ n / ) is a plane figure made up of line segments connected to form a closed polygonal chain . The segments of a closed polygonal chain are called its edges or sides . The points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices or corners . An n -gon is a polygon with n sides; for example, a triangle is a 3-gon. A simple polygon is one which does not intersect itself. More precisely, the only allowed intersections among the line segments that make up the polygon are the shared endpoints of consecutive segments in the polygonal chain. A simple polygon is the boundary of a region of the plane that is called a solid polygon . The interior of a solid polygon is its body , also known as a polygonal region or polygonal area . In contexts where one is concerned only with simple and solid polygons, a polygon may refer only to a simple polygon or to a solid polygon. A polygonal chain may cross over itself, creating star polygons and other self-intersecting polygons . Some sources also consider closed polygonal chains in Euclidean space to be a type of polygon (a skew polygon ), even when the chain does not lie in a single plane. A polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions. There are many more generalizations of polygons defined for different purposes. Etymology The word polygon derives from the Greek adjective πολύς ( polús ) 'much', 'many' and γωνία ( gōnía ) 'corner' or 'angle'. It has been suggested that γόνυ ( gónu ) 'knee' may be the origin of gon . [ 1 ] Classification Number of sides Polygons are primarily classified by the number of sides. Convexity and intersection Polygons may be characterized by their convexity or type of non-convexity: Convex : any line drawn through the polygon (and not tangent to an edge or corner) meets its boundary exactly twice. As a consequence, all its interior angles are less than 180°. Equivalently, any line segment with endpoints on the boundary passes through only interior points between its endpoints. This condition is true for polygons in any geometry, not just Euclidean. [ 2 ] Non-convex: a line may be found which meets its boundary more than twice. Equivalently, there exists a line segment between two boundary points that passes outside the polygon. Simple : the boundary of the polygon does not cross itself. All convex polygons are simple. Concave : Non-convex and simple. There is at least one interior angle greater than 180°. Star-shaped : the whole interior is visible from at least one point, without crossing any edge. The polygon must be simple, and may be convex or concave. All convex polygons are star-shaped. Self-intersecting : the boundary of the polygon crosses itself. The term complex is sometimes used in contrast to simple , but this usage risks confusion with the idea of a complex polygon as one which exists in the complex Hilbert plane consisting of two complex dimensions. Star polygon : a polygon which self-intersects in a regular way. A polygon cannot be both a star and star-shaped. Equality and symmetry Equiangular : all corner angles are equal. Equilateral : all edges are of the same length. Regular : both equilateral and equiangular. Cyclic : all corners lie on a single circle , called the circumcircle . Tangential : all sides are tangent to an inscribed circle . Isogonal or vertex-transitive : all corners lie within the same symmetry orbit . The polygon is also cyclic and equiangular. Isotoxal or edge-transitive : all sides lie within the same symmetry orbit . The polygon is also equilateral and tangential. The property of regularity may be defined in other ways: a polygon is regular if and only if it is both isogonal and isotoxal, or equivalently it is both cyclic and equilateral. A non-convex regular polygon is called a regular star polygon . Miscellaneous Rectilinear : the polygon's sides meet at right angles, i.e. all its interior angles are 90 or 270 degrees. Monotone with respect to a given line L : every line orthogonal to L intersects the polygon not more than twice. Properties and formulas Euclidean geometry is assumed throughout. Angles Any polygon has as many corners as it has sides. Each corner has several angles. The two most important ones are: Interior angle – The sum of the interior angles of a simple n -gon is ( n − 2) × π radians or ( n − 2) × 180 degrees . This is because any simple n -gon ( having n sides ) can be considered to be made up of ( n − 2) triangles, each of which has an angle sum of π radians or 180 degrees. The measure of any interior angle of a convex regular n -gon is ( 1 − 2 n ) π {\displaystyle \left(1-{\tfrac {2}{n}}\right)\pi } radians or 180 − 360 n {\displaystyle 180-{\tfrac {360}{n}}} degrees. The interior angles of regular star polygons were first studied by Poinsot, in the same paper in which he describes the four regular star polyhedra : for a regular p q {\displaystyle {\tfrac {p}{q}}} -gon (a p -gon with central density q ), each interior angle is π ( p − 2 q ) p {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi (p-2q)}{p}}} radians or 180 ( p − 2 q ) p {\displaystyle {\tfrac {180(p-2q)}{p}}} degrees. [ 3 ] Exterior angle – The exterior angle is the supplementary angle to the interior angle. Tracing around a convex n -gon, the angle "turned" at a corner is the exterior or external angle. Tracing all the way around the polygon makes one full turn , so the sum of the exterior angles must be 360°. This argument can be generalized to concave simple polygons, if external angles that turn in the opposite direction are subtracted from the total turned. Tracing around an n -gon in general, the sum of the exterior angles (the total amount one rotates at the vertices) can be any integer multiple d of 360°, e.g. 720° for a pentagram and 0° for an angular "eight" or antiparallelogram , where d is the density or turning number of the polygon. Area In this section, the vertices of the polygon under consideration are taken to be ( x 0 , y 0 ) , ( x 1 , y 1 ) , … , ( x n − 1 , y n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},y_{0}),(x_{1},y_{1}),\ldots ,(x_{n-1},y_{n-1})} in order. For convenience in some formulas, the notation ( x n , y n ) = ( x 0 , y 0 ) will also be used. Simple polygons If the polygon is non-self-intersecting (that is, simple ), the signed area is or, using determinants where Q i , j {\displaystyle Q_{i,j}} is the squared distance between ( x i , y i ) {\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})} and ( x j , y j ) . {\displaystyle (x_{j},y_{j}).} [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The signed area depends on the ordering of the vertices and of the orientation of the plane. Commonly, the positive orientation is defined by the (counterclockwise) rotation that maps the positive x -axis to the positive y -axis. If the vertices are ordered counterclockwise (that is, according to positive orientation), the signed area is positive; otherwise, it is negative. In either case, the area formula is correct in absolute value . This is commonly called the shoelace formula or surveyor's formula . [ 6 ] The area A of a simple polygon can also be computed if the lengths of the sides, a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n and the exterior angles , θ 1 , θ 2 , ..., θ n are known, from: The formula was described by Lopshits in 1963. [ 7 ] If the polygon can be drawn on an equally spaced grid such that all its vertices are grid points, Pick's theorem gives a simple formula for the polygon's area based on the numbers of interior and boundary grid points: the former number plus one-half the latter number, minus 1. In every polygon with perimeter p and area A , the isoperimetric inequality p 2 > 4 π A {\displaystyle p^{2}>4\pi A} holds. [ 8 ] For any two simple polygons of equal area, the Bolyai–Gerwien theorem asserts that the first can be cut into polygonal pieces which can be reassembled to form the second polygon. The lengths of the sides of a polygon do not in general determine its area. [ 9 ] However, if the polygon is simple and cyclic then the sides do determine the area. [ 10 ] Of all n -gons with given side lengths, the one with the largest area is cyclic. Of all n -gons with a given perimeter, the one with the largest area is regular (and therefore cyclic). [ 11 ] Regular polygons Many specialized formulas apply to the areas of regular polygons . The area of a regular polygon is given in terms of the radius r of its inscribed circle and its perimeter p by This radius is also termed its apothem and is often represented as a . The area of a regular n -gon can be expressed in terms of the radius R of its circumscribed circle (the unique circle passing through all vertices of the regular n -gon) as follows: [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Self-intersecting The area of a self-intersecting polygon can be defined in two different ways, giving different answers: Using the formulas for simple polygons, we allow that particular regions within the polygon may have their area multiplied by a factor which we call the density of the region. For example, the central convex pentagon in the center of a pentagram has density 2. The two triangular regions of a cross-quadrilateral (like a figure 8) have opposite-signed densities, and adding their areas together can give a total area of zero for the whole figure. [ 14 ] Considering the enclosed regions as point sets, we can find the area of the enclosed point set. This corresponds to the area of the plane covered by the polygon or to the area of one or more simple polygons having the same outline as the self-intersecting one. In the case of the cross-quadrilateral, it is treated as two simple triangles. [ citation needed ] Centroid Using the same convention for vertex coordinates as in the previous section, the coordinates of the centroid of a solid simple polygon are In these formulas, the signed value of area A {\displaystyle A} must be used. For triangles ( n = 3 ), the centroids of the vertices and of the solid shape are the same, but, in general, this is not true for n > 3 . The centroid of the vertex set of a polygon with n vertices has the coordinates Generalizations The idea of a polygon has been generalized in various ways. Some of the more important include: A spherical polygon is a circuit of arcs of great circles (sides) and vertices on the surface of a sphere. It allows the digon , a polygon having only two sides and two corners, which is impossible in a flat plane. Spherical polygons play an important role in cartography (map making) and in Wythoff's construction of the uniform polyhedra . A skew polygon does not lie in a flat plane, but zigzags in three (or more) dimensions. The Petrie polygons of the regular polytopes are well known examples. An apeirogon is an infinite sequence of sides and angles, which is not closed but has no ends because it extends indefinitely in both directions. A skew apeirogon is an infinite sequence of sides and angles that do not lie in a flat plane. A polygon with holes is an area-connected or multiply-connected planar polygon with one external boundary and one or more interior boundaries (holes). A complex polygon is a configuration analogous to an ordinary polygon, which exists in the complex plane of two real and two imaginary dimensions. An abstract polygon is an algebraic partially ordered set representing the various elements (sides, vertices, etc.) and their connectivity. A real geometric polygon is said to be a realization of the associated abstract polygon. Depending on the mapping, all the generalizations described here can be realized. A polyhedron is a three-dimensional solid bounded by flat polygonal faces, analogous to a polygon in two dimensions. The corresponding shapes in four or higher dimensions are called polytopes . [ 15 ] (In other conventions, the words polyhedron and polytope are used in any dimension, with the distinction between the two that a polytope is necessarily bounded. [ 16 ] ) Naming The word polygon comes from Late Latin polygōnum (a noun), from Greek πολύγωνον ( polygōnon/polugōnon ), noun use of neuter of πολύγωνος ( polygōnos/polugōnos , the masculine adjective), meaning "many-angled". Individual polygons are named (and sometimes classified) according to the number of sides, combining a Greek -derived numerical prefix with the suffix -gon , e.g. pentagon , dodecagon . The triangle , quadrilateral and nonagon are exceptions. Beyond decagons (10-sided) and dodecagons (12-sided), mathematicians generally use numerical notation, for example 17-gon and 257-gon. [ 17 ] Exceptions exist for side counts that are easily expressed in verbal form (e.g. 20 and 30), or are used by non-mathematicians. Some special polygons also have their own names; for example the regular star pentagon is also known as the pentagram . Name Sides Properties monogon 1 Not generally recognised as a polygon, [ 18 ] although some disciplines such as graph theory sometimes use the term. [ 19 ] digon 2 Not generally recognised as a polygon in the Euclidean plane, although it can exist as a spherical polygon . [ 20 ] triangle (or trigon) 3 The simplest polygon which can exist in the Euclidean plane. Can tile the plane. quadrilateral (or tetragon) 4 The simplest polygon which can cross itself; the simplest polygon which can be concave; the simplest polygon which can be non-cyclic. Can tile the plane. pentagon 5 [ 21 ] The simplest polygon which can exist as a regular star. A star pentagon is known as a pentagram or pentacle. hexagon 6 [ 21 ] Can tile the plane. heptagon (or septagon) 7 [ 21 ] The simplest polygon such that the regular form is not constructible with compass and straightedge . However, it can be constructed using a neusis construction . octagon 8 [ 21 ] nonagon (or enneagon) 9 [ 21 ] "Nonagon" mixes Latin [ novem = 9] with Greek; "enneagon" is pure Greek. decagon 10 [ 21 ] hendecagon (or undecagon) 11 [ 21 ] The simplest polygon such that the regular form cannot be constructed with compass, straightedge, and angle trisector . However, it can be constructed with neusis. [ 22 ] dodecagon (or duodecagon) 12 [ 21 ] tridecagon (or triskaidecagon) 13 [ 21 ] tetradecagon (or tetrakaidecagon) 14 [ 21 ] pentadecagon (or pentakaidecagon) 15 [ 21 ] hexadecagon (or hexakaidecagon) 16 [ 21 ] heptadecagon (or heptakaidecagon) 17 Constructible polygon [ 17 ] octadecagon (or octakaidecagon) 18 [ 21 ] enneadecagon (or enneakaidecagon) 19 [ 21 ] icosagon 20 [ 21 ] icositrigon (or icosikaitrigon) 23 The simplest polygon such that the regular form cannot be constructed with neusis . [ 23 ] [ 22 ] icositetragon (or icosikaitetragon) 24 [ 21 ] icosipentagon (or icosikaipentagon) 25 The simplest polygon such that it is not known if the regular form can be constructed with neusis or not. [ 23 ] [ 22 ] triacontagon 30 [ 21 ] tetracontagon (or tessaracontagon) 40 [ 21 ] [ 24 ] pentacontagon (or pentecontagon) 50 [ 21 ] [ 24 ] hexacontagon (or hexecontagon) 60 [ 21 ] [ 24 ] heptacontagon (or hebdomecontagon) 70 [ 21 ] [ 24 ] octacontagon (or ogdoëcontagon) 80 [ 21 ] [ 24 ] enneacontagon (or enenecontagon) 90 [ 21 ] [ 24 ] hectogon (or hecatontagon) [ 25 ] 100 [ 21 ] 257-gon 257 Constructible polygon [ 17 ] chiliagon 1000 Philosophers including René Descartes , [ 26 ] Immanuel Kant , [ 27 ] David Hume , [ 28 ] have used the chiliagon as an example in discussions. myriagon 10,000 65537-gon 65,537 Constructible polygon [ 17 ] megagon [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] 1,000,000 As with René Descartes's example of the chiliagon, the million-sided polygon has been used as an illustration of a well-defined concept that cannot be visualised. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The megagon is also used as an illustration of the convergence of regular polygons to a circle. [ 39 ] apeirogon ∞ A degenerate polygon of infinitely many sides. To construct the name of a polygon with more than 20 and fewer than 100 edges, combine the prefixes as follows. [ 21 ] The "kai" term applies to 13-gons and higher and was used by Kepler , and advocated by John H. Conway for clarity of concatenated prefix numbers in the naming of quasiregular polyhedra , [ 25 ] though not all sources use it. Tens and Ones final suffix -kai- 1 -hena- -gon 20 icosi- (icosa- when alone) 2 -di- 30 triaconta- (or triconta-) 3 -tri- 40 tetraconta- (or tessaraconta-) 4 -tetra- 50 pentaconta- (or penteconta-) 5 -penta- 60 hexaconta- (or hexeconta-) 6 -hexa- 70 heptaconta- (or hebdomeconta-) 7 -hepta- 80 octaconta- (or ogdoëconta-) 8 -octa- 90 enneaconta- (or eneneconta-) 9 -ennea- History Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons were known to the ancient Greeks, with the pentagram , a non-convex regular polygon ( star polygon ), appearing as early as the 7th century B.C. on a krater by Aristophanes , found at Caere and now in the Capitoline Museum . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The first known systematic study of non-convex polygons in general was made by Thomas Bradwardine in the 14th century. [ 42 ] In 1952, Geoffrey Colin Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex plane, where each real dimension is accompanied by an imaginary one, to create complex polygons . [ 43 ] In nature Polygons appear in rock formations, most commonly as the flat facets of crystals , where the angles between the sides depend on the type of mineral from which the crystal is made. Regular hexagons can occur when the cooling of lava forms areas of tightly packed columns of basalt , which may be seen at the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland , or at the Devil's Postpile in California . In biology , the surface of the wax honeycomb made by bees is an array of hexagons , and the sides and base of each cell are also polygons. Computer graphics This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In computer graphics , a polygon is a primitive used in modelling and rendering. They are defined in a database, containing arrays of vertices (the coordinates of the geometrical vertices , as well as other attributes of the polygon, such as color, shading and texture), connectivity information, and materials . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Any surface is modelled as a tessellation called polygon mesh . If a square mesh has n + 1 points (vertices) per side, there are n squared squares in the mesh, or 2 n squared triangles since there are two triangles in a square. There are ( n + 1) 2 / 2( n 2 ) vertices per triangle. Where n is large, this approaches one half. Or, each vertex inside the square mesh connects four edges (lines). The imaging system calls up the structure of polygons needed for the scene to be created from the database. This is transferred to active memory and finally, to the display system (screen, TV monitors etc.) so that the scene can be viewed. During this process, the imaging system renders polygons in correct perspective ready for transmission of the processed data to the display system. Although polygons are two-dimensional, through the system computer they are placed in a visual scene in the correct three-dimensional orientation. In computer graphics and computational geometry , it is often necessary to determine whether a given point P = ( x 0 , y 0 ) {\displaystyle P=(x_{0},y_{0})} lies inside a simple polygon given by a sequence of line segments. This is called the point in polygon test. [ 46 ] See also Boolean operations on polygons Complete graph Constructible polygon Cyclic polygon Geometric shape Golygon List of polygons Polyform Polygon soup Polygon triangulation Precision polygon Spirolateral Synthetic geometry Tiling Tiling puzzle References Bibliography Coxeter, H.S.M. ; Regular Polytopes , Methuen and Co., 1948 (3rd Edition, Dover, 1973). Cromwell, P.; Polyhedra , CUP hbk (1997), pbk. (1999). Grünbaum, B.; Are your polyhedra the same as my polyhedra? Discrete and comput. geom: the Goodman-Pollack festschrift , ed. Aronov et al. Springer (2003) pp. 461–488. ( pdf ) Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Craig, John (1849). A new universal etymological technological, and pronouncing dictionary of the English language . Oxford University. p. 404. Extract of p. 404 ^ Magnus, Wilhelm (1974). Noneuclidean tesselations and their groups . Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 61. Academic Press. p. 37. ^ Kappraff, Jay (2002). Beyond measure: a guided tour through nature, myth, and number . World Scientific. p. 258. ISBN 978-981-02-4702-7 . ^ B.Sz. Nagy, L. Rédey: Eine Verallgemeinerung der Inhaltsformel von Heron. Publ. Math. Debrecen 1, 42–50 (1949) ^ Bourke, Paul (July 1988). "Calculating The Area And Centroid Of A Polygon" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 Feb 2013 . ^ Bart Braden (1986). "The Surveyor's Area Formula" (PDF) . The College Mathematics Journal . 17 (4): 326– 337. doi : 10.2307/2686282 . JSTOR 2686282 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-07. ^ A.M. Lopshits (1963). Computation of areas of oriented figures . translators: J Massalski and C Mills Jr. D C Heath and Company: Boston, MA. ^ "Dergiades, Nikolaos, "An elementary proof of the isoperimetric inequality", Forum Mathematicorum 2, 2002, 129–130" (PDF) . ^ Robbins, "Polygons inscribed in a circle", American Mathematical Monthly 102, June–July 1995. ^ Pak, Igor (2005). "The area of cyclic polygons: recent progress on Robbins' conjectures". Advances in Applied Mathematics . 34 (4): 690– 696. arXiv : math/0408104 . doi : 10.1016/j.aam.2004.08.006 . MR 2128993 . S2CID 6756387 . ^ Chakerian, G. D. "A Distorted View of Geometry." Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums (R. Honsberger, editor). Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America, 1979: 147. ^ Area of a regular polygon – derivation from Math Open Reference. ^ A regular polygon with an infinite number of sides is a circle: lim n → + ∞ R 2 ⋅ n 2 ⋅ sin 2 π n = π ⋅ R 2 {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to +\infty }R^{2}\cdot {\frac {n}{2}}\cdot \sin {\frac {2\pi }{n}}=\pi \cdot R^{2}} . ^ De Villiers, Michael (January 2015). "Slaying a geometrical 'Monster': finding the area of a crossed Quadrilateral" (PDF) . Learning and Teaching Mathematics . 2015 (18): 23– 28. ^ Coxeter (3rd Ed 1973) ^ Günter Ziegler (1995). "Lectures on Polytopes". Springer Graduate Texts in Mathematics , ISBN 978-0-387-94365-7 . p. 4. ^ a b c d Mathworld ^ Grunbaum, B.; "Are your polyhedra the same as my polyhedra", Discrete and computational geometry: the Goodman-Pollack Festschrift , Ed. Aronov et al., Springer (2003), p. 464. ^ Hass, Joel; Morgan, Frank (1996). "Geodesic nets on the 2-sphere". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society . 124 (12): 3843– 3850. doi : 10.1090/S0002-9939-96-03492-2 . JSTOR 2161556 . MR 1343696 . ^ Coxeter, H.S.M.; Regular polytopes , Dover Edition (1973), p. 4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Salomon, David (2011). The Computer Graphics Manual . Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 88– 90. ISBN 978-0-85729-886-7 . ^ a b c Benjamin, Elliot; Snyder, C (May 2014). "On the construction of the regular hendecagon by marked ruler and compass". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . 156 (3): 409– 424. Bibcode : 2014MPCPS.156..409B . doi : 10.1017/S0305004113000753 . ^ a b Arthur Baragar (2002) Constructions Using a Compass and Twice-Notched Straightedge, The American Mathematical Monthly, 109:2, 151–164, doi : 10.1080/00029890.2002.11919848 ^ a b c d e f The New Elements of Mathematics: Algebra and Geometry by Charles Sanders Peirce (1976), p.298 ^ a b "Naming Polygons and Polyhedra" . Ask Dr. Math . The Math Forum – Drexel University . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Sepkoski, David (2005). "Nominalism and constructivism in seventeenth-century mathematical philosophy" . Historia Mathematica . 32 : 33– 59. doi : 10.1016/j.hm.2003.09.002 . ^ Gottfried Martin (1955), Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science , Manchester University Press, p. 22. ^ David Hume, The Philosophical Works of David Hume , Volume 1, Black and Tait, 1826, p. 101. ^ Gibilisco, Stan (2003). Geometry demystified (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-141650-4 . ^ Darling, David J., The universal book of mathematics: from Abracadabra to Zeno's paradoxes , John Wiley & Sons, 2004. p. 249. ISBN 0-471-27047-4 . ^ Dugopolski, Mark, College Algebra and Trigonometry , 2nd ed, Addison-Wesley, 1999. p. 505. ISBN 0-201-34712-1 . ^ McCormick, John Francis, Scholastic Metaphysics , Loyola University Press, 1928, p. 18. ^ Merrill, John Calhoun and Odell, S. Jack, Philosophy and Journalism , Longman, 1983, p. 47, ISBN 0-582-28157-1 . ^ Hospers, John, An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis , 4th ed, Routledge, 1997, p. 56, ISBN 0-415-15792-7 . ^ Mandik, Pete, Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind , Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010, p. 26, ISBN 1-84706-349-7 . ^ Kenny, Anthony, The Rise of Modern Philosophy , Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 124, ISBN 0-19-875277-6 . ^ Balmes, James, Fundamental Philosophy, Vol II , Sadlier and Co., Boston, 1856, p. 27. ^ Potter, Vincent G., On Understanding Understanding: A Philosophy of Knowledge , 2nd ed, Fordham University Press, 1993, p. 86, ISBN 0-8232-1486-9 . ^ Russell, Bertrand, History of Western Philosophy , reprint edition, Routledge, 2004, p. 202, ISBN 0-415-32505-6 . ^ Heath, Sir Thomas Little (1981). A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume 1 . Courier Dover Publications. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-486-24073-2 . Reprint of original 1921 publication with corrected errata. Heath uses the Latinized spelling "Aristophonus" for the vase painter's name. ^ Cratere with the blinding of Polyphemus and a naval battle Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine , Castellani Halls, Capitoline Museum, accessed 2013-11-11. Two pentagrams are visible near the center of the image, ^ Coxeter, H.S.M.; Regular Polytopes , 3rd Edn, Dover (pbk), 1973, p. 114 ^ Shephard, G.C.; "Regular complex polytopes", Proc. London Math. Soc. Series 3 Volume 2, 1952, pp 82–97 ^ "opengl vertex specification" . ^ "direct3d rendering, based on vertices & triangles" . 6 January 2021. ^ Schirra, Stefan (2008). "How Reliable Are Practical Point-in-Polygon Strategies?". In Halperin, Dan; Mehlhorn, Kurt (eds.). Algorithms - ESA 2008: 16th Annual European Symposium, Karlsruhe, Germany, September 15-17, 2008, Proceedings . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5193. Springer. pp. 744– 755. doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-87744-8_62 . ISBN 978-3-540-87743-1 . External links Weisstein, Eric W. "Polygon" . MathWorld . What Are Polyhedra? , with Greek Numerical Prefixes Polygons, types of polygons, and polygon properties , with interactive animation How to draw monochrome orthogonal polygons on screens , by Herbert Glarner comp.graphics.algorithms Frequently Asked Questions , solutions to mathematical problems computing 2D and 3D polygons Comparison of the different algorithms for Polygon Boolean operations , compares capabilities, speed and numerical robustness Interior angle sum of polygons: a general formula , Provides an interactive Java investigation that extends the interior angle sum formula for simple closed polygons to include crossed (complex) polygons .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Polygons ( List ) v t e Triangles Acute Equilateral Ideal Isosceles Kepler Obtuse Right Acute Equilateral Ideal Isosceles Kepler Obtuse Right Quadrilaterals Antiparallelogram Apollonius Bicentric Crossed Cyclic Equidiagonal Ex-tangential Harmonic Isosceles trapezoid Kite Orthodiagonal Parallelogram Rectangle Right kite Right trapezoid Rhomboid Rhombus Square Tangential Tangential trapezoid Trapezoid Antiparallelogram Apollonius Bicentric Crossed Cyclic Equidiagonal Ex-tangential Harmonic Isosceles trapezoid Kite Orthodiagonal Parallelogram Rectangle Right kite Right trapezoid Rhomboid Rhombus Square Tangential Tangential trapezoid Trapezoid By number of sides 1–10 sides Monogon (1) Digon (2) Triangle (3) Quadrilateral (4) Pentagon (5) Hexagon (6) Heptagon (7) Octagon (8) Nonagon/Enneagon (9) Decagon (10) 11–20 sides Hendecagon (11) Dodecagon (12) Tridecagon (13) Tetradecagon (14) Pentadecagon (15) Hexadecagon (16) Heptadecagon (17) Octadecagon (18) Icosagon (20) >20 sides Icositrigon (23) Icositetragon (24) Triacontagon (30) 257-gon Chiliagon (1000) Myriagon (10,000) 65537-gon Megagon (1,000,000) Apeirogon (∞) 1–10 sides Monogon (1) Digon (2) Triangle (3) Quadrilateral (4) Pentagon (5) Hexagon (6) Heptagon (7) Octagon (8) Nonagon/Enneagon (9) Decagon (10) Monogon (1) Digon (2) Triangle (3) Quadrilateral (4) Pentagon (5) Hexagon (6) Heptagon (7) Octagon (8) Nonagon/Enneagon (9) Decagon (10) 11–20 sides Hendecagon (11) Dodecagon (12) Tridecagon (13) Tetradecagon (14) Pentadecagon (15) Hexadecagon (16) Heptadecagon (17) Octadecagon (18) Icosagon (20) Hendecagon (11) Dodecagon (12) Tridecagon (13) Tetradecagon (14) Pentadecagon (15) Hexadecagon (16) Heptadecagon (17) Octadecagon (18) Icosagon (20) >20 sides Icositrigon (23) Icositetragon (24) Triacontagon (30) 257-gon Chiliagon (1000) Myriagon (10,000) 65537-gon Megagon (1,000,000) Apeirogon (∞) Icositrigon (23) Icositetragon (24) Triacontagon (30) 257-gon Chiliagon (1000) Myriagon (10,000) 65537-gon Megagon (1,000,000) Apeirogon (∞) Star polygons Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram Classes Concave Convex Cyclic Equiangular Equilateral Infinite skew Isogonal Isotoxal Magic Pseudotriangle Rectilinear Regular Reinhardt Simple Skew Star-shaped Tangential Weakly simple Concave Convex Cyclic Equiangular Equilateral Infinite skew Isogonal Isotoxal Magic Pseudotriangle Rectilinear Regular Reinhardt Simple Skew Star-shaped Tangential Weakly simple v t e Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10 v t e Family A n B n I 2 ( p ) / D n E 6 / E 7 / E 8 / F 4 / G 2 H n Regular polygon Triangle Square p-gon Hexagon Pentagon Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron Octahedron • Cube Demicube Dodecahedron • Icosahedron Uniform polychoron Pentachoron 16-cell • Tesseract Demitesseract 24-cell 120-cell • 600-cell Uniform 5-polytope 5-simplex 5-orthoplex • 5-cube 5-demicube Uniform 6-polytope 6-simplex 6-orthoplex • 6-cube 6-demicube 1 22 • 2 21 Uniform 7-polytope 7-simplex 7-orthoplex • 7-cube 7-demicube 1 32 • 2 31 • 3 21 Uniform 8-polytope 8-simplex 8-orthoplex • 8-cube 8-demicube 1 42 • 2 41 • 4 21 Uniform 9-polytope 9-simplex 9-orthoplex • 9-cube 9-demicube Uniform 10-polytope 10-simplex 10-orthoplex • 10-cube 10-demicube Uniform n - polytope n - simplex n - orthoplex • n - cube n - demicube 1 k2 • 2 k1 • k 21 n - pentagonal polytope Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds • Polytope operations Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Polygons Euclidean plane geometry Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019 Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 2 November 2025, at 14:57 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Artificial Intelligence Authors and titles for recent submissions Fri, 16 Jan 2026 Thu, 15 Jan 2026 Wed, 14 Jan 2026 Tue, 13 Jan 2026 Mon, 12 Jan 2026 See today's new changes Mon, 12 Jan 2026 (continued, showing last 28 of 120 entries ) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AI/recent?skip=950&show=100
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 1.1 Location and overview 1.2 Natural resources 1.3 Climate 1.4 Flora and fauna 1.5 Hydrology 1.6 Ecology 1.1 Location and overview 1.2 Natural resources 1.3 Climate 1.4 Flora and fauna 1.5 Hydrology 1.6 Ecology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Early history 2.2 Novgorod Republic 2.3 Russian settlement 2.4 Soviet and modern periods 2.1 Early history 2.2 Novgorod Republic 2.3 Russian settlement 2.4 Soviet and modern periods 3 Demography 4 Economy Toggle Economy subsection 4.1 Historical background 4.2 Modern economy 4.1 Historical background 4.2 Modern economy 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Kola Peninsula Afrikaans Anarâškielâ العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Russian: Кольский полуостров Kildin Sami: Куэлнэгк нёа̄ррк Norwegian: Kolahalvøya Finnish: Kuolan niemimaa Kola Peninsula as a part of Murmansk Oblast Location of Murmansk Oblast within Russia Geography Location Northwest Russia Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 67°41′18″N 35°56′38″E / 67.68833°N 35.94389°E / 67.68833; 35.94389 Adjacent to .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Barents Sea White Sea Barents Sea White Sea Area 100,000 km 2 (39,000 sq mi) Length 370 km (230 mi) Width 244 km (151.6 mi) Highest elevation 1,201 m (3940 ft) Highest point Yudychvumchorr Administration Russia Oblast Murmansk Oblast Population 795,000 (2010) The Kola Peninsula ( Russian : Ко́льский полуо́стров , romanized : Kolsky poluostrov ; Kildin Sami : Куэлнэгк нёа̄ррк ) is a peninsula in the extreme northwest of Russia , and one of the largest peninsulas of Europe . Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast , it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea to the north and by the White Sea to the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk , the most populous settlement on the peninsula, has a population of roughly 270,000 residents. [ 1 ] While humans had already settled in the north of the peninsula in the 7th–5th millennium BC, the rest of its territory remained uninhabited until the 3rd millennium BC, when various peoples started to arrive from the south. By the 1st millennium CE only the Sámi people remained. This changed in the 12th century, when Russian Pomors discovered the peninsula's rich resources of game and fish. Soon after, the Pomors were followed by the tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic , and the peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands. However, the Novgorodians established no permanent settlements until the 15th century, and Russian migration continued in the following centuries. The Soviet period (1917–1991) saw a rapid population increase, although most of the new arrivals remained confined to urbanized territories along the sea coast and the railroads. The Sámi people were subject to forced collectivization , including forced relocation to Lovozero and other centralized settlements, and overall the peninsula became heavily industrialized and militarized, largely due to its strategic position (as the pre-eminent Soviet ice-free Atlantic coast) and to the discovery of the vast apatite deposits in the 1920s. As a result, the peninsula suffered major ecological damage . After the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union , the economy went into decline. Its population fell from 1,150,000 in 1989 to 795,000 in 2010. The peninsula recovered somewhat in the early 21st century, and is considered the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia. Despite the peninsula's northerly location, its proximity to the North Atlantic Current (an extension of the Gulf Stream ) leads to unusually high temperatures in winter, but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea. Summers are rather chilly, with the average July temperature of only 11 °C (52 °F). The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and by tundra in the north, where permafrost limits the growth of trees, resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses. The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals, and its rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon . The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve , established to protect the population of common eider , is located in the Kandalaksha Gulf . The peninsula is also the site of the Kola Superdeep Borehole , the deepest hole drilled into the Earth. Geography Location and overview The peninsula is located in the far northwest of Russia, almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. [ 2 ] Geologically, the peninsula occupies the northeastern edge of the Baltic Shield . [ 3 ] The western border of the peninsula stretches along the meridian from the Kola Bay through the valley of the Kola River , Lake Imandra , and the Niva River to the Kandalaksha Gulf , [ 3 ] although some sources push it all the way west to Russia's border with Finland. [ 4 ] Under a more restrictive definition, the peninsula covers an area of about 100,000 square kilometers (39,000 sq mi). [ 3 ] The northern coast is steep and high, while the southern coast is flat. [ 3 ] The western part of the peninsula is covered by two mountain ranges: the Khibiny Mountains and the Lovozero Massif ; [ 3 ] the former contains the highest point of the peninsula— Yudychvumchorr . Mount Chasnachorr , the height of which is 1,191 meters (3,907 ft), had been formerly considered the highest point of the Khibiny. [ 5 ] The Keyvy drainage divide lies in the central part. [ 3 ] The mountainous reliefs of the Murman and Kandalaksha Coasts stretch from southeast to northwest, mirroring the peninsula's main orographic features. [ 2 ] Administratively , the territory of the peninsula consists of Lovozersky and Tersky Districts , parts of Kandalakshsky and Kolsky Districts , as well as the territories subordinated to the cities and towns of Murmansk , Ostrovnoy , Severomorsk , Kirovsk , and parts of the territories subordinated to Apatity , Olenegorsk , and Polyarnye Zori . [ 6 ] Natural resources Because the last ice age removed the top sediment layer of the soil, [ 2 ] the surface of Kola Peninsula is extremely rich in various ores and minerals, including apatites and nephelines ; copper , nickel , and iron ores ; mica ; kyanites ; ceramic materials , [ 7 ] as well as rare-earth elements and non-ferrous ores. [ 3 ] Deposits of construction materials such as granite , quartzite , and limestone are also abundant. [ 7 ] Diatomaceous earth deposits are common near lakes and are used to produce insulation . [ 7 ] Climate Proximity of the peninsula to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter for the region, resulting in significant temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea and in fluctuating temperatures during high winds. [ 7 ] Cyclones are typical during the cold seasons, while the warm seasons are characterized by anticyclones . [ 7 ] Monsoon winds are common in most areas, with south and southwesterly winds prevailing in winter months and with somewhat more pronounced easterly winds in summer. [ 7 ] Strong storm winds blow for 80–120 days a year. [ 7 ] The waters of the Murman Coast remain warm enough to remain ice-free even in winter. [ 8 ] Precipitation levels on the peninsula are rather high: 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in the mountains, 600–700 millimeters (24–28 in) on the Murman Coast, and 500–600 millimeters (20–24 in) in other areas. [ 7 ] The wettest months are August through October, while March and April are the driest. [ 7 ] The average temperature in January is about −10 °C (14 °F), with lower temperatures typical in the central parts of the peninsula. [ 3 ] The average temperature in July is about +11 °C (52 °F). [ 3 ] Record lows reach −50 °C (−58 °F) in the central parts and −35 to −40 °C (−31 to −40 °F) on the coasts. [ 7 ] Record highs exceed +30 °C (86 °F) almost on all the territory of the peninsula. [ 7 ] First frosts occur as early as August and may last through May and even June. [ 7 ] Most areas of the Kola Peninsula are subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ). The nearby islands usually belong to tundra ( Köppen climate classification : ET ). Climate data for Murmansk (Climate ID:22113) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 7.0 (44.6) 6.6 (43.9) 9.0 (48.2) 17.6 (63.7) 29.4 (84.9) 30.8 (87.4) 32.9 (91.2) 30.2 (86.4) 24.2 (75.6) 15.0 (59.0) 9.6 (49.3) 7.2 (45.0) 32.9 (91.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7 (19) −6.7 (19.9) −2.4 (27.7) 2.6 (36.7) 7.6 (45.7) 13.6 (56.5) 17.3 (63.1) 14.9 (58.8) 10.0 (50.0) 3.6 (38.5) −2.4 (27.7) −5.3 (22.5) 3.8 (38.8) Daily mean °C (°F) −10.1 (13.8) −9.7 (14.5) −5.5 (22.1) −0.7 (30.7) 4.0 (39.2) 9.2 (48.6) 12.8 (55.0) 11.1 (52.0) 7.0 (44.6) 1.5 (34.7) −4.8 (23.4) −8.2 (17.2) 0.6 (33.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.2 (8.2) −12.8 (9.0) −8.6 (16.5) −3.8 (25.2) 1.1 (34.0) 5.7 (42.3) 9.2 (48.6) 8.0 (46.4) 4.5 (40.1) −0.4 (31.3) −7.1 (19.2) −11.2 (11.8) −2.4 (27.7) Record low °C (°F) −39.4 (−38.9) −38.6 (−37.5) −32.6 (−26.7) −21.7 (−7.1) −10.4 (13.3) −2.5 (27.5) 1.7 (35.1) −2 (28) −5.4 (22.3) −21.2 (−6.2) −30.5 (−22.9) −35 (−31) −39.4 (−38.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 30 (1.2) 22 (0.9) 23 (0.9) 24 (0.9) 36 (1.4) 53 (2.1) 70 (2.8) 61 (2.4) 52 (2.0) 51 (2.0) 38 (1.5) 34 (1.3) 494 (19.4) Source: Roshydromet [ 9 ] Climate data for Sosnovets Island (Climate ID:22355) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 5.2 (41.4) 4.4 (39.9) 5.1 (41.2) 11.2 (52.2) 20.0 (68.0) 22.0 (71.6) 26.5 (79.7) 26.7 (80.1) 17.8 (64.0) 15.5 (59.9) 9.1 (48.4) 7.4 (45.3) 26.7 (80.1) Daily mean °C (°F) −9.0 (15.8) −9.4 (15.1) −6.3 (20.7) −3.2 (26.2) 1.1 (34.0) 5.4 (41.7) 8.8 (47.8) 9.1 (48.4) 7.0 (44.6) 2.7 (36.9) −2.5 (27.5) −5.9 (21.4) −0.2 (31.7) Record low °C (°F) −33.1 (−27.6) −33.2 (−27.8) −35.3 (−31.5) −24.1 (−11.4) −14.9 (5.2) −6 (21) −1.5 (29.3) −1.3 (29.7) −6 (21) −13.7 (7.3) −22.5 (−8.5) −31.1 (−24.0) −35.3 (−31.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 19 (0.7) 16 (0.6) 20 (0.8) 19 (0.7) 33 (1.3) 43 (1.7) 45 (1.8) 49 (1.9) 42 (1.7) 45 (1.8) 27 (1.1) 25 (1.0) 383 (15.1) [ citation needed ] Flora and fauna The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north. [ 3 ] In the tundra, cold and windy conditions and permafrost limit the growth of the trees, resulting in a landscape dominated by grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs such as dwarf birch and cloudberry . [ 10 ] In northern coastal areas, stony and shrub lichens are common. [ 10 ] The taiga in the southern areas is composed mostly of pine trees and spruces . [ 3 ] Reindeer herds visit the grasslands in summer. [ 10 ] Other animals include red and Arctic foxes , wolverines , moose , [ 10 ] otters , and lynx in the southern areas. [ 11 ] American minks , which were released near the Olenitsa River in 1935–1936, are now common throughout the peninsula and are commercially hunted. [ 11 ] Beavers , which became endangered by 1880, were re-introduced in 1934–1957. [ 11 ] All in all, thirty-two species of mammals and up to two hundred bird species inhabit the peninsula. [ 11 ] Beluga whales are the only cetacean being common around the peninsula. [ citation needed ] Other dolphins, including Atlantic white-sided dolphins , [ citation needed ] white-beaked dolphins , [ citation needed ] and harbor porpoises , [ 12 ] as well as large whales, such as bowhead , humpback , blue , and finback , also visit the area. [ citation needed ] The coasts of the Kandalaksha Gulf and the Barents Sea are important breeding grounds for bearded seals and ringed seals . [ citation needed ] The Barents Sea is one of the only places the rare Gray seals can be found. [ 13 ] Greenland seals, or harp seals , also can be seen from time to time. [ 14 ] Twenty-nine species of fresh water fish are recognized on the territory of peninsula, including trout , stickleback , northern pike , and European perch . [ 11 ] The rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon , which return from Greenland and the Faroe Islands to spawn in fresh water. As a result of this, a recreational fishery has been developed, with a number of remote lodges and camps available to host sport-fishermen. [ 15 ] The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve , established in 1932 to protect the population of common eider , [ 16 ] is organized in thirteen clusters located in the Kandalaksha Gulf of the Kola Peninsula and along the coasts of the Barents Sea. [ 17 ] Hydrology The Kola Peninsula has many small but fast-moving rivers with rapids. [ 7 ] The most important of them are the Ponoy , the Varzuga , the Umba , the Teriberka , the Voronya , and the Yokanga . [ 3 ] Most rivers originate from lakes and swamps and collect their waters from melting snow. [ 7 ] The rivers become icebound during the winter, although the areas with strong rapids freeze later or not at all. [ 7 ] Major lakes include Imandra , Umbozero , and Lovozero . [ 3 ] There are no lakes with an area smaller than 0.01 square kilometers (0.0039 sq mi). [ 7 ] Recreational fishery is developed in the region. [ 15 ] Ecology The Kola Peninsula as a whole suffered major ecological damage, mostly as a result of pollution from the military (particularly naval) production, industrial mining of apatite , and military nuclear waste. [ 10 ] About 137 active and 140 decommissioned or idle naval nuclear reactors, produced by the Soviet military, remain on the peninsula. [ 18 ] For thirty years, nuclear waste had been dumped into the sea by the Northern Fleet and Murmansk Shipping Company . [ 18 ] There is also evidence of contamination from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , with contaminants being found in the flesh of reindeer and other animals, [ 10 ] and from the 1972 and 1984 controlled nuclear explosions 21 kilometers (13 mi) northwest of Kirovsk . [ 19 ] Additionally, several nuclear weapons test ranges and radioactive waste storage facilities exist on the peninsula. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The main industrial pollution source is Norilsk Nickel in Monchegorsk —the large smelters responsible for over 80% of the sulfur dioxide emissions and for nearly all nickel and copper emissions. [ 22 ] Since 1998, SO 2 emissions in the area have dropped by almost 60%, from 88.3 thousand tonnes to 37.3 thousand tonnes in 2016, according to Norilsk Nickel. [ 23 ] Based on its new ‘Sulphur programme 2.0', Norilsk Nickel has set itself staged targets in cutting down sulphur dioxide emissions, which can have negative health and environmental effects. The ultimate aim is a 95% reduction (compared to 2015) in SO2 by 2030 for its Polar Division on the Taimyr peninsula, which includes its Nadezhda smelter and Copper plant, partly through a SO2 capture solution. [ 24 ] Other polluters of note include the thermal power stations in Apatity and Murmansk . [ 19 ] History Early history The Rybachy Peninsula in the north of the Kola Peninsula was already settled in the 7th – 5th millennium BCE . [ 25 ] In the 3rd – 2nd millennium BCE , the peninsula was settled by the peoples who arrived there from the south (the territory of modern Karelia ). [ 25 ] Bolshoy Oleny Island in the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea is the location of an important Bronze Age archaeological site where ancient DNA has been recovered. [ 26 ] By the end of the 1st millennium CE , the peninsula was settled only by the Sámi people , who did not have their own state, lived in clans ruled by elders , [ 27 ] and were engaged mostly in reindeer herding and fishing. [ 28 ] In the 12th century, Russian Pomors from the shores of the Onega Bay and in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina discovered the peninsula and its game and fish riches. [ 27 ] The Pomors organized regular hunting and fishing visits and started barter trade with the Sámi. [ 27 ] They also called the White Sea coast of the peninsula Tersky Coast ( Те́рский бе́рег ) or Terskaya Land ( Те́рская земля́ ). [ 27 ] By the end of the 12th century, the Pomors explored all of the northern coast of the peninsula and reached Finnmark (an area in the north of Norway ), necessitating the Norwegians to support a naval guard in that area. [ 27 ] The name given by the Pomors to the northern coast was Murman —a distorted form of Norman meaning "Norwegian". [ 27 ] Novgorod Republic Pomors were soon followed by tribute collectors from the Russian city-state of Novgorod , and the Kola Peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands. [ 27 ] A 1265 treaty of Yaroslav Yaroslavich with Novgorod mentions Tre Volost ( волость Тре ), which is later also mentioned in other documents dated as late as 1471. [ 27 ] In addition to Tre, Novgorodian documents of the 13th–15th centuries also mention Kolo Volost , which bordered Tre approximately along the line between Kildin Island and Turiy Headland of the Turiy Peninsula . [ 27 ] Kolo Volost lay to the west of that line, while Tre was situated to the east of it. [ 27 ] By the 13th century, a need to formalize the border between the Novgorod Republic and the Scandinavian countries became evident. [ 29 ] The Novgorodians, along with the Karelians who came from the south, reached the coast of what now is Pechengsky District and the portion of the coast of Varangerfjord near the Jacob's River , which now is a part of Norway. [ 29 ] The Sámi population was forced to pay tribute. [ 29 ] The Norwegians were also attempting to take control of these lands, resulting in armed conflicts. [ 29 ] In 1251, a conflict between the Karelians, Novgorodians and the servants of the king of Norway led to the establishment of a Novgorodian mission in Norway. [ 29 ] Also in 1251, the first treaty with Norway was signed in Novgorod regarding the Sámi lands and the system of tribute collections, making the Sámi people pay tribute to both Novgorod and Norway. [ 29 ] By the terms of the treaty, Novgorodians could collect tribute from the Sámi as far as the Lyngen fjord in the west, while Norwegians could collect tribute on the territory of the whole Kola Peninsula except in the eastern part of Tersky Coast. [ 29 ] No state borders were established by the 1251 treaty. [ 29 ] The treaty led to a short period of peace, but the armed conflicts resumed soon thereafter. [ 29 ] Chronicles document attacks by the Novgorodians and the Karelians on Finnmark and northern Norway as early as 1271, and continuing well into the 14th century. [ 29 ] The official border between the Novgorod lands and the lands of Sweden and Norway was established by the Treaty of Nöteborg on August 12, 1323. [ 29 ] The treaty primarily focused on the Karelian Isthmus border and the border north of Lake Ladoga . [ 29 ] Another treaty dealing the matters of the northern borders was the Treaty of Novgorod signed with Norway in 1326, which ended the decades of the Norwegian-Novgorodian border skirmishes in Finnmark. [ 30 ] Per the terms of this treaty, Norway relinquished all claims to the Kola Peninsula. [ 30 ] The treaty did not address the situation with the Sámi people paying tribute to both Norway and Novgorod, and the practice continued until 1602. [ 30 ] While the 1326 treaty did not define the border in detail, it confirmed the 1323 border demarcation, which remained more or less unchanged for the next six hundred years, until 1920. [ 30 ] In the 15th century, the Novgorodians started to establish permanent settlements on the peninsula. [ 30 ] Umba and Varzuga , the first documented permanent settlements of the Novgorodians, date back to 1466. [ 30 ] Over time, all coastal areas to the west of the Pyalitsa River had been settled, creating a territory where the population was mostly Novgorodian. [ 30 ] Administratively, this territory was divided into Varzuzhskaya and Umbskaya Volosts , which were governed by a posadnik (mayor) from the area of the Northern Dvina . [ 30 ] The Novgorod Republic lost control of both of these volosts to the Grand Principality of Moscow after the Battle of Shelon in 1471, [ 30 ] and the republic itself was formally annexed in 1478 when Ivan III established direct control of the city of Novgorod. All Novgorod territories, including those on the Kola Peninsula, became a part of the Grand Principality of Moscow. [ 30 ] The Novgorod Republic lost control of the peninsula to Moscow, but the Russian migration did not stop. Several new settlements were established during the 16th century, and the Sámi and Pomor people were forced into serfdom . In the second half of the 16th century, the peninsula became a subject of dispute between the Tsardom of Russia and the Kingdom of Denmark–Norway , which resulted in the strengthening of the Russian position. By the end of the 19th century, the indigenous Sámi population had been mostly forced north by the Russians as well as by newly arriving Izhma Komi and Kominized Nenets (so-called Yaran people ), who migrated here to escape a reindeer disease epidemic in their home lands in the southeast of the White Sea. The original administrative and economic center of the area was Kola , situated at the estuary of the Kola River into the Kola Bay . In 1916, Romanov-na-Murmane (now Murmansk) was founded and quickly became the largest city and port on the peninsula. Russian settlement Russian migration to the peninsula continued into the 16th century, when new settlements such as Kandalaksha and Porya-Guba were established. [ 30 ] Kola was first mentioned in 1565. [ 30 ] In the end of the 15th century, the Pomors and the Sámi people were forced into serfdom , mostly by the monasteries. [ 25 ] Monastery votchiny greatly expanded during the 17th century, but were abolished in 1764, when all of the Kola Peninsula peasants became state peasants . [ 25 ] In the second half of the 16th century, King Frederick II of Denmark–Norway demanded that the Tsardom of Russia cede the peninsula. [ 30 ] Russia declined, and in order to organize adequate defenses established the position of a voyevoda . [ 31 ] The voyevoda sat in Kola, which became the administrative center of the region. [ 31 ] Prior to that, the administrative duties were performed by the tax collectors from Kandalaksha. [ 31 ] Newly established Kolsky Uyezd covered most of the territory of the peninsula (with the exception of Varzuzhskaya and Umbskaya Volosts, which were a part of Dvinsky Uyezd ), as well as the northern part of Karelia all the way to Lendery . [ 31 ] Despite the economic activity, permanent settlement of the peninsula did not intensify until the 1860s, and even then it remained sporadic until 1917. [ 28 ] The population of Kola in 1880, for example, was only around 500 inhabitants living in 80 households, compared to 1,900 inhabitants in 300 households living there in 1582. [ 8 ] Transportation facilities were virtually non-existent and communication with the rest of Russia was irregular. [ 8 ] 1887 saw an influx of Izhma Komi and Nenets people who were migrating to the peninsula to escape a reindeer-disease epidemic in their homelands and brought their large deer herds with them, resulting in increased competition for the grazing lands, a conflict between the Komi and the Sámi, and in marginalization of the local Sámi population. [ 32 ] By the end of the 19th century, the Sámi population had mostly been forced north, with ethnic Russians settling in the south of the peninsula. [ 32 ] In 1894, the peninsula was visited by the Russian minister of finance, Sergei Witte , who became convinced of the region's economic potential. [ 8 ] Consequently, in 1896 telephone and a telegraph communications were extended to Kola, improving links with the mainland. [ 8 ] The possibility of building a railway was also considered, but no action was taken at the time. [ 8 ] Also in 1896, Alexandrovsk (now Polyarny ) was founded, and grew in size so rapidly that it was granted town status in 1899; Kolsky Uyezd was renamed Alexandrovsky on that occasion. [ 33 ] During World War I (1914-1918), the still poorly developed peninsula suddenly found itself in a strategic position, as communication between Russia and the Allies via the Baltic and Black Sea was cut. Britain helped in the development of the ice-free harbors of the Murman Coast as the only practical means of sending Allied war supplies to the Eastern Front . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] In March 1915, the construction of the railroad was rushed, and the railroad was quickly opened in 1916, even though it was only partially completed and poorly built. [ 8 ] In 1916, Romanov-na-Murmane (Romanov on the Murman: modern Murmansk ) was founded [ 33 ] as the terminal point of the new railroad; [ 8 ] the town quickly grew to become the largest one on the peninsula. Soviet and modern periods Soviet power was established on the territory of the peninsula on November 9 [ O.S. October 26], 1917, but the territory was occupied by the forces of Russia's pre-war allies in March 1918–March 1920. [ 35 ] Alexandrovsky Uyezd was transformed into Murmansk Governorate by the Soviet government in June 1921. [ 36 ] On August 1, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) issued two Resolutions: "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast", according to which Murmansk Governorate was transformed into Murmansk Okrug (which was divided into six districts) and included into Leningrad Oblast . [ 36 ] This arrangement existed until May 28, 1938, when the okrug was separated from Leningrad Oblast, merged with Kandalakshsky District of the Karelian ASSR , and transformed into modern Murmansk Oblast . [ 37 ] All in all, the Soviet period saw a significant increase in population (from 15,000 in 1913 to 1,150,000 in 1989), although most of the population remained concentrated in the urban localities along the railroads and the sea coast. [ 28 ] Most of the sparsely populated territories outside the urbanized areas were used for deer herding. This region is also home to the Kola Superdeep Borehole . [ 28 ] In 1920–1940, the town of Kirovsk and several work settlements were established on the peninsula. [ 35 ] The Sámi peoples were subject to forced collectivization , with more than half of their reindeer herds collectivized in 1928–1930. [ 32 ] In addition, the traditional Sámi herding practices were phased out in favor of the more economically profitable Komi approach, which emphasized permanent settlements over free herding. [ 32 ] Since the Sámi culture is strongly tied to the herding practices, this resulted in the Sámi people gradually losing their language and traditional herding knowledge. [ 32 ] Most Sámi were forced to settle in the village of Lovozero , which became the cultural center of the Sámi people in Russia. [ 32 ] Those Sámi resisting the collectivization were subject to forced labor or death. [ 32 ] Various forms of repression against the Sámi continued until Stalin 's death in 1953. [ 32 ] In the 1990s, 40% of the Sámi lived in urbanized areas, [ 32 ] although some herd reindeer across much of the region. The Sámi were not the only people subject to repressions. Thousands of people were sent to Kola between the 1930s and 1950s; in 2007, over 2,000 people (descendants of those forcibly sent there) still live on the peninsula. [ 38 ] A significant portion of the people deported to Kola were peasants from southern Russia subjected to dekulakization . [ 39 ] Prisoner labor was often used when building new factories [ 40 ] and for manning those which were operational: in 1940, for example, the whole Severonikel Metallurgy Mining Complex was turned over to the NKVD system. [ 41 ] Demography Until the 1800s, the Kola Peninsula was extremely sparsely populated, with only 5,200 inhabitants in 1858. In 1868 the Russian government created incentives for settlement and not only Russians but also Finns , Norwegians and Karelians moved to the peninsula. By the 1897 census 9,291 people were counted in the Kola uyezd ; 63% Russian, 19% Sámi, 11% Finnish and 3% Karelian. [ 42 ] By 1913 about 13,000–15,000 people lived in the peninsula, mostly along the shores. [ 28 ] [ 43 ] However, the discovery of the vast natural resource deposits and industrialization efforts led to an explosive population growth during the Soviet times. [ 43 ] By 1970, the population of the peninsula was around 799,000. [ 28 ] The trend reverted in the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . [ 40 ] The population of the whole Murmansk Oblast went down from 1,150,000 in 1989 [ 44 ] to 890,000 in 2002 [ 45 ] to 795,000 in 2010. [ 46 ] As of the 2010 Census, the population consisted mostly of Russians (89.0%), Ukrainians (4.8%), and Belarusians (1.7%). [ 46 ] Other groups of note include Komi (~1,600 inhabitants), Sámi (~1,600), and Karelians (~1,400). [ 46 ] The indigenous Sámi people are mostly concentrated in Lovozersky District . [ 19 ] Economy Historical background During the 15th–16th centuries, the main occupations of the Tersky Coast population were Atlantic salmon fishing, seal hunting, and the extraction of salt from the sea water. [ 25 ] The salt extraction in Kandalaksha and Kola was mostly carried out by the monasteries in Pechenga and Solovki , and for a long time remained the only "industry" on the peninsula. [ 47 ] By the mid-16th century, Atlantic cod fishing developed on the Murman Coast in the north. [ 25 ] The 1560s saw a rapid growth of international trade, with the Russian merchants from different regions of the country arriving to the peninsula to trade with the merchants from Western Europe. [ 25 ] In 1585 the trade was moved to Archangel , although the settlement of Kola was still permitted to trade locally produced goods. [ 25 ] During the 17th century, the salt extraction activities gradually went into decline as the locally produced salt was uncompetitive with cheap salt produced in the Kama River regions. [ 25 ] Extensive poaching also led to the significantly reduced outputs from pearl hunting . [ 25 ] Commercial deer herding became more popular, although its share in the economy remained negligible until the 19th century. [ 25 ] By the end of the 17th century, the practice of seasonal fishing and hunting settlements in the north of the peninsula became very common. [ 28 ] Peter the Great , recognizing the political and economical importance of the peninsula, promoted its industries and commerce. The region fell into neglect after St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 and most of the shipping trade shifted there. [ 8 ] In 1732, large deposits of silver in native form were discovered on Medvezhy Island in the Kandalaksha Gulf and copper, silver, and gold deposits were found in the lower reaches of the Ponoy River. [ 47 ] Despite the efforts ongoing for the next two centuries, there was no commercial success. [ 47 ] At the end of the 18th century, the local population learned the practice of peat production from the Norwegians and started using peat for heating. [ 47 ] Timber cutting industry developed in the region at the end of the 19th century; mostly in Kovda and Umba. [ 25 ] The Soviet era saw drastic industrialization and militarization of the peninsula. In 1925–1926, significant deposits of apatite were discovered in the Khibiny Mountains, [ 47 ] and the first apatite batch was shipped only a few years later, in 1929. [ 47 ] In 1930, sulfide deposits were discovered in the Moncha area ; in 1932–1933 iron ore deposits were found near the upper streams of the Iona River ; in 1935, significant deposits of titanium ores were discovered in the area of modern Afrikanda . [ 47 ] The collectivization efforts in the 1930s led to the concentration of the reindeer herds in kolkhozes (collective farms), which in turn were further consolidated into a few large-scale state farms in the late 1950s–early 1970s. [ 48 ] By the mid-1970s, the state farms were further consolidated into just two, based in Lovozero and Krasnoshchelye . [ 48 ] The consolidations were rationalized by the necessity to isolate the herders from the military installations, as well as by the need to flood some territories to construct hydroelectric plants . [ 48 ] Fishing, being the traditional industry of the region, was always considered important although the volumes of production remained insignificant until the beginning of the 20th century. [ 49 ] In the 1920s–1930s, the Murmansk Trawl Fleet was created and the fishing infrastructure started to develop intensively. [ 49 ] By 1940, fishing accounted for 40% of the oblast's and for 80% of Murmansk's economy. [ 49 ] During the Cold War , the peninsula served as the naval basing area for a large portion of the Soviet naval and air strategic forces, providing protection from and posing a threat to northern Norway. [ 50 ] Also the ELF-transmitter ZEVS of the Russian Navy is situated there. [ citation needed ] Border tensions between Norway and the Soviets were dramatized in the premiere of The Sandbaggers . [ 51 ] Norwegian concerns about Russian troops in the Kola peninsula persisted into the 1990s, after the fall of the Iron Curtain. [ 52 ] Modern economy After the economic slump of the 1990s, the economy of the oblast started to rebound during the first decade of the 2000s, although at a rate below the country's average. [ 19 ] Today the Kola Peninsula is the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia. [ 22 ] The major port of the peninsula is Murmansk , which serves as the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast [ 53 ] and does not freeze in winter. [ 3 ] Although the strategic importance of the Kola Peninsula has diminished since the Cold War , [ 50 ] the peninsula nevertheless still has the highest concentration of nuclear weapons, reactors, and facilities in Russia, with the number of nuclear reactors alone exceeding any other region of the world. [ 18 ] Mining is the basis of the oblast's economy, and mining enterprises remain the principal employers in such monotowns as Apatity , Kirovsk , Zapolyarny , Nikel , and Monchegorsk . [ 54 ] The Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company, a division of Norilsk Nickel , conducts nickel -, copper -, and platinum-group-metals -mining operations on the peninsula. [ 55 ] Other large mining companies include OAO Apatit , which is the largest producer of phosphates in Europe; OAO Olcon , one of the leading producers of iron ore concentrates in Russia; and OAO Kovdorsky GOK , an ore-mining and processing enterprise. [ 54 ] The fishing industry, although still operating significantly below the Soviet level of production, [ 19 ] remains profitable, supplying 20% of Russia's fish in 2006 [ 49 ] and with the volume steadily growing in 2007–2010. [ 56 ] Murmansk is a key base for three fishing fleets, including Russia's largest, the Murmansk Trawl Fleet. [ 50 ] Fish breeding, especially of salmon and trout, is a growing industry. [ 50 ] The energy sector is represented by the Kola Nuclear Power Plant near Polyarnye Zori , which produces about half of all energy, and a network of seventeen hydroelectric and two thermal power stations , generating the other half. [ 57 ] The energy surplus, accounting for about 20% of the total generated energy, [ 58 ] is transferred to the unified energy system of Russia , as well as exported to Norway and Finland via the NORDEL system. [ 57 ] With the economy of the oblast being mostly export-oriented, transportation plays an important role and accounts for 11% of the Gross Regional Product . [ 59 ] On the Kola Peninsula, the transportation network includes ship transport , air transport , automotive transport, electrified public transport, and access to the railways mostly passing through the rest of Murmansk Oblast. [ 59 ] The city of Murmansk is an important port on the Northern Sea Route . [ 59 ] The largest airports are the Murmansk Airport , which handles international flights to Scandinavian countries, and the joint military-civilian Kirovsk-Apatity Airport [ 59 ] located 15 kilometers (9 mi) southeast of Apatity. See also Kola Superdeep Borehole Lake Kildinskoye Lake Semyonovskoye Sápmi References ^ 2021 Census of Russian Federation. ^ a b c 1971 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , p. I ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Great Soviet Encyclopedia . Кольский полуостров Archived June 22, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) ^ See, for example, Bartold, p. 14 ^ Физико-географическая статистика России (Physical and geographical statistics of Russia) - Yudychvumchorr ^ 2007 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , pp. 6–7 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 1971 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , p. II. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Field ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Climate of Murmansk" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on January 12, 2019 . Retrieved November 3, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Kola Peninsula tundra" . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile . National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. ^ a b c d e 1971 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , p. III ^ ASCOBANS. 8th Advisory Committee Meeting. Report of the Nordic sub-Group on Research Priorities for ASCOBANS, Charlottenlund Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . February 14, 2001. ^ "Seals" . Scottish Natural Heritage . Archived from the original on May 1, 2019 . Retrieved May 1, 2019 . ^ "Harp seals harping on in Greenland" . oceanwide-expeditions.com . Archived from the original on May 1, 2019 . Retrieved May 1, 2019 . ^ a b Richmond, p. 365 ^ Official website of the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. Overview Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Tersky District , p. 16 ^ a b c Avenhaus et al, p. 247 ^ a b c d e Ministry of Economic Development of Murmansk Oblast. «Стратегия социально-экономического развития Мурманской области до 2020 года и на период до 2025 года» Archived August 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ( Socioeconomic Development Strategy of Murmansk Oblast Until 2020 and for the Period Until 2025 ) (in Russian) ^ "Nuclear waste removal starts in Andreeva Bay" . The Barents Observer . May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ "Russia's Last Cold War-Era Reactor Lifted Onshore in the Arctic" . The Moscow Times . August 20, 2019. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ a b Rigina, p. 73. ^ "Strategy" . Nornickel . Archived from the original on March 5, 2018 . Retrieved March 5, 2018 . ^ "Nornickel to clean up its act" . www.miningmagazine.com . November 18, 2019. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 1971 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , p. V ^ V.I. Khartanovich, V.G. Moiseev. Paleoanthropology and paleogenetics: MAE RAS collections research finding and further study potential Archived March 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine . Report to the International Scientific Conference "Archeology of the Arctic". YANAO Scientific Research Center of the Arctic. November 19–23, 2017. Salekhard. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast , p. 16 ^ a b c d e f g 1971 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , p. IV ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast , p. 17 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast , p. 18 ^ a b c d Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast , p. 19 ^ a b c d e f g h i Robinson & Kassam, pp. 92–93 ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast , p. 24 ^ Wright, Damien (July 27, 2017). Churchill's Secret War With Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20 . Solihull: Helion and Company. p. 22. ISBN 9781913118112 . Retrieved July 15, 2024 . Murmansk was little more than a frontier town in 1918. The port had been founded at the request of the British government in September 1915 to receive Allied arms and supplies to support Russia's war against the Central Powers on the Eastern Front. The town was constructed with British financial and technical assistance on the site of an existing fishing village [...]. [...] At Murmansk, in 1916 alone over 600 ships landed more than one million tonnes of coal and over one and a half million tonnes of war supplies at Murmansk harbour but in the process lost 36 ships to U-boat attack. Nearly five million tonnes of war supplies were delivered to Russia by the Arctic convoys in the First World War, one million tonnes more than in 1939–45. ^ a b 1971 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast , p. VI ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast , p. 28 ^ Decree of May 28, 1938 ^ RIA Novosti . A Monument to the Victims of Political Repressions Is Planned to Open in Murmansk by October 30 Archived April 17, 2013, at archive.today . September 26, 2007 (in Russian) ^ Kola Encyclopedia . Kola Krai in 1920–1939 Archived November 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) ^ a b Richmond, p. 354 ^ Ivanova, p. 83 ^ Horváth, Casba. "Ethnogeographic metamorphosis of East Karelia during the 20th century CSABA HORVÁTH" (PDF) . International Relations Quarterly . 1 (3). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2019 . Retrieved March 5, 2019 . ^ a b Kozlov et al., p. 50 ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly . ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . ^ a b c d e f g Natural Resources of the Kola Peninsula , pp. 14–16 ^ a b c Costlow & Nelson, p. 125 ^ a b c d Kola Encyclopedia . Fishing Industry Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) ^ a b c d GlobalSecurity.org. Murmansk Oblast Archived September 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Sandbaggers Set 1 - IGN" . August 22, 2002. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021 . Retrieved December 19, 2020 – via www.ign.com. ^ "The Last Front of the Cold War - 93.11" . www.theatlantic.com . Archived from the original on February 12, 2021 . Retrieved December 19, 2020 . ^ Charter of Murmansk Oblast, Article 8.1. ^ a b Kola Encyclopedia . Mining Industry Archived April 16, 2013, at archive.today (in Russian) . ^ Official website of Norilsk Nickel . About Norilsk Nickel Archived January 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Ministry of Economic Development of Murmansk Oblast. Fishing industry of Murmansk Oblast Archived August 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) . ^ a b Kola Encyclopedia . Energy Sector Archived April 17, 2013, at archive.today (in Russian) . ^ Kola Encyclopedia . Overview of the Economy Archived November 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) . ^ a b c d Kola Encyclopedia . Transportation, Communications, Trade, Customs Archived November 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) . Sources Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации. Федеральное агенство геодезии и картографии (2007). Мурманская область. Атлас . Санкт-Петербург: ФГУП "Геодезия". Главное управление геодезии и картографии при Совете Министров СССР. Научно-исследовательский географо-экономический институт Ленинградского государственного университета имени А. А. Жданова (1971). Атлас Мурманской области . Москва. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Бартольд Е. Ф. (1935). По Карелии и Кольскому полуострову . ОГИЗ/Физкультура и туризм. Wm. O. Field, Jr. The Kola Peninsula. Gibraltar of the Western Arctic . The American Quarterly on the Soviet Union . July 1938. Vol. I, No. 2. Жиров Д. В., Пожиленко В. И., Белкина О. А. и др. (2006). Терский район (2-е, испр. и доп. ed.). Ника. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) Simon Richmond (2006). Russia & Belarus . Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741042917 . Archived from the original on January 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 21, 2010 . Rudolf Avenhaus; et al. (2002). Containing the Atom . Oxford: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739103876 . Retrieved January 20, 2010 . Olga Rigina. GIS Analysis of Surface Water Chemistry Susceptibility and Response to Industrial Air Pollution in the Kola Peninsula, Northern Russia . Published in Biogeochemical Investigations at the Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales , Springer 1998. Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920–1993 гг.). Справочник . Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север". Michael P. Robinson; Karim-Aly S. Kassam (1998). Sami potatoes: living with reindeer and perestroika . Calgary: Bayeux Arts. ISBN 9781896209111 . Archived from the original on January 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 20, 2010 . Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 28 мая 1938 г. «Об образовании Мурманской области». Опубликован: "Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР", №7, 1938. ( Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Decree of May 28, 1938 On Establishing Murmansk Oblast . ). Galina Ivanova (2000). Donald J. Raleigh (ed.). Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System . M. E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 9780765639400 . Archived from the original on January 13, 2023 . Retrieved September 24, 2012 . Mikhail Kozlov; et al. (2009). Impacts of Point Polluters on Terrestrial Biota: Comparative Analysis of 18 Contaminated Areas . Springer. ISBN 9789048124671 . Archived from the original on January 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 21, 2010 . А. Е. Ферсман (1941). Полезные ископаемые Кольского полуострова . Москва, Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. Jane Costlow; Amy Nelson (2010). Other Animals: Beyond the Human in Russian Culture and History . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822960638 . Archived from the original on January 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 20, 2010 . Мурманская областная Дума. Закон от 26 ноября 1997 г. «Устав Мурманской области», в ред. Закона №1448-01-ЗМО от 27 декабря 2011 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 58 Устава Мурманской области». Вступил в силу на двенадцатый день со дня официального опубликования в газете "Мурманский Вестник". Опубликован: "Мурманский Вестник", №235, стр. 6–7, 6 декабря 1997 г. (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law of November 26, 1997 Charter of Murmansk Oblast , as amended by the Law #1448-01-ZMO of December 27, 2011 On Amending Article 58 of the Charter of Murmansk Oblast . Effective as of the day twelve days after the official publication in the Murmansky Vestnik newspaper.). External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Kola Peninsula at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National United States Czech Republic Latvia Israel United States Czech Republic Latvia Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Peninsulas of Europe Peninsulas of Murmansk Oblast Sápmi Fennoscandia Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Good articles Articles containing Russian-language text Articles containing Kildin Sami-language text Articles containing Norwegian-language text Articles containing Finnish-language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata Use mdy dates from September 2013 This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 07:12 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Peninsula
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Recording sessions Toggle Recording sessions subsection 1.1 Political and personal background 1.2 Recording in New York 1.3 Traveling to England 1.4 Returning to New York 1.1 Political and personal background 1.2 Recording in New York 1.3 Traveling to England 1.4 Returning to New York 2 Songs and themes Toggle Songs and themes subsection 2.1 Side one 2.1.1 "Blowin' in the Wind" 2.1.2 "Girl from the North Country" 2.1.3 "Masters of War" 2.1.4 "Down the Highway" 2.1.5 "Bob Dylan's Blues" 2.1.6 "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" 2.2 Side two 2.2.1 "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" 2.2.2 "Bob Dylan's Dream" 2.2.3 "Oxford Town" 2.2.4 "Talkin' World War III Blues" 2.2.5 "Corrina, Corrina" 2.2.6 "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance" 2.2.7 "I Shall Be Free" 2.1 Side one 2.1.1 "Blowin' in the Wind" 2.1.2 "Girl from the North Country" 2.1.3 "Masters of War" 2.1.4 "Down the Highway" 2.1.5 "Bob Dylan's Blues" 2.1.6 "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" 2.1.1 "Blowin' in the Wind" 2.1.2 "Girl from the North Country" 2.1.3 "Masters of War" 2.1.4 "Down the Highway" 2.1.5 "Bob Dylan's Blues" 2.1.6 "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" 2.2 Side two 2.2.1 "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" 2.2.2 "Bob Dylan's Dream" 2.2.3 "Oxford Town" 2.2.4 "Talkin' World War III Blues" 2.2.5 "Corrina, Corrina" 2.2.6 "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance" 2.2.7 "I Shall Be Free" 2.2.1 "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" 2.2.2 "Bob Dylan's Dream" 2.2.3 "Oxford Town" 2.2.4 "Talkin' World War III Blues" 2.2.5 "Corrina, Corrina" 2.2.6 "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance" 2.2.7 "I Shall Be Free" 3 Outtakes 4 Release 5 Artwork 6 In popular culture 7 Legacy 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Charts 11 Certifications 12 Notes 13 Footnotes 14 References The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan বাংলা Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan Studio album by Bob Dylan Released May 27, 1963 Recorded July 9, 1962 – April 24, 1963 Studio Columbia A (New York City) Genre Folk blues Folk blues Length 50 : 04 Label Columbia Producer John Hammond Tom Wilson John Hammond Tom Wilson Bob Dylan chronology Bob Dylan (1962) The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963) The Times They Are a-Changin' (1964) Bob Dylan (1962) The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963) The Times They Are a-Changin' (1964) Singles from The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan " Mixed-Up Confusion " / " Corrina, Corrina " Released: December 1962 " Blowin' in the Wind " / " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " Released: August 1963 " Mixed-Up Confusion " / " Corrina, Corrina " Released: December 1962 " Blowin' in the Wind " / " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " Released: August 1963 The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan is the second studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan . It was released on May 27, 1963, through Columbia Records . The record marks the beginning of Dylan's writing contemporary lyrics to traditional melodies. His debut album Bob Dylan contains only two original songs, whereas eleven of the thirteen songs on Freewheelin ' are Dylan's compositions. It opens with " Blowin' in the Wind ", which became an anthem of the 1960s, and an international hit for folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary soon after the release of the album. The album featured several other songs which came to be regarded as among Dylan's best compositions and classics of the 1960s folk scene: " Girl from the North Country ", " Masters of War ", " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " and " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right ". Dylan's lyrics embraced news stories drawn from headlines about the ongoing civil rights movement and he articulated anxieties about the fear of nuclear warfare . Balancing this political material were love songs, sometimes bitter and accusatory, and material that features surreal humor . Freewheelin ' showcased Dylan's songwriting talent for the first time, propelling him to national and international fame. The success of the album and Dylan's subsequent recognition led to his being named as "Spokesman of a Generation", a label Dylan repudiated. The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan reached number 22 in the US (eventually going platinum), and became a number-one album in the UK in 1965. In 2003, the album was ranked number 97 on Rolling Stone 's list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ". In 2002, Freewheelin ' was one of the first 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". On the album's cover Dylan and his girlfriend, Suze Rotolo , are pictured walking along Jones Street in Greenwich Village , New York City. Recording sessions Neither critics nor the public took much notice of Dylan's self-titled debut album, Bob Dylan , which sold only 5,000 copies in its first year, just enough to break even. In a pointed rebuke to John Hammond , who had signed Dylan to Columbia Records , some within the company referred to the singer as "Hammond's Folly" [ 1 ] and suggested dropping his contract. Hammond defended Dylan vigorously and was determined that Dylan's second album should be a success. [ 2 ] The recording of Freewheelin ' took place from April 1962 to April 1963, and the album was assembled from eight recording sessions at Columbia Records Studio A , located at 799 Seventh Avenue in New York City. [ 3 ] Political and personal background Many critics have noted the extraordinary development of Dylan's songwriting immediately after completing his first album. One of Dylan's biographers, Clinton Heylin , connects the sudden increase in lyrics written along topical and political lines to the fact that Dylan had moved into an apartment on West 4th Street with his girlfriend Suze Rotolo (1943–2011) in January 1962. [ 4 ] Rotolo's family had strong left-wing political commitments; both of her parents were members of the American Communist Party . [ 5 ] Dylan acknowledged her influence when he told an interviewer: "Suze was into this equality-freedom thing long before I was. I checked out the songs with her". [ 6 ] Dylan's relationship with Rotolo also provided an important emotional dynamic in the composition of the Freewheelin ' album. After six months of living with Dylan, Rotolo agreed to her mother's proposal that she travel to Italy to study art. [ 7 ] [ a 1 ] Dylan missed her and wrote long letters to her conveying his hope that she would return soon to New York. [ 8 ] She postponed her return several times, finally coming back in January 1963. Critics have connected the intense love songs expressing longing and loss on Freewheelin ' to Dylan's fraught relationship with Rotolo. [ 9 ] In her autobiography, Rotolo explains that musicians' girlfriends were routinely described as "chicks", and she resented being regarded as "a possession of Bob, who was the center of attention". [ 10 ] The speed and facility with which Dylan wrote topical songs attracted the attention of other musicians in the New York folk scene. In a radio interview on WBAI in June 1962, Pete Seeger described Dylan as "the most prolific songwriter on the scene" and then asked Dylan how many songs he had written recently. Dylan replied, "I might go for two weeks without writing these songs. I write a lot of stuff. In fact, I wrote five songs last night but I gave all the papers away in some place called the Bitter End ." [ 11 ] Dylan also expressed the impersonal idea that the songs were not his own creation. In an interview with Sing Out! magazine, Dylan said, "The songs are there. They exist all by themselves just waiting for someone to write them down. I just put them down on paper. If I didn't do it, somebody else would". [ 12 ] Recording in New York Dylan began work on his second album at Columbia's Studio A in New York on April 24, 1962. The album was provisionally entitled Bob Dylan's Blues , and as late as July 1962, this would remain the working title. [ 13 ] At this session, Dylan recorded four of his own compositions: "Sally Gal", " The Death of Emmett Till ", "Rambling, Gambling Willie", and " Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues ". He also recorded two traditional folk songs, "Going To New Orleans" and "Corrina, Corrina", and Hank Williams ' "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle". [ 14 ] Returning to Studio A the following day, Dylan recorded his new song about fallout shelters , " Let Me Die in My Footsteps ". Other original compositions followed: "Rocks and Gravel", "Talkin’ Hava Negeilah Blues", " Talkin' Bear Mountain Picnic Massacre Blues ", and two more takes of "Sally Gal". Dylan recorded cover versions of "Wichita", Big Joe Williams ' " Baby, Please Don't Go ", and Robert Johnson 's "Milk Cow's Calf's Blues". [ 14 ] Because Dylan's songwriting talent was developing so rapidly, nothing from the April sessions appeared on Freewheelin ' . [ 3 ] The recording sessions at Studio A resumed on July 9, when Dylan recorded " Blowin' in the Wind ", a song that he had first performed live at Gerde's Folk City on April 16. [ 15 ] Dylan also recorded "Bob Dylan's Blues", "Down the Highway", and "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance", all of which ended up on Freewheelin ' , plus one other original composition, "Baby, I'm in the Mood for You", which did not. [ 16 ] At this point, music manager Albert Grossman began to take an interest in Dylan's business affairs. Grossman persuaded Dylan to transfer the publishing rights of his songs from Duchess Music, whom he had signed a contract with in January 1962, to Witmark Music, a division of Warner's music publishing operation. Dylan signed a contract with Witmark on July 13, 1962. [ 17 ] Unknown to Dylan, Grossman had also negotiated a deal with Witmark. This gave Grossman fifty percent of Witmark's share of the publishing income generated by any songwriter Grossman had brought to the company. This "secret deal" resulted in a bitter legal battle between Dylan and Grossman in the 1980s. [ 18 ] Albert Grossman became Dylan's manager on August 20, 1962. [ 19 ] Since Dylan was under twenty-one when he had signed his contract with CBS, Grossman argued that the contract was invalid and had to be re-negotiated. Instead, Hammond responded by inviting Dylan to his office and persuading him to sign a "reaffirment"—agreeing to abide by the original contract. This effectively neutralized Grossman's strategy, and led to some animosity between Grossman and Hammond. [ 20 ] Grossman enjoyed a reputation in the folk scene of being commercially aggressive, generating more income and defending his clients' interests more fiercely than "the nicer, more amateurish managers in the Village". [ 21 ] Dylan critic Andy Gill has suggested that Grossman encouraged Dylan to become more reclusive and aloof, even paranoid. [ 22 ] On September 22, Dylan appeared for the first time at Carnegie Hall , part of an all-star hootenanny . On this occasion, he premiered his new composition " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall ", [ 23 ] a complex and powerful song built upon the question and answer refrain pattern of the traditional British ballad " Lord Randall ". "Hard Rain" would gain added resonance one month later, when President Kennedy appeared on national television on October 22, and announced the discovery of Soviet missiles on the island of Cuba, initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis . In the sleeve notes on the Freewheelin ' album, Nat Hentoff quotes Dylan as saying that he wrote "Hard Rain" in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis: "Every line in it is actually the start of a whole new song. But when I wrote it, I thought I wouldn't have enough time alive to write all those songs so I put all I could into this one". [ 24 ] In fact, Dylan had written the song more than a month before the crisis broke. Dylan resumed work on Freewheelin ' at Columbia's Studio A on October 26, when a major innovation took place—Dylan made his first studio recordings with a backing band. Accompanied by Dick Wellstood on piano, Howie Collins and Bruce Langhorne on guitar, Leonard Gaskin on bass, and Herb Lovelle on drums, Dylan recorded three songs. Several takes of Dylan's " Mixed-Up Confusion " and Arthur Crudup 's " That's All Right Mama " were deemed unusable, [ 25 ] but a master take of "Corrina, Corrina" was selected for the final album. An "alternate take" of "Corrina, Corrina" from the same session would also be selected for the B-side of "Mixed Up Confusion", Dylan's first electric single issued later in the year. At the next recording session on November 1, the band included Art Davis on bass, while jazz guitarist George Barnes replaced Howie Collins. "Mixed-Up Confusion" and "That's All Right Mama" were re-recorded, and again the results were deemed unsatisfactory. A take of the third song, "Rocks and Gravel", was selected for the album, but the track was subsequently dropped. [ 26 ] On November 14, Dylan resumed work with his backup band, this time with Gene Ramey on bass, devoting most of the session to recording "Mixed-Up Confusion". Although this track did not appear on Freewheelin ' , it was released as a single on December 14, 1962, and then swiftly withdrawn. [ 27 ] Unlike the other material which Dylan recorded between 1961 and 1964, "Mixed-Up Confusion" attempted a rockabilly sound. Cameron Crowe described it as "a fascinating look at a folk artist with his mind wandering towards Elvis Presley and Sun Records ". [ 28 ] Also recorded on November 14 was the new composition " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " (Clinton Heylin writes that, although the sleeve notes of Freewheelin ' describe this song as being accompanied by a backing band, no band is audible on the released version). [ 24 ] [ 29 ] Langhorne then accompanied Dylan on three more original compositions: " Ballad of Hollis Brown ", "Kingsport Town", and "Whatcha Gonna Do", but these performances were not included on Freewheelin ' . [ 26 ] Dylan held another session at Studio A on December 6. Five songs, all original compositions, were recorded, three of which were eventually included on The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan : "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall", "Oxford Town", and " I Shall Be Free ". Dylan also made another attempt at "Whatcha Gonna Do" and recorded a new song, "Hero Blues", but both songs were ultimately rejected and left unreleased. [ 26 ] Traveling to England Twelve days later, Dylan made his first trip abroad. British TV director Philip Saville had heard Dylan perform in Greenwich Village, and invited him to take part in a BBC television drama: Madhouse on Castle Street . Dylan arrived in London on December 17. In the play, Dylan performed "Blowin' in the Wind" and two other songs. [ 30 ] Dylan also immersed himself in the London folk scene, making contact with the Troubadour folk club organizer Anthea Joseph and folk singers Martin Carthy and Bob Davenport . "I ran into some people in England who really knew those [traditional English] songs", Dylan recalled in 1984. "Martin Carthy, another guy named [Bob] Davenport. Martin Carthy's incredible. I learned a lot of stuff from Martin." [ 31 ] Carthy taught Dylan two English songs that would prove important for the Freewheelin ' album. Carthy's arrangement of " Scarborough Fair " would be used by Dylan as the basis of his own composition, " Girl from the North Country ". A 19th-century ballad commemorating the death of Sir John Franklin in 1847, " Lady Franklin's Lament ", gave Dylan the melody for his composition " Bob Dylan's Dream ". Both songs displayed Dylan's fast-growing ability to take traditional melodies and use them as a basis for highly personal songwriting. [ 32 ] From England, Dylan traveled to Italy, and joined Albert Grossman, who was touring with his client Odetta . [ 33 ] Dylan was also hoping to make contact with his girlfriend, Suze Rotolo, unaware that she had already left Italy and was on her way back to New York. Dylan worked on his new material, and when he returned to London, Martin Carthy received a surprise: "When he came back from Italy, he'd written 'Girl From the North Country'; he came down to the Troubadour and said, 'Hey, here's "Scarborough Fair"' and he started playing this thing". [ 34 ] Returning to New York Dylan flew back to New York on January 16, 1963. [ 35 ] In January and February, he recorded some of his new compositions in sessions for the folk magazine Broadside , including a new anti-war song, "Masters of War", which he had composed in London. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Dylan was happy to be reunited with Suze Rotolo, and he persuaded her to move back into the apartment they had shared on West 4th Street. [ 38 ] Dylan's keenness to record his new material for Freewheelin ' paralleled a dramatic power struggle in the studio: Albert Grossman's determination to have John Hammond replaced as Dylan's producer at CBS. According to Dylan biographer Howard Sounes , "The two men could not have been more different. Hammond was a WASP , so relaxed during recording sessions that he sat with feet up, reading The New Yorker . Grossman was a Jewish businessman with a shady past, hustling to become a millionaire". [ 20 ] Because of Grossman's hostility to Hammond, Columbia paired Dylan with a young, African-American jazz producer, Tom Wilson . Wilson recalled: "I didn't even particularly like folk music. I'd been recording Sun Ra and Coltrane ... I thought folk music was for the dumb guys. [Dylan] played like the dumb guys, but then these words came out. I was flabbergasted." [ 39 ] At a recording session on April 24, produced by Wilson, Dylan recorded five new compositions: "Girl from the North Country", "Masters of War", "Talkin' World War III Blues", "Bob Dylan's Dream", and "Walls of Red Wing". "Walls of Red Wing" was ultimately rejected, but the other four were included in a revised album sequence. [ 40 ] The final drama of recording Freewheelin ' occurred when Dylan was scheduled to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show on May 12, 1963. Dylan had told Sullivan he would perform "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", but the "head of program practices" at CBS Television informed Dylan that this song was potentially libelous to the John Birch Society , and asked him to perform another number. Rather than comply with TV censorship, Dylan refused to appear on the show. [ 41 ] There is disagreement between Dylan's biographers about the consequences of this censorship row. Anthony Scaduto writes that after The Ed Sullivan Show debacle, CBS lawyers were alarmed to discover that the controversial song was to be included on Dylan's new album, only a few weeks from its release date. They insisted that the song be dropped, and four songs ("John Birch", "Let Me Die in My Footsteps", "Rambling Gambling Willie", "Rocks and Gravel") on the album were replaced with Dylan's newer compositions recorded in April ("Girl from the North Country", "Masters of War", "Talkin' World War III Blues", "Bob Dylan's Dream"). Scaduto writes that Dylan felt "crushed" by being compelled to submit to censorship, but he was in no position to argue. [ 42 ] According to Heylin, "There remains a common belief that [Dylan] was forced by Columbia to pull 'Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues' from the album after he walked out on The Ed Sullivan Show ." However, the "revised" version of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan was released on May 27, 1963; this would have given Columbia Records only two weeks to recut the album, reprint the record sleeves, and press and package enough copies of the new version to fill orders. Heylin suggests that CBS had probably forced Dylan to withdraw "John Birch" from the album some weeks earlier and that Dylan had responded by recording his new material on April 24. [ 43 ] Whether the songs were substituted before or after The Ed Sullivan Show , critics agree that the new material gave the album a more personal feel, distanced from the traditional folk-blues material which had dominated his first album, Bob Dylan . [ 44 ] A few copies of the original pressing of the LP with the four deleted tracks have turned up over the years, despite Columbia's supposed destruction of all copies during the pre-release phase (all copies found were in the standard album sleeve with the revised track selection). Other permutations of the Freewheelin ' album include versions with a different running order of the tracks on the album, and a Canadian version of the album that listed the tracks in the wrong order. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The original pressing of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan is considered the most valuable and rarest record in America, [ 46 ] with one copy having sold for $35,000. [ 47 ] Songs and themes Side one "Blowin' in the Wind" " Blowin' in the Wind " is among Dylan's most celebrated compositions. In his sleeve notes for The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 , John Bauldie writes that it was Pete Seeger who first identified the melody of "Blowin' in the Wind" as Dylan's adaptation of the old Negro spiritual "No More Auction Block". According to Alan Lomax's The Folk Songs of North America , the song originated in Canada and was sung by former slaves who fled there after Britain abolished slavery in 1833 . In 1978, Dylan acknowledged the source when he told journalist Marc Rowland: "'Blowin' in the Wind' has always been a spiritual. I took it off a song called 'No More Auction Block'—that's a spiritual and 'Blowin' in the Wind' follows the same feeling." [ 48 ] Dylan's performance of "No More Auction Block" was recorded at the Gaslight Cafe in October 1962, and appeared on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 . Critic Andy Gill wrote: " 'Blowin' in the Wind' marked a huge jump in Dylan's songwriting: for the first time, Dylan discovered the effectiveness of moving from the particular to the general. Whereas 'The Ballad of Donald White' would become completely redundant as soon as the eponymous criminal was executed, a song as vague as 'Blowin' in the Wind' could be applied to just about any freedom issue. It remains the song with which Dylan's name is most inextricably linked, and safeguarded his reputation as a civil libertarian through any number of changes in style and attitude." [ 49 ] "Blowin' in the Wind" became world-famous when Peter, Paul and Mary issued the song as a single three weeks after the release of Freewheelin ' . They and Dylan both shared the same manager: Albert Grossman. The single sold a phenomenal three hundred thousand copies in the first week of release. On July 13, 1963, it reached number two on the Billboard chart with sales exceeding one million copies. [ 50 ] Dylan later recalled that he was astonished when Peter Yarrow told him he was going to make $5,000 from the publishing rights. [ 28 ] "Girl from the North Country" There has been much speculation in print about the identity of the girl in " Girl from the North Country ". Clinton Heylin states that the most frequently mooted candidates are Echo Helstrom , an early girlfriend of Dylan from his hometown of Hibbing , [ 51 ] and Suze Rotolo , for whom Dylan was pining as he finished the song in Italy. [ 52 ] Howard Sounes suggests the girl Dylan probably had in mind was Bonnie Beecher , a girlfriend of Dylan's when he was at the University of Minnesota . [ 53 ] [ a 2 ] There's no proof of any of this, and musicologist Todd Harvey notes that "the lyrics do not, however, contain enough specific information to suggest that Dylan was leaving clues about his personal life". [ 54 ] Harvey notes that Dylan not only took the tune of " Scarborough Fair ", which he learned from Martin Carthy in London but also adapted the theme of that song. "Scarborough Fair" derives from " The Elfin Knight " ( Child Ballad Number 2 ), which was first transcribed in 1670. In the song, a supernatural character poses a series of questions to an innocent, requesting her to perform impossible tasks. Harvey points out that Dylan "retains the idea of the listener being sent upon a task, a northern place setting, and an antique lyric quality". [ 55 ] Dylan returned to this song on Nashville Skyline (1969), recording it as a duet with Johnny Cash , and he returned to it again in the studio with an unreleased organ and sax version in 1978. Later in his book about Dylan, Howard Sounes offers the opinion that Dylan may have been utilizing the largely autobiographical song as a way to gain favor with different girlfriends whom he dated over the years. Sounes states: "... one wondered which girlfriend Bob was singing about... Bob later gave Echo (Helstrom) the impression (that it) was her song. But, no doubt thinking that women were flattered by having songs written about them, Bob led another north country girlfriend, Bonnie Beecher, to think the same... Later in 1963, when he performed the song on a radio show... Bob indicated that the song was about an idealized woman, saying, 'This is dedicated to all the north country girls.'" [ 56 ] "Masters of War" A scathing song directed against the war industry, " Masters of War " is based on Jean Ritchie 's arrangement of " Nottamun Town ", an English riddle song. It was written in late 1962 while Dylan was in London; eyewitnesses (including Martin Carthy and Anthea Joseph) recall Dylan performing the song in folk clubs at the time. Ritchie would later assert her claim on the song's arrangement; according to one Dylan biography, the suit was settled when Ritchie received $5,000 from Dylan's lawyers. [ 57 ] "Down the Highway" Dylan composed " Down the Highway " in the form of a 12-bar blues . In the sleeve notes of Freewheelin ' , Dylan explained to Nat Hentoff : "What made the real blues singers so great is that they were able to state all the problems they had; but at the same time, they were standing outside of them and could look at them. And in that way, they had them beat." [ 24 ] Into this song, Dylan injected one explicit mention of an absence that was troubling him: the sojourn of Suze Rotolo in Perugia : "My baby took my heart from me/ She packed it all up in a suitcase/ Lord, she took it away to Italy, Italy." "Bob Dylan's Blues" " Bob Dylan's Blues " begins with a spoken intro where Dylan describes the origins of folk songs in a satirical vein: "most of the songs that are written uptown in Tin Pan Alley , that's where most of the folk songs come from nowadays". [ 58 ] What follows has been characterized as an absurd, improvised blues [ 58 ] which Dylan, in the sleeve notes, describes as "a really off-the-cuff-song. I start with an idea and then I feel what follows. Best way I can describe this one is that it's sort of like walking by a side street. You gaze in and walk on." [ 24 ] Harvey points out that Dylan subsequently elaborated this style of self-deprecatory, absurdist humor into more complex songs, such as "I Shall Be Free No.10" (1964). [ 59 ] "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" Dylan was 21 years old when he wrote one of his most complex songs, " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall ", often referred to as "Hard Rain". Dylan is said to have premiered "Hard Rain" at the Gaslight Cafe , where Village performer Peter Blankfield recalled: "He put out these pieces of loose-leaf paper ripped out of a spiral notebook. And he starts singing ['Hard Rain'] ... He finished singing it, and no one could say anything. The length of it, the episodic sense of it. Every line kept building and bursting." [ 60 ] Dylan performed "Hard Rain" days later at Carnegie Hall on September 22, 1962, as part of a concert organized by Pete Seeger. The song gained added resonance during the Cuban Missile Crisis , one month after Dylan's first performance of "Hard Rain", when U.S. President John F. Kennedy gave his warning to the Soviet Union over their deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. Critics have interpreted the lyric 'hard rain' as a reference to nuclear fallout , but Dylan resisted the specificity of this interpretation. In a radio interview with Studs Terkel in 1963, Dylan said, No, it's not atomic rain, it's just a hard rain. It isn't the fallout rain. I mean some sort of end that's just gotta happen ... In the last verse, when I say, "the pellets of poison are flooding the waters", that means all the lies that people get told on their radios and in their newspapers. [ 61 ] No, it's not atomic rain, it's just a hard rain. It isn't the fallout rain. I mean some sort of end that's just gotta happen ... In the last verse, when I say, "the pellets of poison are flooding the waters", that means all the lies that people get told on their radios and in their newspapers. [ 61 ] Many people were astonished by the power and complexity of this work. For Robert Shelton , who had given Dylan an important boost in his 1961 review in The New York Times , this song was "a landmark in topical, folk-based songwriting. Here blooms the promised fruit of the 1950s poetry-jazz fusion of Ginsberg , Ferlinghetti , and Rexroth ." [ 62 ] Folk singer Dave Van Ronk later commented: "I was acutely aware that it represented the beginning of an artistic revolution." [ 63 ] Seeger expressed the opinion that this song would last longer than any other written by Dylan. [ 64 ] Side two "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" Dylan wrote " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " on hearing from Suze Rotolo that she was considering staying in Italy indefinitely, [ 65 ] and he used a melody he adapted from Paul Clayton 's song "Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons (When I'm Gone)". [ 66 ] In the Freewheelin ' sleeve notes, Dylan comments: "It isn't a love song. It's a statement that maybe you can say to make yourself feel better. It's as if you were talking to yourself." [ 67 ] Dylan's contemporaries hailed the song as a masterpiece: Bob Spitz quotes Paul Stookey saying "I thought it was a masterful statement", while Dave Van Ronk called it "self-pitying but brilliant". [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Dylan biographer Howard Sounes commented: "The greatness of the song was in the cleverness of the language. The phrase "don't think twice, it's all right" could be snarled, sung with resignation, or delivered with an ambiguous mixture of bitterness and regret. Seldom have the contradictory emotions of a thwarted lover been so well expressed, and the song transcended the autobiographical origins of Dylan's pain". [ 70 ] "Bob Dylan's Dream" " Bob Dylan's Dream " was based on the melody of the traditional " Lady Franklin's Lament ", in which the title character dreams of finding her husband, Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin , alive and well. (Sir John Franklin had vanished on an expedition searching for the North West Passage in 1845; a stone cairn on King William Island detailing his demise was found by a later expedition in 1859.) Todd Harvey points out that Dylan transforms the song into a personal journey, yet he retains both the theme and the mood of the original ballad. The world outside is depicted as stormy and harsh, and Dylan's most fervent wish, like Lady Franklin's, is to be reunited with departed companions and to relive the fond memories they represent. [ 71 ] "Oxford Town" " Oxford Town " is Dylan's sardonic account of events at the University of Mississippi in September 1962. U.S. Air Force veteran James Meredith was the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi , in Oxford, Mississippi . When Meredith first tried to attend classes at the school, some Mississippians pledged to keep the university segregated, including the state governor Ross Barnett . Ultimately, the University of Mississippi had to be integrated with the help of U.S. federal troops. Dylan responded rapidly: his song was published in the November 1962 issue of Broadside . [ 72 ] "Talkin' World War III Blues" The "talkin' blues" was a style of improvised songwriting that Woody Guthrie had developed to a high plane. (A Minneapolis domestic recording that Dylan made in September 1960 includes his performances of Guthrie's "Talking Columbia" and "Talking Merchant Marine".) [ 73 ] " Talkin' World War III Blues " was a spontaneous composition Dylan created in the studio during the final session for The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan . He recorded five takes of the song and the fifth was selected for the album. The format of the "talkin' blues" permitted Dylan to address the serious subject of nuclear annihilation with humor, and "without resorting to his finger-pointing or apocalyptical-prophetic persona". [ 73 ] "Corrina, Corrina" " Corrina, Corrina " was recorded by the Mississippi Sheiks , and by their leader Bo Carter in 1928. The song was covered by artists as diverse as Bob Wills , Big Joe Turner , and Doc Watson . Dylan's version borrows phrases from a few Robert Johnson songs: "Stones In My Passway", "32-20 Blues", and "Hellhound On My Trail". [ 74 ] An alternate take of the song was used as a B-side for his " Mixed-Up Confusion " single. [ 75 ] "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance" " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " is based on "Honey, Won't You Allow Me One More Chance?", a song dating back to the 1890s that was popularized by Henry Thomas in his 1928 recording. "However, Thomas's original provided no more than a song title and a notion", writes Heylin, "which Dylan turned into a personal plea to an absent lover to allow him 'one more chance to get along with you.' It is a vocal tour de force and ... showed a Dylan prepared to make light of his own blues by using the form itself." [ 76 ] "I Shall Be Free" " I Shall Be Free " is a rewrite of Lead Belly 's "We Shall Be Free", which was performed by Lead Belly , Sonny Terry , Cisco Houston , and Woody Guthrie . According to Todd Harvey, Dylan's version draws its melody from the Guthrie recording but omits its signature chorus ("We'll soon be free/When the Lord will call us home"). [ 77 ] Critics have been divided about the worth of this final song. Robert Shelton dismissed the song as "a decided anticlimax. Although the album has at least a half dozen blockbusters, two of the weakest songs are tucked in at the end, like shirttails." [ 78 ] Todd Harvey has argued that by placing the song at the close of the Freewheelin ' LP, Dylan ends on a note of levity which is a relief after the weighty sentiments expressed in several songs on the album. [ 79 ] Outtakes The known outtakes from the Freewheelin ' album are as follows. All songs released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series 1–3 are discussed in that album's liner notes, [ 48 ] while songs that have never been released have been documented by biographer Clinton Heylin, [ 80 ] except where noted. All songs written by Bob Dylan, except where noted. Title Status "Baby, I'm in the Mood for You" Released on Biograph [ 28 ] and on The Freewheelin' Outtakes , issued by Resurfaced Records in 2018 " Baby, Please Don't Go " ( Big Joe Williams ) Released on iTunes' Exclusive Outtakes From No Direction Home EP [ 81 ] and on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. " Corrine, Corrina " Two alternative takes released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. " Ballad of Hollis Brown " Freewheelin ' sessions recordings released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. Re-recorded for Dylan's next album, The Times They Are a-Changin ' . Demo version released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 [ 82 ] Dylan and Mike Seeger recorded a duet version for Seeger's album Third Annual Farewell Reunion ( Rounder Records , 1994). Dylan and Mike Seeger recorded a duet version for Seeger's album Third Annual Farewell Reunion ( Rounder Records , 1994). " The Death of Emmett Till " Freewheelin ' sessions recordings released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes , issued by Resurfaced Records in 2018. Recording for "Broadside Show" on WBAI-FM, May 1962, released on Folkways Records ' Broadside Ballads, Vol. 6: Broadside Reunion under pseudonym Blind Boy Grunt. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Demo version released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 [ 82 ] "Hero Blues" Freewheelin ' sessions recordings unreleased. Demo version released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 [ 82 ] "Going to New Orleans" Released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes , issued by Resurfaced Records in 2018. Takes 1 and 2 released on The 50th Anniversary Collection Vol. 1 ) "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle" ( Hank Williams , Jimmie Davis) Released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. (Take 2 released on The 50th Anniversary Collection Vol. 1 ) "Kingsport Town" (traditional) Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 " Let Me Die in My Footsteps " Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 "Milk Cow's Calf's Blues" ( Robert Johnson ) Released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. (Takes 1, 3, and 4 released on The 50th Anniversary Collection Vol. 1 ) " Mixed-Up Confusion " Released as a single, but quickly withdrawn. Later released in 1985 on Biograph [ 28 ] and on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. "Quit Your Lowdown Ways" Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 "Rambling, Gambling Willie" Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 "Rocks and Gravel" Studio version released on soundtrack CD of US TV series True Detective episode one, (" The Long Bright Dark " 2014). Acoustic version released as a live recording from The Gaslight Cafe , October 1962, on Live at the Gaslight 1962 [ 85 ] [ 86 ] (Takes 2 and 3 released on The 50th Anniversary Collection Vol. 1 and on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018.) Later released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 18: Through the Open Window 1956–1963 in 2025. "Sally Gal" Released on No Direction Home: The Bootleg Series Vol. 7 . [ 87 ] Two takes released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. " Talkin' Bear Mountain Picnic Massacre Blues " Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 "Talkin' Hava Negiliah Blues" Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 " Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues " Freewheelin ' sessions recordings released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes , issued by Resurfaced Records in 2018. Released as a live recording from Carnegie Hall, October 26, 1963, on The Bootleg Series 1–3 . Demo version released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 [ 82 ] " That's All Right (Mama) " ( Arthur Crudup ) Two takes released on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. (Takes 1, 3, 5 and "Remake Overdub CO76893-3" released on The 50th Anniversary Collection Vol. 1 ) " Walls of Red Wing " Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 "Whatcha Gonna Do" Freewheelin ' sessions recordings unreleased. Demo version released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 [ 82 ] and on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018. "Wichita (Goin' to Louisiana)" (traditional) Unreleased (Takes 1 and 2 released on The 50th Anniversary Collection Vol. 1 and on The Freewheelin' Outtakes in 2018.) "Worried Blues" (traditional) Released on The Bootleg Series 1–3 Release Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 88 ] The Encyclopedia of Popular Music [ 89 ] Entertainment Weekly A− [ 90 ] MusicHound Rock 4.5/5 [ 92 ] The Rolling Stone Album Guide [ 91 ] Tom Hull A− [ 93 ] Dylan promoted his upcoming album with radio appearances and concert performances. In May 1963, Dylan performed with Joan Baez at the Monterey Folk Festival, where she joined him on stage for a duet of a new Dylan song, " With God on Our Side ". Baez was at the pinnacle of her fame, having appeared on the cover of Time magazine the previous November. The performance not only gave Dylan and his songs a new prominence, it also marked the beginning of a romantic relationship between Baez and Dylan, the start of what Dylan biographer Sounes termed "one of the most celebrated love affairs of the decade". [ 57 ] The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan was released at the end of May. According to Scaduto, it was an immediate success, selling 10,000 copies a month and bringing Dylan an income of about $2,500 a month [ 94 ] (equivalent to $25,700 in 2024). An article by Nat Hentoff on folk music appeared in the June issue of Playboy magazine and devoted considerable space to Dylan's achievements, calling him "the most vital of the younger citybillies". [ 94 ] In July, Dylan appeared at the second Newport Folk Festival . That weekend, Peter, Paul and Mary 's rendition of "Blowin' in the Wind" reached number two on Billboard ' s pop chart. Baez was also at Newport, appearing twice on stage with Dylan. The combination of the chart success of "Blowin' in the Wind", and the glamor of Baez and Dylan singing together generated excitement about Dylan and his new album. Tom Paxton recalled: "That was a big breakout festival for Bob. The buzz kept growing exponentially and it was like a coronation of Bob and Joan. They were King and Queen of the festival". [ 95 ] His friend Bob Fass recalled that after Newport, Dylan told him that "suddenly I just can't walk around without a disguise. I used to walk around and go wherever I wanted. But now it's gotten very weird. People follow me into the men's room just so they can say that they saw me pee". [ 96 ] In September, the album entered Billboard ' s album charts; the highest position Freewheelin ' reached was number 22, but it eventually came to sell one million copies in the U.S. [ 97 ] Dylan himself came to acknowledge Freewheelin ' as the album that marked the start of his success. During his dispute with Albert Grossman, Dylan stated in a deposition: "Although I didn't know it at the time, the second album was destined to become a great success because it was to include 'Blowin' in the Wind'." [ 98 ] Besides "Blowin' in the Wind", "Masters of War", "Girl from the North Country", "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" and "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" have all been acclaimed as masterpieces, and they have been mainstays of Dylan's performing repertory to the present day. [ 99 ] The album's balance between serious subject matter and levity, earnest finger-pointing songs and surreal jokes captured a wide audience, including The Beatles , who were on the cusp of global success. John Lennon recalled: "In Paris in 1964 was the first time I ever heard Dylan at all. Paul got the record ( The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan ) from a French DJ. For three weeks in Paris we didn't stop playing it. We all went potty about Dylan". [ 100 ] The album was re-issued in 2010 as part of The Original Mono Recordings , a Columbia Legacy box set that included the monaural versions of Dylan's first eight albums. [ 101 ] Artwork The album cover features a photograph of Dylan with Suze Rotolo . It was taken in February 1963—a few weeks after Rotolo had returned from Italy—by CBS staff photographer Don Hunstein as Dylan and Rotolo walked in the middle of Jones Street , approximately 50 feet from West 4th Street in the West Village , New York City, close to the apartment where the couple lived at the time. [ 102 ] In 2008, Rotolo described the circumstances surrounding the famous photo to The New York Times : "He wore a very thin jacket, because image was all. Our apartment was always cold, so I had a sweater on, plus I borrowed one of his big, bulky sweaters. On top of that I put on a coat. So I felt like an Italian sausage. Every time I look at that picture, I think I look fat." [ 103 ] In her memoir, A Freewheelin' Time , Rotolo analyzed the significance of the cover art : It is one of those cultural markers that influenced the look of album covers precisely because of its casual down-home spontaneity and sensibility. Most album covers were carefully staged and controlled, to terrific effect on the Blue Note jazz album covers ... and to not-so great-effect on the perfectly posed and clean-cut pop and folk albums. Whoever was responsible for choosing that particular photograph for The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan really had an eye for a new look. [ 104 ] It is one of those cultural markers that influenced the look of album covers precisely because of its casual down-home spontaneity and sensibility. Most album covers were carefully staged and controlled, to terrific effect on the Blue Note jazz album covers ... and to not-so great-effect on the perfectly posed and clean-cut pop and folk albums. Whoever was responsible for choosing that particular photograph for The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan really had an eye for a new look. [ 104 ] Critic Janet Maslin summed up the iconic impact of the cover as "a photograph that inspired countless young men to hunch their shoulders, look distant, and let the girl do the clinging". [ 105 ] In popular culture The album's cover photo was carefully recreated by Cameron Crowe for his 2001 Tom Cruise -starring film Vanilla Sky [ 106 ] and by Todd Haynes for his 2007 Dylan biopic I'm Not There . [ 107 ] It also served as a visual reference for the Coen brothers ' 2013 film Inside Llewyn Davis [ 108 ] and James Mangold 's 2024 film A Complete Unknown . [ 109 ] A copy of the vinyl album itself is an important prop in Jacques Rivette 's 1969 film L'Amour fou . In one key scene, the male lead, Sebastien ( Jean-Pierre Kalfon ), is in the apartment of his girlfriend, Marta (Josée Destoop), helping her sort through LPs she could potentially re-sell in order to raise some quick cash. He holds up her copy of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan , which she declines to sell on the grounds that she still listens to it. [ 110 ] In November 2023, Rolling Stone cited "Bob Dylan Core", a TikTok trend inspired by the album cover, as turning Generation Z on to Dylan. The trend sees users of the app recreating the album cover, usually walking down a cold street in a small jacket. According to the article, videos tagged with the #BobDylanCore hashtag had been viewed 11.5 million times. [ 111 ] Legacy The success of Freewheelin' transformed the public perception of Dylan. Before the album's release, he was one among many folk-singers. Afterwards, at the age of 22, Dylan was regarded as a major artist, perhaps even a spokesman for disaffected youth. As one critic described the transformation, "In barely over a year, a young plagiarist had been reborn as a songwriter of substance, and his first album of fully realized original material got the 1960s off their musical starting block." [ 112 ] Janet Maslin wrote of the album: "These were the songs that established him as the voice of his generation—someone who implicitly understood how concerned young Americans felt about nuclear disarmament and the growing Civil Rights Movement : his mixture of moral authority and nonconformity was perhaps the most timely of his attributes". [ 113 ] This title of "Spokesman of a Generation" was viewed by Dylan with disgust in later years. He came to feel it was a label that the media had pinned on him, and in his autobiography, Chronicles , Dylan wrote: "The press never let up. Once in a while I would have to rise up and offer myself for an interview so they wouldn't beat the door down. Later an article would hit the streets with the headline 'Spokesman Denies That He's A Spokesman'. I felt like a piece of meat that someone had thrown to the dogs". [ 114 ] The album secured for Dylan an "unstoppable cult following" of fans who preferred the harshness of his performances to the softer cover versions released by other singers. [ 3 ] Richard Williams has suggested that the richness of the imagery in Freewheelin ' transformed Dylan into a key performer for a burgeoning college audience hungry for a new cultural complexity: "For students whose exam courses included Eliot and Yeats , here was something that flattered their expanding intellect while appealing to the teenage rebel in their early-sixties souls. James Dean had walked around reading James Joyce ; here were both in a single package, the words and the attitude set to music." [ 115 ] Andy Gill adds that in the few months between the release of Freewheelin' in May 1963, and Dylan's next album The Times They Are A-Changin' in January 1964, Dylan became the hottest property in American music, stretching the boundaries of what had been previously viewed as a collegiate folk music audience. [ 116 ] Critical opinion about Freewheelin ' has been consistently favorable in the years since its release. Dylan biographer Howard Sounes called it "Bob Dylan's first great album". [ 57 ] In a survey of Dylan's work published by Q magazine in 2000, the Freewheelin ' album was described as "easily the best of [Dylan's] acoustic albums and a quantum leap from his debut—which shows the frantic pace at which Dylan's mind was moving." The magazine went on to comment, "You can see why this album got The Beatles listening. The songs at its core must have sounded like communiques from another plane". [ 117 ] For Patrick Humphries, "rarely has one album so effectively reflected the times which produced it. Freewheelin ' spoke directly to the concerns of its audience and addressed them in a mature and reflective manner: it mirrored the state of the nation." [ 112 ] Stephen Thomas Erlewine 's verdict on the album in the AllMusic guide was: "It's hard to overestimate the importance of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan , the record that firmly established Dylan as an unparalleled songwriter ... This is rich, imaginative music, capturing the sound and spirit of America as much as that of Louis Armstrong , Hank Williams , or Elvis Presley . Dylan, in many ways, recorded music that equaled this, but he never topped it". [ 88 ] In March 2000, Van Morrison told the Irish rock magazine Hot Press about the impact that Freewheelin ' made on him: "I think I heard it in a record shop in Smith Street. And I just thought it was incredible that this guy's not singing about 'moon in June' and he's getting away with it. That's what I thought at the time. The subject matter wasn't pop songs, ya know, and I thought this kind of opens the whole thing up ... Dylan put it into the mainstream that this could be done". [ 118 ] Freewheelin ' was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry in 2002. The citation read: "This album is considered by some to be the most important collection of original songs issued in the 1960s. It includes 'Blowin' in the Wind,' the era's popular and powerful protest anthem." [ 119 ] The following year (2003), Rolling Stone Magazine ranked it number 97 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time , [ 97 ] maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list, [ 120 ] before dropping to number 255 in a 2020 revised list. [ 121 ] The album was included in Robert Christgau 's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). [ 122 ] It was also included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . [ 123 ] It was voted number 127 in the third edition of Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). [ 124 ] Taylor Swift cited the album as the inspiration for her song " Betty " on Folklore . As "Betty"'s co-writer, The National 's Aaron Dessner explained to Vulture , "She wanted it to have an early Bob Dylan, sort of a Freewheelin' Bob Dylan feel". [ 125 ] Track listing All tracks are written by Bob Dylan , except where noted. No. Title Recorded Length 1. " Blowin' in the Wind " July 9, 1962 2:48 2. " Girl from the North Country " April 24, 1963 3:22 3. " Masters of War " April 24, 1963 4:34 4. " Down the Highway " July 9, 1962 3:27 5. " Bob Dylan's Blues " July 9, 1962 2:23 6. " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " December 6, 1962 6:55 Total length: 23:29 No. Title Writer(s) Recorded Length 1. " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " November 14, 1962 3:40 2. " Bob Dylan's Dream " April 24, 1963 5:03 3. " Oxford Town " December 6, 1962 1:50 4. " Talkin' World War III Blues " April 24, 1963 6:28 5. " Corrina, Corrina " traditional October 26, 1962 2:44 6. " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " Bob Dylan, Henry Thomas July 9, 1962 2:01 7. " I Shall Be Free " December 6, 1962 4:49 Total length: 26:35 Note : Some very early first pressing copies contained four songs that were ultimately replaced by Columbia on all subsequent pressings: "Rocks and Gravel", "Let Me Die in My Footsteps", "Rambling Gambling Willie" and "Talkin' John Birch Blues". Copies of the "original" version of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (in either mono or stereo) are extremely rare. Columbia re-released the original pressing as a " Record Store Day " LP in 2025. [ 126 ] The original track listing was as follows: No. Title Recorded Length 1. "Blowin' in the Wind" July 9, 1962 2:46 2. "Rocks and Gravel" November 1, 1962 2:21 3. "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" December 6, 1962 6:48 4. "Down the Highway" July 9, 1962 3:10 5. "Bob Dylan's Blues" July 9, 1962 2:19 6. " Let Me Die in My Footsteps " April 25, 1962 4:05 Total length: 21:29 No. Title Recorded Length 1. "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" November 14, 1962 3:37 2. "Gamblin' Willie's Dead Man's Hand" April 24, 1962 4:11 3. "Oxford Town" December 6, 1962 1:47 4. "Corrina, Corrina" (Traditional) October 26, 1962 2:42 5. " Talkin' John Birch Blues " April 24, 1962 3:45 6. "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance" (Dylan, Thomas) July 9, 1962 1:57 7. "I Shall Be Free" December 6, 1962 4:46 Total length: 22:45 Personnel Bob Dylan – acoustic guitar, harmonica, vocals Additional musicians Howie Collins – guitar on "Corrina, Corrina" Leonard Gaskin – double bass on "Corrina, Corrina" Bruce Langhorne – guitar on "Corrina, Corrina" Herbie Lovelle – drums on "Corrina, Corrina" Dick Wellstood – piano on "Corrina, Corrina" Technical John H. Hammond – production Nat Hentoff – liner notes Don Hunstein – album cover photographer Tom Wilson – production Charts Chart (1963) Peak position US Billboard 200 [ 127 ] 22 Chart (1965) Peak position UK Albums Chart [ 128 ] 1 Chart (2020) Peak position Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) [ 129 ] 33 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 130 ] 2004 release Platinum 300,000 ‡ United States ( RIAA ) [ 131 ] Platinum 1,000,000 ^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Notes ^ Rotolo writes that "my mother did not approve of Bob at all. He paid her no homage and she paid him none". Rotolo suspected that her mother presented her with the trip to Italy "as a fait accompli " to lure her away from her relationship with Dylan. See Rotolo 2009 , p. 169. ^ An important recording of Dylan playing traditional material was taped in Beecher's apartment in December 1961. Misnamed the "Minneapolis Hotel Tape", the songs were released on the Great White Wonder bootleg. See Gray 2006 , pp. 590–591. Beecher subsequently married counter-cultural figure Wavy Gravy . Footnotes ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 31, track 3. ^ Scaduto 2001 , p. 110 ^ a b c Gray 2006 , pp. 243–244 ^ Heylin 2000 , pp. 88–89 ^ Rotolo 2009 , pp. 26–40 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 90 ^ Rotolo 2009 , pp. 168–169 ^ Rotolo 2009 , pp. 171–181 ^ Heylin 2000 , pp. 99–101 ^ Rotolo 2009 , p. 254 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 92 ^ Sing Out! , October–November 1962, quoted in Sounes 2001 , p. 122 ^ Heylin 2000 , pp. 98–99 ^ a b Heylin 1996 , p. 30 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 29 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 32 ^ Heylin 2000 , pp. 94–95 ^ Sounes 2001 , pp. 118–119 ^ Gray 2006 , p. 284 ^ a b Sounes 2001 , p. 124 ^ Gray 2006 , p. 283 ^ Gill 1999 , p. 20 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 33 ^ a b c d e Hentoff 1963 ^ Heylin 1996 , pp. 33–34 ^ a b c Heylin 1996 , p. 34 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 35 ^ a b c d Crowe 1985 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 104 ^ BBC TV 2007 ^ Loder, Kurt (1984), "Interview with Kurt Loder, Rolling Stone ", reprinted in Cott 2006 , pp. 295–296 ^ Heylin 2000 , pp. 106–107 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 127 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 110 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 40 ^ Harvey 2001 , p. 142 ^ Heylin 2009 , p. 117 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 114 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 115 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 43 ^ Heylin 1996 , p. 44 ^ Scaduto 2001 , p. 141 ^ Heylin 2000 , pp. 114–117 ^ Scaduto 2001 , p. 142 ^ Gray 2006 , p. 244 ^ a b Thompson 2002 , pp. 12–13 ^ Sharp 2007 ^ a b Bauldie 1991 ^ Gill 1999 , p. 23 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 135 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Bob Dylan's Hibbing . Hibbing, Minnesota: EDLIS Café Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-09-178289-1 . ^ Heylin 2009 , pp. 120–121 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 47 ^ Jürgen Kloss (June 16, 2012). " "...She Once Was A True Love Of Mine" - Some Notes About Bob Dylan's "Girl From The North Country" " . ....Just Another Tune: Songs & Their History . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ Harvey 2001 , pp. 33–34 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 128 ^ a b c Sounes 2001 , p. 132 ^ a b Shelton 2003 , p. 155 ^ Harvey 2001 , p. 17 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 102 ^ Terkel, Studs (1963). "Radio Interview with Studs Terkel, WFMT (Chicago)", reprinted in Cott 2006 , pp. 6–7 ^ Shelton 2003 , pp. 155–156 ^ Gill 1999 , p. 31 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 122 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 101 ^ Harvey 2001 , p. 24 ^ MacDowell, Jay (May 2, 2024). "The Story Behind "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" by Bob Dylan and Why It's Not a Love Song" . American Songwriter . Savage Ventures . Retrieved August 1, 2025 . ^ Spitz 1989 , pp. 199–200 ^ Harvey 2001 , pp. 25–26 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 120 ^ Harvey 2001 , p. 19 ^ Gill 1999 , pp. 32–33 ^ a b Harvey 2001 , p. 103 ^ Harvey 2001 , pp. 20–22 ^ Shelton 2003 , pp. 173, 178 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 99 ^ Harvey 2001 , p. 50 ^ Shelton 2003 , p. 157 ^ Harvey 2001 , p. 52 ^ Heylin 1996 , pp. 30–43 ^ Three Song Sampler 2005 ^ a b c d e Escott 2010 ^ Heylin 1995 , p. 11 ^ Broadside Ballads, Vol. 6: Broadside Reunion ^ Browne 2005 ^ Collette 2005 ^ Gorodetsky 2005 ^ a b Erlewine ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4 . ^ Flanagan 1991 ^ Brackett & Hoard 2004 , p. 262 ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 369 . ISBN 1-57859-061-2 . ^ Hull, Tom (June 21, 2014). "Rhapsody Streamnotes: June 21, 2014" . tomhull.com . Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 . Retrieved March 1, 2020 . ^ a b Scaduto 2001 , p. 144 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 136 ^ Heylin 2000 , p. 120 ^ a b Levy 2005 ^ Dylan's deposition of October 15, 1984, in the case Albert B. Grossman et al. vs. Bob Dylan; quoted in Sounes 2001 , p. 132 ^ Sounes 2001 , p. 133 ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 114 ^ Kirby, David (October 21, 2010). "Bob Dylan unfiltered: Fall tour brings new releases, old recordings" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on May 10, 2013 . Retrieved March 30, 2012 . ^ Carlson 2006 ^ DeCurtis, Anthony (May 11, 2008). "Memoirs of a Girl From the East Country (O.K., Queens)" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 7, 2011 . Retrieved March 4, 2011 . ^ Rotolo 2009 , p. 217 ^ Miller 1981 , p. 221 ^ Nobody. "The Freewheelin Bob Dylan" . Archived from the original on September 12, 2016 . Retrieved November 18, 2016 . ^ "Suze Rotolo: A Freewheelin' Time" . AUX . May 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 26, 2021 . ^ "It's Cold Outside: The Style of Llewyn Davis" . Classiq – An online journal that celebrates cinema, culture, style and storytelling . November 26, 2018 . Retrieved February 26, 2021 . ^ Korpan, Andrew (December 17, 2024). "Exclusivie: A Complete Unknown DP Drops Revelation On Cut Timothée Chalamet Scene" . ClutchPoints | Entertainment News . Retrieved December 19, 2024 . ^ michaelgloversmith (May 21, 2012). "A Decalogue of the Dopest Dylan References in Movies" . White City Cinema . Retrieved February 26, 2021 . ^ Martoccio, Angie (November 18, 2023). "What Is Bob Dylan Core? Inside the Hot New TikTok Trend of … Braving the Cold in a Thin Jacket" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ a b Humphries 1991 , p. 43 ^ Miller 1981 , p. 220 ^ Dylan 2004 , p. 119 ^ Williams 1992 , p. 53 ^ Gill 1999 , p. 37 ^ Harris 2000 , p. 138 ^ Heylin 2003 , p. 134 ^ The Library of Congress 2002 ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time" . Rolling Stone . 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019 . Retrieved September 19, 2019 . ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . September 22, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "A Basic Record Library: The Fifties and Sixties" . Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies . Ticknor & Fields . ISBN 0-89919-025-1 . Retrieved March 16, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (March 23, 2010). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-2074-2 . ^ Colin Larkin , ed. (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books . p. 82. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6 . ^ Gerber, Brady (July 27, 2020). "The Story Behind Every Song on Taylor Swift's folklore" . Vulture . Retrieved March 22, 2021 . ^ "Bob Dylan - The Original Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" . Record Store Day . November 28, 2025 . Retrieved December 9, 2025 . ^ The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan – Bob Dylan: Awards at AllMusic . Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ "THE FREE WHEELIN' BOB DYLAN" . Official Charts . May 23, 1964 . Retrieved July 10, 2024 . ^ " Portuguesecharts.com – Bob Dylan – The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan ". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 7, 2020. ^ "British album certifications – Bob Dylan – The Freewheelin' " . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 7, 2025 . ^ "American album certifications – Bob Dylan – The Freewheelin_ Bob Dylan" . Recording Industry Association of America . References Bauldie, John (1991). The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (booklet). Bob Dylan. New York: Columbia Records. The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology . Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35605-0 . Björner, Olof (October 21, 2010). "Still on the Road: 1962 Concerts and Recording Sessions" . Bjorner.com . Archived from the original on November 20, 2010 . Retrieved November 12, 2010 . Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (Media notes) (4th ed.). Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8 . Archived from the original on October 12, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . "Broadside Ballads, Vol. 6: Broadside Reunion" . Folkways Records. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013 . Retrieved May 19, 2013 . Browne, David (October 30, 2005). "EW reviews: Kanye West and Bob Dylan" . CNN. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2010 . Carlson, Jen (April 18, 2006). "NYC Album Art: The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" . Gothamist . Archived from the original on March 28, 2010 . Retrieved March 4, 2010 . Collette, Doug (November 12, 2005). "Bob Dylan: No Direction Home & Live at the Gaslight 1962" . Allaboutjazz.com . Archived from the original on June 5, 2011 . Retrieved April 3, 2010 . Cott, Jonathan, ed. (2006). Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews . Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-92312-1 . Crowe, Cameron (1985). Biograph (booklet). Bob Dylan. New York: Columbia Records. Dylan, Bob (2004). Chronicles: Volume One . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2815-4 . "Dylan in the Madhouse" . BBC TV. October 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved August 31, 2009 . Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" . AllMusic . Retrieved March 11, 2010 . Escott, Colin (2010). The Bootleg Series Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 (booklet). Bob Dylan. New York: Columbia Records. Flanagan, Bill (May 29, 1991). "Dylan Catalog Revisited" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 28, 2011 . Retrieved September 10, 2011 . "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 8, 2013 . Retrieved January 27, 2013 . Gill, Andy (1999). Classic Bob Dylan: My Back Pages . Carlton. ISBN 1-85868-599-0 . Gilliland, John (1969). "Ballad in Plain D: An introduction to the Bob Dylan era" (audio) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Gorodetsky, Eddie (2005). No Direction Home: The Soundtrack—The Bootleg Series Volume 7 (booklet). Bob Dylan. New York: Columbia Records. Gray, Michael (2006). The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . Continuum International. ISBN 0-8264-6933-7 . Archived from the original on September 9, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . Harris, John, ed. (2000). "Q Dylan: Maximum Bob! The Definitive Celebration of Rock's Ultimate Genius". Q magazine . Harvey, Todd (2001). The Formative Dylan: Transmission & Stylistic Influences, 1961–1963 . The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4115-0 . Hentoff, Nat (1963). The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (Media notes). Bob Dylan. New York: Columbia Records. Heylin, Clinton (1995). Bob Dylan: The Recording Sessions: 1960–1994 . St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-15067-9 . Archived from the original on July 22, 2011 . Retrieved January 8, 2011 . Heylin, Clinton (1996). Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments: Day by Day 1941–1995 . Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-7119-5669-3 . Heylin, Clinton (2000). Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited . Perennial Currents. ISBN 0-06-052569-X . Archived from the original on February 22, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2011 . Heylin, Clinton (2003). Can You Feel the Silence? Van Morrison: A New Biography . Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-542-7 . Heylin, Clinton (2009). Revolution in the Air: The Songs of Bob Dylan, Volume One: 1957–73 . Constable. ISBN 978-1-55652-843-9 . Archived from the original on June 6, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2011 . Humphries, Patrick (1991). Oh No! Not Another Bob Dylan Book . Square One Books. ISBN 1-872747-04-3 . Levy, Joe, ed. (2005). The Greatest 500 Albums of All Time . Wenner Books. ISBN 1-932958-61-4 . Miller, Jim, ed. (1981). The Rolling Stone History of Rock & Roll . Picador. ISBN 0-330-26568-7 . "The National Recording Registry" . The Library of Congress. June 9, 2002. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . Rotolo, Suze (2009). A Freewheelin' Time . Aurum Press. ISBN 978-0-7679-2688-1 . Scaduto, Anthony (2001). Bob Dylan . Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-900924-23-4 . Sharp, Johnny (March 1, 2007). "Scrap that recording—it'll become an instant classic" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 8, 2014 . Retrieved March 20, 2010 . Shelton, Robert (2003). No Direction Home . Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81287-8 . Sounes, Howard (2001). Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan . Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1686-8 . Spitz, Bob (1989). Dylan: A Biography . W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-30769-7 . Thompson, Dave (2002). The Music Lover's Guide to Record Collecting . Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-713-7 . "Three Song Sampler" . iTunes. November 14, 2005 . Retrieved May 19, 2013 . [ dead link ] Williams, Richard (1992). Dylan: a man called alias . Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-1084-9 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Bob Dylan v t e Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Bob Dylan songs based on earlier tunes Bob Dylan cover songs 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Bob Dylan songs based on earlier tunes Bob Dylan cover songs 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street-Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind "Love and Theft" Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Rough and Rowdy Ways Shadow Kingdom Bob Dylan The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street-Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind "Love and Theft" Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Rough and Rowdy Ways Shadow Kingdom Live albums Contemporary Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Archival Live 1961–2000: Thirty-Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert – Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Bob Dylan – The Rolling Thunder Revue: The 1975 Live Recordings The Complete Budokan 1978 The 1974 Live Recordings Contemporary Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Archival Live 1961–2000: Thirty-Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert – Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Bob Dylan – The Rolling Thunder Revue: The 1975 Live Recordings The Complete Budokan 1978 The 1974 Live Recordings Live 1961–2000: Thirty-Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert – Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Bob Dylan – The Rolling Thunder Revue: The 1975 Live Recordings The Complete Budokan 1978 The 1974 Live Recordings Compilations Hits Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan (1997) The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan The Best of Bob Dylan (2005) Dylan The Very Best of Bob Dylan Themed Dylan The Basement Tapes Blues Box sets Biograph Bob Dylan: The Collection The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan: The Complete Album Collection Vol. One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 1970 Hits Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan (1997) The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan The Best of Bob Dylan (2005) Dylan The Very Best of Bob Dylan Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan (1997) The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan The Best of Bob Dylan (2005) Dylan The Very Best of Bob Dylan Themed Dylan The Basement Tapes Blues Dylan The Basement Tapes Blues Box sets Biograph Bob Dylan: The Collection The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan: The Complete Album Collection Vol. One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 1970 Biograph Bob Dylan: The Collection The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan: The Complete Album Collection Vol. One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 1970 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 Vol. 4: The Royal Albert Hall Concert Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7: No Direction Home: The Soundtrack Vol. 8: Tell Tale Signs: Rare and Unreleased 1989–2006 Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 Vol. 10: Another Self Portrait (1969–1971) Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12: The Cutting Edge 1965–1966 Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981 Vol. 14: More Blood, More Tracks Vol. 15: Travelin' Thru, 1967–1969 Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 Vol. 17: Fragments – Time Out of Mind Sessions (1996–1997) Vol. 18: Through the Open Window 1956–1963 Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 Vol. 4: The Royal Albert Hall Concert Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7: No Direction Home: The Soundtrack Vol. 8: Tell Tale Signs: Rare and Unreleased 1989–2006 Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 Vol. 10: Another Self Portrait (1969–1971) Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12: The Cutting Edge 1965–1966 Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981 Vol. 14: More Blood, More Tracks Vol. 15: Travelin' Thru, 1967–1969 Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 Vol. 17: Fragments – Time Out of Mind Sessions (1996–1997) Vol. 18: Through the Open Window 1956–1963 Bootlegs From Newport to the Ancient Empty Street in L.A. Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs 1967 1975 From Newport to the Ancient Empty Street in L.A. Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs 1967 1975 1967 1975 Concert tours England Tour (1965) World Tour (1966) Isle of Wight Festival (1969) Tour with the Band (1974) Rolling Thunder Revue (1975–1976) World Tour (1978) Gospel Tour (1979–80) European Tour (1984) True Confessions Tour (1986) Tour with the Grateful Dead (1987) Temples in Flames Tour (1987) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Rough and Rowdy Ways World Wide Tour (2021–2025) England Tour (1965) World Tour (1966) Isle of Wight Festival (1969) Tour with the Band (1974) Rolling Thunder Revue (1975–1976) World Tour (1978) Gospel Tour (1979–80) European Tour (1984) True Confessions Tour (1986) Tour with the Grateful Dead (1987) Temples in Flames Tour (1987) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Rough and Rowdy Ways World Wide Tour (2021–2025) Films Dont Look Back (1967) Concert for Bangladesh (1972) Eat the Document (1972) The Last Waltz (1976) Renaldo and Clara (1978) Hard to Handle (1986) Hearts of Fire (1987) The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (1992) Masked and Anonymous (2003) No Direction Home (2005) I'm Not There (2007) 65 Revisited (2007) The Other Side of the Mirror (2007) Rolling Thunder Revue (2019) Shadow Kingdom (2021) A Complete Unknown (2024) Dont Look Back (1967) Concert for Bangladesh (1972) Eat the Document (1972) The Last Waltz (1976) Renaldo and Clara (1978) Hard to Handle (1986) Hearts of Fire (1987) The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (1992) Masked and Anonymous (2003) No Direction Home (2005) I'm Not There (2007) 65 Revisited (2007) The Other Side of the Mirror (2007) Rolling Thunder Revue (2019) Shadow Kingdom (2021) A Complete Unknown (2024) Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles: Volume One The Philosophy of Modern Song Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles: Volume One The Philosophy of Modern Song Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan, Performing Artist Invisible Republic Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Bob Dylan: Mixing Up the Medicine Dylan Goes Electric! The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan, Performing Artist Invisible Republic Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Bob Dylan: Mixing Up the Medicine Dylan Goes Electric! Family Sara Dylan (first wife) Carolyn Dennis (second wife) Jesse Dylan (son) Jakob Dylan (son) Sara Dylan (first wife) Carolyn Dennis (second wife) Jesse Dylan (son) Jakob Dylan (son) Related The Bob Dylan Archive Recording Sessions The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo Helena Springs The Telegraph magazine Festival The Concert for Bangladesh Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Highway 61 Interactive Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody: The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom (album) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes Bob Dylan Center The Bob Dylan Archive Recording Sessions The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo Helena Springs The Telegraph magazine Festival The Concert for Bangladesh Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Highway 61 Interactive Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody: The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom (album) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes Bob Dylan Center Category Category v t e Bob Dylan songs by album (1960s) v t e Bob Dylan " You're No Good " " Talkin' New York " " In My Time of Dyin' " " Man of Constant Sorrow " " Fixin' to Die " " Pretty Peggy-O " " Gospel Plow " " Baby, Let Me Follow You Down " " House of the Risin' Sun " " Freight Train Blues " " Song to Woody " " See That My Grave Is Kept Clean " " Highway 51 " " You're No Good " " Talkin' New York " " In My Time of Dyin' " " Man of Constant Sorrow " " Fixin' to Die " " Pretty Peggy-O " " Gospel Plow " " Baby, Let Me Follow You Down " " House of the Risin' Sun " " Freight Train Blues " " Song to Woody " " See That My Grave Is Kept Clean " " Highway 51 " The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan " Blowin' in the Wind " " Girl from the North Country " " Masters of War " " Down the Highway " " Bob Dylan's Blues " " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " " Bob Dylan's Dream " " Oxford Town " " Talkin' World War III Blues " " Corrina, Corrina " " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " " I Shall Be Free " " Blowin' in the Wind " " Girl from the North Country " " Masters of War " " Down the Highway " " Bob Dylan's Blues " " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " " Bob Dylan's Dream " " Oxford Town " " Talkin' World War III Blues " " Corrina, Corrina " " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " " I Shall Be Free " The Times They Are a-Changin' " The Times They Are a-Changin' " " Ballad of Hollis Brown " " With God on Our Side " " One Too Many Mornings " " North Country Blues " " Only a Pawn in Their Game " " Boots of Spanish Leather " " When the Ship Comes In " " The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll " " Restless Farewell " " The Times They Are a-Changin' " " Ballad of Hollis Brown " " With God on Our Side " " One Too Many Mornings " " North Country Blues " " Only a Pawn in Their Game " " Boots of Spanish Leather " " When the Ship Comes In " " The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll " " Restless Farewell " Another Side of Bob Dylan " All I Really Want to Do " " Black Crow Blues " " Spanish Harlem Incident " " Chimes of Freedom " " I Shall Be Free No. 10 " " To Ramona " " Motorpsycho Nitemare " " My Back Pages " " I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met) " " Ballad in Plain D " " It Ain't Me Babe " " All I Really Want to Do " " Black Crow Blues " " Spanish Harlem Incident " " Chimes of Freedom " " I Shall Be Free No. 10 " " To Ramona " " Motorpsycho Nitemare " " My Back Pages " " I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met) " " Ballad in Plain D " " It Ain't Me Babe " Bringing It All Back Home " Subterranean Homesick Blues " " She Belongs to Me " " Maggie's Farm " " Love Minus Zero/No Limit " " Outlaw Blues " " On the Road Again " " Bob Dylan's 115th Dream " " Mr. Tambourine Man " " Gates of Eden " " It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding) " " It's All Over Now, Baby Blue " " Subterranean Homesick Blues " " She Belongs to Me " " Maggie's Farm " " Love Minus Zero/No Limit " " Outlaw Blues " " On the Road Again " " Bob Dylan's 115th Dream " " Mr. Tambourine Man " " Gates of Eden " " It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding) " " It's All Over Now, Baby Blue " Highway 61 Revisited " Like a Rolling Stone " " Tombstone Blues " " It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry " " From a Buick 6 " " Ballad of a Thin Man " " Queen Jane Approximately " " Highway 61 Revisited " " Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues " " Desolation Row " " Like a Rolling Stone " " Tombstone Blues " " It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry " " From a Buick 6 " " Ballad of a Thin Man " " Queen Jane Approximately " " Highway 61 Revisited " " Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues " " Desolation Row " Blonde on Blonde " Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 " " Pledging My Time " " Visions of Johanna " " One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later) " " I Want You " " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " " Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat " " Just Like a Woman " " Most Likely You Go Your Way and I'll Go Mine " " Temporary Like Achilles " " Absolutely Sweet Marie " " 4th Time Around " " Obviously 5 Believers " " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " " Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 " " Pledging My Time " " Visions of Johanna " " One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later) " " I Want You " " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " " Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat " " Just Like a Woman " " Most Likely You Go Your Way and I'll Go Mine " " Temporary Like Achilles " " Absolutely Sweet Marie " " 4th Time Around " " Obviously 5 Believers " " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " John Wesley Harding " John Wesley Harding " " As I Went Out One Morning " " I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine " " All Along the Watchtower " " The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest " " Drifter's Escape " " Dear Landlord " " I Am a Lonesome Hobo " " I Pity the Poor Immigrant " " The Wicked Messenger " " Down Along the Cove " " I'll Be Your Baby Tonight " " John Wesley Harding " " As I Went Out One Morning " " I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine " " All Along the Watchtower " " The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest " " Drifter's Escape " " Dear Landlord " " I Am a Lonesome Hobo " " I Pity the Poor Immigrant " " The Wicked Messenger " " Down Along the Cove " " I'll Be Your Baby Tonight " Nashville Skyline " Girl from the North Country " " To Be Alone with You " " I Threw It All Away " " Lay Lady Lay " " Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You " " Girl from the North Country " " To Be Alone with You " " I Threw It All Away " " Lay Lady Lay " " Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You " Other " Talkin' Bear Mountain Picnic Massacre Blues " " Mixed-Up Confusion " " Positively 4th Street " " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window? " " If You Gotta Go, Go Now " " Talkin' Bear Mountain Picnic Massacre Blues " " Mixed-Up Confusion " " Positively 4th Street " " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window? " " If You Gotta Go, Go Now " Lists Songs written by Dylan Songs written by Dylan v t e Bob Dylan singles discography v t e 1962 " Mixed-Up Confusion " / " Corrina, Corrina " 1963 " Blowin' in the Wind " / " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " 1965 " The Times They Are a-Changin' " / " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " " Maggie's Farm " / " On the Road Again " " Subterranean Homesick Blues " / " She Belongs to Me " " Like a Rolling Stone " / " Gates of Eden " Positively 4th Street " / " From a Buick 6 " " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window? " / " Highway 61 Revisited " 1966 " One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later) " / " Queen Jane Approximately " " Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35 " / " Pledging My Time " " I Want You " / " Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues " (live with The Hawks ) " Just Like a Woman " / " Obviously 5 Believers " 1967 " Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat " / " Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine " " If You Gotta Go, Go Now " / " To Ramona " (only in Europe) 1968 " Drifter's Escape " / " John Wesley Harding " " All Along the Watchtower " / " I'll Be Your Baby Tonight " 1969 " I Threw It All Away " / " Drifter's Escape " " Lay Lady Lay " / "Peggy Day" " Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You " / "Country Pie" 1962 " Mixed-Up Confusion " / " Corrina, Corrina " " Mixed-Up Confusion " / " Corrina, Corrina " 1963 " Blowin' in the Wind " / " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " " Blowin' in the Wind " / " Don't Think Twice, It's All Right " 1965 " The Times They Are a-Changin' " / " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " " Maggie's Farm " / " On the Road Again " " Subterranean Homesick Blues " / " She Belongs to Me " " Like a Rolling Stone " / " Gates of Eden " Positively 4th Street " / " From a Buick 6 " " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window? " / " Highway 61 Revisited " " The Times They Are a-Changin' " / " Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance " " Maggie's Farm " / " On the Road Again " " Subterranean Homesick Blues " / " She Belongs to Me " " Like a Rolling Stone " / " Gates of Eden " Positively 4th Street " / " From a Buick 6 " " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window? " / " Highway 61 Revisited " 1966 " One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later) " / " Queen Jane Approximately " " Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35 " / " Pledging My Time " " I Want You " / " Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues " (live with The Hawks ) " Just Like a Woman " / " Obviously 5 Believers " " One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later) " / " Queen Jane Approximately " " Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35 " / " Pledging My Time " " I Want You " / " Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues " (live with The Hawks ) " Just Like a Woman " / " Obviously 5 Believers " 1967 " Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat " / " Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine " " If You Gotta Go, Go Now " / " To Ramona " (only in Europe) " Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat " / " Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine " " If You Gotta Go, Go Now " / " To Ramona " (only in Europe) 1968 " Drifter's Escape " / " John Wesley Harding " " All Along the Watchtower " / " I'll Be Your Baby Tonight " " Drifter's Escape " / " John Wesley Harding " " All Along the Watchtower " / " I'll Be Your Baby Tonight " 1969 " I Threw It All Away " / " Drifter's Escape " " Lay Lady Lay " / "Peggy Day" " Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You " / "Country Pie" " I Threw It All Away " / " Drifter's Escape " " Lay Lady Lay " / "Peggy Day" " Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You " / "Country Pie" 1970 " Wigwam " / " Copper Kettle " 1971 " If Not for You " / "New Morning" " Watching the River Flow " / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue" " George Jackson " (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version) 1973 " Knockin' on Heaven's Door " / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) " A Fool Such as I " / "Lily of the West" 1974 " On a Night Like This " / "You Angel You" "Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama" " Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) " (live with The Band ) " All Along the Watchtower " / " It Ain't Me Babe " 1975 " Tangled Up in Blue " / " If You See Her, Say Hello " " Million Dollar Bash " / " Tears of Rage " " Hurricane " (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2) 1976 " Mozambique " / "Oh Sister" " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " (live) / " Rita May " 1978 " Baby, Stop Crying " / "We Better Talk This Over" " Changing of the Guards " / " Señor (Tales of Yankee Power) " "Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over" 1979 " Maggie's Farm (live) / " All Along the Watchtower " " Forever Young " (live) / " All Along the Watchtower " / " I Want You " " Man Gave Names to All the Animals " / "When You Gonna Wake Up?" " Gotta Serve Somebody " / "Trouble in Mind" " Precious Angel " / "Trouble in Mind" 1970 " Wigwam " / " Copper Kettle " " Wigwam " / " Copper Kettle " 1971 " If Not for You " / "New Morning" " Watching the River Flow " / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue" " George Jackson " (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version) " If Not for You " / "New Morning" " Watching the River Flow " / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue" " George Jackson " (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version) 1973 " Knockin' on Heaven's Door " / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) " A Fool Such as I " / "Lily of the West" " Knockin' on Heaven's Door " / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) " A Fool Such as I " / "Lily of the West" 1974 " On a Night Like This " / "You Angel You" "Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama" " Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) " (live with The Band ) " All Along the Watchtower " / " It Ain't Me Babe " " On a Night Like This " / "You Angel You" "Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama" " Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) " (live with The Band ) " All Along the Watchtower " / " It Ain't Me Babe " 1975 " Tangled Up in Blue " / " If You See Her, Say Hello " " Million Dollar Bash " / " Tears of Rage " " Hurricane " (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2) " Tangled Up in Blue " / " If You See Her, Say Hello " " Million Dollar Bash " / " Tears of Rage " " Hurricane " (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2) 1976 " Mozambique " / "Oh Sister" " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " (live) / " Rita May " " Mozambique " / "Oh Sister" " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " (live) / " Rita May " 1978 " Baby, Stop Crying " / "We Better Talk This Over" " Changing of the Guards " / " Señor (Tales of Yankee Power) " "Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over" " Baby, Stop Crying " / "We Better Talk This Over" " Changing of the Guards " / " Señor (Tales of Yankee Power) " "Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over" 1979 " Maggie's Farm (live) / " All Along the Watchtower " " Forever Young " (live) / " All Along the Watchtower " / " I Want You " " Man Gave Names to All the Animals " / "When You Gonna Wake Up?" " Gotta Serve Somebody " / "Trouble in Mind" " Precious Angel " / "Trouble in Mind" " Maggie's Farm (live) / " All Along the Watchtower " " Forever Young " (live) / " All Along the Watchtower " / " I Want You " " Man Gave Names to All the Animals " / "When You Gonna Wake Up?" " Gotta Serve Somebody " / "Trouble in Mind" " Precious Angel " / "Trouble in Mind" 1980 " Slow Train " / "Do Right to Me Baby" "Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman" "Saved" / "Are You Ready?" 1981 " Heart of Mine " / "Let It Be Me" "Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce" 1983 "Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground" "I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground" " Sweetheart Like You " / "Union Sundown" 1984 " Jokerman " / " Isis " 1985 " Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love) " / "We Better Talk this Over" "When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours" 1986 " Band of the Hand " / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini) "Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual" 1988 " Silvio " / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore" 1989 " Everything Is Broken " / "Death is Not the End" "Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead ) 1980 " Slow Train " / "Do Right to Me Baby" "Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman" "Saved" / "Are You Ready?" " Slow Train " / "Do Right to Me Baby" "Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman" "Saved" / "Are You Ready?" 1981 " Heart of Mine " / "Let It Be Me" "Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce" " Heart of Mine " / "Let It Be Me" "Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce" 1983 "Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground" "I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground" " Sweetheart Like You " / "Union Sundown" "Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground" "I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground" " Sweetheart Like You " / "Union Sundown" 1984 " Jokerman " / " Isis " " Jokerman " / " Isis " 1985 " Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love) " / "We Better Talk this Over" "When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours" " Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love) " / "We Better Talk this Over" "When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours" 1986 " Band of the Hand " / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini) "Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual" " Band of the Hand " / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini) "Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual" 1988 " Silvio " / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore" " Silvio " / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore" 1989 " Everything Is Broken " / "Death is Not the End" "Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead ) " Everything Is Broken " / "Death is Not the End" "Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 " Political World " / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia) " Most of the Time " / "Most of the Time (edit piece) " Unbelievable " / "10,000 Men" 1991 " Series of Dreams " / "Seven Curses" " Blind Willie McTell " / " It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry " (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 ) " Step it Up and Go " — (no b-side ) 1993 " My Back Pages " (with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) — (no b-side) 1995 " Dignity " (live on MTV Unplugged ) / " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " (live version) " Knockin' on Heaven's Door " / " John Brown " (both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 " Not Dark Yet " / " Tombstone Blues " (live) / " Ballad of a Thin Man " (live) / " Boots of Spanish Leather " (live) " Love Sick " / " Tombstone Blues " (live) 1990 " Political World " / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia) " Most of the Time " / "Most of the Time (edit piece) " Unbelievable " / "10,000 Men" " Political World " / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia) " Most of the Time " / "Most of the Time (edit piece) " Unbelievable " / "10,000 Men" 1991 " Series of Dreams " / "Seven Curses" " Blind Willie McTell " / " It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry " (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 ) " Step it Up and Go " — (no b-side ) " Series of Dreams " / "Seven Curses" " Blind Willie McTell " / " It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry " (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 ) " Step it Up and Go " — (no b-side ) 1993 " My Back Pages " (with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) — (no b-side) " My Back Pages " (with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) — (no b-side) 1995 " Dignity " (live on MTV Unplugged ) / " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " (live version) " Knockin' on Heaven's Door " / " John Brown " (both live on MTV Unplugged ) " Dignity " (live on MTV Unplugged ) / " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall " (live version) " Knockin' on Heaven's Door " / " John Brown " (both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 " Not Dark Yet " / " Tombstone Blues " (live) / " Ballad of a Thin Man " (live) / " Boots of Spanish Leather " (live) " Love Sick " / " Tombstone Blues " (live) " Not Dark Yet " / " Tombstone Blues " (live) / " Ballad of a Thin Man " (live) / " Boots of Spanish Leather " (live) " Love Sick " / " Tombstone Blues " (live) 2000 " Things Have Changed " / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / " Song to Woody " (live) 2006 " Someday Baby " / "Someday Baby" (edit piece) " Rollin' and Tumblin' " / " Not Dark Yet " / " High Water (for Charley Patton) " 2007 " Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) " (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version) 2008 " Dreamin' of You " (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version) 2009 " Beyond Here Lies Nothin' " / "Down Along the Cove" (live) " I Feel a Change Comin' On " / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece) " Must Be Santa " / " 'Twas the Night Before Christmas " 2000 " Things Have Changed " / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / " Song to Woody " (live) " Things Have Changed " / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / " Song to Woody " (live) 2006 " Someday Baby " / "Someday Baby" (edit piece) " Rollin' and Tumblin' " / " Not Dark Yet " / " High Water (for Charley Patton) " " Someday Baby " / "Someday Baby" (edit piece) " Rollin' and Tumblin' " / " Not Dark Yet " / " High Water (for Charley Patton) " 2007 " Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) " (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version) " Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) " (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version) 2008 " Dreamin' of You " (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version) " Dreamin' of You " (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version) 2009 " Beyond Here Lies Nothin' " / "Down Along the Cove" (live) " I Feel a Change Comin' On " / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece) " Must Be Santa " / " 'Twas the Night Before Christmas " " Beyond Here Lies Nothin' " / "Down Along the Cove" (live) " I Feel a Change Comin' On " / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece) " Must Be Santa " / " 'Twas the Night Before Christmas " 2010 " The Times They Are a-Changin' " (demo version) / " Like a Rolling Stone " 2012 " Duquesne Whistle " 2013 " Wigwam " (demo version) / " Thirsty Boots " 2010 " The Times They Are a-Changin' " (demo version) / " Like a Rolling Stone " " The Times They Are a-Changin' " (demo version) / " Like a Rolling Stone " 2012 " Duquesne Whistle " " Duquesne Whistle " 2013 " Wigwam " (demo version) / " Thirsty Boots " " Wigwam " (demo version) / " Thirsty Boots " 2020 " Murder Most Foul " " I Contain Multitudes " " False Prophet " 2020 " Murder Most Foul " " I Contain Multitudes " " False Prophet " " Murder Most Foul " " I Contain Multitudes " " False Prophet " Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND Other MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 1963 albums Albums produced by John Hammond (producer) Albums produced by Tom Wilson (record producer) Bob Dylan albums Columbia Records albums United States National Recording Registry albums Featured articles Use mdy dates from May 2021 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Album chart usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming figures Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments figures Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments footnote Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming footnote All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2025 This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 14:10 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freewheelin%27_Bob_Dylan
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Recording history Toggle Recording history subsection 2.1 Initial sessions 2.2 Later sessions 2.3 Mixing 2.1 Initial sessions 2.2 Later sessions 2.3 Mixing 3 Music and lyrics Toggle Music and lyrics subsection 3.1 Side one 3.2 Side two 3.3 Side three 3.4 Side four 3.1 Side one 3.2 Side two 3.3 Side three 3.4 Side four 4 Packaging and artwork 5 Release and promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Retrospective reviews 7.2 Rankings 7.1 Retrospective reviews 7.2 Rankings 8 Reissues 9 Track listing 10 Personnel 11 Charts Toggle Charts subsection 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year-end charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year-end charts 12 Certifications 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Sources 14.1 Sources 15 External links The River (Bruce Springsteen album) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The River Studio album by Bruce Springsteen Released October 17, 1980 ( 1980-10-17 ) Recorded March 1979 – August 1980 Studio Power Station (New York City) Genre Heartland rock rock and roll R&B folk country pop Heartland rock rock and roll R&B folk country pop Length 82 : 58 Label Columbia Producer Bruce Springsteen Jon Landau Steven Van Zandt Bruce Springsteen Jon Landau Steven Van Zandt Bruce Springsteen chronology Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) The River (1980) Nebraska (1982) Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) The River (1980) Nebraska (1982) Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band chronology Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) The River (1980) Born in the U.S.A. (1984) Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) The River (1980) Born in the U.S.A. (1984) Singles from The River " Hungry Heart " Released: October 21, 1980 " Fade Away " Released: January 22, 1981 " Sherry Darling " Released: February 1981 " The River " Released: April 1981 (UK) " Cadillac Ranch " Released: August 1981 (UK) " Point Blank " Released: 1981 (Netherlands) "I Wanna Marry You" Released: 1981 (Japan) " Hungry Heart " Released: October 21, 1980 " Fade Away " Released: January 22, 1981 " Sherry Darling " Released: February 1981 " The River " Released: April 1981 (UK) " Cadillac Ranch " Released: August 1981 (UK) " Point Blank " Released: 1981 (Netherlands) "I Wanna Marry You" Released: 1981 (Japan) The River is the fifth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen , released as a double album on October 17, 1980, through Columbia Records . The album was Springsteen's attempt to capture the E Street Band 's live sound on record. Co-produced by Springsteen, his manager Jon Landau , and bandmate Steven Van Zandt , the recording sessions lasted 18 months in New York City from March 1979 to August 1980. Springsteen originally planned to release a single LP , The Ties That Bind , in late 1979, before deciding it did not fit his vision and scrapped it. Over 50 songs were recorded, with outtakes being released as B-sides , or on compilation albums . The River is a heartland rock and rock and roll record with a live garage-band sound, combining party songs with introspective ballads. The lyrics expand on the themes of Springsteen's previous albums Born to Run (1975) and Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) and mainly focus on love, marriage, and family. Springsteen took inspiration from the writer Flannery O'Connor for the characterizations. The cover photograph of Springsteen was taken by Frank Stefanko , who also took the front cover photograph of Darkness on the Edge of Town . The River became Springsteen's first album to top the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart in the US and was his fastest-selling album yet. It was also a commercial success elsewhere, topping the chart in Canada and Norway, and reaching number two in the UK. It spawned several singles , including " Hungry Heart ", a US top ten, " Fade Away ", and " The River ". Springsteen and the E Street Band supported the album on The River Tour from October 1980 to September 1981. Upon release, music critics praised the songwriting, the performances of the E Street Band, and the lyrical evolution, while others believed Springsteen was recycling old material and lacking in creativity. In later decades, The River has been regarded as one of Springsteen's finest works, although many critics remain divided on the album's consistency. It has appeared on best-of lists, while several songs foreshadowed the direction Springsteen took on his next album, the solo effort Nebraska (1982). The River was reissued as an expanded box set in 2015, featuring the scrapped single LP, The Ties That Bind , and a documentary detailing the album's making. Background Bruce Springsteen supported his fourth studio album Darkness on the Edge of Town on the Darkness Tour from May 1978 to January 1979, performing with the E Street Band – Roy Bittan (piano), Clarence Clemons (saxophone), Danny Federici (organ), Garry Tallent (bass), Steven Van Zandt (guitar), and Max Weinberg (drums). [ 1 ] Upon the tour's completion, he began preparations for his next studio record. [ 2 ] Having grown closer with the E Street Band during the tour, he wanted his fifth album to be a "band" album, [ 3 ] one that captured the feel of the band playing on stage. [ 4 ] Springsteen stated: "I wanted to cut some music that felt very explosive. I wanted a record that combined the fun aspect of what the band did along with the story I was telling. Find a way to combine those things and create a bigger picture of what we did out in front of the people." [ 5 ] Rehearsals took place with the E Street Band during the early months of 1979 at a studio inside Springsteen's home in Holmdel, New Jersey . [ 4 ] Springsteen wrote both new material [ 2 ] and had an assortment of pre-written tracks either already recorded in the studio during the Darkness sessions or performed live on the tour, [ 3 ] including " Independence Day ", " Point Blank ", " The Ties That Bind ", " Ramrod ", "Drive All Night", and " Sherry Darling ". [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Springsteen used the Byrds as the basis for several songs, specifically their use of harmony vocals to unite the band as a whole. [ 3 ] According to the author Peter Ames Carlin , the new material picked up where Darkness left off, being influenced by early rock and roll and country records, with stories capturing "snapshots of the real world as viewed through the hopes, labors, fears, joys, and strugglers of the unheralded many". [ 8 ] Songs that took shape during this time included " Be True ", " Hungry Heart ", "I Wanna Be with You", "Bring on the Night", [ 3 ] and "Roulette", which was written as a response to the Three Mile Island accident and foreshadowed Springsteen's future as a politicized singer-songwriter. [ 9 ] Recording history Initial sessions Recording sessions for the album began in March 1979 and took place at the Power Station in New York City. [ 10 ] The venue was chosen after Weinberg, Tallent, and Bittan had recorded Ian Hunter 's You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic album there. [ 8 ] [ 11 ] Several different microphones were set up around the studio's large gymnasium-sized room designed to capture the live sounds of the band. [ 8 ] [ 12 ] Springsteen, Jon Landau , and Van Zandt acted as co-producers. [ 10 ] [ 13 ] Van Zandt exerted more control during these sessions after assisting with production during the Darkness sessions. [ 11 ] [ 14 ] He was tasked with giving the band a more "garage" and "rugged" sound to contrast with Born to Run (1975) and Darkness , [ 11 ] and ensured the band was ready to play; Landau ensured progress was being made. [ 15 ] Van Zandt later said: " The River was the first record where I felt comfortable enough to start capturing what the band was all about." [ 16 ] Springsteen's perfectionism from previous recording sessions remained, with the entire band recording numerous retakes of the same tracks. [ 17 ] The Power Station's resident engineer Bob Clearmountain was taken aback by Springsteen's work ethic at first but was impressed by his material and dedication to achieving perfection. [ 18 ] Songs were played based on the complexity of their chord structures . Springsteen taught the band the more complex ones in sections, while more simple ones began without the band knowing what they were playing entirely. Tallent remembered: "We'd hear the song for the first time while we were recording it." [ 19 ] Tracks were mostly recorded live, apart from occasional vocal, guitar, or saxophone overdubs . [ 5 ] One of the first songs recorded was "The Ties That Bind". [ 20 ] In May, the band attempted "Bring on the Night" and the Born to Run outtake "Janey Needs a Shooter", [ a ] the latter of which Springsteen donated to Warren Zevon . [ b ] [ 22 ] Between May and mid-June, the band recorded "Sherry Darling", "Independence Day", "I Wanna Be With You", "Ramrod", "Bring on the Night", "Jackson Cage", "Be True", and "Hungry Heart", [ 23 ] which Springsteen initially wrote for the Ramones , believing its poppy sound was out of place with the rest of the material, [ 24 ] but Landau convinced him to keep it. [ 13 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Harmony vocals on the song were provided by Flo & Eddie ( Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman , formerly of the Turtles ). [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Anticipating a hit single , the mixer Chuck Plotkin sped the tape up to "give the vocal a more boyish lilt", after which Clearmountain mixed the song. Springsteen initially disliked the finished song before being convinced it fit on the album and would perform well as the lead single . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] In June, Springsteen attended the wedding of his lighting director Marc Brickman in Los Angeles, California, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] after which he wrote " Stolen Car " and other songs with marital and parental themes, including "The Price You Pay", "Loose Ends", "I Wanna Marry You", and "Cindy". [ 3 ] [ 29 ] Other songs, such as "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)" and "Ricky Wants a Man of Her Own", appeared by late July. [ 3 ] [ 30 ] The sessions continued through August, [ 11 ] during which Springsteen wrote " The River ". [ 31 ] By September, [ 11 ] he had finalized a track list and was ready to release the album, to be titled The Ties That Bind , by Christmas 1979. [ c ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This version was engineered and mixed by Clearmountain. Nevertheless, Springsteen felt the album "wasn't enough" as he kept listening to it. [ d ] [ 32 ] In his 2016 autobiography Born to Run , he explained that he was inspired by artists such as Van Morrison , Bob Dylan , and Marvin Gaye , who "created self-aware, self-contained worlds on their albums, and then invited their fans to discover them". [ 32 ] After performing with the E Street Band at the No Nukes benefit concerts for Musicians United for Safe Energy at Madison Square Garden in mid-September, [ e ] [ 39 ] Springsteen reconceptualized the album. [ 3 ] He had debuted "The River" during the shows and wanted to write new material that reflected the song's darker themes. [ 10 ] [ 13 ] [ 40 ] Later sessions I had an album of 13 songs finished a year ago September, but I didn't put the record out because it wasn't personal enough. This album seems much more personal to me. [ 41 ] I had an album of 13 songs finished a year ago September, but I didn't put the record out because it wasn't personal enough. This album seems much more personal to me. [ 41 ] With The Ties That Bind scrapped, the recording sessions continued through the end of 1979 into 1980 as Springsteen kept writing new material, [ 42 ] including "Crush on You", "Where All the Bands Are", "Party Lights", "I'm a Rocker", "Living on the Edge of the World", "Take 'em as They Come", " Out in the Street ", and "Two Hearts". [ 43 ] Discussing his long recording periods in the studio, Springsteen said: "I stopped feeling bad about ... spending a long time in the studio ... I said [to myself], That's me, that's what I do. I work slow, and I work slow for a reason: To get the results that I want." [ 44 ] These sessions were engineered by Neil Dorfsman as Clearmountain departed for other commitments. [ f ] [ 18 ] [ 15 ] Between January and April 1980, Springsteen continued writing new songs, such as "Restless Nights" and " Wreck on the Highway ", and reintroduced already recorded material to re-record, including "Independence Day", "Point Blank", "Sherry Darling", "Drive All Night", "Stolen Car", and "Jackson Cage". [ 45 ] Landau proposed making the record a double album to encompass everything Springsteen was trying to achieve. [ 4 ] By the end of April, Springsteen had selected 22 tracks for the album, although recording continued. He later stated in the late 1990s: "It's never over until it's over. Everybody's telling you you're done and you take it home and it's just not right ... [But] my life at the time [of The River ] was extremely focused, probably to the detriment of the records." [ 46 ] The sessions lasted until August 1980 [ 10 ] [ 13 ] for a total of 18 months, [ 15 ] during which almost 50 songs were recorded. [ 4 ] [ 18 ] Of the outtakes , some were issued as B-sides ("Be True", "Held Up Without a Gun", and "Roulette"), [ 13 ] while others later appeared on compilation albums such as 1998's Tracks ("Loose Ends" [ 47 ] and "Ricky Wants a Man for Her Own" [ 11 ] ) and 2015's The Ties That Bind: The River Collection ("Cindy" [ 47 ] and "The Man Who Got Away" [ 11 ] ). [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Springsteen also gave songs to other artists, including " From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come) " to Dave Edmunds , who released his own version in 1982, [ 16 ] as well as "Dedication" and "Your Love" to the singer Gary U.S. Bonds . [ 49 ] Springsteen later admitted he left "an entire album ... [of] three [to] four-minute pop songs" in the vault. [ 50 ] Mixing Mixing for the double album, now called The River , was done at Clover Studios in Los Angeles by Plotkin and Toby Scott . [ 51 ] Reportedly lasting five months, [ 3 ] mixing the 20 chosen recordings proved problematic; the studio's microphones used to record the live sound bled together, creating a "muddled and unclear" sound. [ 51 ] Scott explained: "Neil [Dorfsman]'s recording of the room mics had been one of my problems when I mixed The River . There was so much cymbal in those room mics, I had to recreate the room by using the Clover studio and piping some of the drums back out over speakers into the studio to have them reverberate around, while also using reverb units." [ 52 ] Plotkin and Scott attempted to make their own mix of "Hungry Heart" before deciding Clearmountain's mix was superior. [ 25 ] Mastering was done by Ken Perry at Capitol Studios in Hollywood . [ 51 ] Music and lyrics After the unrelenting seriousness of Darkness , I wanted more flexibility in the emotional range of the songs I chose. Along with 'gravitas', our shows were always filled with fun, and I wanted to make sure, this time around, that didn't get lost. [ 32 ] After the unrelenting seriousness of Darkness , I wanted more flexibility in the emotional range of the songs I chose. Along with 'gravitas', our shows were always filled with fun, and I wanted to make sure, this time around, that didn't get lost. [ 32 ] The River is a double album that contains 20 tracks. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Its musical style has been characterized as heartland rock , [ 55 ] [ 56 ] rock and roll , [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] R&B , folk , and country , with vocal hints at British punk rock and new wave . [ 53 ] Kenneth Partridge of Billboard retrospectively described The River as Springsteen's "new wave album, but it's also his pop album". [ 60 ] According to AllMusic 's Mark Deming, the music was "leaner" and "more strongly rooted in rock & roll" than Born to Run and Darkness . [ 61 ] Due to the nature in which the album was recorded, The River features a " garage band " and "live" sound throughout, [ 13 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] which Springsteen said represented an effort "to provide fuel for our live show and to create a counterbalance to the ballads that began showing up more and more in my work". [ 35 ] Carlin said the live performances give the songs a " barroom feel that trade the precision of ' Born to Run ' and ' Darkness on the Edge of Town ' with the power of the full band's instrumental wallop". [ 5 ] Expanding on the themes of its two predecessors, [ 64 ] The River 's lyrics focus primarily on love, marriage, and family. [ 65 ] Springsteen himself said the record "was my first attempt to write about the commitments of home and marriage." [ 35 ] He was particularly influenced by the writer Flannery O'Connor for his characterizations, stating: "There was something in those stories of hers that I felt captured a certain part of the American character that I was interested in writing about." [ 66 ] Paul Pearson of Treble stated that Springsteen stripped the storytelling of the album's two predecessors for in-depth character studies: "The characters on Born to Run and Darkness were ones everyone recognized. The characters on The River were ones we knew ." [ 66 ] The writers Larry David Smith and Jon Rutter split The River 's songs into three storytelling styles: "frivolous" party songs ("Cadillac Ranch", "Ramrod"), songs detailing relationships ("The Ties that Bind", "Two Hearts", "I Wanna Marry You"), and "a systematic extension of Darkness themes via a series of life-is-hell songs" ("Independence Day", "The River", "The Price You Pay"). [ 62 ] The album also deals with car themes extensively, particularly on sides three and four; on "Sherry Darling" and "Crush on You", the car represents "tedious responsibility" and "the arrival of lust", respectively. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In his 2004 book Two Hearts , Dave Marsh summarized: [ 68 ] Springsteen's [double album] exists between two archetypes. Its first two sides are a chronicle of people awakening to the fact that they aren't young anymore, that their futures are no longer limitless... The last two sides, on the other hand, describe one version of how someone bred on rock and roll dreams comes to terms with the knowledge that he has aged. Springsteen's [double album] exists between two archetypes. Its first two sides are a chronicle of people awakening to the fact that they aren't young anymore, that their futures are no longer limitless... The last two sides, on the other hand, describe one version of how someone bred on rock and roll dreams comes to terms with the knowledge that he has aged. Side one The album opener, "The Ties That Bind", is an up-tempo track featuring saxophone. [ 60 ] [ 69 ] In it, the narrator addresses his heartbroken girlfriend who wants to live without thinking about other people. [ 69 ] He challenges her not to forsake love but accept the ties of relationships. [ 12 ] "Sherry Darling" is a "frat-rock" [ 60 ] [ 70 ] song with a live feel, [ 59 ] featuring cheers and background singing. [ 57 ] Based on 1960s songs like the Swingin' Medallions ' " Double Shot of My Baby's Love " (1966), [ 60 ] the lyrics are about a man who wants to be alone with his girlfriend in his car, but is stuck driving his rowdy mother-in-law to an unemployment agency. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] "Jackson Cage" is a rock and new wave song featuring organ. It is about a woman living a secluded life, which prevents her from achieving the American dream. [ 60 ] [ 73 ] Springsteen said of the song: "I never knew anybody who was unhappy with their job and was happy with their life. It's your sense of purpose. Now, some people can find it elsewhere. Some people can work a job and find it some place else." [ 73 ] "Two Hearts" is a garage rock [ 74 ] song about searching for a lover and someone to help "whip this world" into a place worth living. [ 60 ] "Independence Day" is a slow, introspective ballad featuring piano, acoustic guitar, and saxophone. [ 60 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] A drama about a relationship between a father and son, the son has realized he and his father, despite their similarities, will never agree on anything, leaving him to declare his "independence" from his father and leave home. [ 13 ] [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 76 ] The song was inspired by Springsteen's relationship with his own father. [ 75 ] Side two Based on a piano riff from the Four Seasons ' " Dawn (Go Away) " (1964), [ 77 ] "Hungry Heart" is a pop song about a man who leaves his family. [ 54 ] He reminisces about his relationship history, and by the song's end, he realizes he needs to return to a home life. [ 62 ] [ 25 ] Springsteen's vocals were sped up to sound more "boyish", while the duo Flo & Eddie provided harmony vocals. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] "Out in the Street" is a new wave and rock song led by piano. [ g ] Lyrically, it uses street parties as a getaway from the depressing, hard working life, [ 78 ] with emphasis on asserting youthfulness. [ 59 ] "Crush on You" is a Rolling Stones -esque [ 79 ] [ 60 ] dance song featuring slide guitar from Van Zandt. [ 59 ] In the lyrics, the narrator sees the girl of his dreams and imagines what she is like, from her possible occupation as a waitress or a bank teller , to an heir to the Rockefeller family . [ 79 ] "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)" is a neo-rockabilly song [ 60 ] compared by the authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon to the styles of Eddie Cochran and Duane Eddy . [ 80 ] The song's subject is frustrated with commerce and his inability to express his sexual desires. [ 60 ] [ 80 ] Following a series of upbeat rock songs, [ 81 ] "I Wanna Marry You" is a slower 1960s style pop ballad about romance. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] In it, a couple question their relationship responsibilities; [ 60 ] the narrator promises to do the best for his girl. [ 54 ] Margotin and Guesdon write that the song represents a return to the main theme throughout The River , that "only life as a couple allows you to overcome the misfortunes and failures of life". [ 81 ] The album's title track asks the album's central question: "Is a dream a lie if it [does not] come true, or is it something worse?" [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Inspired by the lives of Springsteen's own sister and brother-in-law, [ 84 ] [ 13 ] "The River" possesses themes of nostalgia and sadness, [ 85 ] telling the story of a young man who has settled into life by his late teens, marrying his pregnant girlfriend, Mary, [ 86 ] and getting a union construction job. [ 87 ] The couple are bound to follow the same working class lives as their parents, as well as their grandparents. [ 60 ] [ 84 ] The song also describes the couple's unromantic courthouse wedding, the narrator losing his job due to the "economy", [ 86 ] and the two's memories of swimming in a local watering hole referred to as "the river". [ 87 ] The title has also been interpreted as a metaphor for the narrator's passions, which by the song's end has "gone dry". [ 87 ] Musically inspired by " My Bucket's Got a Hole in It " (1949) by Hank Williams , [ 85 ] "The River" is a mid-tempo folk and Americana ballad featuring harmonica . [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Side three "Point Blank" is a downbeat, dark ballad with a melancholic atmosphere. [ 88 ] It concerns a narrator telling the story of how the woman he loves is about to die, further describing past moments in their lives. [ 88 ] " Cadillac Ranch " is a 1950s Chuck Berry -style rock song about the titular ranch located in Amarillo, Texas , with lyrically references to Junior Johnson , James Dean , and Burt Reynolds . [ 60 ] [ 89 ] [ 57 ] "I'm a Rocker" is a humorous, [ 59 ] playful, [ 90 ] rockabilly-style [ 60 ] rock song offering "an effective sideswipe at commercialism gone wrong", [ 59 ] featuring cultural references to Batman , James Bond , Kojak , Columbo , Mission: Impossible , and more. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] Margotin and Guesdon write that tracks such as "I'm a Rocker" encapsulated the energy of the live songs, while others like "Point Blank" echoed the "austerity" of Darkness . [ 65 ] " Fade Away " is a pop-soul [ 91 ] "retro ballad" [ 60 ] wherein the narrator expresses his sadness after his ex-girlfriend falls in love with another man. [ 91 ] The man's memories of her consumes him, [ 62 ] as he does not want to disappear from her life. [ 90 ] "Stolen Car" is a ballad with a "dense, dreamlike atmosphere" [ 92 ] that describes a man being haunted by memories of an ended romance. [ 60 ] Heartbroken, [ 59 ] he turns to crime as he drives a stolen car through the night, causing the darkness as he has lost his love. [ 62 ] Springsteen said of the track: "That song's character, drifting through the night, is the first to face the angels and devils that will drive him toward his love and keep him from ever reaching her." [ h ] [ 92 ] Side four "Ramrod" is a rock and roll [ 59 ] song that Partridge retrospectively compared to Springsteen's 1984 B-side " Pink Cadillac ". [ 60 ] The song's subject expresses passion for his car, a 1932 Ford with a Hemi engine and four gears. [ 92 ] Carlin wrote that "the narrator has death on his mind, even as he pushes his automotive slang into the red zone of sexual metaphor." [ 57 ] According to Margotin and Guesdon, the narrator is Springsteen himself reminiscing about his adolescence in New Jersey. [ 93 ] "The Price You Pay" is a pop [ 59 ] and rock ballad [ 94 ] with musical and lyrics references to " The Promised Land " from Darkness . [ 60 ] It is one of several tracks on the album that concern the human toll of economic and social inequality [ 57 ] and contains a second-person proverb about facing the costs of life and love. [ 95 ] In the song, the narrator recounts to a young woman on a beach the story of "the promised land", wherein the characters "crossed the desert sands" only to be turned away and "to face the price you pay". [ 62 ] "Drive All Night" is a slower song driven by "dark romanticism", [ 97 ] featuring piano, organ, and saxophone. [ 60 ] The song concerns a narrator who has lost his true love. [ 62 ] He describes the pain he feels [ 97 ] as he drives through the night, eventually urging his lost love to return to him, despite their relational problems, and fully embrace each other. [ 62 ] "Wreck on the Highway" is a country-style ballad [ 98 ] that took inspiration from the 1930s Roy Acuff country song of the same name . [ 99 ] Taking place on a rainy night, the song concerns a man witnessing a car accident on the highway during his drive home from work. As an ambulance arrives to take the injured driver away, the narrator's emotions consume him as he thinks about the victim's significant other and her pain when she learns of the accident. [ 62 ] [ 98 ] Partridge said the song unifies the entire album by containing bouts of humor mixed with moments of sadness, representing "the randomness of the world". [ 60 ] Springsteen said "Wreck on the Highway", as the album's final track, symbolized the closing of the highway: "It's a recognition of mortality." [ 57 ] Packaging and artwork The cover art of The River is a black-and-white close-up photograph of Springsteen taken by Frank Stefanko , who previously took the cover photograph for Darkness . [ 100 ] According to Stefanko, the image was an outtake from the Darkness photo sessions, chosen by Springsteen while mixing The River . [ 101 ] Springsteen wanted The River 's cover photo to be "sober and serious". [ 100 ] In it, he appears unshaven, dons a plaid shirt, and is looking into the camera. The authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon argue that the image signifies that The River is a record "from the American heartland of the countryside and small towns" and "an album recorded by blue-collar musicians". [ 100 ] Springsteen's name and the album title are colored blue against a black background. The cover was designed by Jimmy Wachtel . [ 100 ] The album's back cover features various images, including five brides and a groom, a stack of paper cups, a bald eagle , and an American flag. [ 100 ] [ 102 ] On the album's original release, Robert Palmer of The New York Times argued that the back cover contributes to the album's "thematic thrust". [ 102 ] The inside of the sleeve features photographs of Springsteen and the E Street Band and the lyrics of the 20 songs. [ 100 ] Release and promotion The River was released through Columbia Records on October 17, 1980. [ 60 ] [ 103 ] The album was a commercial success, becoming Springsteen's first album to reach number one on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. It also became his fastest-selling album yet, [ 3 ] selling 1.6 million copies in the US by Christmas 1980. [ 104 ] The album was also a success elsewhere, topping the charts in Canada and Norway, [ 105 ] [ 106 ] and reached number two in the Netherlands, [ 107 ] Sweden, [ 108 ] and the UK, [ 109 ] three in France, [ 110 ] five in Spain, [ 111 ] and eight in Australia. [ 112 ] It also reached number 28 in Japan, [ 113 ] 31 in Germany, [ 114 ] and 36 in Switzerland. [ 115 ] The River has since been certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the US, making it one of Springsteen's best-selling albums, and his highest certified studio release after Born in the U.S.A. (1984) and Born to Run . [ 116 ] "Hungry Heart" was released four days after the album on October 21, 1980, [ 117 ] as the first single from The River , with "Held Up Without a Gun" as the B-side. [ 118 ] It became Springsteen's first Billboard Hot 100 top ten hit single, reaching number five, [ 3 ] [ 104 ] eventually selling five million copies. [ 10 ] In the UK, it reached number 44. [ 25 ] "Fade Away" appeared as the second single in North America, Australia, and New Zealand [ 91 ] on January 22, 1981, [ 119 ] with "Be True" as the B-side. [ 91 ] It reached number 20 in the US. [ 104 ] "Sherry Darling", backed by "Be True", appeared in February, [ 120 ] followed by "The River", backed by "Independence Day", in April [ 120 ] in Europe and Australia only. [ 85 ] It hit number 35 in the UK. [ 121 ] "The River" was also nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards in 1982. [ 122 ] "Cadillac Ranch", backed by "Wreck on the Highway", appeared as the next single in August 1981 in the UK only. [ 120 ] Additional singles released in 1981 included "I Wanna Marry You", backed by "Be True", in Japan only, [ 123 ] and "Point Blank", backed by "Ramrod", in the UK only. [ 124 ] Springsteen and the E Street Band supported The River on the River Tour , which ran 140 shows. [ 125 ] The North American leg ran from October 3, 1980, to March 5, 1981. [ 126 ] The band performed songs across Springsteen's career, as well as outtakes and numerous one-off covers, [ 127 ] although Springsteen typically focused on The River 's material. When asked by interviewers about the focus on new material, Springsteen said he wanted to play the new songs live and "[had] very little to do anymore with my first two, even three LPs". [ 128 ] The shows themselves featured upwards of thirty songs and lasted over three hours in length. [ 129 ] During a filmed show in Tempe, Arizona , in early November, [ 128 ] Springsteen, who had remained politically conscious up to that point, made a rare political statement about the election of Ronald Reagan that occurred the day before. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] He later said his first trip to Europe led him to "step out of the United States and look back with a critical eye". [ 131 ] Soon after, Springsteen began performing covers of songs that added social commentary to the shows, such as Woody Guthrie 's " This Land Is Your Land " (1945) and Creedence Clearwater Revival 's " Who'll Stop the Rain " (1970). [ 130 ] A European tour ran from April to June 1981, [ 132 ] followed by a final American leg from July to September, [ 133 ] which opened with six sold-out shows at the Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey. [ 131 ] Critical reception Initial reviews Review scores Source Rating Christgau's Record Guide A− [ 134 ] Record Mirror [ 135 ] Smash Hits 9½/10 [ 136 ] Sounds [ 137 ] The River was greeted with the widest range of critical reviews of Springsteen's career up to that point. [ 99 ] Among positive reviews, the album was hailed as his best work to date, [ 138 ] one of the year's best records, [ 58 ] and a "rock & roll milestone", [ 139 ] offering "a full, panoramic screen of rock at its most glorious and passionate". [ 59 ] It was described as a summary and extension of Springsteen's records up to that point, [ 82 ] creating an album that encapsulates what Springsteen is about. [ 59 ] In the Los Angeles Times , Steve Pond said The River has as strong a "cumulative impact" as Born to Run , and commended the record for successfully capturing the "gut-level punch and immediacy" of Springsteen's live performances. [ 83 ] Several critics highlighted the expanded lyrical themes from previous albums. [ 58 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Stephen Holden referred to The River as "Springsteen's dictionary, encyclopedia, and bible of rock and roll", arguing that its "lighter moments" give it the edge over Springsteen's earlier albums. [ 140 ] Rolling Stone 's Paul Nelson said the record possesses "weighty conclusions, words to live by" regarding "the second acts of American lives", conclusions "filled with an uncommon common sense and intelligence that could only have come from an exceptionally warmhearted but wary graduate of the street of hard knocks". [ 139 ] In Melody Maker , Paolo Hewitt compared listening to The River to "taking a trip through the rock 'n' roll heartland as you've never experienced it". [ 59 ] Springsteen's vocal performances [ 82 ] [ 136 ] and the musical performances of the E Street Band were also praised; [ 59 ] [ 102 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] High Fidelity 's Sam Sutherland said the album "captur[es] both the skeletal power and impressionistic delicacy [the E Street] members have mastered in their years together". [ 82 ] More negatively, some believed Springsteen was recycling old material and had lost his "creative edge". [ 141 ] [ 142 ] In The New York Times , Robert Palmer said the album could have used trimming due to most of the tracks having similar tones and details throughout, on top of featuring similar themes and styles as Born to Run and Darkness . [ 102 ] Writing for Trouser Press , Ira Robbins ridiculed the album for having repetitive lyrical themes, a "party atmosphere", poor vocals and "flawed" lyrics, equating to a "water-treading exercise" record that "neither upholds his standards of excellence nor explores any new avenues". [ 143 ] In a very negative review for NME , Julie Burchill said The River is "great music for people who've wasted their youth to sit around drinking beer and [are] wasting the rest of their lives too". [ i ] [ 145 ] Rolling Stone ranked The River the year's best album, Springsteen the best artist and singer, and "Hungry Heart" the best single. [ 25 ] It was also voted the second-best album of 1980 in The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop poll, behind the Clash 's London Calling . In an accompanying essay, the poll's supervisor Robert Christgau wrote: "All the standard objections apply—his beat is still clunky, his singing overwrought...but his writing is at a peak, and he's grown into a bitter empathy. These are the wages of young romantic love among those who get paid by the hour." [ 146 ] Despite NME 's negative review, the publication ranked The River the 12th best album of the year in their end-of-year list. [ 147 ] Legacy In the context of Springsteen's career, The River was a stepping stone between Darkness on the Edge of Town and Nebraska , [ 54 ] a minimalist , folk-inspired solo effort released in September 1982. [ 96 ] Springsteen recorded the songs as demo recordings at his newly rented home in Colts Neck, New Jersey , between December 1981 and January 1982, intending to re-record them with the E Street Band, but after poor test sessions he decided to release the recordings as is. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The album chronicled dark hardships felt by everyday blue-collar workers, as well as bleak tales of criminals, law enforcement officers, and gang wars. [ 96 ] [ 150 ] Several songs on The River foreshadowed the direction Springsteen took for Nebraska , [ 13 ] [ 53 ] including "Stolen Car", "The River", and "Wreck On the Highway". [ 96 ] The River also influenced the writing of Springsteen's 1987 album Tunnel of Love . [ 13 ] According to Margotin and Guesdon, The River , as a trilogy with Born to Run and Darkness on the Edge of Town , elevated Springsteen as a seminal chronicler of 1970s America, as Bob Dylan had done in the 1960s with Bringing It All Back Home (1965), Highway 61 Revisited (1965), and Blonde on Blonde (1966). [ 53 ] The authors call The River an essential Springsteen record and one that is as revered as other double albums such as Blonde on Blonde , the Beatles ' The Beatles (1968), the Rolling Stones ' Exile on Main St. (1972), and Stevie Wonder 's Songs in the Key of Life (1976). [ 151 ] In 1987, The New York Times 's Jon Pareles cited The River as the beginning of 1980s heartland rock . [ 56 ] Retrospective reviews Retrospective reviews Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 61 ] Chicago Tribune [ 152 ] The Encyclopedia of Popular Music [ 153 ] MusicHound Rock 5/5 [ 154 ] New Musical Express 7/10 [ 155 ] The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) [ 156 ] Q [ 157 ] Tom Hull – on the Web A− [ 158 ] In later decades, commentators consider The River one of Springsteen's finest works. [ j ] Critics have praised the album's track sequencing, [ 67 ] [ 164 ] Springsteen's songwriting, [ 61 ] and growing maturity. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Mark Guarino of The Guardian wrote that although the album examines themes Springsteen had touched on before and since its release, The River is unique in that "it takes its time to explore the highs and lows of growing pains, as adolescence wrestles its way into adulthood". [ 167 ] Grantland 's Steven Hyden said that, despite being overshadowed by the records that surround it in Springsteen's discography, The River is "the most representative of his entire body of work". [ 168 ] Critics have also praised the performances of the E Street Band, [ 61 ] and the contributions of Van Zandt. [ 103 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] Several agreed the album successfully captured the band's force as a live act. [ 61 ] [ 103 ] Most critics remain divided on The River 's consistency, [ k ] with several agreeing that it feels like two separate albums. [ 3 ] [ 63 ] [ 168 ] Writing for AllMusic, Mark Deming found the first half stronger than the second, which contains songs that work well as standalone tracks rather than a cohesive whole. [ 61 ] Billboard 's Kenneth Partridge argued that the album would have been "more consistent" as a single LP, but as it stands, The River is "a summation of everywhere [Springsteen] had been and an indication he wasn't content to spin his wheels". [ 60 ] Other critics described the album as "sprawling" [ 169 ] [ 170 ] and noted the presence of filler songs, [ 162 ] although Dave Lifton of Ultimate Classic Rock argued the record's length "works to its advantage" as the combination of "fluff" and "more thoughtful" material "helps define Springsteen's ultimate philosophy: The world can be cold and unfair, but that doesn’t mean you can't let loose and dance through it." [ 103 ] Stephen Thomas Erlewine also felt the "throwaways" gave the LP "cinematic scope", [ 171 ] while Gillian G. Gaar stated the "mixture of joy and pain" gave The River "its richness and depth". [ 10 ] Rankings The River has appeared on best-of lists. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 250 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time , [ 172 ] then was re-ranked at number 253 in the 2012 revised list. [ 173 ] The following year, NME ranked it at number 484 in a similar list . [ 174 ] In 2020 lists compiling the best albums of 1980, Paste placed it at number two, behind Talking Heads ' Remain in Light , [ 169 ] while Rolling Stone put it at number eight. [ 175 ] Paste also ranked The River the 29th best album of the 1980s in 2012. [ 176 ] The album also appeared in a list of the 100 best rock albums of the 1980s by Ultimate Classic Rock in 2015. [ 177 ] Reissues The Ties That Bind: The River Collection Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 91/100 [ 178 ] Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 48 ] Paste 8.0/10 [ 164 ] Pitchfork 8.7/10 [ 171 ] Rolling Stone [ 165 ] The River was first released on CD in 1988. [ 106 ] This was followed by additional CD reissues by Sony BMG in 2003 and 2008. [ 106 ] On December 4, 2015, The River was reissued as an expanded box set in celebration of the album's 35th anniversary. Titled The Ties That Bind: The River Collection , the set includes four CDs, three DVDs , and a coffee table book . [ 54 ] The first two CDs feature a newly remastered version of The River and the third contains the previously unreleased The Ties That Bind single LP. The fourth CD collects 22 outtakes from The River sessions, including 12 previously unreleased ones and ones that had appeared on Tracks in 1998 and the bonus disc of The Essential Bruce Springsteen in 2003. [ 55 ] [ 64 ] [ 171 ] [ 179 ] Some previously released songs, including "Stolen Car" and "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)", appeared in different versions. [ 48 ] The DVDs feature a documentary on the album's making, [ 69 ] as well as a concert film of Springsteen and the E Street Band performing in Tempe, Arizona, during the River Tour in 1980. [ 55 ] The Ties That Bind was critically acclaimed. [ 48 ] [ 165 ] To celebrate the release of The Ties That Bind and The River 's 35th anniversary, [ 180 ] Springsteen and the E Street Band embarked on the River Tour [ 181 ] from January 2016 to February 2017, performing in North America, Europe, and Oceania . [ 182 ] Many of the shows featured The River performed in its entirety, and other songs from Springsteen's career. [ 170 ] Track listing All tracks are written by Bruce Springsteen. [ 183 ] No. Title Length 1. " The Ties That Bind " 3:33 2. " Sherry Darling " 4:02 3. "Jackson Cage" 3:04 4. "Two Hearts" 2:42 5. " Independence Day " 4:46 Total length: 18:07 No. Title Length 1. " Hungry Heart " 3:19 2. " Out in the Street " 4:17 3. "Crush on You" 3:10 4. "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)" 2:36 5. "I Wanna Marry You" 3:26 6. " The River " 4:59 Total length: 21:47 No. Title Length 1. " Point Blank " 6:05 2. " Cadillac Ranch " 3:02 3. "I'm a Rocker" 3:34 4. " Fade Away " 4:40 5. " Stolen Car " 3:53 Total length: 21:14 No. Title Length 1. " Ramrod " 4:04 2. "The Price You Pay" 5:27 3. "Drive All Night" 8:26 4. " Wreck on the Highway " 3:53 Total length: 21:50 82:58 Personnel Credits adapted from the album's liner notes, except where noted: [ 183 ] Bruce Springsteen – vocals, electric 6- and 12-string guitars , harmonica , piano on "Drive All Night" The E Street Band Roy Bittan – piano, organ on "I'm a Rocker" and "Drive All Night", background vocals Clarence Clemons – saxophone , percussion, background vocals Danny Federici – organ; glockenspiel on "Hungry Heart" [ 184 ] Garry Tallent – bass guitar Steve Van Zandt – acoustic and electric guitars, lead guitar on "Crush on You", harmony vocals , background vocals Max Weinberg – drums Additional vocals Flo & Eddie ( Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman ) – background vocals on "Hungry Heart" Technical Bruce Springsteen, Jon Landau , Steven Van Zandt – production Neil Dorfsman – engineer Chuck Plotkin , Toby Scott – mixing Jeff Hendrickson, Garry Rindfuss, Dana Bisbee, Raymond Willhard, James Farber – engineering assistants Jim Bauerlein – digital operator Ken Perry – mastering Jimmy Iovine – engineer on "Drive All Night" Bob Clearmountain – engineer on "The Ties That Bind", mixing on "Hungry Heart" Jimmy Wachtel – art direction and design, photography Frank Stefanko – cover photography, other photography Joel Bernstein , Amanda Flick, David Gahr , Barry Goldenberg – photography Charts Weekly charts [ edit ] 1980–81 weekly charts for The River Chart (1980–81) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) [ 112 ] 8 Canada Top Albums/CDs ( RPM ) [ 105 ] 1 Dutch Albums ( Album Top 100 ) [ 107 ] 2 French Albums ( SNEP ) [ 110 ] 3 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 114 ] 31 Japanese Oricon LPs Chart [ 113 ] 28 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) [ 185 ] 2 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 106 ] 1 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 111 ] 5 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 108 ] 2 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 115 ] 36 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 109 ] 2 US Billboard Top LPs & Tape [ 186 ] 1 2015–16 weekly charts for The River Chart (2015–16) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 187 ] 40 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 188 ] 68 Weekly charts Chart (1980–81) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) [ 112 ] 8 Canada Top Albums/CDs ( RPM ) [ 105 ] 1 Dutch Albums ( Album Top 100 ) [ 107 ] 2 French Albums ( SNEP ) [ 110 ] 3 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 114 ] 31 Japanese Oricon LPs Chart [ 113 ] 28 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) [ 185 ] 2 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 106 ] 1 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 111 ] 5 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 108 ] 2 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 115 ] 36 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 109 ] 2 US Billboard Top LPs & Tape [ 186 ] 1 Chart (2015–16) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 187 ] 40 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 188 ] 68 Year-end charts [ edit ] 1980 year-end charts for The River Chart (1980) Position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) [ 112 ] 63 Canadian Albums ( RPM ) [ 189 ] 40 Dutch Albums Chart [ 190 ] 100 French Albums Chart [ 191 ] 4 UK Albums Chart [ 192 ] 57 1981 year-end charts for The River Chart (1981) Position Canadian Albums ( RPM ) [ 193 ] 24 Dutch Albums Chart [ 194 ] 27 UK Albums Chart [ 192 ] 45 US Billboard Year-End [ 195 ] 10 Chart (1985) Position 1985 year-end charts for The River New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [ 196 ] 35 Year-end charts Chart (1980) Position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) [ 112 ] 63 Canadian Albums ( RPM ) [ 189 ] 40 Dutch Albums Chart [ 190 ] 100 French Albums Chart [ 191 ] 4 UK Albums Chart [ 192 ] 57 Chart (1981) Position Canadian Albums ( RPM ) [ 193 ] 24 Dutch Albums Chart [ 194 ] 27 UK Albums Chart [ 192 ] 45 US Billboard Year-End [ 195 ] 10 Chart (1985) Position New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [ 196 ] 35 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /sales Australia ( ARIA ) [ 197 ] 3× Platinum 210,000 ^ Canada ( Music Canada ) [ 198 ] 2× Platinum 200,000 ^ Denmark ( IFPI Danmark ) [ 199 ] Gold 10,000 ‡ Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) [ 200 ] Gold 25,000 [ 200 ] France ( SNEP ) [ 201 ] 2× Gold 200,000 * Germany ( BVMI ) [ 202 ] Gold 250,000 ^ Italy ( FIMI ) [ 203 ] sales since 2009 Gold 25,000 ‡ Netherlands ( NVPI ) [ 204 ] Gold 50,000 ^ Sweden ( GLF ) [ 205 ] [ 204 ] Gold 50,000 [ 205 ] United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 206 ] Platinum 300,000 ^ United States ( RIAA ) [ 207 ] 5× Platinum 5,000,000 ^ * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Notes ^ This recording of "Janey Needs a Shooter" appeared on the bootleg Son You May Kiss the Bride . [ 20 ] ^ Zevon's recording, titled "Jeannie Needs a Shooter", appeared on his 1980 album Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School . [ 21 ] ^ The tracklist was as follows: Side one: "Cindy", "Hungry Heart", "Stolen Car", and "Be True". Side two: "The River", "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)", "The Price You Pay", "I Wanna Marry You", and "Loose Ends". [ 32 ] [ 33 ] ^ Springsteen told Robert Hilburn shortly after The River 's release that the single LP "wasn't personal enough", while he told Dave Marsh that the audience's response to the band's performance at the No Nukes concerts "made the [single] album seem inadequate". [ 34 ] Springsteen wrote in his 2003 book Songs that The Ties That Bind "lacked the kind of unity and conceptual intensity I liked my music to have". [ 35 ] ^ These shows appeared on a live album , No Nukes: The Muse Concerts for a Non-Nuclear Future , in November 1979, and an accompanying documentary, also called No Nukes , in May 1980. [ 10 ] [ 36 ] Springsteen's sets later appeared on The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts live album and accompanying concert film in 2021. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] ^ Dorfsman ended up engineering all of The River aside from "Hungry Heart" and "The Ties That Bind", by Clearmountain, and "Drive All Night", by Born to Run and Darkness engineer Jimmy Iovine . [ 18 ] ^ New wave; [ 60 ] rock; [ 78 ] led by piano. [ 13 ] ^ In his 2003 book Songs , Springsteen stated he explored more of the type of characters found on "Stolen Car" on his 1987 album Tunnel of Love . [ 35 ] ^ According to NME 's Nick Kent , Burchill's negative review led to the cancellation of a planned interview between Springsteen and the publication, as well as NME having zero access to Springsteen during the European leg of The River Tour. [ 144 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 159 ] [ 67 ] [ 160 ] [ 63 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 13 ] [ 61 ] [ 60 ] [ 160 ] [ 156 ] [ 166 ] References ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 105. ^ a b Carlin 2012 , p. 267. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dolan 2012 , pp. 167–181. ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Rose, Caryn (December 7, 2015). "Springsteen's new ties that bind box set" . Salon.com . Archived from the original on February 6, 2024 . Retrieved February 6, 2024 . ^ a b c Carlin 2012 , p. 281. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 65–79. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 186–187. ^ a b c Carlin 2012 , p. 268. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 191–192. ^ a b c d e f g Gaar 2016 , pp. 74–80. ^ a b c d e f g Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 147. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m " The River by Bruce Springsteen" . Classic Rock Review . January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on December 2, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 245. ^ a b c Carlin 2012 , p. 270. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 70. ^ Carlin 2012 , pp. 268–269. ^ a b c d Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 147–148. ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 271. ^ a b Heylin 2013 , p. 192. ^ Gaar 2016 , p. 53. ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 193. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 194–196. ^ a b c d Carlin 2012 , pp. 279–280. ^ a b c d e f g h Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 157–159. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 70–71. ^ Gaar 2016 , pp. 74–75. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 69–70. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 197–198. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 210–211. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 198–199. ^ a b c d Springsteen 2016 , p. 277. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 71. ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 201. ^ a b c d Springsteen 2003 , pp. 97–101. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 65–66. ^ Deming, Mark. " The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts – Bruce Springsteen" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 27, 2021 . ^ Henderson, Paul (November 23, 2021). "Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band explode at No Nukes show" . Classic Rock . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 27, 2021 – via Loudersound . ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 272. ^ Marsh 2004 , p. 228. ^ Zanes 2023 , p. 57. ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 278. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 203–205. ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 204. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 207–209. ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 211. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 142. ^ a b c d Deming, Mark. " The Ties That Bind: The River Collection – Bruce Springsteen" . AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2024 . ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 210. ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 214. ^ a b c Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 148. ^ Buskin, Richard (March 2010). "Classic Tracks: Bruce Springsteen 'Born In The USA' " . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on January 26, 2024 . Retrieved February 6, 2024 . ^ a b c d Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 142–144. ^ a b c d e Petrusich, Amanda (November 3, 2015). "Springsteen's Most Anxious Album" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c Caffrey, Dan (December 8, 2015). "Album Review: Bruce Springsteen – The Ties That Bind: The River Collection " . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b Pareles, Jon (August 30, 1987). "Heartland Rock: Bruce's Children" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 22, 2016 . Retrieved December 22, 2016 . ^ a b c d e f Carlin 2012 , pp. 281–282. ^ a b c Lloyd, Jack (December 19, 1980). "The year's best: One opinion" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. 32. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hewitt, Paolo (October 11, 1980). "Bruce Springsteen: The River (CBS)" . Melody Maker . Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Rock's Backpages . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Partridge, Kenneth (October 17, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen's 'The River' at 35: Classic Track-by-Track Album Review" . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 28, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g Deming, Mark. " The River – Bruce Springsteen" . AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Smith, Larry David; Rutter, Jon (2008). "There's a Reckoning on the Edge of Town: Bruce Springsteen's Darkness on The River". Journal of Popular Music Studies . 20 (2). Ball State University : Wiley Online Library: 109– 128. doi : 10.1111/j.1533-1598.2008.00153.x . ^ a b c Hann, Michael (May 30, 2019). "Bruce Springsteen's albums – ranked!" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ a b Williams, Matt (December 4, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen – The Ties That Bind: The River Collection " . Exclaim! . Archived from the original on November 24, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 144–146. ^ a b c Pearson, Paul (November 4, 2020). " 'The River' at 40: Bruce Springsteen vs. Real Life" . Treble . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c Shipley, Al (November 11, 2022). "Every Bruce Springsteen Album, Ranked" . Spin . Archived from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ Marsh 2004 , pp. 230–231. ^ a b c Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 150–151. ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 274. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 73–74. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 152. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 153. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 154. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 155–156. ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. " 'Independence Day' – Bruce Springsteen" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on November 20, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2024 . ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 279. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 160. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 161. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 162. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 163. ^ a b c d e Sutherland, Sam (January 1981). "Bruce Springsteen: The River (Columbia PC2 36854)" . High Fidelity . Archived from the original on July 6, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Rock's Backpages. ^ a b c Pond, Steve (October 19, 1980). " 'River' Runs Deep, Strong" . Los Angeles Times . p. 7. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Carlin 2012 , pp. 271–272. ^ a b c Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 166–167. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 68–69. ^ a b c d Ruhlmann, William. " 'The River' – Bruce Springsteen" . AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2024 . ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 168–169. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 170. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 74. ^ a b c d Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 172. ^ a b c Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 173. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 176. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 174. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 75. ^ a b c d Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 192–193. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 178–179. ^ a b Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 180. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 76. ^ a b c d e f Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 146–147. ^ Chiu, David (November 1, 2017). "Bruce Springsteen Photographer Looks Back on 40 Years of Shooting the Singer" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 27, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2024 . ^ a b c d Palmer, Robert (October 19, 1980). "Bruce Springsteen's 'The River'—In Need of Editing" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 30, 2018 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c d Lifton, Dave (October 17, 2015). "When Bruce Springsteen's 'The River' Became His First No. 1 Album" . Ultimate Classic Rock . Archived from the original on November 30, 2023 . Retrieved February 12, 2024 . ^ a b c "Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band – Chart History" . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b " Top RPM Albums: Issue 0273 ". RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c d " Norwegiancharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – The River ". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b " Dutchcharts.nl – Bruce Springsteen – The River " (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b " Swedishcharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – The River ". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b " Official Albums Chart on 19/10/1980 – Top 100 ". Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b "InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste" (in French). infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013 . Retrieved April 4, 2012 . Note: user must select 'Bruce SPRINGSTEEN' from drop-down ^ a b Salaverri 2005 . ^ a b c Kent 1993 , p. 289. ^ a b Anon. 2006 . ^ a b " Offiziellecharts.de – Bruce Springsteen – The River " (in German). GfK Entertainment charts . Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b " Swisscharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – The River ". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – January 29, 2014" . RIAA. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 29, 2014 . ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 280. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 184–185. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 186–187. ^ a b c Strong 1996 , p. 773. ^ " 'The River' – Bruce Springsteen | Official Charts" . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on February 2, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2024 . ^ "Bruce Springsteen – Artist" . grammy.com . Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ "Bruce Springsteen – 'I Wanna Marry You' " . dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on December 7, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2024 . ^ "Bruce Springsteen – 'Point Blank' " . dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on November 23, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2024 . ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 190. ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 283. ^ Dolan 2012 , pp. 180–182. ^ a b Heylin 2013 , p. 218. ^ a b Gaar 2016 , pp. 78–79. ^ a b Carlin 2012 , pp. 284–285. ^ a b Heylin 2013 , pp. 225–226. ^ Dolan 2012 , pp. 183–184. ^ Gaar 2016 , p. 80. ^ Christgau, Robert (December 9, 1980). "Album: Bruce Springsteen: The River " . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on November 24, 2021 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Russell, Rosalind (October 11, 1980). "The River's Risen" (PDF) . Record Mirror . p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2024 . Retrieved February 18, 2024 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ a b c Hepworth, David (October 16–29, 1980). "Bruce Springsteen: The River " . Smash Hits . 2 (21): 29. ^ a b Sutcliffe, Phil (October 11, 1980). "Bruce Springsteen: The River " . Sounds . p. 35. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Rock's Backpages. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 76: Musician . ^ a b Nelson, Paul (December 11, 1980). " The River " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , pp. 76–77: Stephen Holden , The Village Voice . ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 77. ^ Heylin 2013 , p. 216: Billy Altman, Creem . ^ Robbins, Ira (January 1981). "Bruce Springsteen: The River (Columbia)" . Trouser Press . Archived from the original on May 27, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Rock's Backpages. ^ Heylin 2013 , pp. 216–217. ^ Kirkpatrick 2007 , p. 77: Julie Burchill, NME . ^ Christgau, Robert (February 9, 1981). "The Year of the Lollapalooza" . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on March 9, 2017 . Retrieved December 22, 2016 . ^ "NME's best albums and tracks of 1980" . NME . October 16, 2016. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Hauser, Henry (July 20, 2013). "Dusting 'Em Off: Bruce Springsteen – Nebraska " . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on April 26, 2017 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , pp. 194–195. ^ Carlin 2012 , p. 292. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 146. ^ Kot, Greg (August 23, 1992). "The Recorded History of Springsteen" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved July 8, 2013 . ^ Larkin 2011 , p. 1,957. ^ Graff 1996 , pp. 638–639. ^ Bailie, Stuart; Staunton, Terry (March 11, 1995). "Ace of boss". New Musical Express . pp. 54– 55. ^ a b Sheffield 2004 , pp. 771–773. ^ Williams, Richard (December 1989). "All or Nothing: The Springsteen back catalogue" . Q . No. 39. p. 149. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 . Retrieved February 12, 2024 – via Rock's Backpages. ^ Hull, Tom (October 29, 2016). "Streamnotes (October 2016)" . Tom Hull – on the Web . Archived from the original on July 4, 2020 . Retrieved July 2, 2020 . ^ McCormick, Neil (October 24, 2020). "Bruce Springsteen: all his albums ranked, from worst to best" . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 23, 2023 . Retrieved November 14, 2022 . ^ a b Taub, Matthew (November 8, 2022). "Bruce Springsteen: every album ranked in order of greatness" . NME . Archived from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ Lifton, Dave (July 29, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen Albums Ranked Worst to Best" . Ultimate Classic Rock . Archived from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ a b c Hyden, Steven (November 11, 2022). "Every Bruce Springsteen Studio Album, Ranked" . Uproxx . Archived from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ Male, Andrew (January 3, 2025). "Bruce Springsteen's Best Albums Ranked" . Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7, 2024 . Retrieved January 8, 2025 . ^ a b c Tinkham, Chris (December 8, 2015). "8.0 Bruce Springsteen: The Ties That Bind: The River Collection Review" . Paste . Archived from the original on September 22, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c Levy, Joe (December 4, 2015). " The Ties That Bind: The River Collection " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 24, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b Marsh 1983 , p. 483. ^ Guarino, Mark (January 20, 2016). "Bruce Springsteen review – a full immersion in The River " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 13, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b Hyden, Steven (January 7, 2014). "Overrated, Underrated, or Properly Rated: Bruce Springsteen" . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ a b Blau, Max (July 13, 2020). "The 25 Best Albums of 1980" . Paste . Archived from the original on October 3, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b Lewis, Randy (March 16, 2016). "Review: Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band revisit 'The River' in L.A." . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 1, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (December 7, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen: The Ties That Bind: The River Collection Album Review" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on November 24, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Bruce Springsteen – The River " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 2, 2011 . Retrieved December 30, 2020 . ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Bruce Springsteen – The River " . Rolling Stone . 2012. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020 . Retrieved September 10, 2019 . ^ Barker, Emily (October 21, 2013). "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 500–401" . NME . Archived from the original on February 4, 2024 . Retrieved February 19, 2024 . ^ "The 80 Greatest Albums of 1980" . Rolling Stone . November 11, 2020. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Jackson, Josh (February 1, 2012). "The 80 Best Albums of the 1980s" . Paste . Archived from the original on February 4, 2012 . Retrieved February 19, 2024 . ^ "Top 100 '80s Rock Albums" . Ultimate Classic Rock . July 12, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024 . Retrieved February 19, 2024 . ^ " The Ties That Bind: The River Collection [Box Set] – Bruce Springsteen" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on November 24, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Gallucci, Michael (December 2, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen, 'The Ties That Bind: The River Collection': Album Review" . Ultimate Classic Rock . Archived from the original on December 17, 2022 . Retrieved February 26, 2023 . ^ Coffey, Sarah (December 4, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band Announce 2016 The River Tour" . Bruce Springsteen Official Website . Archived from the original on December 21, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2015 . ^ Kreps, Daniel (December 4, 2015). "Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Set The River Tour For 2016" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 25, 2020 . Retrieved January 10, 2021 . ^ "Announcing Tour Dates in Australia & New Zealand" . Bruce Springsteen Official Website . September 12, 2016. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017 . Retrieved September 12, 2016 . ^ a b Anon. (1980). The River (liner notes). Bruce Springsteen . Columbia Records . 5113022000. ^ Margotin & Guesdon 2020 , p. 157. ^ " Charts.nz – Bruce Springsteen – The River ". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ "Top 200 Albums" . Billboard . November 8, 1980. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018 . Retrieved December 29, 2017 . ^ " Australiancharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – The River ". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 17, 2024. ^ " Spanishcharts.com – Bruce Springsteen – The River ". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 17, 2024. ^ "Top 100 Albums" . RPM . December 20, 1980. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 4, 2012 . ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1980" (ASP) (in Dutch). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 1, 2014 . ^ "Les Albums (CD) de 1980 par InfoDisc" (PHP) (in French). infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016 . Retrieved January 29, 2012 . ^ a b "Complete UK Year-End Album Charts" . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "Top 100 Albums of 1981" . RPM . December 26, 1981. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012 . Retrieved April 4, 2012 . ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1981" (ASP) (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 12, 2014 . Retrieved May 1, 2014 . ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End" . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 17, 2018 . Retrieved February 19, 2024 . ^ "Top Selling Albums of 1985 — The Official New Zealand Music Chart" . Recorded Music New Zealand . Archived from the original on July 4, 2019 . Retrieved February 3, 2022 . ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2008 Albums" (PDF) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4, 2012 . ^ "Canadian album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – The River" . Music Canada . Retrieved April 4, 2012 . ^ "Danish album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – The River" . IFPI Danmark . Retrieved September 18, 2024 . ^ a b "Bruce Springsteen" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 19, 2017 . ^ "French album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – The River" (in French). InfoDisc. Select BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN and click OK . ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bruce Springsteen; ' The River ' )" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 19, 2017 . ^ "Italian album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – The River" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 29, 2020 . ^ a b "International Certifications" (PDF) . Cash Box . September 19, 1981. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ a b "Springsteen Tour of Europe a Triumph Covering 10 Nations" (PDF) . Billboard . June 20, 1981. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ "British album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – The River" . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 29, 2020 . ^ "American album certifications – Bruce Springsteen – The River" . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 4, 2012 . Sources Anon. (2006). Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment. ISBN 9784871310772 . Carlin, Peter Ames (2012). Bruce . New York City: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-1-4391-9182-8 . Dolan, Marc (2012). Bruce Springsteen and the Promise of Rock 'n' Roll . New York City: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-39308-135-0 . Gaar, Gillian G. (2016). Boss: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band – The Illustrated History . Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-76034-972-4 . Graff, Gary (1996). "Bruce Springsteen". In Graff, Gary (ed.). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide . Detroit: Visible Ink Press . ISBN 978-0-7876-1037-1 . Heylin, Clinton (2013). E Street Shuffle: The Glory Days of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band (First American ed.). New York City: Viking Press . ISBN 978-0-670-02662-3 . Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 978-0-646-11917-5 . Kirkpatrick, Rob (2007). The Words and Music of Bruce Springsteen . Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-27598-938-5 . Larkin, Colin (2011). "Bruce Springsteen". Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). London: Omnibus Press . ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8 . Margotin, Philippe; Guesdon, Jean-Michel (2020). Bruce Springsteen All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track . London: Cassell Illustrated . ISBN 978-1-78472-649-2 . Marsh, Dave (1983). "Bruce Springsteen". In Marsh, Dave; Swenson, John (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Record Guide . New York City: Random House /Rolling Stone Press. p. 483 . ISBN 978-0-394-72107-1 . Marsh, Dave (2004). Bruce Springsteen: Two Hearts – The Definitive Biography, 1972–2003 . Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-96928-4 . Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 9788480486392 . Sheffield, Rob (2004). "Bruce Springsteen". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . London: Fireside. pp. 771–773 . ISBN 0-7432-0169-8 . Portions posted at "Bruce Springsteen > Album Guide" . rollingstone.com . Archived from the original on October 18, 2011 . Retrieved February 20, 2014 . Springsteen, Bruce (2016). Born to Run . New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-4151-5 . Springsteen, Bruce (2003). Songs . London: Virgin Books . ISBN 978-0-7535-0862-6 . Strong, Martin C. (1996). "Bruce Springsteen". The Great Rock Discography . London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-86241-604-1 . Zanes, Warren (2023). Deliver Me From Nowhere: The Making of Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska . New York City: Crown . ISBN 978-0-59323-741-0 . External links Album lyrics and audio samples The River at Discogs (list of releases) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Bruce Springsteen v t e E Street Band Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Soozie Tyrell Charles Giordano Jake Clemons Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Vini Lopez David Sancious Ernest Carter Suki Lahav E Street Band Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Soozie Tyrell Charles Giordano Jake Clemons Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Vini Lopez David Sancious Ernest Carter Suki Lahav Studio albums Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973) The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973) Born to Run (1975) Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) The River (1980) Nebraska (1982) Born in the U.S.A. (1984) Tunnel of Love (1987) Human Touch (1992) Lucky Town (1992) The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) The Rising (2002) Devils & Dust (2005) We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) Magic (2007) Working on a Dream (2009) Wrecking Ball (2012) High Hopes (2014) Western Stars (2019) Letter to You (2020) Only the Strong Survive (2022) Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973) The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973) Born to Run (1975) Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) The River (1980) Nebraska (1982) Born in the U.S.A. (1984) Tunnel of Love (1987) Human Touch (1992) Lucky Town (1992) The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) The Rising (2002) Devils & Dust (2005) We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) Magic (2007) Working on a Dream (2009) Wrecking Ball (2012) High Hopes (2014) Western Stars (2019) Letter to You (2020) Only the Strong Survive (2022) Live albums Live 1975–85 (1986) In Concert/MTV Plugged (1993) Live in New York City (2001) Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 (2006) Live in Dublin (2007) Springsteen on Broadway (2018) The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts (2021) Live 1975–85 (1986) In Concert/MTV Plugged (1993) Live in New York City (2001) Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 (2006) Live in Dublin (2007) Springsteen on Broadway (2018) The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts (2021) Bruce Springsteen Archives Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014) The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015) Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015) Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015) Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015) LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015) Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 (2015) Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015) Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015) The Christic Shows 1990 (2016) HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016) Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017) Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017) Palace Theatre, Albany 1977 (2017) Auditorium Theatre, Rochester, NY 1977 (2017) The Summit, Houston, TX December 8, 1978 (2017) The Roxy July 7, 1978 (2018) Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014) The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015) Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015) Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015) Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015) LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015) Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 (2015) Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015) Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015) The Christic Shows 1990 (2016) HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016) Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017) Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017) Palace Theatre, Albany 1977 (2017) Auditorium Theatre, Rochester, NY 1977 (2017) The Summit, Houston, TX December 8, 1978 (2017) The Roxy July 7, 1978 (2018) Soundtracks Blinded by the Light: Music from the Motion Picture (2019) Western Stars: Songs from the Film (2019) Blinded by the Light: Music from the Motion Picture (2019) Western Stars: Songs from the Film (2019) Compilations Greatest Hits (1995) 18 Tracks (1999) The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003) Greatest Hits (2009) The Promise (2010) Collection: 1973–2012 (2013) Chapter and Verse (2016) Best of Bruce Springsteen (2024) Lost and Found: Selections from The Lost Albums (2025) Greatest Hits (1995) 18 Tracks (1999) The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003) Greatest Hits (2009) The Promise (2010) Collection: 1973–2012 (2013) Chapter and Verse (2016) Best of Bruce Springsteen (2024) Lost and Found: Selections from The Lost Albums (2025) Box sets The Born in the U.S.A. 12″ Single Collection (1985) Tracks (1998) The Collection (2004) Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005) The Collection 1973–1984 (2010) The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010) The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014) The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015) Tracks II: The Lost Albums (2025) The Born in the U.S.A. 12″ Single Collection (1985) Tracks (1998) The Collection (2004) Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005) The Collection 1973–1984 (2010) The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010) The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014) The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015) Tracks II: The Lost Albums (2025) EPs Live Collection (1987) Chimes of Freedom (1988) Blood Brothers (1996) PBS Exclusive (2007) Magic Tour Highlights (2008) American Beauty (2014) Live Collection (1987) Chimes of Freedom (1988) Blood Brothers (1996) PBS Exclusive (2007) Magic Tour Highlights (2008) American Beauty (2014) Video releases Video Anthology / 1978–88 (1989) In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992) Blood Brothers (1996) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978–2000 (2001) Live in New York City (2001) Live in Barcelona (2003) VH1 Storytellers (2005) Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 (2005) Live in Dublin (2007) London Calling: Live in Hyde Park (2010) Springsteen & I (2013) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2014) High Hopes in South Africa (2014) Hunter of Invisible Game (2014) Springsteen on Broadway (2018) Western Stars (2019) Bruce Springsteen's Letter to You (2020) The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts (2021) Road Diary (2024) Video Anthology / 1978–88 (1989) In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992) Blood Brothers (1996) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978–2000 (2001) Live in New York City (2001) Live in Barcelona (2003) VH1 Storytellers (2005) Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 (2005) Live in Dublin (2007) London Calling: Live in Hyde Park (2010) Springsteen & I (2013) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2014) High Hopes in South Africa (2014) Hunter of Invisible Game (2014) Springsteen on Broadway (2018) Western Stars (2019) Bruce Springsteen's Letter to You (2020) The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts (2021) Road Diary (2024) Concerts Born to Run tours (1974–77) Darkness Tour (1978) The River Tour (1980–81) Born in the U.S.A. Tour (1984–85) Tunnel of Love Express (1988) Human Rights Now! (1988) Bruce Springsteen 1992–1993 World Tour (1992–93) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour (1995–97) Reunion Tour (1999–2000) Rising Tour (2002–03) Vote for Change (2004) Devils & Dust Tour (2005) Seeger Sessions Band Tour (2006) Magic Tour (2007–08) Working on a Dream Tour (2009) Wrecking Ball World Tour (2012–13) High Hopes Tour (2014) The River Tour (2016) Summer '17 (2017) Springsteen on Broadway (2017–18; 2021) Springsteen and E Street Band 2023–2025 Tour (2023–25) Born to Run tours (1974–77) Darkness Tour (1978) The River Tour (1980–81) Born in the U.S.A. Tour (1984–85) Tunnel of Love Express (1988) Human Rights Now! (1988) Bruce Springsteen 1992–1993 World Tour (1992–93) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour (1995–97) Reunion Tour (1999–2000) Rising Tour (2002–03) Vote for Change (2004) Devils & Dust Tour (2005) Seeger Sessions Band Tour (2006) Magic Tour (2007–08) Working on a Dream Tour (2009) Wrecking Ball World Tour (2012–13) High Hopes Tour (2014) The River Tour (2016) Summer '17 (2017) Springsteen on Broadway (2017–18; 2021) Springsteen and E Street Band 2023–2025 Tour (2023–25) Related people Jessica Springsteen Pamela Springsteen Jon Landau John Hammond Mike Appel Phil Petillo Marie Castello Southside Johnny Brendan O'Brien Ron Aniello Toby Scott Bob Clearmountain Chuck Plotkin Jimmy Iovine Dave Marsh Eric Meola Frank Stefanko Lynn Goldsmith Danny Clinch Thom Zimny Jessica Springsteen Pamela Springsteen Jon Landau John Hammond Mike Appel Phil Petillo Marie Castello Southside Johnny Brendan O'Brien Ron Aniello Toby Scott Bob Clearmountain Chuck Plotkin Jimmy Iovine Dave Marsh Eric Meola Frank Stefanko Lynn Goldsmith Danny Clinch Thom Zimny Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography Electric Nebraska E Street Radio Little Steven's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Columbia Records 914 Sound Studios Record Plant Power Station The Hit Factory The Max Weinberg 7 Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska Greetings from E Street Backstreets Magazine The Upstage Club The Stone Pony Fender Telecaster Freehold Borough, New Jersey Asbury Park, New Jersey " Because the Night " " Jersey Girl " " Springsteen " Blinded by the Light (film) Springsteen: Deliver Me from Nowhere Discography Songs Awards and nominations E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography Electric Nebraska E Street Radio Little Steven's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Columbia Records 914 Sound Studios Record Plant Power Station The Hit Factory The Max Weinberg 7 Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska Greetings from E Street Backstreets Magazine The Upstage Club The Stone Pony Fender Telecaster Freehold Borough, New Jersey Asbury Park, New Jersey " Because the Night " " Jersey Girl " " Springsteen " Blinded by the Light (film) Springsteen: Deliver Me from Nowhere Category Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 1980 albums Bruce Springsteen albums Columbia Records albums Albums with cover art by Jimmy Wachtel Albums produced by Jon Landau Albums produced by Steven Van Zandt Albums recorded at Power Station Contemporary R&B albums by American artists Country albums by American artists Folk albums by American artists Pop albums by American artists CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Use mdy dates from February 2024 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Album chart usages for Canada Album chart called without artist Album chart called without album Album chart making named ref Album chart usages for Netherlands Album chart usages for Germany Album chart usages for New Zealand Album chart usages for Norway Album chart usages for Sweden Album chart usages for Switzerland Album chart usages for UK2 Album chart usages for Australia Album chart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments figures Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming figures Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Pages using certification Table Entry with sales figures Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using certification Table Entry with sales footnote Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments footnote Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming footnote CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 19:11 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_(Bruce_Springsteen_album)
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : My local pond Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version This is a humorous essay . It contains humorous advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors and isn't meant to be taken seriously. This is not an encyclopedia article or one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines and may not represent community consensus . When new on Wikipedia, and have no ideas on how to expand your article count further, just create articles on local features no one knows (or cares) about for more than 3.14 miles away. For example, a pond in your backyard, or a small 900 foot stream. Here is a good example: Another good idea is to write a article about a small bridge going over a creek about 3 miles away on a local road. Here is a example, even with an infobox! Merrick Railroad Bridge Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 41°40′11″N 72°11′38″W / 41.66972°N 72.19389°W / 41.66972; -72.19389 Carries Trains Crosses Merrick Brook Locale Scotland, Connecticut Characteristics Design Railroad Bridge Total length 30 ft (9 m) History Construction end Sometime before I was alive Location Interactive map of Merrick Railroad Bridge .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard Humorous Wikipedia essays Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 6 November 2025, at 22:15 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:My_local_pond
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. References Citations ^ Conner 2023 , p. 5. ^ Brooker 2001 , pp. 80–81. ^ Mayer 2017 , pp. 45–47; Conner 2023 , pp. 5–6; Dick 1993 , p. 164. ^ Kinnard 2008 , p. 103; Rainey 2010 , pp. 22–23. ^ Mayer 2017 , pp. 45–47; Brooker 2001 , pp. 84–85. ^ Mayer 2017 , pp. 45–47; Biesen 2005 , p. 4. ^ Daniels 1999 , pp. 57–59. ^ a b c Mayer 2017 , pp. 45–47. ^ Smith 2013 , p. 76–77; Rainey 2010 , pp. 22–23. ^ Mayer 2017 , pp. 45–47; Rainey 2010 , pp. 22–23. ^ a b c d Smith 2013 , p. 76–77 ^ Shubilla 2022 , p. 20. ^ West 1994 , pp. 53–54. ^ Reinhart 2013 , p. 193. ^ a b Hughes 2007 . ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ramey, Bill (November 8, 2005). "An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 1" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ Schatz 2018 , p. 113. ^ Ramey, Bill (November 11, 2005). "An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 2" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ Schatz 2018 , p. 113; Griffin & Masters 1997 , pp. 164. ^ a b c Griffin & Masters 1997 , p. 165–166 ^ a b Jones, Alan (November 1989). " Batman in Production" . Cinefantastique . pp. 75– 88. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013 . Retrieved May 13, 2008 . ^ Uslan 2019 , p. 193. ^ a b Griffin & Masters 1997 , pp. 113–114 ^ a b c Stax (December 1, 2001). "The Stax Report Special Edition: Script Review of The Batman " . IGN . Archived from the original on December 6, 2008 . Retrieved October 24, 2008 . ^ Uslan, Michael ; Melniker, Benjamin ; Guber, Peter ; Mankiewicz, Tom ; Hamm, Sam (2005). Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Road to Gotham City (DVD). Warner Home Video . ^ a b c Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . pp. 55– 67. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013 . Retrieved May 2, 2008 . ^ a b Hanke 1999 . ^ a b c Burton 2000 , pp. 70–71. ^ Englehat, Steve. "Batman" . SteveEnglehart.com . Archived from the original on December 14, 2007 . Retrieved November 25, 2007 . So I got to do the second treatment with just the characters that eventually hit the screen: Bruce Wayne, the Batman, Silver St. Cloud, Boss Thorne, and the Joker. ^ Smith 2013 , p. 77. ^ Busch, Jenna (July 3, 2014). "Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema" . SuperHeroHype . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved July 25, 2015 . ^ Burton 2000 , p. 74. ^ Hochman, David (March 3, 2000). "The biggest movie payoffs" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22, 2019 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Carey, Matt (November 8, 2013). "You don't know Jack (Nicholson)" . CNN . Archived from the original on November 14, 2013 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Burton 2000 , p. 75. ^ Morgenstern, Joe (April 9, 1989). "Tim Burton, Batman and The Joker" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 20, 2013 . Retrieved October 26, 2008 . ^ "Batman (1989): Reviews" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 26, 2013 . Retrieved December 27, 2025 . ^ Griffin & Masters 1997 , p. 172–173. ^ "Batman" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 17, 2017 . Retrieved September 16, 2017 . ^ a b c d e f " Batman Returns (1992)" . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 20, 2022 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ Puig, Claudia (January 10, 1991). "Movies" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved December 1, 2025 . ^ Reinhart 2013 , p. 124. ^ a b c Crow, David (December 1, 2019). "How Batman II Became Batman Returns " . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on June 17, 2022 . Retrieved December 1, 2025 . ^ Broeske, Pat H.; Thompson, Anne (August 9, 1991). "Big-Game Hunting" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 13, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Kleid, Beth (September 3, 1991). "Movies" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6, 2022 . Retrieved December 1, 2025 . ^ a b c Burton, Byron (June 19, 2017). " Batman Returns At 25: Stars Reveal Script Cuts, Freezing Sets And Aggressive Penguins" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022 . Retrieved December 1, 2025 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Greenberg, James (May 8, 2005). "Rescuing Batman" . Los Angeles Times . p. E-10. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ Crow, David (August 25, 2019). "Why Tim Burton's Batman 3 Never Happened" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on June 27, 2022 . Retrieved December 1, 2025 . ^ a b " Batman 3 " . Entertainment Weekly . October 1, 1993. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008 . Retrieved August 16, 2008 . ^ Proctor 2023 , p. 221. ^ Reinhart 2013 , p. 155. ^ Gordinier, Jeff (July 15, 1994). "Next at Batman " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 21, 2008 . Retrieved August 16, 2008 . ^ Wiener, Jonah (October 2011). "Q&A: Ethan Hawke" . Details . Archived from the original on August 9, 2013 . Retrieved August 7, 2012 . ^ Jett (December 16, 2009). "William Baldwin Talks Batman And "Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths" " . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. ^ Staff (July 8, 1994). "It's Still a Riddle Why Keaton Didn't Stay 'Batman Forever' " . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 12, 2025 . Retrieved April 11, 2025 . ^ Kaveney 2007 , p. 245. ^ Couch, Aaron (June 17, 2015). " 'Batman Forever': The Story Behind the Surprise Hit "Nobody Really Wanted" " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 2, 2025 . Retrieved December 1, 2025 . ^ Svetkey, Benjamin (July 12, 1996). "Holy Happy Set!" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7, 2008 . Retrieved August 16, 2008 . ^ a b Bailey, Jason (June 23, 2020). "Don't Forget That Joel Schumacher Briefly Saved Batman" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . October 5, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. ^ a b Fleming, Michael (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12, 2012 . Retrieved November 11, 2008 . ^ Reinhart 2013 , p. 177. ^ "From Men Don't Leave to NCIS: LA, the roles of Chris O'Donnell" . Entertainment Weekly . November 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 18, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca (May 31, 1996). "Psycho Kilmer" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1, 2008 . Retrieved November 11, 2022 . ^ a b Crow, David (August 30, 2021). "Val Kilmer on Batman Forever: 'It's So Bad, It's Almost Good' " . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on April 4, 2025 . Retrieved February 3, 2024 . ^ Joel Schumacher , Peter MacGregor-Scott , Chris O'Donnell , Val Kilmer , Uma Thurman , John Glover (2005). Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound (DVD). Warner Home Video . ^ "Check Out All of the Stars Who've Played Batman" . E! Online . March 3, 2022. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022 . Retrieved September 8, 2022 . ^ Pener, Degen (September 13, 1996). "Holy Hearsay" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11, 2008 . Retrieved November 11, 2008 . ^ Busch, Anita M. (January 10, 1997). "Schumacher on 'Popcorn' " . Variety . Archived from the original on December 16, 2008 . Retrieved November 11, 2008 . ^ Mallory, Michael; Fleming, Mike Jr. (March 5, 1997). "Holy caped caper, IV" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved November 11, 2008 . ^ " Batman & Robin (1997)" . The Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16, 2022 . Retrieved September 8, 2022 . ^ Chitwood, Adam (January 4, 2022). "Michael Keaton Explains Why He Didn't Return for Batman Forever " . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 12, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Couch, Aaron (June 14, 2015). "Before 'Batman Begins': Secret History of the Movies That Almost Got Made" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8, 2025 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ Linder, Brian (July 27, 2000). "Rumblings From Gotham" . IGN . Archived from the original on September 15, 2025 . Retrieved June 11, 2018 . ^ Couch, Aaron (February 9, 2017). "Coolio Was Courted to Play Scarecrow in Scrapped 'Batman & Robin' Sequel" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 4, 2025 . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . ^ a b c d Ramey, Bill (July 28, 2005). "Interview: Lee Shapiro" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 25, 2008 . Retrieved October 18, 2008 . ^ Jensen, Jeff (December 4, 1998). "Winging It" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 19, 2008 . Retrieved October 17, 2008 . ^ Hughes 2003 , p. 199. ^ Harris, Dana (September 21, 2000). "WB sends Pi guy into the Bat Cave" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 5, 2025 . ^ Hughes 2003 , p. 200. ^ Hull 2020 . ^ Godfrey, Alex; Travis, Ben (April 17, 2020). "Darren Aronofsky's Batman Fell Apart Because He Wanted Joaquin Phoenix – And The Studio Didn't" . Empire . Retrieved April 20, 2020 . ^ Tyler, Adrienne (May 11, 2020). "What Aronofsky's Batman: Year One Movie Looked Like (& Why It Didn't Happen)" . Screenrant . Retrieved March 19, 2024 . ^ Conner 2023 , p. 96. ^ a b c d Darius 2011 , p. 66–68. ^ Borys Kit (October 15, 2007). "The Vine: Young actors seek Justice " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3, 2025 . Retrieved March 16, 2008 . ^ Buchanan, Kyle (October 20, 2010). "The Social Network's Armie Hammer Talks Special Effects, Misogyny, and the Downside of Being Tall and Handsome" . New York . Archived from the original on March 17, 2025 . Retrieved September 8, 2014 . ^ Garrett, Diane (February 26, 2008). "Warner Bros. to serve 'Justice' in '09" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 14, 2025 . Retrieved March 15, 2008 . ^ Garry Maddox (February 25, 2008). "Unhappy feet may flee Sydney" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on December 19, 2025 . Retrieved February 25, 2008 . ^ Garry Maddox (March 19, 2008). "Mega movie refused rebate" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on November 19, 2025 . Retrieved March 19, 2008 . ^ Farley, Lloyd (May 25, 2024). "George Miller's Cancelled Justice League Movie Would've Had a Brainwashed Superman" . Collider . Archived from the original on June 7, 2024 . Retrieved December 20, 2025 . ^ Seijas, Casey (March 9, 2009). "Justice League' Movie Still A Possibility, Says Director... Just Not Anytime Soon" . MTV . Archived from the original on March 10, 2009 . Retrieved September 17, 2014 . ^ Gaughan, Liam (February 2, 2022). "The 15 Greatest Film Trilogies Of All Time Ranked" . /Film . Archived from the original on November 18, 2025 . Retrieved January 11, 2026 . ^ Thapa, Shaurya (August 12, 2025). "The 15 best movie trilogies to watch" . Time Out . Archived from the original on July 13, 2024 . Retrieved January 12, 2026 . ^ Land, Ashley (April 25, 2024). "The 10 Best Film Trilogies of All Time, Ranked" . CBR . Archived from the original on July 20, 2025 . Retrieved January 11, 2026 . ^ Flemming, Michael (January 27, 2003). " Batman captures director Nolan" . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15, 2025 . Retrieved September 24, 2014 . ^ Greenberg, James (May 8, 2005). "Rescuing Batman" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 17, 2019 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Sharf, Zack (November 21, 2025). "Christopher Nolan Was Hired to Direct Troy More Than 20 Years Before The Odyssey ; He Says the Studio Backtracked and Offered Batman Begins as 'Consolation Prize' " . Variety . Archived from the original on November 22, 2025 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Graser, Marc; Dunkley, Cathy (February 8, 2004). "The bat and the beautiful" . Variety . Archived from the original on August 4, 2025 . Retrieved November 2, 2006 . ^ Reinhart 2013 , p. 213. ^ " Batman Begins Production Notes – The Batsuit & Gadgetry" . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on October 28, 2006 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ a b Jolin, Dan (August 19, 2020). "The Dark Knight Trilogy: The Complete Story Of Christopher Nolan's Batman Films" . Empire . Archived from the original on August 20, 2020 . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ^ "Actor Bale lands Batman role" . BBC News . September 13, 2003. Archived from the original on November 30, 2008 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Evans, Matthew (February 11, 2017). "Christian Bale's 5 Craziest Body Transformations" . Men's Health . Archived from the original on January 24, 2021 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Dibin, Emma (April 14, 2016). "Why Christian Bale-Style Yo-Yo Dieting Is Terrible For You" . Esquire . Archived from the original on November 12, 2020 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Hardy, Cam'ron (August 19, 2025). "It's been 20 years since 'Batman Begins' and 'Dark Knight' changed how the world saw Chicago" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22, 2025 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Nathan 2022 , p. 69. ^ Kelly, Kate (June 20, 2005). " 'Batman Begins' Fails to Break Movie Industry's Losing Streak" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ "2005 Worldwide Box Office" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ " Batman Begins " . Rotten Tomatoes . June 15, 2005. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 9, 2014 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Jolin, Dan (2012). "The Making of the Joker" . Empire . Archived from the original on December 9, 2013 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ a b c Thompson, Anne (July 6, 2008). " Dark Knight Review: Nolan Talks Sequel Inflation" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 10, 2008 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Jensen, Jeff (June 18, 2007). "Batman's New Suit" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 14, 2010 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Duncan Jesser & Pourroy 2012 , p. 113. ^ Celizic, Mike (July 14, 2008). "Christian Bale: Ledger had 'wonderful time' as Joker" . Today . Archived from the original on November 23, 2020 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Duncan Jesser & Pourroy 2012 , p. 159–160, 189. ^ " The Dark Knight Reviews" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on February 9, 2014 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Duncan Jesser & Pourroy 2012 , p. 49. ^ " The Dark Knight breaks a billion" . E! . February 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ "The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on November 10, 2014 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ Bibbiani, William (February 8, 2022). "The History Of Comic Book Movies at the Oscars" . IGN . Archived from the original on May 31, 2022 . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ McNary, Dave (December 14, 2020). " Dark Knight , Shrek , Grease , Blues Brothers Added To National Film Registry" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 14, 2020 . Retrieved January 6, 2026 . ^ Nathan 2022 , pp. 138–139. ^ Boucher, Geoff (March 10, 2010). "Christopher Nolan takes flight with Superman: 'We have a fantastic story' [UPDATED]" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 4, 2010 . Retrieved July 5, 2010 . ^ Duncan Jesser & Pourroy 2012 , p. 51. ^ " 'Dark Knight Rises': Christopher Nolan opens up about Bane choice" . Los Angeles Times . December 12, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012 . Retrieved January 8, 2012 . ^ Vejvoda, Jim (July 30, 2012). "Chris Nolan's Dark Knight Rises Movie Influences" . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18, 2025 . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ^ Boucher, Geoff (October 27, 2010). "Nolan: 'Dark Knight Rises' finds the future in IMAX, not 3-D" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 30, 2010 . Retrieved October 28, 2010 . ^ de Semlyen, Phil (November 19, 2010). "Exclusive: The Dark Knight Rises In May" . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25, 2011 . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ^ McNary, Dave (May 3, 2010). "Batman sets date" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25, 2025 . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ^ "The Dark Knight Rises (2012)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ^ " The Dark Knight Rises Reviews" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on May 16, 2025 . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ^ Sperling, Nicole (July 20, 2013). "Comic-Con 2013: 'Superman & Batman' movie will follow 'Man of Steel' " . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 21, 2013 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ Kit, Borys (July 20, 2013). "Superman & Batman Film Set for Comic-Con Reveal" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 4, 2025 . Retrieved October 1, 2014 . ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (July 20, 2013). "They're doing a Superman/Batman movie... but that's not the big news" . io9 . Archived from the original on July 22, 2013 . Retrieved July 22, 2013 . ^ Burg, Karen (May 9, 2016). "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" . Set Decorators Society of America. Archived from the original on December 29, 2025 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 18, 2013). "Batman-Superman Film Enlists 'Argo' Writer (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7, 2025 . Retrieved December 18, 2013 . ^ Fritz, Ben (March 10, 2016). "The Great Comic-Book Movie Debate" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . ^ a b Rahman, Abid (October 13, 2014). "Charles Roven: Ben Affleck "Was the First Guy We Went to" for Batman Role" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 26, 2025 . Retrieved October 13, 2014 . ^ Davis, Johnny (December 10, 2014). "Christian Bale Is Esquire's January Cover Star" . Esquire . Archived from the original on July 10, 2015 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ a b Schilacci, Sophie (August 22, 2013). "Ben Affleck is Batman for 'Man of Steel' Sequel" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 11, 2025 . Retrieved October 1, 2014 . ^ Graham, Adam (March 23, 2016). " 'Batman v Superman' puts Detroit on the big screen" . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on January 26, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ "Warner Bros. Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016" . ComingSoon.net . January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014 . Retrieved January 22, 2014 . ^ Sneider, Jeff (August 6, 2014). "Warner Bros. Blinks in Marvel Showdown: 'Batman v Superman' Avoids 'Captain America 3' " . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 13, 2025 . Retrieved August 6, 2014 . ^ Brown 2016 , p. 157. ^ "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 28, 2025 . Retrieved December 20, 2017 . ^ Barnes, Brooks (October 17, 2012). "Warner Brothers Wins Legal Case Over Rights to Superman" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 29, 2025 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ Gardner, Eriq (October 17, 2012). "Warner Bros. Wins Big Court Ruling in Fight Over Superma" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 29, 2025 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ Fritz, Ben (October 29, 2012). " 'Justice League' aims for summer 2015 after Superman victory" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 1, 2013 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ Sneider, Jeff (June 5, 2012). "Beall writing 'Justice League' for Warner Bros" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 27, 2025 . Retrieved September 8, 2014 . ^ Finke, Nikki (June 10, 2013). " 'Man Of Steel' Sequel Underway With Zack Snyder And David S. Goyer" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 25, 2025 . Retrieved September 8, 2014 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (July 25, 2014). " 'Batman V Superman' Scribe Chris Terrio For 'Justice League' " . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 19, 2025 . Retrieved September 8, 2014 . ^ "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Scenes Described, Justice League Script Complete" . ComingSoon.net. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015 . Retrieved December 29, 2025 . ^ Gonzalez, Umberto; Molloy, Tim (November 29, 2017). "How 'Justice League' Became a 'Frankenstein' (Exclusive)" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 20, 2018 . Retrieved December 30, 2025 . ^ Bonomolo, Cameron (June 11, 2018). "Rumor: Geoff Johns' 'Justice League' Rewrites Caused Issues With Chris Terrio, WB Execs" . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 17, 2018 . Retrieved December 30, 2025 . ^ Fritz, Ben (November 6, 2017). "The Quest to Save 'Justice League' " . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 6, 2017 . Retrieved December 30, 2025 . ^ Child, Ben (November 1, 2017). "Five tasks Justice League must complete to save the DC universe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 14, 2017 . Retrieved January 1, 2026 . ^ Kit, Borys (May 22, 2017). "Zack Snyder Steps Down From 'Justice League' to Deal With Family Tragedy" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 14, 2025 . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . ^ a b Buchanan, Kyle (November 19, 2019). "Why Ben Affleck and Gal Gadot Are Tweeting #ReleaseTheSnydercut" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 23, 2020 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Strauss, Bob (November 15, 2017). "Joss Whedon brought 'own flavor' to 'Justice League' after Zack Snyder left" . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on June 27, 2018 . Retrieved December 30, 2025 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (February 21, 2016). "Justice League begins shooting April 11" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 1, 2026 . Retrieved January 1, 2026 . ^ Otterson, Joe (October 1, 2016). "Jason Momoa Thanks 'Justice League' Crew With Shirtless Photo as Filming Wraps (Photo)" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 2, 2016 . Retrieved January 1, 2026 . ^ "Justice League" . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on January 2, 2026 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Sharf, Zack (November 24, 2017). " 'Justice League' Box Office Bomb: Warner Bros. Could Lose Up to $100 Million on Superhero Tentpole" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 10, 2025 . Retrieved January 1, 2026 . ^ a b Breznican, Anthony (February 22, 2021). " Justice League : The Shocking, Exhilarating, Heartbreaking True Story of #TheSnyderCut" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 12, 2025 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (April 8, 2021). " 'Justice League' Screenwriter Chris Terrio Is Super Pissed Off" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 9, 2021 . Retrieved January 1, 2026 . ^ Dockterman, Eliana (May 21, 2020). "What to Know About the 'Justice League' Snyder Cut—and Why Some People Are Upset About Its Release" . Time . Archived from the original on November 18, 2025 . Retrieved August 27, 2020 . ^ Kit, Borys (May 20, 2020). " "It Will Be an Entirely New Thing": Zack Snyder's $20M-Plus 'Justice League' Cut Plans Revealed" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 23, 2020 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Donnelly, Matt (May 20, 2020). "Zack Snyder Will Release the 'Snyder Cut' of 'Justice League' on HBO Max" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 15, 2025 . Retrieved August 27, 2020 . ^ Hibberd, James (February 4, 2021). "Zack Snyder's Justice League officially gets rated R" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Gonzalez, Umberto; Lincoln, Ross A. (September 23, 2020). " 'Justice League': Snyder Cut to Include Footage From a Week of Additional Shooting" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 26, 2020 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Burwick, Kevin (July 20, 2020). "Zack Snyder's Justice League Is Separate from the DC Cinematic Universe Continuity" . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Sharf, Zack (March 18, 2021). "Ben Affleck, Jared Leto Were Never on Set Together to Film the One New 'Justice League' Scene" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 10, 2022 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Chichizola, Corey (September 16, 2025). "Suicide Squad's David Ayer Finally Explained The Batman And Deadshot Scene, But I'm Still Not A Fan" . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on January 2, 2026 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Gonzales, Umberto (June 22, 2020). "Batman Returns! Michael Keaton to Play Bruce Wayne in The Flash " . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 18, 2020 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ a b Adlakha, Siddhant (August 25, 2023). "Okay, Let's Talk About That Bizarre Final Cameo in The Flash" . Vulture . Archived from the original on August 18, 2025 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ Cremona, Patrick (June 15, 2023). "Meet the cast of The Flash : all the main stars and cameos" . Radio Times . Archived from the original on June 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Moreau, Jordan; Vary, Adam B. (June 16, 2023). " The Flash Cameos: All the Batmen and Supermen, Plus That Post-Credits Scene Explained" . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Kit, Borys; Counch, Aaron (December 22, 2021). "Michael Keaton Joining 'Batgirl' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 22, 2021 . Retrieved December 30, 2021 . ^ Vary, Adam B. (August 2, 2022). " Batgirl Film Axed by Warner Bros., Won't Be Released on Any Platform" . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2, 2022 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ Franich, Darren (October 15, 2014). "Warner Bros. announces 10 DC movies, including Wonder Woman " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 30, 2017 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Bennett, Anita (February 18, 2020). "Ben Affleck Dropped Out Of The Batman Amid Fears He'd 'Drink Himself To Death' " . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 19, 2020 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Barnes, Brooks (February 18, 2020). "Ben Affleck Tried to Drink Away the Pain. Now He's Trying Honesty" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (February 23, 2017). "As You Read Here, Matt Reeves Is New Batman Director" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 23, 2017 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Hall, Jacob (March 15, 2017). " The Batman Delayed as the Script is Rewritten From Scratch" . /Film . Archived from the original on March 15, 2017 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 14, 2019). " The Batman Finds Its Selina Kyle In Zoë Kravitz" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 14, 2019 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Debruge, Peter (February 28, 2022). " The Batman Review: A Tortured Robert Pattinson Goes Even Darker Than 'The Dark Knight' " . Variety . Archived from the original on February 28, 2022 . Retrieved March 27, 2022 . ^ Kit, Borys (June 13, 2018). "Warner Bros. Shifts DC Strategy Amid Executive Change-Up" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 13, 2018 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Topel, Fred (December 28, 2022). " The Batman : Read The Screenplay For Matt Reeves' Take On The Caped Crusader" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 30, 2022 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ a b Molloy, Tim (January 19, 2022). "A Detective Story: To Understand Matt Reeves and The Batman , Look to the 1970s | Page 1" . MovieMaker . Archived from the original on January 20, 2022 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Liu, Narayan (August 22, 2020). "Pattinson's Batman Confirmed to Exist on a Separate Earth from the Established DCEU" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 23, 2020 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Agard, Chancellor (February 18, 2022). " The Batman 's Robert Pattinson reveals the unusual comics that inspired his Dark Knight" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 18, 2022 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Davis, Johnny (February 8, 2022). "Director Matt Reeves on the Iconic Comic That Influenced The Batman " . Esquire . Archived from the original on February 8, 2022 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Saavedra, John (February 14, 2022). " The Batman : Robert Pattinson and Matt Reeves Confirm Exclusive New Details About the Film" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on February 15, 2022 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Saavedra, John (December 28, 2021). " The Batman May Have Confirmed Major Riddler Moment from the Comics" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on December 28, 2021 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Giroux, Jack (June 21, 2017). "Matt Reeves is Taking a Hitchcock Approach to The Batman " . /Film . Archived from the original on June 22, 2017 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Couch, Aaron; Kit, Borys (April 1, 2021). "Ava DuVernay's New Gods , James Wan's The Trench DC Movies Not Moving Forward at Warner Bros. (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 2, 2021 . Retrieved April 2, 2021 . ^ Barnes, Brooks (December 27, 2020). "Managing Movie Superheroes Is About to Get a Lot More Complicated" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 2, 2025 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ a b c Kit, Borys (June 4, 2019). " 'Quick' Debates and Secret Screen Tests: How Robert Pattinson Became Batman" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4, 2019 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Galuppo, Mia; Kit, Borys (May 16, 2019). "Robert Pattinson Frontrunner to Play Batman in Matt Reeves' DC Movie" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17, 2019 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Hermanns, Grant (January 26, 2022). "Robert Pattinson The Batman Casting Backlash Explained By Director" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 6, 2022 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Sharf, Zack (March 4, 2022). " 'The Batman' Guide: 15 Movies and Comics That Inspired Robert Pattinson and Matt Reeves" . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6, 2022 . Retrieved January 2, 2026 . ^ Donnelly, Matt (August 18, 2021). "From Daniel Craig to Dwayne Johnson, Inside the Biggest Movie Stars' Salaries" . Variety . Archived from the original on August 18, 2021 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 9, 2020). " The Batman Director Matt Reeves On DC Pic During COVID-19 Hiatus; Unraveling 'Tales From The Loop' & Netflix Slate" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 12, 2020 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 20, 2020). " The Batman Flies To Fall 2021, Sopranos Prequel Moves To March & More As Warner Bros. Makes Release Date Changes Due To COVID-19 Climate" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 20, 2020 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 5, 2020). " The Batman Flies To 2022 Post Dune Drift, Matrix 4 Moves Up To Christmas 2021, Shazam! 2 Zaps To 2023 & More WB Changes – Update" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 6, 2020 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Rubin, Rebecca (April 26, 2022). "Robert Pattinson Returning for The Batman Sequel" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 26, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Parker, Ryan; McClintock, Pamela (April 26, 2022). " 'The Batman' Sequel Set With Robert Pattinson and Director Matt Reeves" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 28, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Loving, Casey (June 27, 2025). "Matt Reeves Finally Finishes The Batman: Part II Script" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 27, 2025 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Mendoza, Leia; Malkin, Marc (September 14, 2025). "Robert Pattinson Read The Batman 2 Script From a 'High-Security' Locked 'Pouch'; Penguin Season 2 Is 'In Discussions', Matt Reeves Says" . Variety . Archived from the original on September 17, 2025 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 27, 2024). " The Batman Sequel Heads To 2027, Tom Cruise & Alejandro G. Iñárritu Pic Sets 2026 Release, Sinners & Mickey 17 Switch Places" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . ^ "James Gunn and Peter Safran Named Co-Chairmen and CEOs of DC Studios" . Warner Bros. Discovery . October 25, 2025. Archived from the original on November 16, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ a b Kit, Borys (January 31, 2023). "DC Slate Unveiled: New Batman, Supergirl Movies, a Green Lantern TV Show, and More from James Gunn, Peter Safran" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ Donnelly, Matt (June 16, 2023). "New Batman Film 'Brave and the Bold' Lands 'The Flash' Director Andy Muschietti (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Archived from the original on September 28, 2025 . Retrieved June 18, 2023 . ^ Borys, Kit; Couch, Aaron (June 16, 2023). " 'The Flash' Director Andy Muschietti Tackling New Batman Movie 'The Brave and the Bold' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 14, 2025 . Retrieved June 18, 2023 . ^ Lang, Brent (August 20, 2024). "Todd Phillips Tells All on Making 'Joker 2': Musical Numbers, Method Acting and Joaquin Phoenix's Broadway Dream That Started It All" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 28, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Anderton, Joe (October 5, 2024). "Todd Phillips rules out Joker 3 or solo movie for Lady Gaga's Harley Quinn" . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 28, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Kundu, Tamal (October 3, 2024). "Joker 2: Is Batman or Bruce Wayne in Folie à Deux?" . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 5, 2024 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Smart, Jack (October 3, 2024). "Joker: Folie à Deux Ending Explained: What Is the Sequel's Connection to Batman?" . People . Archived from the original on May 21, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ King, Jack (October 9, 2024). "What's the point of Joker: Folie à Deux's Two-Face twist?" . GQ . Archived from the original on March 17, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Davis, Brandon (October 23, 2018). " 'Joker': Dante Pereira-Olson Cast as Young Bruce Wayne" . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 2, 2025 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ a b Lapin-Bertone, Joshua (September 29, 2025). "How to Watch Batman's Animated Movies in Order" . DC Comics . Archived from the original on December 12, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Beck 2005 , p. 31. ^ Beck 2005 , p. 32; Smith 2013 , p. 78; Solomon 2023 , p. 144. ^ Beck 2005 , p. 32; Solomon 2023 , p. 144. ^ Oxenden, McKenna (November 11, 2022). "Kevin Conroy, Who Gave Voice to Batman for 3 Decades, Dies at 66" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 9, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Muskus, Jeff (July 29, 2016). " 'Batman: The Killing Joke' Finds Kevin Conroy Back Under the (Animated) Cowl" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 25, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Alexander, Bryan. "Lego Batman feuds with Superman, falls in love in 'Lego Movie 2': Will Arnett explains why" . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 30, 2025 . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ Draven, Derek (August 27, 2021). "Every Voice Actor Who Played Batman In The Animated Movies" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 26, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Perrino, Matthew (August 5, 2023). "Every Batman Voice Actor In Chronological Order" . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on March 4, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Otterson, Joe (October 10, 2025). " 'Batman: Knightfall' Animated Films Set at Warner Bros. Animation" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 28, 2025 . Retrieved January 4, 2026 . ^ Kroll, Justin (October 3, 2024). " 'Joker 2' Actor Behind That Twist Ending Kept It a Secret for Two Years. He's Now Speaking Out: Todd Phillips 'Has Balls to Make Such a Bold Swing' " . Variety . Retrieved April 28, 2025 . ^ Sarkisian, Jacob (January 27, 2021). "Sen. Patrick Leahy, who's third in line to the presidency, has appeared in 5 'Batman' movies, including 'The Dark Knight Rises' " . Insider . Retrieved March 27, 2021 . ^ Solomon, Aubrey (1989). Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series) . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1 . ^ "Big Rental Pictures of 1966". Variety . January 4, 1967. p. 8. ^ " Batman " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman: Mask of the Phantasm " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman Forever " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman & Robin " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman Begins " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " The Dark Knight " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " The Dark Knight Rises " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman: The Killing Joke " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " The Lego Batman Movie " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " Joker " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ " The Batman " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 30, 2022 . ^ "Batman Movies at the Box Office" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23, 2021 . ^ "CinemaScore" . CinemaScore . Archived from the original on April 13, 2022 . Retrieved April 13, 2022 . ^ " Batman " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 31, 2023 . ^ " Batman: The Movie Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved April 18, 2020 . ^ " Batman " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ " Batman (1989): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2007 . ^ " Batman Returns " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 2, 2024 . ^ " Batman Returns " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ " Batman: Mask of the Phantasm " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 27, 2022 . ^ " Batman Forever " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ " Batman Forever (1995): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2007 . ^ " Batman & Robin " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 14, 2024 . ^ " Batman & Robin (1997): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2007 . ^ " Batman Begins " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved December 17, 2025 . ^ " Batman Begins (2005): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2007 . ^ " The Dark Knight " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved January 11, 2026 . ^ " The Dark Knight (2008): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved July 18, 2008 . ^ " The Dark Knight Rises " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ " The Dark Knight Rises (2012): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2012 . ^ " Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016): Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved July 18, 2008 . ^ " Batman: The Killing Joke " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ " The Lego Batman Movie " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 20, 2025 . ^ " The Lego Batman Movie reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2017 . ^ " Justice League " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 30, 2022 . ^ " Justice League Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2017 . ^ " Joker " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ " Joker Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved April 18, 2020 . ^ " Zack Snyder's Justice League " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 2, 2024 . ^ " Zack Snyder's Justice League Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved September 16, 2021 . ^ " The Batman " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved December 2, 2025 . ^ " The Batman Reviews " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved March 4, 2022 . Bibliography Mayer, Geoff (2017). Encyclopedia of American Film Serials . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9781476627199 . Biesen, Sheri (2005). Blackout: World War II and the Origins of Film Noir . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801882173 . Conner, Shawn (2023). Superheroes Smash the Box Office: A Cinema History from the Serials to 21st Century Blockbusters . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9781476676661 . Kinnard, Roy (2008). Science Fiction Serials: A Critical Filmography of the 31 Hard SF Cliffhangers; With an Appendix of the 37 Serials with Slight SF Content . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786437450 . Dick, Bernard (1993). The Merchant Prince of Poverty Row: Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813147536 . Brooker, Will (2001). Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon . A&C Black . ISBN 9780826413437 . Rainey, Buck (2010). Serials and Series: A World Filmography, 1912-1956 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786447022 . Daniels, Les (1999). Batman: The Complete History . Chronicle Books. pp. 57– 59. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0 . Smith, Matthew J. (2013). Duncan, Randy (ed.). Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9798216100577 . Shubilla, Thom (2022). Primetime 1966-1967: The Full Spectrum of Television's First All-Color Season . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9781476683447 . West, Adam (1994). Back to the Batcave . Berkley Books . ISBN 9780425143704 . Reinhart, Mark (2013). The Batman Filmography, 2nd ed . Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company . p. 193. ISBN 9780786468911 . Uslan, Michael (2019). The Boy Who Loved Batman . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 9781684351060 . Hughes, David (2007). Comic Books Movies . Virgin Books . ISBN 9780753512630 . Hughes, David (2003). Tales from Development Hell: The Greatest Movies Never Made? . Titan Publishing Group . ISBN 9780857687234 . Hanke, Ken (1999). "Going Batty in Britain". Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 75– 85. 1-58063-162-2. Kaveney, Roz (2007). Superheroes!: Capes and Crusaders in Comics and Films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 9780857717160 . Schatz, Thomas (2018). "The New Hollywood: Three Case Studies". In Wexman, Virginia (ed.). Directing . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813564319 . Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). "Hit Men" . Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . New York City: Simon & Schuster . pp. 114, 158–174 . ISBN 0-684-80931-1 . Burton, Tim (2000). Salisbury, Mark (ed.). Burton on Burton . Faber and Faber . ISBN 9780571248711 . Hull, Josh (2020). Underexposed!:The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made . Abrams . ISBN 9781683359180 . Darius, Julian (2011). Improving the Foundations: Batman Begins from Comics to Screen . Sequart Organization . ISBN 9781466214323 . Duncan Jesser, Jody; Pourroy, Janine (2012). The Art and Making of the Dark Knight Trilogy . Abrams Books . ISBN 978-1-4197-0369-0 . Nathan, Ian (2022). Christopher Nolan: the Iconic Filmmaker and His Work . Quarto Publishing . ISBN 978-0-7112-7713-7 . Proctor, William (2023). Reboot Culture: Comics, Film, Transmedia . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 9783031409127 . Brown, Jeffrey (2016). The Modern Superhero in Film and Television: Popular Genre and American Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9781317484516 . Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 9781556525919 . Solomon, Brian (2023). Superheroes!: The History of a Pop-Culture Phenomenon from Ant-Man to Zorro . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781493064526 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category Batman in other media Batman films Film series introduced in 1943 Lists of films by franchise Warner Bros. Pictures franchises IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2022 Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_in_film#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaveney2007245-58
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Terminology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity 2.2 The birth of European West during the Middle Ages 2.2.1 Later Middle Ages (Rome and Reformation) 2.3 Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries) 2.3.1 Early modern era 2.3.2 Industrial Revolution 2.4 Post-Industrial era 2.1 The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity 2.2 The birth of European West during the Middle Ages 2.2.1 Later Middle Ages (Rome and Reformation) 2.2.1 Later Middle Ages (Rome and Reformation) 2.3 Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries) 2.3.1 Early modern era 2.3.2 Industrial Revolution 2.3.1 Early modern era 2.3.2 Industrial Revolution 2.4 Post-Industrial era 3 Arts and humanities Toggle Arts and humanities subsection 3.1 Music 3.2 Painting and photography 3.3 Dance and performing arts 3.4 Literature 3.5 Architecture 3.1 Music 3.2 Painting and photography 3.3 Dance and performing arts 3.4 Literature 3.5 Architecture 4 Cuisine 5 Scientific and technological inventions and discoveries 6 Media 7 Religion 8 Sport 9 Themes and traditions 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Western culture Afrikaans العربية বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lingua Franca Nova Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Nederlands Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Western culture , also known as Western civilization , European civilization , Occidental culture , Western society , or simply the West , is the internally diverse culture of the Western world . The term "Western" encompasses the social norms , ethical values , traditional customs , belief systems , political systems , artifacts and technologies primarily rooted in European and Mediterranean histories. A broad concept, "Western culture" does not relate to a region with fixed members or geographical confines. It generally refers to the classical era cultures of Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , and their Christian successors that expanded across the Mediterranean basin and Europe , and later circulated around the world predominantly through colonization and globalization . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Historically, scholars have closely associated the idea of Western culture with the classical era of Greco-Roman antiquity . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] However, scholars also acknowledge that other cultures, like Ancient Egypt , the Phoenician city-states , and several Near-Eastern cultures stimulated and influenced it. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The Hellenistic period also promoted syncretism , blending Greek, Roman, and Near-Eastern cultures. Major advances in literature, engineering, and science shaped the Hellenistic Jewish culture, from which the earliest Christians and the Greek New Testament emerged. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The eventual Christianization of Europe in late antiquity would ensure that Christianity , particularly the Catholic Church , remained a dominant force in Western culture for many centuries to follow. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Western culture continued to develop during the Middle Ages as reforms triggered by the medieval renaissances , the influence of the Islamic world via Al-Andalus and Sicily (including the transfer of technology from the East, and Latin translations of Arabic texts on science and philosophy by Greek and Hellenic-influenced Islamic philosophers), [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] and the Italian Renaissance as Greek scholars fleeing the fall of Constantinople brought ancient Greek and Roman texts back to central and western Europe. [ 18 ] Medieval Christianity is credited with creating the modern university , [ 19 ] [ 20 ] the modern hospital system, [ 21 ] scientific economics, [ 22 ] [ 23 ] and natural law (which would later influence the creation of international law ). [ 24 ] European culture developed a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism , mysticism and Christian and secular humanism , setting the stage for the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, which fundamentally altered religious and political life. Led by figures like Martin Luther , Protestantism challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and promoted ideas of individual freedom and religious reform , paving the way for modern notions of personal responsibility and governance. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries shifted focus to reason , science , and individual rights , influencing revolutions across Europe and the Americas and the development of modern democratic institutions. Enlightenment thinkers advanced ideals of political pluralism and empirical inquiry , which, together with the Industrial Revolution , transformed Western society. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the influence of Enlightenment rationalism continued with the rise of secularism and liberal democracy , while the Industrial Revolution fueled economic and technological growth. The expansion of civil rights and the decline of religious authority marked significant cultural shifts. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of political pluralism , individualism , prominent subcultures or countercultures , and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and immigration . Terminology The West as a geographical area is unclear and undefined. There is some disagreement about which nations should or should not be included in the category, when, and why. Certainly related conceptual terminology has changed over time in scope, meaning, and use. The term "western" draws on an affiliation with, or a perception of, a shared philosophy , worldview , political, and religious heritage grounded in the Greco-Roman world , the legacy of the Roman Empire , and medieval concepts of Christendom . For example, whether the Eastern Roman Empire (anachronistically/controversially referred to as the Byzantine Empire) , or those countries heavily influenced by its legacy, should be counted as "Western" is an example of the possible ambiguity of the term. These questions [ which? ] can be traced back to the affiliation between the culture of ancient Rome and that of Classical Greece , a persistent Greek East and Latin West language-split within the Roman Empire , and an eventual permanent splitting of the Roman Empire in 395 into Western and Eastern halves. And perhaps, at its worst, [ citation needed ] culminating in Pope Leo III's transfer of the Roman Empire from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Frankish King Charlemagne in the form of the Holy Roman Empire in 800, the Great Schism of 1054, and the devastating Fourth Crusade of 1204. Conversely, traditions of scholarship around Plato , Aristotle , and Euclid had been forgotten in the Catholic west and were rediscovered by Italians from scholars fleeing the 1453 fall of the Eastern Roman Empire . [ 18 ] The subsequent Renaissance , a conscious effort by Europeans to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of the Greco-Roman world, eventually encouraged the Age of Discovery , the Scientific Revolution , Age of Enlightenment , and the subsequent Industrial Revolution . Similarly, complicated relationships between virtually all the countries and regions within a broadly defined "West" can be discussed in the light of a persistently fragmented political landscape resulting in a lack of uniformity and significant diversity between the various cultures affiliating with this shared socio-cultural heritage. Thus, those cultures identifying with the West and with what it means to be "western" change over time as the geopolitical circumstances of a place changes and what is meant by the terminology changes. It is difficult to determine which individuals or places or trends fit into which category, and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ page needed ] Globalization has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all modern cultures are, to some extent, influenced by aspects of Western culture. Stereotypical views of "the West" have been labeled " Occidentalism ", paralleling " Orientalism "—the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of "the East". Some philosophers have questioned whether Western culture can be considered a historically sound, unified body of thought. [ 32 ] For example, Kwame Anthony Appiah pointed out in 2016 that many of the fundamental influences on Western culture – such as those of Greek philosophy – are also shared by the Islamic world to a certain extent. [ 32 ] [ need quotation to verify ] Appiah argues that the origin of the Western and European identity can be traced back to the 8th-century Muslim invasion of Europe via Iberia , when Christians would start to form a common Christian or European identity. [ 32 ] [ need quotation to verify ] Contemporary Latin chronicles from Spain referred to the victors in the Frankish victory over the Umayyads at the 732 Battle of Tours as "Europeans" according to Appiah, denoting a shared sense of identity. [ 33 ] A former, now less-acceptable synonym for "Western civilisation" was "the white race ". [ 34 ] As Europeans discovered the extra-European world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the Orient ("the East") became the Near East as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time in the 19th century. [ 35 ] Thus the Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 occurred in the " Far East " while troubles surrounding the decline of the Ottoman Empire occurred simultaneously in the Near East. [ a ] The term "Middle East" in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the Ottoman Empire but west of China— Greater Persia and Greater India —but is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages. History Part of a series on Philosophy Philosophy portal Contents Outline Glossary History Categories Philosophy portal Contents Outline Glossary History Categories Philosophies By period Ancient Egyptian Greek Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary Analytic Continental By region African Egyptian Ethiopian South African Eastern Chinese Indian Indonesian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Indigenous American Aztec Middle Eastern Iranian Western United States British French German Italian Russian By religion Buddhist Confucian Christian Hindu Islamic Jain Jewish Taoist By period Ancient Egyptian Greek Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary Analytic Continental Ancient Egyptian Greek Egyptian Greek Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary Analytic Continental Analytic Continental By region African Egyptian Ethiopian South African Eastern Chinese Indian Indonesian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Indigenous American Aztec Middle Eastern Iranian Western United States British French German Italian Russian African Egyptian Ethiopian South African Egyptian Ethiopian South African Eastern Chinese Indian Indonesian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Chinese Indian Indonesian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Indigenous American Aztec Aztec Middle Eastern Iranian Iranian Western United States British French German Italian Russian United States British French German Italian Russian By religion Buddhist Confucian Christian Hindu Islamic Jain Jewish Taoist Buddhist Confucian Christian Hindu Islamic Jain Jewish Taoist Branches Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Aesthetics Education History Language Law Metaphilosophy Mind Ontology Phenomenology Political Religion Science Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Aesthetics Education History Language Law Metaphilosophy Mind Ontology Phenomenology Political Religion Science Philosophers Aesthetic philosophers Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Philosophers of mind Social and political philosophers Women in philosophy Aesthetic philosophers Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Philosophers of mind Social and political philosophers Women in philosophy .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The earliest civilizations which influenced the development of Western culture were those of Mesopotamia ; the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system , largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq , northeastern Syria , southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran : the cradle of civilization . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Ancient Egypt similarly had a strong influence on Western culture. Phoenician mercantilism and the introduction of the alphabetical script boosted state formation in the Aegean and current-day Italy and current-day Spain, spawning civilizations in the Mediterranean such as Ancient Carthage , Ancient Greece , Etruria , and Ancient Rome . [ 38 ] The Greeks contrasted themselves with both their Eastern neighbors (such as the Trojans in Iliad ) as well as their Northern neighbors (who they considered barbarians ). [ citation needed ] Concepts of what is the West arose out of legacies of the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, ideas of the West were formed by the concepts of Latin Christendom and the Holy Roman Empire . What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from Greco-Roman and Christian traditions, with varying degrees of influence from the Germanic , Celtic and Slavic peoples, and includes the ideals of the Middle Ages , the Renaissance , Reformation and the Enlightenment . [ 39 ] The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity During the Greco-Roman world , North Africa and the Western regions of the Middle East were integral parts of the Western civilization, due to Hellenization and the direct cultural impact of the conquests of the Roman Empire. After the Roman conquests, the whole Mediterranean became essentially a Roman inland sea. [ 40 ] While the concept of a "West" did not exist until the emergence of the Roman Republic , the roots of the concept can be traced back to Ancient Greece . Since Homeric literature (the Trojan Wars ), through the accounts of the Persian Wars of Greeks against Persians by Herodotus , and right up until the time of Alexander the Great , there was a paradigm of a contrast between Greeks and other civilizations. [ 41 ] Greeks felt they were the most civilized and saw themselves (in the formulation of Aristotle ) as something between the advanced civilizations of the Near East (who they viewed as soft and slavish) and the wild barbarians of most of Europe to the north. During this period writers like Herodotus and Xenophon would highlight the importance of freedom in the Ancient Greek world, as opposed to the perceived slavery of the so-called barbaric world. [ 41 ] Alexander's conquests led to the emergence of a Hellenistic civilization , representing a synthesis of Greek and Near-Eastern cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean region. [ 42 ] The Near-Eastern civilizations of Ancient Egypt and the Levant , which came under Greek rule, became part of the Hellenistic world. The most important Hellenistic centre of learning was Ptolemaic Egypt , which attracted Greek, Egyptian , Jewish, Persian , Phoenician and even Indian scholars. [ 43 ] Hellenistic science, philosophy, architecture , literature and art later provided a foundation embraced and built upon by the Roman Empire as it swept up Europe and the Mediterranean world , including the Hellenistic world in its conquests in the 1st century BCE. Following the Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world, the concept of a "West" arose, as there was a cultural divide between the Greek East and Latin West . The Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire consisted of Western Europe and Northwest Africa, while the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire consisted of the Balkans , Asia Minor , Egypt and Levant . The "Greek" East was generally wealthier and more advanced than the "Latin" West. [ citation needed ] With the exception of Italia , the wealthiest provinces of the Roman Empire were in the East, particularly Roman Egypt which was the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Nevertheless, the Celts in the West created some significant literature in the ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity (an example being the poet Caecilius Statius ), and they developed a large amount of scientific knowledge themselves (as seen in their Coligny Calendar ). For about five hundred years, the Roman Empire maintained the Greek East and consolidated a Latin West, but an east–west division remained, reflected in many cultural norms of the two areas, including language. Eventually, the empire became increasingly split into a Western and Eastern part, reviving old ideas of a contrast between an advanced East, and a rugged West. From the time of Alexander the Great (the Hellenistic period ), Greek civilization came in contact with Jewish civilization. Christianity would eventually emerge from the syncretism of Hellenic culture , Roman culture , and Second Temple Judaism , gradually spreading across the Roman Empire and eclipsing its antecedents and influences. [ 46 ] The Greek and Roman paganism was gradually replaced by Christianity, first with its legalisation with the Edict of Milan and then the Edict of Thessalonica which made it the State church of the Roman Empire . Catholic Christianity, served as a unifying force in Christian parts of Europe, and in some respects replaced or competed with the secular authorities. The Jewish Christian tradition out of which it had emerged was all but extinguished, and antisemitism became increasingly entrenched or even integral to Christendom. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Much of art and literature, law, education, and politics were preserved in the teachings of the Church. In a broader sense, the Middle Ages , with its fertile encounter between Greek philosophical reasoning and Levantine monotheism was not confined to the West but also stretched into the old East. The philosophy and science of Classical Greece were largely forgotten in Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, other than in isolated monastic enclaves (notably in Ireland, which had become Christian but was never conquered by Rome). [ 49 ] The learning of Classical Antiquity was better preserved in the Eastern Roman Empire. Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis Roman civil law code was created in the East in his capital of Constantinople, [ 50 ] and that city maintained trade and intermittent political control over outposts such as Venice in the West for centuries. Classical Greek learning was also subsumed, preserved, and elaborated in the rising Eastern world, which gradually supplanted Roman-Byzantine control as a dominant cultural-political force. Thus, much of the learning of classical antiquity was slowly reintroduced to European civilization in the centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The birth of European West during the Middle Ages After the fall of Rome , much of Greco-Roman art , literature, science and even technology were all but lost in the western part of the old empire. However, this would become the center of a new West. Europe fell into political anarchy, with many warring kingdoms and principalities. Under the Frankish kings, it eventually, and partially, reunified, and the anarchy evolved into feudalism . The Medieval West referred specifically to the Catholic "Latin" West, also called "Frankish" during Charlemagne 's reign, in contrast to the Orthodox East, where Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire. The earliest recorded concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) was formed by Alcuin of York in the late 8th century during the Carolingian Renaissance , limited to the territories that practised Western Christianity at the time. "European" as a cultural term did not include much of the territories where the Orthodox Church represented the dominant religion until the 19th century. [ 53 ] Much of the basis of the post-Roman cultural world had been set before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, mainly through the integration and reshaping of Roman ideas through Christian thought. The Eastern Orthodox Church founded many cathedrals , monasteries and seminaries , some of which continue to exist today. After the fall of the Roman Empire , many of the classical Greek texts were translated into Arabic and preserved in the medieval Islamic world . The Greek classics along with Arabic science , philosophy and technology were transmitted to Western Europe and translated into Latin , sparking the Renaissance of the 12th century and 13th century. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Medieval Christianity is credited with creating the first modern universities. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The Catholic Church established a hospital system in medieval Europe that vastly improved upon the Roman valetudinaria [ 54 ] and Greek healing temples. [ 55 ] These hospitals were established to cater to "particular social groups marginalized by poverty, sickness, and age," according to the historian of hospitals, Guenter Risse. [ 21 ] Christianity played a role in ending practices common among pagan societies, such as human sacrifice, slavery, [ 56 ] infanticide and polygamy. [ 57 ] Francisco de Vitoria , a disciple of Thomas Aquinas and a Catholic thinker who studied the issue regarding the human rights of colonized natives, is recognized by the United Nations as a father of international law, and now also by historians of economics and democracy as a leading light for the West's democracy and rapid economic development. [ 58 ] Joseph Schumpeter , an economist of the twentieth century, referring to the Scholastics , wrote, "it is they who come nearer than does any other group to having been the 'founders' of scientific economics." [ 22 ] The rediscovery of the Justinian Code in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. In the Catholic or Frankish west, Roman law became the foundation on which all legal concepts and systems were based. Its influence is found in all Western legal systems, although in different manners and to different extents. The study of canon law , the legal system of the Catholic Church, fused with that of Roman law to form the basis of the refounding of Western legal scholarship. From Late Antiquity , through the Middle Ages, and onwards, while Eastern Europe was shaped by the Eastern Orthodox Church , Southern and Central Europe were increasingly stabilized by the Catholic Church which, as Roman imperial governance faded from view, was the only consistent force in Western Europe. [ 59 ] In 1054 came the Great Schism that, following the Greek East and Latin West divide, separated Europe into religious and cultural regions present to this day. Later Middle Ages (Rome and Reformation) In the 14th century, the Renaissance starting from Italy and then spreading throughout Europe, [ 60 ] there was a massive artistic, architectural, scientific and philosophical revival, as a result of the Christian revival of Greek philosophy, and the long Christian medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities. [ 61 ] This period is commonly referred to as the Renaissance . In the following century, this process was further enhanced by an exodus of Greek Christian priests and scholars to Italian cities such as Florence and Venice after the end of the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Constantinople. Until the Age of Enlightenment, [ 62 ] Christian culture took over as the predominant force in Western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years. [ 59 ] [ 63 ] Movements in art and philosophy, such as the Humanist movement of the Renaissance and the Scholastic movement of the High Middle Ages , were motivated by a drive to connect Catholicism with Greek and Arab thought imported by Christian pilgrims. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] However, due to the division in Western Christianity caused by the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment, religious influence—especially the temporal power of the Pope—began to wane. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] During the Reformation and Enlightenment, the ideas of civil rights , equality before the law, procedural justice , and democracy as the ideal form of society began to be institutionalized as principles forming the basis of modern Western culture, particularly in Protestant regions. Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries) Early modern era From the late 15th century to the 17th century, Western culture began to spread to other parts of the world through explorers and missionaries during the Age of Discovery , and by imperialists from the 17th century to the early 20th century. During the Great Divergence , a term coined by Samuel Huntington [ 69 ] the Western world overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization of the time, eclipsing Qing China , Mughal India , Tokugawa Japan , and the Ottoman Empire . The process was accompanied and reinforced by the Age of Discovery and continued into the modern period. Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened , including lack of government intervention, high bridging social capital, geography, colonialism, and customary traditions. The Age of Discovery faded into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, during which cultural and intellectual forces in European society emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. It challenged the authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and skepticism . Philosophers of the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon , René Descartes , John Locke , Baruch Spinoza , Voltaire (1694–1778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau , David Hume , and Immanuel Kant , [ 70 ] who influenced society by publishing widely read works. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as enlightened absolutism . New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to a departure from solely religious texts. Publications include Encyclopédie (1751–72) that was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert . The Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and Letters on the English (1733) written by Voltaire spread the ideals of the Enlightenment. Coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution , spearheaded by Newton. This included the emergence of modern science , during which developments in mathematics , physics , astronomy , biology (including human anatomy ) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ excessive citations ] While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus 's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution, and its completion is attributed to the "grand synthesis" of Newton's 1687 Principia . Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power , the increasing use of steam power , and the development of machine tools . [ 78 ] These transitions began in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades. [ 79 ] The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, [ 87 ] while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. [ 88 ] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants [ 89 ] and fire. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] Post-Industrial era Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of political pluralism , individualism , prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements) and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and immigration. Western culture has been heavily influenced by the Renaissance, the Ages of Discovery and Enlightenment and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In the 20th century, Christianity declined in influence in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, [ 95 ] and also elsewhere. Secularism (separating religion from politics and science) increased. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians. [ 96 ] The West went through a series of great cultural and social changes between 1945 and 1980. The emergent mass media (film, radio, television and recorded music) created a global culture that could ignore national frontiers. Literacy became almost universal, encouraging the growth of books, magazines and newspapers. The influence of cinema and radio remained, while televisions became near essentials in every home. By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide, and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication (such as transatlantic cable and the radiotelephone ) played a decisive role in modern globalization. The West has contributed a great many technological, political, philosophical, artistic and religious aspects to modern international culture: having been a crucible of Catholicism , Protestantism , democracy, industrialisation; the first major civilisation to seek to abolish slavery during the 19th century, and the first to put to use such technologies as steam , electric and nuclear power . The West invented cinema, television, the personal computer, the Internet and video games; developed sports such as soccer, cricket , golf , tennis , rugby , basketball , and volleyball ; and transported humans to an astronomical object for the first time with the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon Landing . Arts and humanities Music In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, [ 97 ] and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European classical music and its many derivatives. The Baroque style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor. [ 98 ] The symphony , concerto, sonata , opera, and oratorio have their origins in Italy. Many musical instruments developed in the West have come to see widespread use all over the world; among them are the guitar, violin, piano, pipe organ , saxophone, trombone, clarinet, accordion , and the theremin . In turn, it has been claimed that some European instruments have roots in earlier Eastern instruments that were adopted from the medieval Islamic world . [ 99 ] The solo piano, symphony orchestra , and the string quartet are also significant musical innovations of the West. Claudio Monteverdi , 1567–1643 Antonio Lucio Vivaldi , 1678–1741 George Frideric Handel , 1685–1759 Johann Sebastian Bach , 1685–1750 Franz Joseph Haydn , 1732–1809 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , 1756–1791 Ludwig van Beethoven , 1770–1827 Frédéric François Chopin , 1810–1849 Franz Liszt , 1811–1886 Painting and photography Jan van Eyck , among other renaissance painters, made great advances in oil painting , and perspective drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in Florence . [ 100 ] In art, the Celtic knot is a very distinctive Western repeated motif. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting, and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. Realistic portraiture is especially valued. Photography and the motion picture as both a technology and basis for entirely new art forms were also developed in the West. Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient Roman villa bedroom, circa 50–40 BC, dimensions of the room: 265.4 × 334 × 583.9 cm, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) Mona Lisa , by Leonardo da Vinci , c. 1503 – 1506, perhaps continuing until circa 1517, oil on poplar panel, 77 cm × 53 cm, Louvre (Paris) Las Meninas , by Diego Velázquez , 1656, oil on canvas, 318 cm × 276 cm, El Prado (Madrid) Dance at Le moulin de la Galette , by Pierre-Auguste Renoir , 1876, oil on canvas, height: 131 cm, Musée d'Orsay (Paris) Photo of the interior of the apartment of Eugène Atget , taken in 1910 in Paris Rêverie , by Alphonse Mucha , poster for the publishing house Champenois (1897) Dance and performing arts The ballet is a distinctively Western form of performance dance. [ 101 ] The ballroom dance is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. The polka , the square dance , the flamenco , and the Irish step dance are very well known Western forms of folk dance . Greek and Roman theatre are considered the antecedents of modern theatre, and forms such as medieval theatre , Passion Plays , morality plays , and commedia dell'arte are considered highly influential. Elizabethan theatre , with playwrights including William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , and Ben Jonson , is considered one of the most formative and important eras for modern drama. The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form, originated in the United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. The music video was also developed in the West in the middle of the 20th century. Musical theatre was developed in the West in the 19th and 20th Centuries, from music hall , comic opera , and Vaudeville ; with significant contributions from the Jewish diaspora , African-Americans , and other marginalized peoples. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Literature Western literature encompasses the literary traditions of Europe, as well as North America, Oceania and Latin America. [ 105 ] While epic literary works in verse such as the Mahabharata and Homer's Iliad are ancient and occurred worldwide, the prose novel as a distinct form of storytelling, with developed, consistent human characters and, typically, some connected overall plot (although both of these characteristics have sometimes been modified and played with in later times), was popularized by the West [ 106 ] in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of course, extended prose fiction had existed much earlier; both novels of adventure and romance in the Hellenistic world and in Heian Japan. Both Petronius ' Satyricon (c. 60 CE) and the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1000 CE) have been cited as the world's first major novel but they had a very limited long-term impact on literary writing beyond their own day until much more recent times. Tragedy , from its ritually and mythologically inspired Greek origins to modern forms where struggle and downfall are often rooted in psychological or social, rather than mythical, motives, is also widely considered a specifically European creation and can be seen as a forerunner of some aspects of both the novel and of classical opera. Architecture This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Important Western architectural motifs include the Doric , Corinthian , and Ionic orders of Greek architecture , [ 107 ] and the Romanesque , Gothic , Renaissance , Baroque , and Victorian styles, which are still widely recognized and used in contemporary Western architecture. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. A modern ubiquitous architectural form that emphasizes this characteristic is the skyscraper , their modern equivalent first developed in New York and Chicago. The predecessor of the skyscraper can be found in the medieval towers erected in Bologna . The Parthenon under restoration in 2008, the most iconic Classical building, built from 447 BC to 432 BC, located in Athens The facade of Angoulême Cathedral was built between 1110 and 1128 in the Romanesque style. Stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220 in the Gothic style The Palazzo Farnese , in Rome , built from 1534 to 1545, was designed by Sangallo and Michelangelo and is an important example of renaissance architecture . The Palais Garnier in Paris, built between 1861 and 1875, a Beaux-Arts masterpiece Cuisine Western foodways were, until recently, considered to have their roots in the cuisines of Classical Rome and Greece, but the influence of Arab and Near Eastern cuisine on the West has become a topic of research in recent decades. The Crusaders , known mostly for fighting over holy land, settled in the Levant and acclimated to the local culture and cuisine. Fulcher of Chartres said "For we who were occidentals have now become orientals." These cultural experiences, carried back to France by notables like Eleanor of Aquitaine influenced Western European foodways. Many Oriental ingredients were relatively new to the Western lands. Sugar, almonds, pistachios, rosewater, and dried citrus fruits were all novelties to the Crusaders who encountered them in Saracen lands. Pepper, ginger and cinnamon were the most widely used spices of the European courts and noble households. By the end of the Middle Ages, cloves , nutmeg , mastic , galingale , and other imported spices had become part of the Western cuisine. [ 108 ] Saracen influence can be seen in medieval cookbooks. Some recipes retain their Arabic names in Italian translations of the Liber de Coquina . Known as bruet Sarassinois in the cuisine of North France, the concept of sweet and sour sauce is attested to in Greek tradition when Anthimus finishes his stew with vinegar and honey. Saracens combined sweet ingredients like date-juice and honey with pomegranate, lemons and citrus juices, or other sour ingredients. The technique of browning pieces of meat and simmering in liquid with vegetables is used in many recipes from the Baghdad cookery book . The same technique appears in the late-13th century Viandier . Fried pieces of beef simmered in wine with sugar and cloves was called bruet of Sarcynesse in English. [ 108 ] Scientific and technological inventions and discoveries A notable feature of Western culture is its strong emphasis and focus on innovation and invention through science and technology, and its ability to generate new processes, materials and material artifacts with its roots dating back to the Ancient Greeks. The scientific method as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses" was fashioned by the 17th-century Italian Galileo Galilei , [ 110 ] [ 111 ] with roots in the work of medieval scholars such as the 11th-century Iraqi physicist Ibn al-Haytham [ 112 ] [ 113 ] and the 13th-century English friar Roger Bacon . [ 114 ] By the will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel the Nobel Prizes were established in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry , Literature , Peace , Physics , and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. [ 115 ] The percentage of ethnically European Nobel prize winners during the first and second halves of the 20th century were respectively 98 and 94 percent. [ 116 ] The West is credited with the development of the steam engine and adapting its use into factories, and for the generation of electric power . [ 117 ] The electrical motor , dynamo , transformer , electric light , and most of the familiar electrical appliances, were inventions of the West. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] The Otto and the Diesel internal combustion engines are products whose genesis and early development were in the West. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] Nuclear power stations are derived from the first atomic pile constructed in Chicago in 1942. [ 124 ] Communication devices and systems including the telegraph , the telephone, radio, television, communications and navigation satellites , mobile phone, and the Internet were all invented by Westerners. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The pencil , ballpoint pen , Cathode ray tube , liquid-crystal display , light-emitting diode , camera, photocopier , laser printer , ink jet printer , plasma display screen and World Wide Web were also invented in the West. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Ubiquitous materials including aluminum, clear glass, synthetic rubber , synthetic diamond and the plastics polyethylene , polypropylene , polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene were discovered and developed or invented in the West. Iron and steel ships, bridges and skyscrapers first appeared in the West. Nitrogen fixation and petrochemicals were invented by Westerners. Most of the elements were discovered and named in the West, as well as the contemporary atomic theories to explain them. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] The transistor , integrated circuit , memory chip, first programming language and computer were all first seen in the West. The ship's chronometer , the screw propeller , the locomotive , bicycle, automobile , and airplane were all invented in the West. Eyeglasses , the telescope , the microscope and electron microscope , all the varieties of chromatography , protein and DNA sequencing , computerised tomography , nuclear magnetic resonance , x-rays , and light, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy , were all first developed and applied in Western laboratories, hospitals and factories. [ citation needed ] In medicine, the pure antibiotics were created in the West. The method of preventing Rh disease , the treatment of diabetes , and the germ theory of disease were discovered by Westerners. The eradication of smallpox , was led by a Westerner, Donald Henderson . Radiography , computed tomography , positron emission tomography and medical ultrasonography are important diagnostic tools developed in the West. Other important diagnostic tools of clinical chemistry , including the methods of spectrophotometry , electrophoresis and immunoassay , were first devised by Westerners. So were the stethoscope , the electrocardiograph , and the endoscope . Vitamins , hormonal contraception , hormones , insulin , beta blockers and ACE inhibitors , along with a host of other medically proven drugs, were first used to treat disease in the West. The double-blind study and evidence-based medicine are critical scientific techniques widely used in the West for medical purposes. [ citation needed ] In mathematics, calculus , statistics, logic , vectors , tensors and complex analysis , group theory , abstract algebra and topology were developed by Westerners. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] In biology, evolution , chromosomes , DNA , genetics and the methods of molecular biology are creations of the West. In physics, the science of mechanics and quantum mechanics , relativity , thermodynamics , and statistical mechanics were all developed by Westerners. The discoveries and inventions by Westerners in electromagnetism include Coulomb's law (1785), the first battery (1800), the unity of electricity and magnetism (1820), Biot–Savart law (1820), Ohm's law (1827), and Maxwell's equations (1871). The atom , nucleus , electron , neutron and proton were all unveiled by Westerners. [ citation needed ] The world's most widely adopted system of measurement, the International System of Units , derived from the metric system , was first developed in France and evolved through contributions from various Westerners. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] In business, economics, and finance, double entry bookkeeping , credit cards, and the charge card were all first used in the West. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and outer space . The first expedition to circumnavigate the Earth (1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first journey to the South Pole (1911), and the first Moon landing (1969). [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The landing of robots on Mars (2004 and 2012) and on an asteroid (2001), the Voyager 2 explorations of the outer planets ( Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989), Voyager 1 ' s passage into interstellar space (2013), and New Horizons ' flyby of Pluto (2015) were significant recent Western achievements. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Media The roots of modern-day Western mass media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when printing presses began to operate throughout wealthy European cities. The emergence of news media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press , from which the publishing press derives its name. [ 164 ] In the 16th century, a decrease in the preeminence of Latin in its literary use, along with the impact of economic change, the discoveries arising from trade and travel, navigation to the New World , science and arts and the development of increasingly rapid communications through print led to a rising corpus of vernacular media content in European society. [ 165 ] After the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957, satellite transmission technology was dramatically realised, with the United States launching Telstar in 1962 linking live media broadcasts from the UK to the US. The first digital broadcast satellite (DBS) system began transmitting in US in 1975. [ 166 ] Beginning in the 1990s, the Internet has contributed to a tremendous increase in the accessibility of Western media content. Departing from media offered in bundled content packages (magazines, CDs, television and radio slots ), the Internet has primarily offered unbundled content items ( articles , audio and video files). [ 167 ] Religion The native religions of Europe were polytheistic but not homogenous – however, they were similar insofar as they were predominantly Indo-European in origin. Roman religion was similar to but not the same as Hellenic religion – likewise for indigenous Germanic polytheism , Celtic polytheism and Slavic polytheism . Before this time many Europeans from the north, especially Scandinavians, remained polytheistic, though southern Europe was predominantly Christian from the 5th century onwards. Western culture at a fundamental level is influenced by the Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman traditions. [ 168 ] These cultures had a number of similarities, such as a common emphasis on the individual, but they also embody fundamentally conflicting worldviews. For example, in Judaism and Christianity, God is the ultimate authority, while Greco-Roman tradition considers the ultimate authority to be reason . Christian attempts to reconcile these frameworks were responsible for the preservation of Greek philosophy . [ 168 ] Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of Christian civilization . [ 169 ] [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] According to a survey by Pew Research Center from 2011, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world where 70–84% are Christians, [ 96 ] According to this survey, 76% of Europeans described themselves as Christians, [ 96 ] [ 173 ] [ 174 ] and about 86% of the Americas ' population identified themselves as Christians, [ 175 ] (90% in Latin America and 77% in North America). [ 174 ] 73% in Oceania self-identify as Christian, and 76% in South Africa are Christian. [ 96 ] Eurobarometer polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in the European Union , accounting for 72% of the population. [ 176 ] Catholics are the largest Christian group, accounting for 48%, while Protestants make up 12%, Eastern Orthodox make up 8% and other Christians make up 4% of the population respectively. [ 177 ] In addition, Non-believers/Agnostics account for 16%, [ 176 ] atheists account for 7%, [ 176 ] and Muslims account for 2% of the population respectively. [ 176 ] According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), [ 178 ] [ 179 ] these changes were largely largely ascribed to the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries. [ 178 ] At the same time, there has been an increase in the share of agnostic or atheist residents in Europe that accounted for 18% of the European population in 2012. [ 180 ] In particular, over half of the population of the Czech Republic ( 79% ) was agnostic, atheist or irreligious, compared to the United Kingdom ( 52% ), Germany ( 25–33% ), [ 181 ] France (30–35%) [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] and the Netherlands (39–44%). As in other areas, the Jewish diaspora and Judaism exist in the Western world. There are also small but increasing numbers of people across the Western world who seek to revive the indigenous religions of their European ancestors; such groups include Germanic , Roman , Hellenic , Celtic , Slavic , and polytheistic reconstructionist movements. Likewise, Wicca , New Age spirituality and other neo-pagan belief systems enjoy notable minority support in Western states. Sport Since classical antiquity , sport has been an important facet of Western cultural expression. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] A wide range of sports was already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games , which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia . Baron Pierre de Coubertin , a Frenchman, instigated the modern revival of the Olympic movement. The first modern Olympic games were held at Athens in 1896 . The Romans built immense structures such as the amphitheatres to house their festivals of sport. The Romans exhibited a passion for blood sports , such as the infamous Gladiatorial battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of classical antiquity —such as Greco-Roman wrestling , discus and javelin . The sport of bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France, and some Latin American countries. It traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. Bullfighting spread from Spain to its American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right. [ 187 ] Jousting and hunting were popular sports in the European Middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes developed passions for leisure activities. A great number of popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. The modern game of golf originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II 's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery . [ 188 ] The Industrial Revolution that began in Great Britain in the 18th century brought increased leisure time, leading to more opportunities for citizens to participate in athletic activities and also follow spectator sports. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire . A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in the United Kingdom during the 19th century and obtained global prominence; these include ping pong , modern tennis , association football, netball and rugby . [ 189 ] Football (or soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the world game . Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby, and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the Commonwealth of Nations , thus India and Australia are among the strongest cricketing states, while victory in the Rugby World Cup has been shared among New Zealand, Australia, England, and South Africa. Australian Rules Football , an Australian variation of football with similarities to Gaelic football and rugby , evolved in the British colony of Victoria in the mid-19th century. The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period. The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Many games are known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp , the "Father of American football". Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith , a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts , in the United States. Volleyball was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts , a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895. Themes and traditions This section may contain original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( October 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Western culture has developed many themes and traditions, the most significant of which are: [ citation needed ] Greco-Roman classic letters, arts, architecture, philosophical and cultural tradition, which include the influence of preeminent authors and philosophers such as Socrates , Plato , Aristotle , Homer , Virgil , and Cicero , as well as a long mythologic tradition . Christian ethical, philosophical, and mythological tradition, stemming largely from the Christian Bible , particularly the New Testament Gospels. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] [ 192 ] Monasteries, schools, libraries, books, book making, universities, teaching, education, and lecture halls. A tradition of the importance of the rule of law . Secular humanism , rationalism and Enlightenment thought. This set the basis for a new critical attitude and open questioning of religion, favouring freethinking and questioning of the church as an authority, which resulted in open-minded and reformist ideals inside, such as liberation theology , which partly adopted these currents, and secular and political tendencies such as separation of church and state (sometimes termed laicism ), agnosticism and atheism . Generalized usage of some form of the Latin alphabet , used by the majority of Europe, Greek alphabet , used in Greece or Cyrillic script , used by southern and eastern Slavic states of Eastern Orthodox tradition, historically influenced by the Byzantine Empire or the Bulgarian Empire, and later within the Russian czarist or the Soviet area of influence. Other variants of the Latin or Greek alphabets are found in the Gothic and Coptic alphabets , which historically superseded older scripts, such as runes , and the Egyptian Demotic and Hieroglyphic systems. Natural law , human rights, constitutionalism , parliamentarism (or presidentialism ) and formal liberal democracy in recent times—prior to the 19th century, most Western governments were still monarchies. A large influence, in modern times , of many of the ideals and values developed and inherited from Romanticism . An emphasis on, and use of, science as a means of understanding the natural world and humanity's place in it. More pronounced use and application of innovation and scientific developments, as well as a more rational approach to scientific progress (what has been known as the scientific method ). See also Society portal Europe portal Atlanticism Christendom Classical tradition Culture during the Cold War Eastern world Eastern culture European diaspora Greco-Roman world Western education Western religion Westernization Western values Notes ^ British archaeologist D. G. Hogarth published The Nearer East in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania , Montenegro , southern Serbia and Bulgaria , Greece , Egypt , all Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian Peninsula , and Western parts of Iran . References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997). The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography . University of California Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-520-20743-1 . ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power . Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8 . the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest. ^ Freeman, Charles (September 2000). The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World . Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-029323-4 . The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored, representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition Cartledge, Paul (2002). The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157783-3 . Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, [...] 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) [...] an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western) civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon. Pagden, Anthony (2008). Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923743-2 . Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. [...] in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance Freeman, Charles (September 2000). The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World . Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-029323-4 . The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored, representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition Cartledge, Paul (2002). The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157783-3 . Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, [...] 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) [...] an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western) civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon. Pagden, Anthony (2008). Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923743-2 . Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. [...] in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance ^ Richard, Carl J. (16 April 2010). Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6780-1 . In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. [...] The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. [...] Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence Sharon, Moshe (2004). Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Båabåi-Bahåa'åi Faiths . Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13904-6 . Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and Judaism Grant, Michael (1991). The Founders of the Western World: A History of Greece and Rome . Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19303-8 – via Internet Archive. Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400 . Cengage. ISBN 978-1-111-83169-1 . Richard, Carl J. (16 April 2010). Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6780-1 . In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. [...] The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. [...] Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence Sharon, Moshe (2004). Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Båabåi-Bahåa'åi Faiths . Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13904-6 . Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and Judaism Grant, Michael (1991). The Founders of the Western World: A History of Greece and Rome . Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19303-8 – via Internet Archive. Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400 . Cengage. ISBN 978-1-111-83169-1 . ^ Nightingale, Andrea (2007). "The Philosophers in Archaic Greek Culture". In Shapiro, H. A.; Antonaccio, Carla M. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece . Cambridge companions to the ancient world. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-521-52929-7 . We have ample evidence that the Greek thinkers encountered and responded to many different cultures and ideologies. Consider, for example, the city of Miletus, which was the center of intellectual activity in sixth-century Ionia. Miletus bordered on the Lydian and, later, the Persian empires and had extensive dealings with these cultures.In addition, it had trading relations all over the Mediterranean and sent out numerous colonies to Egypt and Thrace. The Milesian thinkers thus encountered ideas and practices from all over the "known" world. In the Archaic period, the interaction of different peoples from Greece, Italy, Egypt, and the Near East created a cultural ferment that had a profound impact on Greek life and thought. ^ Boardman, John (1982), "The material culture of Archaic Greece" , in Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History , vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 450, doi : 10.1017/chol9780521234474.018 , ISBN 978-0-521-23447-4 , retrieved 20 October 2024 , Knowledge of Egyptian art after the mid century led to Greek exploitation of the harder stone, their white island marble, for the first time, and the creation of figures at life size or more. We know these best—the kouroi and korai—as dedications and grave markers, but a prime use for monumental statuary must have been as cult images and it is at about this time that the temple-houses, oikoi, for these images begin to receive a monumental form and, again probably through inspiration from Egypt are decorated with architectural orders: first the Doric in homeland Greece, then the orientalizing Ionic in the East Greek world. ^ Scott, John C (2018). "The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World" . Comparative Civilizations Review . 78 (78). Brigham Young University . ISSN 0733-4540 . ^ Green, P. (2008). Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age . Phoenix. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9 . ^ Porter, Stanley E. (2013). Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism: social and literary contexts for the New Testament . Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9004234765 . ^ Hengel, Martin (2003). Judaism and Hellenism: studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period . Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. ISBN 978-1-59244-186-0 . ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715 (Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-305-63347-6 . ^ Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2 (Newman Press ed.). p. 224. ^ O'Collins, Gerald ; Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity . Oxford University Press. p. v. ISBN 978-0-19-925995-3 . ^ Rousseau, Philip (2017). "Inheriting the fifth century: Who bequeathed what?". In Allen, Pauline; Jeffreys, Elizabeth (eds.). The Sixth Century: End or Beginning? . Brill. pp. 2– 3, 5. ISBN 978-1-86420-074-4 . ^ a b Haskins, Charles Homer (1927), The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century , Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-6747-6075-2 {{ citation }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ a b George Sarton: A Guide to the History of Science Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952 ^ a b Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century", Science in Context , 14 (2001): 249–288. ^ a b Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-11880-0 . OCLC 19353503 . ^ a b Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2 , pp. xix–xx ^ a b Verger 1999 ^ a b Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals . Oxford University Press. p. 59 . ISBN 978-0-19-505523-8 . ^ a b Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis . London: Allen & Unwin. ^ "Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization by Thomas Woods, Jr" . National Review Book Service . Archived from the original on 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2006 . ^ Cf. Jeremy Waldron (2002), God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), ISBN 978-0-521-89057-1 , pp. 189, 208 ^ The Protestant Heritage Archived 23 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine , Britannica ^ McNeill, William H. (2010). History of Western Civilization: A Handbook (University of Chicago Press ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-226-56162-2 . ^ Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007). The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity (A&C Black ed.). A&C Black. p. 83 . ISBN 978-0-8264-9482-5 . ^ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326 ^ Yin Cheong Cheng, New Paradigm for Re-engineering Education . p. 369 ^ Ainslie Thomas Embree , Carol Gluck , Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching . p. xvi ^ Kwang-Sae Lee, East and West: Fusion of Horizons [ page needed ] ^ a b c Kwame Anthony Appiah (9 November 2016). "There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization" . ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah (9 November 2016). "There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization" . [...] the first recorded use of a word for Europeans as a kind of person, so far as I know, comes out of this history of conflict. In a Latin chronicle, written in 754 in Spain, the author refers to the victors of the Battle of Tours as Europenses , Europeans. So, simply put, the very idea of a 'European' was first used to contrast Christians and Muslims. ^ Graeber, David ; Wengrow, David (9 November 2021). "Farewell to Humanity's Childhood". The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity . Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374721107 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . [...] that one group of humans who used to refer to themselves as 'the white race' (and now, generally, call themselves by its more accepted synonym, 'Western civilization') [...]. ^ Davidson, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?". Foreign Affairs . 38 (4): 665– 75. doi : 10.2307/20029452 . JSTOR 20029452 . S2CID 157454140 . ^ Jacobus Bronowski; The Ascent of Man ; Angus & Robertson, 1973 ISBN 0-563-17064-6 ^ Geoffrey Blainey; A Very Short History of the World ; Penguin Books, 2004 ^ Scott 2018 , pp. 38–39. ^ Stearns, Peter N. (2003). Western civilization in world history . New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781134374755 . ^ Polybius (1980). The Rise of the Roman Empire . Oxford University Press . p. 177. ISBN 9780140443622 . ^ a b Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8 . ^ Green, Peter. Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. ^ George G. Joseph (2000). The Crest of the Peacock , pp. 7–8. Princeton University Press . ISBN 0-691-00659-8 ^ Maddison, Angus (2007), Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History , p. 55, table 1.14, Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-922721-1 ^ Hero (1899). "Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI" . Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater (in Greek and German). Translated by Wilhelm Schmidt. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 228– 232. ^ Gordon, Cyrus H., The Common Background of the Greek and Hebrew Civilizations, W. W. Norton and Company, New York 1965 ^ Nicholls, William (1995). Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate (1st Jason Aronson softcover ed.). Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-1-56821-519-8 . OCLC 34892303 . ^ Gager, John G. (1983). The origins of anti-semitism : attitudes toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian antiquity . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503607-7 . OCLC 9112202 . ^ "How The Irish Saved Civilisation", by Thomas Cahill, 1995 [ page needed ] ^ Kaiser, Wolfgang (2015). The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law . pp. 119– 148. ^ Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM . Phaidon. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6 . ^ Elisheva Carlebach; Jacob J. Schacter (25 November 2011). New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations . BRILL. p. 38. ISBN 978-90-04-22117-8 . ^ Sanjay Kumar (2021). A Handbook of Political Geography . K.K. Publications. pp. 125– 127. ^ "Valetudinaria" . broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . ^ Risse, Guenter B. (15 April 1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974869-3 . ^ Chadwick, Owen p. 242. ^ Hastings, p. 309. ^ de Torre, Fr. Joseph M. (1997). "A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of Modern Democracy, Equality, and Freedom Under the Influence of Christianity" . Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ a b Koch, Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission . Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4 . ^ Burke, P., The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries (1998) ^ Grant God and Reason p. 9 ^ Koch, Carl (1994). "The Age of Enlightenment" . The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission . St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4 . ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Koch, Carl (1994). "High Middle Ages" . The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission . St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4 . ^ Koch, Carl (1994). "Renaissance" . The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission . St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4 . ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Koch, Carl (1994). "Reformation" . The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission . St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4 . ^ Koch, Carl (1994). "Enlightenment" . The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission . St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4 . ^ Frank 2001 , p. 180. ^ Sootin, Harry. "Isaac Newton." New York, Messner (1955) ^ Galileo Galilei, Two New Sciences , trans. Stillman Drake , (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974), pp. 217, 225, 296–97. ^ Ernest A. Moody (1951). "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)". Journal of the History of Ideas . 12 (2): 163– 93. doi : 10.2307/2707514 . JSTOR 2707514 . ^ Marshall Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages , (Madison, Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1961), pp. 218–19, 252–55, 346, 409–16, 547, 576–78, 673–82; Anneliese Maier , "Galileo and the Scholastic Theory of Impetus", pp. 103–23 in On the Threshold of Exact Science: Selected Writings of Anneliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy , (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr., 1982). ^ Hannam, p. 342 ^ E. Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts , (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996), pp. 29–30, 42–47. ^ "Scientific Revolution" . Encarta . 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. ^ Watt steam engine File: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM (Madrid) ^ Landes 1969 , p. 40 ^ Landes 1969 ^ Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (2002). Lectures on Economic Growth . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 109–10 . ISBN 978-0-674-01601-9 . ^ Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). "Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution". Journal of Economic History . 58 (3): 625– 58. doi : 10.1017/s0022050700021100 . S2CID 54816980 . ^ Szreter, Simon; Mooney, Graham (February 1998). "Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities". The Economic History Review . 51 (1): 104. doi : 10.1111/1468-0289.00084 . hdl : 10.1111/1468-0289.00084 . ^ Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 , Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., p. 27 ISBN 0-349-10484-0 ^ Joseph E Inikori. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01079-9 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Berg, Maxine; Hudson, Pat (1992). "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" (PDF) . The Economic History Review . 45 (1): 24– 50. doi : 10.2307/2598327 . JSTOR 2598327 . ^ Julie Lorenzen. "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" . Julie Lorenzen Blog . Archived from the original on 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 9 November 2006 . ^ Robert Lucas Jr. (2003). "The Industrial Revolution" . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita incomes in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year. ^ Lucas, Robert (2003). "The Industrial Revolution Past and Future " . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . [consider] annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century ^ McCloskey, Deidre (2004). "Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004" . ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1951). The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 . M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-101-3 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) No name is given to the transition years. The " Transportation Revolution " began with improved roads in the late 18th century. ^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders , New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( LCCN 27-24075 ); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7 ). ^ Hunter 1985 ^ "Western culture" . Science Daily . ^ "A brief history of Western culture" . Khan Academy . ^ Ford, Peter (22 February 2005). "What place for God in Europe" . USA Today . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ a b c d ANALYSIS (19 December 2011). "Global Christianity" . Pewforum.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Hall, p. 100. ^ Murray, p. 45. ^ Sachs, Curt (1940), The History of Musical Instruments , Dover Publications, p. 260, ISBN 978-0-486-45265-4 {{ citation }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Barzun, p. 73 ^ Barzun, p. 329 ^ Lane, Stewart F. (2011). Jews on Broadway : an historical survey of performers, playwrights, composers, lyricists and producers . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5917-9 . OCLC 668182929 . ^ Most, Andrea (2004). Making Americans : Jews and the Broadway musical . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01165-6 . OCLC 52520631 . ^ Jones, John Bush (2003). Our musicals, ourselves : a social history of the American musical theater . Hanover: Brandeis University Press, published by University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-61168-223-6 . OCLC 654535012 . ^ "Western literature" . Encyclopedia Britannica . 9 May 2023. ^ Barzun, p. 380 ^ "Western architecture" . britannica.com . Britannica. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 . Retrieved 30 April 2022 . ^ a b Wilson, Anne (2002). The Saracen Connection: Arab Cuisine and the Medieval West . ^ Graduation through the ages Archived 25 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ "scientific method" , Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English , 2016, archived from the original on 20 June 2016 , retrieved 28 May 2016 ^ Morris Kline (1985) Mathematics for the nonmathematician . Courier Dover Publications . p. 284. ISBN 0-486-24823-2 ^ Jim Al-Khalili (4 January 2009). "The 'first true scientist' " . BBC News . ^ Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa (2010). Mind, Brain, and Education Science: A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain-Based Teaching . W.W. Norton & Company. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-393-70607-9 . Alhazen (or Al-Haytham; 965–1039 CE) was perhaps one of the greatest physicists of all times and a product of the Islamic Golden Age or Islamic Renaissance (7th–13th centuries). He made significant contributions to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, and visual perception and is primarily attributed as the inventor of the scientific method, for which author Bradley Steffens (2006) describes him as the "first scientist". ^ Ackerman, James S. (1978). "Leonardo's Eye". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 41 : 119. doi : 10.2307/750865 . JSTOR 750865 . S2CID 195048595 . ^ "Which country has the best brains?" . BBC News . 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Charles Murray, Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, Paperback – 9 November 2004, p. 284 ^ Wiser, Wendell H. (2000). Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use . Birkhäuser. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-387-98744-6 . ^ Augustus Heller (2 April 1896). "Anianus Jedlik" . Nature . 53 (1379): 516. Bibcode : 1896Natur..53..516H . doi : 10.1038/053516a0 . ^ Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. The Scots Colleges Abroad: 1575 to 1799 (Brill, Leiden, 2012) p. 115 ^ Bedell, Frederick (1942). "History of A-C Wave Form, Its Determination and Standardization". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . 61 (12): 864. Bibcode : 1942TAIEE..61..864B . doi : 10.1109/T-AIEE.1942.5058456 . S2CID 51658522 . ^ Freebert, Ernest (2014). The age of Edison : electric light and the invention of modern America . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312444-3 . ^ Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd ^ Diesel's Rational Heat Motor by Rudolph Diesel ^ Fermi, Enrico (December 1982). The First Reactor . Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 22– 26. ^ Coe, Lewis (1995). The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History . Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-7864-2609-6 . ^ "U.S. Supreme Court" . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ "Contents" . brophy.net . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2022 . ^ "Who invented the cell phone?" . brophy.net . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2022 . ^ "IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office" Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , The Living Internet , Bill Stewart (ed), January 2000. ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995). The global positioning system: a shared national asset: recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements . National Academies Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-309-05283-2 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . , ^ "Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays" . Archived from the original on 25 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2022 . ^ "Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971)" Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco , retrieved 15 July 2009. ^ Collingridge, M. R. et al. . (2007) "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905–20" Transactions of the Newcomen Society 77(1): pp. 69–100, p. 69 ^ Jonathan W. Steed & Jerry L. Atwood (2009). Supramolecular Chemistry (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 844. ISBN 978-0-470-51234-0 . ^ Losev, O.V. (1928). "CII. Luminous carborundum detector and detection effect and oscillations with crystals". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science . 6 (39): 1024– 1044. doi : 10.1080/14786441108564683 . ^ Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). A Concise History of Photography (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 9– 11. ISBN 978-0-486-25128-8 . ^ Schiffer, Michael B.; Hollenback, Kacy L.; Bell, Carrie L. (2003). Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment . Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 242 –44. ISBN 978-0-520-23802-2 . electrophorus volta. ^ Bohr, Niels (1 January 1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I" . Philosophical Magazine . 26 : 1. Bibcode : 1913PMag...26....1B . doi : 10.1080/14786441308634955 . ^ "A Poor Substitute" . www.pslc.ws . Retrieved 20 June 2022 . ^ Hazen, Robert M. (1999). The diamond makers . Library Genesis. New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65474-6 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) ^ "This Is Cheshire - Winnington history in the making" . 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2022 . ^ Morris, Peter J. (1989). Polymer Pioneers: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules . Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-941901-03-1 . ^ Liebig, Justus Freiherr von (1872). Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in German). C.F. Winter'sche. ^ Liebig, Justus. "Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. v.31-32 1839" . Annalen der Chemie . Retrieved 20 June 2022 . ^ "Annales de chimie et de physique. Ser.2 v.67 1838" . HathiTrust . Retrieved 20 June 2022 . ^ *Elwes, Richard, " An enormous theorem: the classification of finite simple groups ", Plus Magazine , Issue 41, December 2006. Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Richard Swineshead (1498), Calculationes Suiseth Anglici , Papie: Per Franciscum Gyrardengum. ^ Dodge, Y. (2006) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9 ^ Archimedes, Method , in The Works of Archimedes ISBN 978-0-521-66160-7 ^ The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd. ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-521942-5 . ^ Kline, Morris (1972). Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times, Vol. 3 . Oxford University Press. pp. 1122–1127 . ISBN 978-0-19-506137-6 . ^ Croom, Fred H (1989). Principles of Topology . Saunders College Publishings. pp. 1122– 27. ISBN 978-0-03-029804-2 . ^ "Metrication in other countries" . USMA . US Metric Association . Retrieved 24 June 2020 . ^ The International System of Units (PDF) (9 ed.). BIPM. 2019. ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0 . Retrieved 24 June 2020 . ^ Lauwers, Luc; Willekens, Marleen (1994). "Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli" (PDF) . Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management . 39 (3): 289–304 [p. 300]. ISSN 0772-7674 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ (Chapters 9, 10, 11, 13, 25 and 26) and three times (Chapters 4, 8 and 19) in its sequel, Equality ^ Humble, Richard (1978). The Seafarers – The Explorers . Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. ^ Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) [First published 2000]. "Table of Contents" . Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference . NASA History Series. Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-0-16-050631-4 . LCCN 00061677 . NASA SP-2000-4029 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . {{ cite book }} : |work= ignored ( help ) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) ^ Nelson, Jon. "Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit" . NASA . Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . ^ Nelson, Jon. "Mars Exploration Rover -Opportunity" . NASA . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . ^ Worth, Helen (28 February 2001). "The End of an Asteroidal Adventure: NEAR Shoemaker Phones Home for the Last Time" . Applied Physics Lab . ^ Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie; Buckley, Mike; Stotoff, Maria (14 July 2015). "15-149 NASA's Three-Billion-Mile Journey to Pluto Reaches Historic Encounter" . NASA . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Butrica, Andrew. From Engineering Science to Big Science . p. 267 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Weber, Johannes (2006). "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe". German History . 24 (3): 387–412 (387). doi : 10.1191/0266355406gh380oa . : .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now born. At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now born. At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now born. ^ Hardy, Jonathan (25 February 2010). Western Media Systems . Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-135-25370-7 . ^ Hardy, Jonathan (25 February 2010). Western Media Systems . Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-135-25370-7 . ^ Küng, Lucy; Picard, Robert G.; Towse, Ruth (14 May 2008). The Internet and the Mass Media . SAGE. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4462-4566-8 . ^ a b Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Von Laue, Theodore H. (1 January 2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400 . Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. ISBN 978-1-111-83169-1 . ^ A. J. Richards, David (2010). Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy's Threat to Democracy . University of Philadelphia Press. p. 177. ISBN 9781139484138 . ..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization. ^ D'Anieri, Paul (2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilied Divorce to Uncivil War . Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 9781108486095 . ..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization. ^ L. Allen, John (2005). The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside story of How the Pope Was Elected and What it Means for the World . Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141954714 . Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church... ^ Rietbergen, Peter (2014). Europe: A Cultural History . Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 9781317606307 . Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church... ^ "Europe" . Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ a b "The Global Religious Landscape - Christians" . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ "Global Christianity - A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World' s Christian Population - Americas" . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ a b c d "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF) , Special Eurobarometer , 393, European Union : European Commission , p. 233, 2012 , retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold. ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF) . Special Eurobarometer . 383: 233. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ a b Zurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019). Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017 . BRILL. p. 85. ISBN 9789004346307 . ^ Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017). African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity . Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2– 4. ISBN 9781443891592 . ^ "Religiously Unaffiliated" . Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ "Germany" . State.gov. 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ Views on globalisation and faith Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Ipsos MORI , 5 July 2011. ^ (in French) Catholicisme et protestantisme en France: Analyses sociologiques et données de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Groupe CSA TMO for La Croix , 2001 ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2007" . 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . ^ William Joseph Baker, Sports in the western world (University of Illinois Press, 1988). ^ David G. McComb, Sports in world history (Routledge, 2004). ^ Barbara Schrodt, "Sports of the Byzantine empire." Journal of Sport History 8.3 (1981): 40–59. ^ Sall E. D. Wilkins, Sports and games of medieval cultures (Greenwood, 2002). ^ Tranter, N. L. "Popular sports and the industrial revolution in Scotland: the evidence of the statistical accounts." International Journal of the History of Sport 4.1 (1987): 21–38. ^ G. Koenig, Harold (2009). Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry . Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521889520 . The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization. ^ Burnside, Jonathan (2011). God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible . Oxford University Press. p. XXVI. ISBN 9780199759217 . ^ V. Reid, Patrick (1987). Readings in Western Religious Thought: The ancient world . Paulist Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780809128501 . Sources Ankerl, Guy (2000). Global communication without universal civilization . INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 978-2-88155-004-1 . Ankerl, Guy (2000). Coexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western . INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244. ISBN 2-88155-004-5 . Atle Hesmyr (2013). Civilization, Oikos, and Progress ISBN 978-1468924190 Barzun, Jacques From Dawn to Decadence : 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present HarperCollins (2000) ISBN 0-06-017586-9 . Daly, Jonathan. " The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine " (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). ISBN 978-1441161314 . Daly, Jonathan. " Historians Debate the Rise of the West " (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). ISBN 978-1138774810 . Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I. A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 Dover (1960) ISBN 0-486-27472-1 . Duran, Eduardo, Bonnie Dyran Native American Postcolonial Psychology 1995 Albany: State University of New York Press ISBN 0-7914-2353-0 Frank, Andre (2001), "Review of The Great Divergence " , Journal of Asian Studies , 60 (1): 180– 182, doi : 10.2307/2659525 , JSTOR 2659525 Hanson, Victor Davis ; Heath, John (2001). Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom , Encounter Books. Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930 . Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel A History of Pagan Europe Barnes & Noble (1995) ISBN 0-7607-1210-7 . Landes, David. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 92. ISBN 0-521-09418-6 . Meaney, Thomas "The Return of 'The West'" New York Times March 11, 2022. Merriman, John Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present W. W. Norton (1996) ISBN 0-393-96885-5 . McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold Science and Technology in World History Johns Hopkins University Press (1999) ISBN 0-8018-5869-0 . Stein, Ralph The Great Inventions Playboy Press (1976) ISBN 0-87223-444-4 . Asimov, Isaac Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982) ISBN 0-385-17771-2 . Pastor, Ludwig von , History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources , 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.) Walsh, James Joseph , The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time , Fordham University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3646-9 Reviews: p. 462 . [1] Stearns, P.N. (2003). Western Civilization in World History , Routledge, New York. Thornton, Bruce (2002). Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization , Encounter Books. Ferguson, Niall , Civilization. The West and the rest , Penguin Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-101-54802-8 Pinker, Steven , Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress , Penguin Books, 2018. ISBN 978-0-525-42757-5 Henrich, Joseph , The WEIRDest People in the World : How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous , Farrar, Straus and Giroux , 2020. ISBN 978-0374173227 Stark, Rodney , The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success , Random House , 2006. ISBN 978-0812972337 Stark, Rodney , How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity , Intercollegiate Studies Institute , 2014. ISBN 978-1497603257 Headley, John M. The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy , Princeton University Press , 2007. ISBN 9780691171487 Verger, Jacques [in French] (1999). Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles (in French) (1st ed.). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. ISBN 286847344X . Further reading Barzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present . New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Hesmyr, Atle Kultorp: Civilization; Its Economic Basis, Historical Lessons and Future Prospects (Telemark: Nisus Publications, 2020). External links An overview of the Western Civilization Archived 24 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine v t e Generations v t e In the Western world Lost Generation Greatest Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Generation Alpha Generation Beta (proposed name) Cuspers Interbellum Generation Generation Jones Xennials Zillennials Related Boomerang Generation Coronials Me generation MTV Generation Lost Generation Greatest Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Generation Alpha Generation Beta (proposed name) Cuspers Interbellum Generation Generation Jones Xennials Zillennials Interbellum Generation Generation Jones Xennials Zillennials Related Boomerang Generation Coronials Me generation MTV Generation Boomerang Generation Coronials Me generation MTV Generation Country-specific China Post-70s Post-80s Post-90s Czechoslovakia Husák's Children Iran Burnt Generation Japan Satori generation Poland Generation of Columbuses Romania Decreței Singapore Pioneer Generation Merdeka Generation South Korea 386 Generation Sampo generation Taiwan Strawberry generation United States Millennials Generation Z Vietnam 9X Generation China Post-70s Post-80s Post-90s Post-70s Post-80s Post-90s Czechoslovakia Husák's Children Husák's Children Iran Burnt Generation Burnt Generation Japan Satori generation Satori generation Poland Generation of Columbuses Generation of Columbuses Romania Decreței Decreței Singapore Pioneer Generation Merdeka Generation Pioneer Generation Merdeka Generation South Korea 386 Generation Sampo generation 386 Generation Sampo generation Taiwan Strawberry generation Strawberry generation United States Millennials Generation Z Millennials Generation Z Vietnam 9X Generation 9X Generation Types Future generations Immigrant generations Revolutionary generation Future generations Immigrant generations Revolutionary generation Concepts Child tax credit Filial responsibility laws Generation gap Generational accounting Generationism Gerontocracy Intergenerationality Equity Policy Shared site Struggle Parent–offspring conflict Parental dividend Parental investment Cost of raising a child Old-age-security hypothesis Sandwich generation Strauss–Howe generational theory Tax on childlessness Theory of generations Transgenerational design Voluntary childlessness Child tax credit Filial responsibility laws Generation gap Generational accounting Generationism Gerontocracy Intergenerationality Equity Policy Shared site Struggle Equity Policy Shared site Struggle Parent–offspring conflict Parental dividend Parental investment Cost of raising a child Cost of raising a child Old-age-security hypothesis Sandwich generation Strauss–Howe generational theory Tax on childlessness Theory of generations Transgenerational design Voluntary childlessness Related Beat Generation Digital divide Digital native OK boomer The Greatest Generation Beat Generation Digital divide Digital native OK boomer The Greatest Generation v t e Western world and culture v t e Foundations Cradle of civilization Old World Greco-Roman world Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Roman legacy Romanization Romano-Germanic culture Gallo-Roman Anglo-American world Eurosphere Christendom Cradle of civilization Old World Greco-Roman world Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Western Eastern Roman legacy Romanization Romano-Germanic culture Gallo-Roman Gallo-Roman Anglo-American world Eurosphere Christendom History European Bronze Age Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages early high late Renaissance Modern period Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Post–Cold War era Information age War on drugs Post-9/11 European Bronze Age Classical antiquity Late antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages early high late early high late Renaissance Modern period Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Post–Cold War era Information age War on drugs Post-9/11 Information age War on drugs Post-9/11 Culture Alphabet Greek Latin Cyrillic Runes Architecture Art Periods Calendar Cuisine Diet Classical tradition Studies Clothing History Dance Education Esotericism Astrology Folklore Immigration Law Languages Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Literature Canon Media Internet Music Chant Classical Folk Instruments Mythology Painting contemporary Philosophy Science Values Physical culture Sport Religion East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism Alphabet Greek Latin Cyrillic Runes Greek Latin Cyrillic Runes Architecture Art Periods Periods Calendar Cuisine Diet Diet Classical tradition Studies Studies Clothing History History Dance Education Esotericism Astrology Astrology Folklore Immigration Law Languages Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Literature Canon Canon Media Internet Internet Music Chant Classical Folk Instruments Chant Classical Folk Instruments Mythology Painting contemporary contemporary Philosophy Science Values Science Values Physical culture Sport Sport Religion East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism Philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Christian ethics Judeo-Christian ethics Christian philosophy Scholasticism Rationalism Empiricism Existentialism Christian existentialism Humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Liberalism Conservatism Capitalism Progressivism Continental philosophy Analytic philosophy Post-structuralism Tolerance Paradox Relativism Peritrope Atlanticism Sovereigntism Individualism Values European Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Christian ethics Judeo-Christian ethics Christian philosophy Scholasticism Rationalism Empiricism Existentialism Christian existentialism Christian existentialism Humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Liberalism Conservatism Capitalism Progressivism Continental philosophy Analytic philosophy Post-structuralism Tolerance Paradox Paradox Relativism Peritrope Peritrope Atlanticism Sovereigntism Individualism Values European European Religion Abrahamic Christianity Culture Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Paganism Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Agnosticism Atheism Abrahamic Christianity Culture Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Christianity Culture Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Culture Western / Eastern Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Paganism Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Agnosticism Atheism Law Natural law Rule of law Equality before the law Constitutionalism Human rights Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Democracy Liberal international order Natural law Rule of law Equality before the law Equality before the law Constitutionalism Human rights Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Democracy Liberal international order Contemporary integration ABCANZ Armies AER Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ANZUK ANZUS Arctic Council AUKUS AUSCANNZUKUS Baltic Assembly Benelux British–Irish Council BSEC Bucharest Nine CANZUK CBSS Celtic League CEFTA Council of Europe Craiova Group Eastern European Group Eastern Partnership EEA EFTA EPC ESA EU EU Customs Union Eurozone EU–UK TCA Five Eyes G7 Lancaster House Treaties Latin American and Caribbean Group Latin Union Lublin Triangle NAFTA NATO NORAD Nordic Council OAS OECD Open Balkan OSCE Pacific Islands Forum PROSUR/PROSUL Rio Treaty Schengen Special Relationship Three Seas Initiative UKUSA Agreement USMCA Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Bloc Western European and Others Group Westernization ABCANZ Armies AER Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ANZUK ANZUS Arctic Council AUKUS AUSCANNZUKUS Baltic Assembly Benelux British–Irish Council BSEC Bucharest Nine CANZUK CBSS Celtic League CEFTA Council of Europe Craiova Group Eastern European Group Eastern Partnership EEA EFTA EPC ESA EU EU Customs Union Eurozone EU–UK TCA Five Eyes G7 Lancaster House Treaties Latin American and Caribbean Group Latin Union Lublin Triangle NAFTA NATO NORAD Nordic Council OAS OECD Open Balkan OSCE Pacific Islands Forum PROSUR/PROSUL Rio Treaty Schengen Special Relationship Three Seas Initiative UKUSA Agreement USMCA Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Bloc Western European and Others Group Westernization v t e Culture v t e Outline Sciences Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Subfields Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Postcritique Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Postcritique Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing Types Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Low culture Media culture Recombinant culture Remix culture Trash culture Urban Primitive culture Resistance through culture Subculture Alternative culture Counterculture Fandom Far-right subcultures Underground culture Youth subculture list Super culture Supporter Culture Vernacular culture Culture by location Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Civic Popular culture Low culture Media culture Recombinant culture Remix culture Trash culture Urban Low culture Media culture Recombinant culture Remix culture Trash culture Urban Primitive culture Resistance through culture Subculture Alternative culture Counterculture Fandom Far-right subcultures Underground culture Youth subculture list Alternative culture Counterculture Fandom Far-right subcultures Underground culture Youth subculture list Super culture Supporter Culture Vernacular culture Culture by location Aspects Acculturation Cultural appreciation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Destroyed Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures High-trust and low-trust societies Interculturality Internet culture Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Assessment culture Design culture Journalism culture Print culture Protoculture Relational mobility Safety culture Symbolic culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture Acculturation Cultural appreciation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Destroyed Destroyed Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures High-trust and low-trust societies Interculturality Internet culture Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Assessment culture Design culture Journalism culture Assessment culture Design culture Journalism culture Print culture Protoculture Relational mobility Safety culture Symbolic culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture Politics Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Multiracial democracy Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Transculturism Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Biculturalism Multiracial democracy Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Transculturism Religions Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Cultural Christians Protestantism Role of Christianity in civilization Eastern Orthodoxy Mormonism Cultural Hindus Islam Cultural Muslims Judaism Sikhism Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Cultural Christians Protestantism Role of Christianity in civilization Eastern Orthodoxy Mormonism Catholicism Cultural Christians Protestantism Role of Christianity in civilization Eastern Orthodoxy Mormonism Cultural Hindus Islam Cultural Muslims Cultural Muslims Judaism Sikhism Related Algorithmic culture Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Civilization Coffee culture Cringe culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural probe Cultural relativism Cultural tourism Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Drinking culture Drug culture Eastern culture Emotions and culture Free-culture movement Historical culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Youth culture Algorithmic culture Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Civilization Coffee culture Cringe culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural probe Cultural relativism Cultural tourism Pop-culture Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Deaf culture Drinking culture Drug culture Eastern culture Emotions and culture Free-culture movement Historical culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Youth culture Category Category Authority control databases International FAST FAST National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Western culture Cultural anthropology Sociological terminology CS1 errors: ISBN date Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint: publisher location CS1 errors: periodical ignored CS1 maint: location missing publisher Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from July 2020 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from August 2021 Articles containing Latin-language text All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2023 Pages using sidebar with the child parameter Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from December 2021 Articles needing additional references from June 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles that may contain original research from October 2025 All articles that may contain original research Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1: long volume value CS1 interwiki-linked names CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 02:41 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 2006–2014: Early stage work and film debut 2.2 2015–2017: Breakthrough as Spider-Man 2.3 2018–2021: Commercial success 2.4 2022–present: Established actor and career expansion 2.1 2006–2014: Early stage work and film debut 2.2 2015–2017: Breakthrough as Spider-Man 2.3 2018–2021: Commercial success 2.4 2022–present: Established actor and career expansion 3 Public image 4 Personal life 5 Acting credits and awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Tom Holland Acèh Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Luganda Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Tom Holland Holland in 2023 Born Thomas Stanley Holland ( 1996-06-01 ) 1 June 1996 (age 29) London, England Education Wimbledon College Alma mater BRIT School Occupation Actor Years active 2006–present Works Roles and awards Partner Zendaya (2021–present) Father Dominic Holland Signature Thomas Stanley Holland (born 1 June 1996) is an English actor. He is the recipient of numerous accolades , including a BAFTA Award and three Saturn Awards . Holland's films as a lead actor have grossed over $9.9 billion worldwide, making him one of the highest-grossing film actors of all time . He was featured on the Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe list of 2019. [ a ] Holland's career began at the age of nine when he enrolled in a dancing class. A choreographer noticed him and arranged for him to audition for a role in Billy Elliot the Musical at London's Victoria Palace Theatre . After two years of training, he secured a supporting part in 2008. Later that year, he was upgraded to the title role, which he played until 2010. Holland made his film debut in the disaster drama The Impossible (2012) as a teenage tourist trapped in a tsunami ; he received critical acclaim and a nomination for the Goya Award for Best New Actor . Holland then decided to pursue acting as a full-time career, appearing in How I Live Now (2013) and playing historical figures in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015) and the TV miniseries Wolf Hall (2015). Holland achieved international recognition playing Peter Parker/Spider-Man in six Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginning with Captain America: Civil War (2016). The following year, Holland received the BAFTA Rising Star Award and became the youngest actor to play a title role in an MCU film in Spider-Man: Homecoming . Its sequels, Far From Home (2019) and No Way Home (2021), each grossed more than $1 billion worldwide; the latter became the highest-grossing film of the year . Holland played another action film role in Uncharted (2022), and also expanded to play against-type roles in the crime dramas The Devil All the Time (2020) and Cherry (2021). Holland has directed the short film Tweet (2015) and voiced roles in animated features, including Spies in Disguise (2019) and Onward (2020). Early life and education Thomas Stanley Holland was born on 1 June 1996 in Kingston upon Thames , in south-west London , to photographer Nicola ( née Frost) and comedian-author Dominic Holland . [ 6 ] He has three younger brothers. [ 7 ] His paternal grandmother was Irish from County Tipperary of Southern Ireland and his paternal grandfather was Manx from the Isle of Man . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] He lives in Kingston upon Thames, near the house of his parents and younger brothers. [ 11 ] As his parents have creative professions, he is often inspired by them; [ 12 ] he considers his father a role model who has unofficially worked as his manager due to his experience in the industry. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Holland was educated at Donhead Preparatory School , an all-male Catholic preparatory school in Wimbledon , in the Merton borough of south west London. [ 15 ] When he was seven, he was diagnosed with dyslexia . His parents sent him and his brothers (to avoid making them feel neglected) to a private school so he could get the necessary attention. Although Holland liked the new school, this started to drain his family's finances. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Holland attended Wimbledon College , a voluntary aided Jesuit comprehensive school, [ 18 ] followed by the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in the Selhurst area of Croydon . [ 19 ] Growing up, Holland considered several career choices. As a child, he was a fan of Janet Jackson songs and often danced to them. His mother signed him up for a dancing class advertised in the private school Holland was visiting at the time. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In his teens, Holland briefly attended carpentry school in Cardiff , Wales. [ 20 ] He also considered becoming a primary school teacher, as he enjoys being around children. [ 14 ] Career 2006–2014: Early stage work and film debut At age nine, Holland began dancing at a hip hop class at Nifty Feet Dance School in Wimbledon, where he performed with his school group at the 2006 Richmond Dance Festival. There, he was spotted by choreographer Lynne Page, an associate to Peter Darling , choreographer of Billy Elliot the Musical . Page arranged an audition for Holland, where the musical's director Stephen Daldry thought that he "had great potential and was a very natural actor". [ 21 ] After two years of training in ballet, tap dancing and acrobatics, [ 13 ] Holland won the role of Michael Caffrey, the protagonist's best friend, and made his debut performance at the West End 's Victoria Palace Theatre in June 2008. [ 22 ] During his time performing in the musical, Holland learned gymnastics. [ 23 ] Holland says when his peers at school found out about his dancing activities, they started bullying him. [ 17 ] Later in 2008, Holland and co-star Tanner Pflueger were promoted to the lead role in the musical. [ 24 ] On his first day playing Elliot, Holland developed tonsillitis but performed on stage anyway to positive reviews; he went to the doctor the next day. [ 1 ] Following his stage success, Holland hoped to be popular in school and that his schoolmates would stop bullying him. After being in a professional environment, he matured earlier than his peers and struggled to fit in. As a result, his GCSE grades suffered. [ 17 ] After his work on Billy Elliot the Musical finished in 2010, [ 25 ] Holland voiced a role in the British dub of the Japanese animated fantasy film Arrietty (2011), [ 26 ] and sent an audition tape to Juan Antonio Bayona for a part in The Impossible (2012). Bayona then arranged a meeting, and had Holland write a letter to his mother and recite it as an audition. Impressed with his emotional delivery, Bayona cast Holland in the film. [ 27 ] In The Impossible , Holland played a teenager trapped with his family in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Transitioning from stage to screen was initially hard for Holland due to the shift from live audience to camera. [ 28 ] He and co-star Naomi Watts filmed physically and psychologically taxing scenes in a 35,000-gallon water tank. [ 29 ] Working with Watts made Holland realise that he wanted to pursue an acting career permanently. [ 30 ] The Impossible premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September to critical and commercial success, [ 31 ] earning $180.3 million against a budget of $45 million. [ 32 ] Holland received critical praise for his performance. [ 28 ] A. O. Scott of The New York Times found Holland to be "a terrific young actor", praising his character's transition from self-involvement to responsibility. [ 33 ] He won several awards, including the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance and London Film Critics Circle Award for Young British Performer of the Year . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Holland featured in the drama film How I Live Now (2013), [ 36 ] lent his voice in a supporting role for the drama film Locke (2013), [ 37 ] and had a cameo in Billy Elliot the Musical Live (2014). [ 38 ] 2015–2017: Breakthrough as Spider-Man Holland appeared in four episodes of BBC Two 's historical miniseries Wolf Hall (2015), as Gregory Cromwell , son of the protagonist Thomas Cromwell played by Mark Rylance . [ 39 ] He directed Tweet (2015), a 3-minute short film about a young man building a birdhouse with his grandfather; [ 27 ] Holland later expressed an interest in directing feature films in his 40s. [ 12 ] Also in 2015, Holland co-starred as the teenage sailor Thomas Nickerson in Ron Howard 's historical adventure-drama In the Heart of the Sea . The film is based on the namesake 2000 non-fiction book about the sinking of the American whaling ship Essex in 1820. In preparation, he and co-stars, including Chris Hemsworth , lost significant weight, consuming 500–1,000 calories a day. Holland performed most of his stunts in the film. [ 40 ] In the Heart of the Sea received mixed reviews from critics, and grossed $93 million against a $100 million budget. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Brian Truitt of the USA Today wrote that Holland "does a good job". [ 43 ] In June 2015, Holland signed a six-picture deal with Marvel Studios to play a teenage Peter Parker / Spider-Man . [ 44 ] Growing up, Holland was a fan of Spider-Man ; he owned 30 costumes and bed sheet covers of the character. [ 13 ] He auditioned against 1,500 teenagers worldwide, including English actors Charlie Rowe and Asa Butterfield . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] While producers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal were impressed with his performances in The Impossible , Wolf Hall , and In the Heart of the Sea , [ 44 ] directors the Russo brothers cited Holland's dancing and gymnastics background as the reasons to cast him. [ 47 ] Stan Lee , Spider-Man's creator, said Holland was the "exact age and height" when he envisioned the character. [ 17 ] As part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), he first appeared as Spider-Man in Captain America: Civil War (2016). [ 48 ] The film was a critical and commercial success, [ 49 ] grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide against a budget of $250 million to become the highest-grossing film of 2016 . [ 50 ] [ 51 ] In a review for The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw praised Holland and co-star Paul Rudd (who played Ant-Man ) as "seductively high-spirited and hilarious", [ 52 ] and Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times wrote that he made "a strong first impression" as Spider-Man. [ 53 ] In 2016, Holland co-starred with Joel Kinnaman and Percy Hynes White in the psychological thriller Edge of Winter . It was the first film he did without his parents' knowledge. [ 54 ] Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter found Holland and White "excellent", describing their terrified reaction as "more emotionally wrenching than the tired thriller genre conventions to which the film ultimately succumbs". [ 55 ] At the 70th British Academy Film Awards in 2017, Holland won the Rising Star Award . [ 56 ] Holland's first work that year was alongside Charlie Hunnam in James Gray 's drama The Lost City of Z , which was released to positive reviews. [ 57 ] On his last day of filming, he broke his nose after a failed backflip attempt. [ 58 ] Holland played the son of Percy Fawcett (Hunnam), an explorer who makes several attempts to find a supposed lost ancient city in the Amazon rainforest . Neil Soans of The Times of India praised Holland for making the film emotional towards the end and Rex Reed of The New York Observer found him "remarkably strong and self-assured". [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Later in 2017, Holland played Samuel Insull in Alfonso Gomez-Rejon 's The Current War , which received negative reviews and was a box-office failure. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent found Holland's role insubstantial. [ 63 ] Holland's second film in 2017 was his solo feature as the title character in Spider-Man: Homecoming . As a result, Holland earned an entry in Guinness Book of World Records as the youngest actor to play a title role in the MCU. [ 64 ] Though Holland took some inspiration from previous Spider-Man actors Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield , he wanted to add some newness in his reinterpretation of the character. [ 65 ] Homecoming focused on Parker, as he tries to balance being a high-school student and a superhero. [ 66 ] To prepare, Holland attended The Bronx High School of Science in the Bronx for a few days, [ 67 ] although other students did not believe he was cast as Spider-Man. Holland felt this situation reflected the film's story, in which other characters are unaware that Parker is Spider-Man. [ 68 ] Homecoming and Holland's performance received positive reviews. [ 69 ] Peter Travers called it "a star performance given by a born actor". [ 70 ] Made on a budget of $175 million, the film grossed over $800 million worldwide. [ 71 ] Holland's final role in 2017 was in the Irish film Pilgrimage , which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival . [ 72 ] Outside film that year, Holland appeared with Zendaya on Paramount Network 's Lip Sync Battle , during which he performed Rihanna 's " Umbrella " in drag. [ 73 ] His parents founded The Brothers Trust, a charitable organisation, which aims to use his popularity to raise funds for humanitarian causes. [ 74 ] 2018–2021: Commercial success Holland reprised his role as Spider-Man in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its follow-up Avengers: Endgame (2019), which were filmed back-to-back . [ 75 ] The pictures each earned more than $2 billion, [ 76 ] and Endgame briefly became the highest-grossing film of all time . [ b ] Holland followed with the sequel Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), which widely received positive reviews and became the first Spider-Man film to earn $1 billion, [ 78 ] [ 79 ] finishing as the fourth-highest grosser of 2019 . [ 80 ] Ben Travis of Empire magazine found Holland "a note-perfect Spider-Man — still funnier and more believably teenage" than Maguire and Garfield who previously portrayed the character. Travis wrote, "Holland never loses the ebullient spark that makes him one of the MCU's most endearing figures." [ 81 ] Holland received a third consecutive Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor for Far From Home , having previously won for Civil War and Homecoming . [ 82 ] He voiced roles in the Blue Sky Studios animation Spies in Disguise (2019), [ 83 ] the live-action film Dolittle (2020), and the Pixar animated film Onward (2020). The last two were with his MCU co-stars Robert Downey Jr. and Chris Pratt , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Made on lucrative budgets, all three films underperformed at the box-office. [ 86 ] Alongside Avengers co-star Sebastian Stan , Holland starred in Antonio Campos 's The Devil All the Time (2020), a Netflix psychological thriller set after World War II . Holland said he initially worried that he lacked the depth to play a young orphaned man who goes on a killing spree, and was scared and nervous on his first day on set. Encouraged by Campos, he ultimately enjoyed playing the part, although it took a temporary toll on his mental health. [ 87 ] Campos praised Holland's effort to learn Southern American English for the role, described his acting process as "methodical", "thoughtful and sensitive", [ 88 ] and called him a kind person. [ 88 ] Critics from IndieWire and Roger Ebert 's website opined that despite the film's failed script, Holland gave a convincing performance and showed his range as an actor. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] By November 2020, the film was the 22nd-most watched straight-to-streaming title of the year, according to a Variety report. [ 91 ] Holland starred in three films that were released in 2021. His first, the crime drama Cherry , is based on the 2018 novel by American author Nico Walker , and reunited him with Avengers directors Russo brothers. [ 92 ] He played a college student with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after enlisting in the army, and robs banks to finance his drug addiction. In preparation for the role, Holland shaved his head and interviewed military veterans undergoing treatments for substance abuse and PTSD. [ 30 ] He also lost 30 pounds (14 kg) of weight, then regained it after filming. [ 93 ] The film was released in cinemas in February and digitally on Apple TV+ in March. [ 94 ] Consensus among critics was that the film enabled Holland to broaden his horizons as an actor, but it had a formulaic story. [ 95 ] This was echoed by Owen Gleiberman of Variety who further noted that Holland proved his skills as an actor and demonstrated a range of indulgent looks and moods. [ 96 ] Holland next played alongside Daisy Ridley as a young man living on a planet called New World in Chaos Walking , an adaptation of Patrick Ness 's best-selling science fiction series of the same name . The film was delayed due to several reshoots in early 2019, which added $15 million to its budget, bringing its cost to $100 million. [ 97 ] Chaos Walking failed to recoup its budget and received poor reviews. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter found the chemistry between Holland and Ridley lackluster, and Christian Holub of Entertainment Weekly noted his failed attempt to break away from roles similar to Spider-Man. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] In November 2021, Holland voiced Percy Pig in a series of advertisements for Marks & Spencer 's Christmas food specials. [ 102 ] The following month, Holland reprised his role as Peter Parker in the sequel Spider-Man: No Way Home . [ 103 ] After taking on mature roles in films like Cherry , Holland noted that he found it strange adjusting back to playing Parker, chiefly due to raising his voice pitch and returning to the mindset of a "naïve, charming teenager". [ 104 ] He described No Way Home as the "most ambitious standalone superhero movie ever made". [ 30 ] Despite its release during the COVID-19 pandemic , No Way Home quickly emerged as the highest-grossing film of 2021 and the sixth highest-grossing film of all time. It also became the first film since 2019's Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker to earn more than $1 billion at the box-office. [ 105 ] No Way Home became the highest-rated Spider-Man film on the online database IMDb and the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . [ 106 ] Wendy Ide of The Guardian wrote that the film "delivers an overflowing, funnel-web cornucopia of treats for Spider-fans" and attributed Parker's continuing appeal to "his endearing, puppyish enthusiasm". [ 107 ] The Times ' Kevin Maher opined that Holland "own[s] every inch of the role" and "casts his web and captures your heart". [ 108 ] 2022–present: Established actor and career expansion Discussing his future as Spider-Man after No Way Home , Holland told GQ in 2021 that he was doubtful about reprising the role, especially after he turns 30 in 2026. He expressed a desire to see a live-action Spider-Man film with Miles Morales as the protagonist, whereas Amy Pascal spoke of wanting Holland to continue playing the role. [ 1 ] Holland began the following year with an investment in Dogpound gyms, [ 109 ] and a starring role as a young Nathan Drake , a charismatic fortune hunter, in the film adaptation of Naughty Dog 's Uncharted video game series . [ 110 ] In preparation for scenes where his character is bartending, Holland worked shifts at the Chiltern Firehouse , a pub in London. Though the filming was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Holland continued to eat and train for the role. [ 1 ] While Uncharted polarised critics, Rebecca Rubin of Variety wrote that Holland's star-power likely contributed to its box-office success. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] In a mixed review for his performance, Brian Tallerico of Roger Ebert's website labelled him miscast, writing that "Holland has the agility but quite simply lacks the weight and world-weariness needed" for the role. [ 113 ] Holland next executive produced and starred in the Apple TV+ miniseries The Crowded Room (2023), inspired by the 1981 non-fiction novel The Minds of Billy Milligan , in which he played a character based on Billy Milligan . [ 114 ] It was met with negative reviews; [ 115 ] San Francisco Chronicle 's Bob Strauss dismissed it as "another one of Tom Holland's 'serious' projects that's hard to take seriously". [ 116 ] Nevertheless, he earned a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries . [ 117 ] Holland said that the role proved to be too emotionally taxing for him, and that he would take a year off work to recover. [ 118 ] He made a return to the stage as Romeo in Jamie Lloyd 's West End revival of Romeo and Juliet , which ran for twelve weeks from May 2024. [ 119 ] Critics had mixed opinions on the play and Holland's performance. [ 120 ] In 2024, Holland created his own production company, named Billy17, and landed a deal with Sony Pictures . [ 121 ] Among his upcoming films, he will star in Christopher Nolan 's film The Odyssey , an adaptation of the epic poem the Odyssey , written by Homer . [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] In 2025, Holland called the film the best experience of his career up to that point, he stated "I couldn’t have asked for a better job. And I’m so proud of the work I’ve done. I came to work every day with a real sense of purpose and a point to prove, and I’m so grateful for Chris to have given me that opportunity." [ 125 ] Holland will then star in the fourth Spider-Man film, Spider-Man: Brand New Day . [ 126 ] In September 2025, Holland was briefly hospitalized after sustaining a concussion while filming Spider-Man: Brand New Day , leading to a temporary pause in production. [ 127 ] Public image Nadia Khomami of The Guardian said that Holland's "cheeky British charm, vulnerability and wit" has made him the object of infatuation on the internet. [ 13 ] Jonathan Dean of The Sunday Times considered him to be "poised and professional, but also so confident and personable" and took note of his maturity "despite boyish wiriness". [ 17 ] German actor Sönke Möhring , his co-star from The Impossible , similarly remarked on his professionalism, adding, "he is blessed with a deep soul [...] down to earth, very polite and a friendly kid." [ 13 ] Kevin Macdonald , who directed Holland in How I Live Now , praised him as confident, "articulate and enthusiastic", and attributed Holland's success to his positive energy. [ 13 ] When asked about the secret to his success, Holland said he believes in avoiding trouble and working hard. [ 64 ] Holland appeared on Screen International 's "UK Stars of Tomorrow – 2012", [ 128 ] and The Hollywood Reporter 's "Next Gen 2015", a list of promising newcomers in film. [ 129 ] In 2019, he featured on Forbes ' " 30 Under 30 Europe ", a list of influential people under 30 years, [ 130 ] and Insider Inc. 's "45 young stars who will one day rule Hollywood". [ 131 ] After appearing on Glamour 's "Hot, Young & British Actors 2020", [ 132 ] he was named among the best actors under 30 by Tuko, [ 133 ] and Complex Networks in 2021. [ 134 ] In the former listing, Ryan Mutuku described him as "a darling to the English media" because of his openness and willingness to also give interviews not related to film promotions. [ 133 ] Calling him "his generation's biggest leading man" in 2021, GQ 's Oliver Franklin-Wallis wrote, "Holland has ascended to a tier of stardom few actors ever reach, and rarely so young". [ 1 ] Variety editors Brent Lang and Rebecca Rubin reported in December 2021 that after the success of the Spider-Man films, Holland could become a top-paid actor in the future. They noted the current lack of young leading men in Hollywood and saw Holland's potential to herald a new generation of successful actors. [ 135 ] Holland is one of the highest-grossing film actors in the world ; his films as a lead have grossed more than $9.9 billion worldwide according to The Numbers . [ 136 ] Holland considers himself to be "an impossible people pleaser", [ 1 ] which according to Olivia Singh of Business Insider has resulted in his facing burnout and an incident where he vomited after a press conference. [ 137 ] A self-admittedly indiscreet person, Holland has gained a reputation for inadvertently spoiling important plot elements of his films during interviews and press conferences. [ 138 ] His MCU co-stars labelled him the "least trustworthy" cast member in terms of spoilers. [ 139 ] To prevent an incident, he only read parts of Captain America: Civil War 's script. [ 138 ] Joe Russo similarly avoided giving Holland the script to Avengers: Endgame , and Holland knew only his lines. [ 140 ] Holland has expressed his views on the film industry. In a 2019 interview with The Sunday Times , he spoke for more representation of racial minorities and the LGBT community in film. [ 17 ] That year, when filmmaker Martin Scorsese criticised Marvel films for their lack of portraying human emotions, Holland highlighted that Scorsese has never made one, so he may not fully understand the experience. Holland stated that the key difference between a Marvel film and an award-winning one is budget, not the artistic process. He emphasized that Marvel films are still "real art" and noted that comparing Marvel blockbusters to independent films is unfair, as they reach vastly different audiences. [ 141 ] Personal life Holland describes himself as a private person and is reluctant to discuss his personal life. [ 1 ] He has also discussed having frequent episodes of sleepwalking and sleep paralysis nightmares of paparazzi in his bedroom. [ 1 ] [ 142 ] He is a fan of the professional football club Tottenham Hotspur . [ 143 ] He had been in a relationship with his Spider-Man co-star Zendaya for some time before publicly acknowledging it in November 2021; he later discussed that he felt that the consistent media attention it received breached their privacy. [ 1 ] The couple moved into a £3 million home in London together in 2023. [ 144 ] They became engaged in December 2024. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] After feeling dependent on alcohol in social situations, he has been a teetotaller since participating in Dry January in 2022. [ 147 ] In October 2024, Holland launched BERO, a low-alcohol beer brand. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] Holland stated in a 2025 interview that he has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . [ 151 ] Acting credits and awards Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ^ Avengers: Endgame remained the highest-grossing film for two years until it was surpassed by Avatar (2009) after a 2021 re-release in China. [ 77 ] References ^ a b c d e f g h i .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Franklin-Wallis, Oliver (17 November 2021). "Tom Holland Is In the Center of the Web" . GQ . Archived from the original on 17 November 2021 . Retrieved 17 November 2021 . ^ "Tom Holland's 10 Best Roles (That Aren't Spider-Man)" . Comic Book Resources . 10 April 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 10 May 2022 . ^ Langmann, Brady (21 February 2022). " 'Uncharted' Doesn't Know What to Do With Tom Holland" . Esquire . Archived from the original on 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 10 May 2022 . ^ Lucas, Robyn (13 December 2021). "Tom Holland on the highs and lows of being Spider-Man – and how Zendaya helped him to cope with fame" . News24 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2023 . Retrieved 8 May 2023 . ^ "Happy Birthday Friendly Neighborhood Spider Man: Tom Holland" . The Statesman . 2 June 2022. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023 . Retrieved 8 May 2023 . ^ Ott, Tim. "Tom Holland" . Biography . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Knight, Kathryn (24 February 2021). "Meet Tom Holland's younger brother Harry, with a cameo in Spider-Man 3" . Capital FM . Archived from the original on 31 October 2021 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lonergan, Aidan (29 June 2017). " 'It's an absolutely amazing place' – New Spider-Man Tom Holland very proud of his Irish roots" . The Irish Post . Archived from the original on 1 January 2020 . Retrieved 1 January 2020 . ^ "New Spiderman Tom Holland says Ireland is "absolutely amazing" " . IrishCentral.com . 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2020 . ^ "SpiderManx?! - Afternoon Extras" . Manx Radio . 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 1 January 2020 . ^ Johnson, Zach (10 May 2017). "Tom Holland's Mom Tricks Him Into Staying Close to Home" . E! . Archived from the original on 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . ^ a b Zendaya (2 June 2017). "Tom Holland" . Interview . Archived from the original on 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 19 February 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Khomami, Nadia (24 January 2022). "From Billy Elliot to Spider-Man: how Tom Holland won the world's heart" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 13 February 2022 . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ a b Nelson, Jeff (15 December 2021). "Tom Holland Talks His Future as Spider-Man, Reveals He Wants to 'Focus on Starting a Family' Next" . People . Archived from the original on 20 February 2022 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 . ^ "Tom Holland to play Billy Elliot" . Donhead . Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ a b Holland, Dominic (26 February 2014). "Dyslexia is in the news..." DominicHolland.co.uk . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . ^ a b c d e f g Dean, Jonathan (30 June 2019). "Tom Holland interview: pirouetting his way from Billy Elliot to Spider‑Man, bypassing bullies on the way" . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on 13 February 2022 . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ Palmer, Jim (8 December 2015). "Kingston's Spider-Man Tom Holland - 'I still have to clean my room' " . Sutton & Croydon Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 April 2022 . ^ "Schoolboy actor Tom Holland finds himself in Oscar contention for role in tsunami drama" . The Scotsman . 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Kimmel, Jimmy (4 December 2019). "How Tom Holland Drunkenly Saved Spider-Man" . Event occurs at 8:20. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019 . Retrieved 6 December 2019 – via YouTube. ^ Howe, Alita (31 August 2008). "New Billy Elliot leaving the garage" . Richmond and Twickenham Times . Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Cordero, Rosy (6 December 2021). "Tom Holland Says He's Portraying Fred Astaire In Upcoming Feature Biopic" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ "Tom Holland Goes Undercover on Reddit, YouTube and Twitter" . GQ . 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019 . Retrieved 4 September 2019 – via YouTube. ^ Petillo, Faetra (28 August 2008). "Holland and Pflueger Are West End's Two New 'Billy Elliots ' " . BroadwayWorld . Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Cordero, Rosy (6 December 2021). "Tom Holland Says He's Portraying Fred Astaire In Upcoming Feature Biopic" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 5 April 2022 . ^ "First News interviews Arrietty's Tom Holland" . First News . 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ a b Siegel, Tatiana (9 November 2016). "Tom Holland Learned He Got His 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 . ^ a b Ford, Rebecca (21 December 2012). " 'The Impossible': Tom Holland on Staying Afloat in his Film Debut" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Curtis, Rachel (21 December 2012). "Tsunami survivor's impossible story hits the big screen" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ a b c Davis, Clayton (4 February 2021). " 'Cherry' Star Tom Holland Talks Getting an Itch for Directing and 'Spider-Man 3' Is 'Most Ambitious Superhero Film of All Time' " . Variety . Archived from the original on 4 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Feinberg, Scott (1 November 2012). "Director and Stars Reveal How They Made 'The Impossible' Possible — Without CGI (Video)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ "The Impossible" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Scott, A. O. (21 December 2012). "Swept Away and Torn Apart in a Sea of Despair" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 7 August 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Kemp, Stuart (20 January 2013). "Michael Haneke's Amour Tops London Critics' Circle Awards" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 May 2021 . Retrieved 5 January 2023 . ^ Weisman, Jon (5 December 2012). " Zero Dark Thirty named best film by NBR" . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ Jenkins, Mark (7 November 2013). "The End Of The World, As She Knows It" . NPR . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hans, Simran (30 March 2020). "My streaming gem: why you should watch Locke" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 December 2020 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gans, Andrew (29 September 2014). " 'Billy Elliot the Musical Live' Sets November DVD Release Date" . Playbill . Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ "BBC Two – Wolf Hall, Who are the royal subjects? – Gregory Cromwell (Tom Holland)" . BBC . Archived from the original on 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Chitwood, Adam (20 November 2015). "Tom Holland on In the Heart of the Sea and Chris Hemsworth" . Collider . Archived from the original on 10 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ "In the Heart of the Sea" . Rotten Tomatoes . 11 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ "In the Heart of the Sea (2015)" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Truitt, Brian. "Review: 'Heart of the Sea' is a whale of a tale" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ a b "Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their 'Spider-Man' Star and Director" . Marvel Entertainment . 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . ^ Vega, Nicolas (4 January 2025). "At 19, Tom Holland beat 1,500 actors for 'Spider-Man' role: He had 'the charisma, the confidence, the energy,' director says" . CNBC . Retrieved 4 January 2025 . ^ Child, Ben (1 June 2015). "New Spider-Man: three Brit teens among hopefuls for Peter Parker role" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (3 December 2015). "Spider-Man's 'Captain America: Civil War' role revealed" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ Kit, Borys; Siegel, Tatiana (23 June 2015). " 'Spider-Man' Finds Tom Holland to Star as New Web-Slinger" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . ^ Sheehan, Paul (17 January 2017). "How will Marvel Cinematic Universe do at Oscars with 'Captain America: Civil War' and 'Doctor Strange'?" . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "Captain America: Civil War (2016)" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ "2016 Worldwide Box Office" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Bradshaw, Peter (19 April 2016). "Captain America: Civil War review – an aspartame rush" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Roeper, Richard (2 May 2016). " 'Captain America: Civil War' review: Choose your own avenger" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ Collis, Clark (2 August 2016). " 'Spider-Man' star Tom Holland talks 'Edge of Winter' — exclusive clip" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Scheck, Frank (11 August 2016). " 'Edge of Winter': Film Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ "EE British Academy Film Awards Winners in 2017" . British Academy Film Awards . 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2021 . ^ "The Lost City of Z reviews" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Peters, Megan (5 September 2017). " 'Spider-Man' Star Tom Holland Just Broke His Nose Whilst Filming" . ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Sloans, Neil (26 May 2017). "The Lost City of Z Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of The Lost City of Z by Times of India" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Reed, Rex (14 April 2017). " 'The Lost City of Z,' a Riveting Adventure Led By a Charismatic Charlie Hunnam" . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ " The Current War: Director's Cut (2019)" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019 . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ "The Current War" . Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ Loughrey, Clarisse (30 July 2019). "The Current War review: A solid historical drama drowned in cinematic tricks" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 3 June 2020 . Retrieved 27 March 2022 . ^ a b Guinness World Records 2018 (2018 ed.). Guinness World Records . 29 August 2017. p. 9. ISBN 9781912286188 . ^ Wilson, Matthew (10 July 2017). "This Spidey looks as if he'll stick around" . Henley Standard . Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Chitwood, Adam (27 July 2016). "Spider-Man: Homecoming: Tom Holland Teases Different Parker" . Collider . Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Lang, Brent (27 March 2017). "Tom Holland on 'Spider-Man: Homecoming,' Spinoffs, and Planning for Bathroom Breaks" . Variety . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Robinson, Will (9 December 2016). "Tom Holland went undercover at New York high school to prep for Spider-Man" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 10 December 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ "Spider-Man: Homecoming" . Rotten Tomatoes. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Travers, Peter (29 June 2017). " 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Review: New Reboot of Marvel Webslinger Really Is Amazing" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ "Spider-Man: Homecoming" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Pilgrimage | 2017 Tribeca Festival" . Tribeca Film Festival . Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ Lawler, Kelly (10 May 2017). "This Tom Holland 'Lip Sync Battle' performance is downright incredible" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 15 December 2019 . Retrieved 15 December 2019 . ^ "About" . The Brothers Trust. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Siegemund-Broka, Austin; Kit, Borys (23 March 2015). "Russo Brothers to Direct 'Avengers: Infinity War' Parts 1 and 2" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 11 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ Rubin, Rebecca (5 May 2019). " 'Avengers: Endgame' Crushes $2 Billion Milestone in Record Time" . Variety . Archived from the original on 5 May 2019 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (13 March 2021). " 'Avatar' Overtakes 'Avengers: Endgame' As All-Time Highest-Grossing Film Worldwide; Rises To $2.8B Amid China Reissue – Update" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ "Spider-Man: Far From Home" . Rotten Tomatoes. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ Fuster, Jeremy (25 July 2019). " 'Spider-Man: Far From Home' Becomes First Spidey Film to Gross $1 Billion at Box Office" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 6 January 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2022 . ^ "2019 Worldwide Box Office" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Travis, Ben (2 July 2019). "Spider-Man: Far From Home" . Empire . Archived from the original on 3 November 2020 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ McNary, Dave (2 March 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead" . Variety . Archived from the original on 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Hammond, Pete (27 June 2018). " 'Black Panther' Tops 44th Saturn Awards With Five; 'Blade Runner 2049' , 'Shape Of Water', 'Get Out' Also Score" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Boucher, Geoff (14 September 2019). "Saturn Awards: 'Spider-Man' Star Tom Holland Wins For Third Year In A Row" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 14 September 2019 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ "Will Smith, Tom Holland to Star in Fox Animation's 'Spies in Disguise' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Collis, Clark (14 January 2020). "Dolittle star Robert Downey Jr. explains why he wanted to talk to the animals" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 25 March 2022 . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ Truitt, Brian (3 March 2020). "Chris Pratt, Tom Holland discuss Pixar's 'Onward,' Marvel brotherhood and being buddies 'no matter what' " . USA Today . Archived from the original on 25 March 2022 . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Spies in Disguise" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 20 March 2022 . "Dolittle (2020) – Financial Information" . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 8 March 2020 . Retrieved 20 March 2022 . "Onward" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020 . Retrieved 20 March 2022 . ^ Gardner, Chris (12 September 2020). "Tom Holland on Brutal Character in Netflix Film: "I Had to Go Places Mentally I Didn't Know I Could" " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ a b "Tom Holland on His Dark Devil All the Time Character: "I Didn't Know I Had It in Me" " . Vanity Fair . 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Lattanzio, Ryan (11 September 2020). " 'The Devil All the Time' Review: Netflix and Antonio Campos' Bloated Gothic Profoundly Fails a Terrific Cast" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Tallerico, Brian (16 September 2020). "The Devil All the Time movie review (2020)" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Bridge, Gavin (4 November 2020). "Data: 'Borat 2' Second Only to 'Hamilton' In Most-Watched U.S. SVOD Movies of 2020" . Variety . Archived from the original on 4 November 2020 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Kroll, Justin (11 March 2019). "Tom Holland Reteams With Russo Brothers for 'Cherry' (Exclusive)" . Variety . Archived from the original on 13 March 2019 . Retrieved 11 March 2019 . ^ Singh, Olivia (11 January 2021). "Tom Holland lost and gained 30 pounds for his role in the upcoming movie 'Cherry' " . Insider, Inc. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ "Cherry – Apple TV+ Press (UK)" . Apple TV+ . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ "Cherry" . Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (25 February 2021). " 'Cherry' Review: Tom Holland Acts Methodically in an Overblown Dud From the Russo Brothers" . Variety . Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (8 February 2020). " 'Chaos Walking': Daisy Ridley-Tom Holland Pic Gets Release Date" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 13 November 2020 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ "Chaos Walking" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ "Chaos Walking" . Rotten Tomatoes. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Rooney, David (3 March 2021). " 'Chaos Walking': Film Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 21 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 March 2022 . ^ Holub, Christian (3 March 2021). " 'Chaos Walking' is a lackluster sci-fi outing for Disney franchise stars" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 21 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 March 2022 . ^ Houghton, Rianne (4 November 2021). "Tom Holland is Percy Pig in Marks & Spencer Christmas advert" . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony. " 'Spider-Man: No Way Home' Scores 2nd Best Opening Day Of All Time With $121M, 3-Day Now Between $242M-$247M+" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 . Retrieved 19 December 2021 . ^ "Tom Holland on his darkest role yet, and why No Way Home could be his last Spider-Man film" . British GQ . 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ "Spider-Man: No Way Home becomes first pandemic-era film to top $1bn" . BBC News. 27 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ "Spider-Man: No Way Home beats all other Spidey movies' Rotten Tomatoes, IMDb ratings. Here's a ranking" . Hindustan Times . 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Ide, Wendy (18 December 2021). "Spider-Man: No Way Home review – a fun, more-is-more return to the multiverse" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2022 . ^ Maher, Kevin (15 December 2021). "Spider-Man: No Way Home review — Tom Holland casts his web and captures your heart" . The Times . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gardner, Chris (16 February 2022). "Tom Holland Joins Celeb-Friendly Gym Dogpound as Investor: "I'm Thrilled to Be on Board" " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Moreau, Jordan (1 April 2021). "Tom Holland's 'Uncharted' Release Date Delayed One Week" . Variety . Archived from the original on 1 April 2021 . Retrieved 13 January 2022 . ^ "Uncharted" . Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022 . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ Rubin, Rebecca (27 February 2022). "Box Office: Tom Holland's 'Uncharted' Wins Weekend as 'Spider-Man' Inches Closer to $800 Million in North America" . Variety . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ Tallerico, Brian (15 February 2022). "Uncharted movie review & film summary (2022)" . RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ Scorziello, Sophia (10 May 2023). " 'The Crowded Room' Trailer: Tom Holland, Amanda Seyfried Star in Apple TV Plus' Anthology Series" . Variety . Archived from the original on 17 May 2023 . Retrieved 17 May 2023 . ^ " The Crowded Room : Season 1" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ Strauss, Bob (7 June 2023). "Review: 'The Crowded Room' is another one of Tom Holland's 'serious' projects that's hard to take seriously" . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on 8 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ " 'Oppenheimer,' 'Barbie,' 'The Bear' lead 2024 Critics Choice Awards winners" . EW.com . Retrieved 1 April 2025 . ^ Russell, Shania (7 June 2023). "Tom Holland is 'taking a year off' after being emotionally exhausted by The Crowded Room" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 11 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ Lang, Brent (6 February 2024). "Tom Holland Starring in London West End Revival of 'Romeo and Juliet' " . Variety . Retrieved 7 February 2024 . ^ Youngs, Ian (24 May 2024). "Tom Holland's Romeo wows crowds more than critics" . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2024 . ^ Gajewski, Ryan (12 December 2024). "Tom Holland's Newly Launched Production Company Billy17 Lands Sony Deal" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 December 2024 . ^ Kit, Borys (21 October 2024). "Tom Holland to Star in Christopher Nolan's Latest Film" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 October 2024 . ^ Stephan, Katcy (23 December 2024). "Christopher Nolan's 'The Odyssey' Revealed: Next Film Is 'Mythic Action Epic' Shot With New Imax Technology" . Variety . Retrieved 23 December 2024 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (8 January 2025). "Tom Holland Engaged In John Grisham's 'The Partner' At Universal; Graham Moore Adapting" . Deadline . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ Tom Holland Says Nolan’s ‘The Odyssey’ Is ‘Unlike Anything We’ve Ever Seen,’ Raves About Sharing Scenes With Matt Damon and Anne Hathaway: ‘The Job of a Lifetime’ ^ Rubin, Rebecca (1 April 2025). "Tom Holland's 'Spider-Man 4' Gets Official Title, 'Spider-Man: Brand New Day,' Ahead of Summer Filming" . Variety . Retrieved 1 April 2025 . ^ Pedersen, Erik (12 September 2025). "Tom Holland Hospitalized After Concussion During Filming Of 'Spider-Man: Brand New Day' " . Deadline . Penske Media Corporation. ^ "Screen unveils 2012 UK Stars of Tomorrow" . Screen International . 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ "Next Gen 2015: Hollywood's Breakout Talents Open Up" . The Hollywood Reporter . 4 November 2015. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022 . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ "30 Under 30 Europe 2019: Youngest" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 23 February 2022 . ^ "Ranked: The 45 young stars who will one day rule Hollywood" . Insider, Inc. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 23 February 2022 . ^ "The Brit Boy Invasion: The hot, young, talented actors taking Hollywood by storm" . Glamour UK . 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Mutuku, Ryan (7 June 2021). "Top 20 young male actors under 30 you should watch in 2021" . MSN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 23 February 2022 . ^ Ervin-Eickhoff, Jessica (11 October 2021). "22 Best Actors in Their 20s: Hollywood's Best Young Actors" . Complex Networks . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 23 February 2022 . ^ Lang, Brent; Rubin, Rebecca (22 December 2021). "After 'Spider-Man,' Tom Holland Could Fill Hollywood's Void of Millennial Leading Men" . Variety . Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ "Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office" . The Numbers . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ Singh, Olivia (18 November 2021). "Tom Holland says Avengers costar Elizabeth Olsen gave him 'amazing' advice to help him stand up for himself" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 23 January 2023 . Retrieved 23 January 2023 . ^ a b Anderson, Kyle (8 December 2015). "Even Tom Holland, who plays Spider-Man, doesn't quite know what Spider-Man does in Civil War" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ Oswald, Anjelica (24 April 2018). "The 'Avengers: Infinity War' cast unanimously confirmed which actor can't be trusted with spoilers" . Insider, Inc. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 . ^ Sharf, Zack (2 April 2019). "Tom Holland Did Not Get 'Avengers: Endgame' Script Because He Can't 'Keep His Mouth Shut' " . IndieWire. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 . ^ Rose, Anna (27 December 2021). "Tom Holland hits back at Martin Scorsese's comments that Marvel films aren't "cinema" " . NME . Archived from the original on 29 December 2021 . Retrieved 27 March 2022 . ^ Abramovitch, Seth (14 June 2023). "Tom Holland Breaks Free: Talking Zendaya, 'The Crowded Room' and the Future of Spider-Man" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 15 June 2023 . Retrieved 15 June 2023 . ^ "Tom Holland: "As Tottenham fans, right now, it feels really good" " . Tottenham Hotspur. 13 September 2023 . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ Shillcock, Francesca (7 February 2024). "Tom Holland's posh £3m London home he transformed with girlfriend Zendaya" . Hello! . Retrieved 6 July 2025 . ^ Clack, Erin (6 January 2025). "Zendaya and Tom Holland Are Engaged!" . People . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . ^ Gardner, Chris (6 January 2024). "Tom Holland and Zendaya Are Engaged: Report" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 6 January 2025 . Retrieved 6 January 2024 . ^ Ushe, Naledi (13 July 2023). "Tom Holland opens up about sobriety journey: 'I was definitely addicted to alcohol' " . USA Today . Archived from the original on 13 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ Casey, Chris (28 January 2025). "How a 40-year beer veteran helped Spider-Man's Tom Holland launch nonalcoholic Bero" . Food Dive . Retrieved 31 January 2025 . ^ "Tom Holland Talked With Us About His New Nonalcoholic Beer and the Joyful Mission Behind It" . Food & Wine . Retrieved 31 January 2025 . ^ Zavaleta, Jonathan (8 January 2025). "Watch Tom Holland and brother Harry celebrate the launch of Tom's non-alcoholic beer BERO at Target" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ Phillips, Tom (September 2025). "Spider-Man Star Tom Holland Looks Unrecognizable in New LEGO Short Film — He Takes a Break From Filming Brand New Day to Tell IGN Why" . Retrieved 2 September 2025 . External links Tom Holland at IMDb Awards for Tom Holland .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Rising Star Award 2000s James McAvoy (2005) Eva Green (2006) Shia LaBeouf (2007) Noel Clarke (2008) Kristen Stewart (2009) 2010s Tom Hardy (2010) Adam Deacon (2011) Juno Temple (2012) Will Poulter (2013) Jack O'Connell (2014) John Boyega (2015) Tom Holland (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) Letitia Wright (2018) Micheal Ward (2019) 2020s Bukky Bakray (2020) Lashana Lynch (2021) Emma Mackey (2022) Mia McKenna-Bruce (2023) David Jonsson (2024) v t e Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer Tom Hiddleston (2012) Tom Holland (2013) Aidan Turner (2014) Taron Egerton (2015) John Boyega (2016) Dave Johns (2017) Josh O'Connor (2018) v t e Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor Eddie Murphy (1988) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1989, 1991–1992) Michael J. Fox (1990) Robin Williams (1994) Jim Carrey (1995–1997, 2001, 2004) Will Smith (1998, 2006, 2009) Adam Sandler (1999–2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2014) Chris Tucker (2002) Johnny Depp (2008, 2011, 2013) Taylor Lautner (2010) Ben Stiller (2015) Will Ferrell (2016) Chris Hemsworth (2017) Dwayne Johnson (2018, 2020, 2023) Noah Centineo (2019) Robert Downey Jr. (2021) Tom Holland (2022) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Jack Black (2025) v t e MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Performance in a Movie Best Male Performance (1992–2005, 2008–2016) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1992) Denzel Washington (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Brad Pitt (1995) Jim Carrey (1996) Tom Cruise (1997) Leonardo DiCaprio (1998) Jim Carrey (1999) Keanu Reeves (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Will Smith (2002) Eminem (2003) Johnny Depp (2004) Leonardo DiCaprio (2005) Will Smith (2008) Zac Efron (2009) Robert Pattinson (2010) Robert Pattinson (2011) Josh Hutcherson (2012) Bradley Cooper (2013) Josh Hutcherson (2014) Bradley Cooper (2015) Leonardo DiCaprio (2016) Best Female Performance (1992–2005, 2008–2016) Linda Hamilton (1992) Sharon Stone (1993) Janet Jackson (1994) Sandra Bullock (1995) Alicia Silverstone (1996) Claire Danes (1997) Neve Campbell (1998) Cameron Diaz (1999) Sarah Michelle Gellar (2000) Julia Roberts (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Kirsten Dunst (2003) Uma Thurman (2004) Lindsay Lohan (2005) Elliot Page (2008) Kristen Stewart (2009) Kristen Stewart (2010) Kristen Stewart (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Jennifer Lawrence (2014) Shailene Woodley (2015) Charlize Theron (2016) Best Performance (2006–2007, 2017–present) Jake Gyllenhaal (2006) Johnny Depp (2007) Emma Watson (2017) Chadwick Boseman (2018) Lady Gaga (2019) No Award (2020) Chadwick Boseman (2021) Tom Holland (2022) Tom Cruise (2023) v t e National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone (1995) Renée Zellweger (1996) Bai Ling (1997) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie (1998) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley (1999) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez (2000) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke (2002) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti (2003) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace (2004) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard (2005) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling (2006) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch (2007) Viola Davis / Dev Patel (2008) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner (2009) Jennifer Lawrence (2010) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones (2011) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland (2012) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan (2013) Jack O'Connell (2014) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay (2015) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Thomasin McKenzie (2018) Paul Walter Hauser (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim / Cooper Hoffman (2021) Danielle Deadwyler / Gabriel LaBelle (2022) Teyana Taylor (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Chase Infiniti (2025) v t e Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor 1980s Noah Hathaway (1984) Barret Oliver (1985) Carrie Henn (1986) Kirk Cameron (1987) Fred Savage (1988) Adán Jodorowsky (1989/90) 1990s Edward Furlong (1991) Scott Weinger (1992) Elijah Wood (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Christina Ricci (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Jena Malone (1997) Tobey Maguire (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) 2000s Devon Sawa (2000) Haley Joel Osment (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Emmy Rossum (2004) Dakota Fanning (2005) Ivana Baquero (2006) Freddie Highmore (2007) Jaden Smith (2008) Saoirse Ronan (2009) 2010s Chloë Grace Moretz (2010) Joel Courtney (2011) Suraj Sharma (2012) Chloë Grace Moretz (2013) Mackenzie Foy (2014) Ty Simpkins (2015) Tom Holland (2016) Tom Holland (2017) Tom Holland (2018/19) Kyliegh Curran (2019/20) 2020s Finn Wolfhard (2021/22) Xolo Maridueña (2022/23) Jenna Ortega (2023/24) v t e Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979–2000 Dennis Christopher (1979) Justin Henry (1980) Ricky Schroder (1981) Henry Thomas (1982) C. Thomas Howell (1983) Anthony Michael Hall (1984) Sean Astin (1985) Peter Billingsley (1986) River Phoenix / Fred Savage / Patrick Dempsey / Corey Feldman (1987) Christian Bale / Corey Feldman / Corey Haim / Lukas Haas (1988) Sean Astin (1989) Macaulay Culkin (1990) Ethan Randall (1991) Elijah Wood (1992) Edward Furlong / Jason James Richter / Mason Gamble (1993) Brad Renfro (1994) Wil Horneff (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Blake Heron / Kevin Zegers (1997) Miko Hughes (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Rob Brown (2000) 2001–2019 Anton Yelchin (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Jamie Bell (2004) Josh Hutcherson (2005) Logan Lerman (2006) Josh Hutcherson (2007) Nate Hartley (2008) Max Records (2009) Jaden Smith (2010) Dakota Goyo (2011) Tom Holland (2012) Miles Elliot (2013) Reese Hartwig (2014) Jared Breeze / Steele Stebbins / Michael Grant (2015) Julian Feder (2016) Jacob Tremblay (2017) Christopher Convery (2018) Christian Convery (2019) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Rising Star Award v t e 2000s James McAvoy (2005) Eva Green (2006) Shia LaBeouf (2007) Noel Clarke (2008) Kristen Stewart (2009) James McAvoy (2005) Eva Green (2006) Shia LaBeouf (2007) Noel Clarke (2008) Kristen Stewart (2009) 2010s Tom Hardy (2010) Adam Deacon (2011) Juno Temple (2012) Will Poulter (2013) Jack O'Connell (2014) John Boyega (2015) Tom Holland (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) Letitia Wright (2018) Micheal Ward (2019) Tom Hardy (2010) Adam Deacon (2011) Juno Temple (2012) Will Poulter (2013) Jack O'Connell (2014) John Boyega (2015) Tom Holland (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) Letitia Wright (2018) Micheal Ward (2019) 2020s Bukky Bakray (2020) Lashana Lynch (2021) Emma Mackey (2022) Mia McKenna-Bruce (2023) David Jonsson (2024) Bukky Bakray (2020) Lashana Lynch (2021) Emma Mackey (2022) Mia McKenna-Bruce (2023) David Jonsson (2024) v t e Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer v t e Tom Hiddleston (2012) Tom Holland (2013) Aidan Turner (2014) Taron Egerton (2015) John Boyega (2016) Dave Johns (2017) Josh O'Connor (2018) Tom Hiddleston (2012) Tom Holland (2013) Aidan Turner (2014) Taron Egerton (2015) John Boyega (2016) Dave Johns (2017) Josh O'Connor (2018) v t e Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor v t e Eddie Murphy (1988) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1989, 1991–1992) Michael J. Fox (1990) Robin Williams (1994) Jim Carrey (1995–1997, 2001, 2004) Will Smith (1998, 2006, 2009) Adam Sandler (1999–2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2014) Chris Tucker (2002) Johnny Depp (2008, 2011, 2013) Taylor Lautner (2010) Ben Stiller (2015) Will Ferrell (2016) Chris Hemsworth (2017) Dwayne Johnson (2018, 2020, 2023) Noah Centineo (2019) Robert Downey Jr. (2021) Tom Holland (2022) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Jack Black (2025) Eddie Murphy (1988) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1989, 1991–1992) Michael J. Fox (1990) Robin Williams (1994) Jim Carrey (1995–1997, 2001, 2004) Will Smith (1998, 2006, 2009) Adam Sandler (1999–2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2014) Chris Tucker (2002) Johnny Depp (2008, 2011, 2013) Taylor Lautner (2010) Ben Stiller (2015) Will Ferrell (2016) Chris Hemsworth (2017) Dwayne Johnson (2018, 2020, 2023) Noah Centineo (2019) Robert Downey Jr. (2021) Tom Holland (2022) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Jack Black (2025) v t e MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Performance in a Movie v t e Best Male Performance (1992–2005, 2008–2016) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1992) Denzel Washington (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Brad Pitt (1995) Jim Carrey (1996) Tom Cruise (1997) Leonardo DiCaprio (1998) Jim Carrey (1999) Keanu Reeves (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Will Smith (2002) Eminem (2003) Johnny Depp (2004) Leonardo DiCaprio (2005) Will Smith (2008) Zac Efron (2009) Robert Pattinson (2010) Robert Pattinson (2011) Josh Hutcherson (2012) Bradley Cooper (2013) Josh Hutcherson (2014) Bradley Cooper (2015) Leonardo DiCaprio (2016) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1992) Denzel Washington (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Brad Pitt (1995) Jim Carrey (1996) Tom Cruise (1997) Leonardo DiCaprio (1998) Jim Carrey (1999) Keanu Reeves (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Will Smith (2002) Eminem (2003) Johnny Depp (2004) Leonardo DiCaprio (2005) Will Smith (2008) Zac Efron (2009) Robert Pattinson (2010) Robert Pattinson (2011) Josh Hutcherson (2012) Bradley Cooper (2013) Josh Hutcherson (2014) Bradley Cooper (2015) Leonardo DiCaprio (2016) Best Female Performance (1992–2005, 2008–2016) Linda Hamilton (1992) Sharon Stone (1993) Janet Jackson (1994) Sandra Bullock (1995) Alicia Silverstone (1996) Claire Danes (1997) Neve Campbell (1998) Cameron Diaz (1999) Sarah Michelle Gellar (2000) Julia Roberts (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Kirsten Dunst (2003) Uma Thurman (2004) Lindsay Lohan (2005) Elliot Page (2008) Kristen Stewart (2009) Kristen Stewart (2010) Kristen Stewart (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Jennifer Lawrence (2014) Shailene Woodley (2015) Charlize Theron (2016) Linda Hamilton (1992) Sharon Stone (1993) Janet Jackson (1994) Sandra Bullock (1995) Alicia Silverstone (1996) Claire Danes (1997) Neve Campbell (1998) Cameron Diaz (1999) Sarah Michelle Gellar (2000) Julia Roberts (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Kirsten Dunst (2003) Uma Thurman (2004) Lindsay Lohan (2005) Elliot Page (2008) Kristen Stewart (2009) Kristen Stewart (2010) Kristen Stewart (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Jennifer Lawrence (2014) Shailene Woodley (2015) Charlize Theron (2016) Best Performance (2006–2007, 2017–present) Jake Gyllenhaal (2006) Johnny Depp (2007) Emma Watson (2017) Chadwick Boseman (2018) Lady Gaga (2019) No Award (2020) Chadwick Boseman (2021) Tom Holland (2022) Tom Cruise (2023) Jake Gyllenhaal (2006) Johnny Depp (2007) Emma Watson (2017) Chadwick Boseman (2018) Lady Gaga (2019) No Award (2020) Chadwick Boseman (2021) Tom Holland (2022) Tom Cruise (2023) v t e National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance v t e Alicia Silverstone (1995) Renée Zellweger (1996) Bai Ling (1997) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie (1998) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley (1999) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez (2000) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke (2002) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti (2003) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace (2004) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard (2005) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling (2006) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch (2007) Viola Davis / Dev Patel (2008) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner (2009) Jennifer Lawrence (2010) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones (2011) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland (2012) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan (2013) Jack O'Connell (2014) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay (2015) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Thomasin McKenzie (2018) Paul Walter Hauser (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim / Cooper Hoffman (2021) Danielle Deadwyler / Gabriel LaBelle (2022) Teyana Taylor (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Chase Infiniti (2025) Alicia Silverstone (1995) Renée Zellweger (1996) Bai Ling (1997) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie (1998) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley (1999) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez (2000) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke (2002) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti (2003) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace (2004) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard (2005) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling (2006) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch (2007) Viola Davis / Dev Patel (2008) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner (2009) Jennifer Lawrence (2010) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones (2011) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland (2012) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan (2013) Jack O'Connell (2014) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay (2015) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Thomasin McKenzie (2018) Paul Walter Hauser (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim / Cooper Hoffman (2021) Danielle Deadwyler / Gabriel LaBelle (2022) Teyana Taylor (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Chase Infiniti (2025) v t e Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor v t e 1980s Noah Hathaway (1984) Barret Oliver (1985) Carrie Henn (1986) Kirk Cameron (1987) Fred Savage (1988) Adán Jodorowsky (1989/90) Noah Hathaway (1984) Barret Oliver (1985) Carrie Henn (1986) Kirk Cameron (1987) Fred Savage (1988) Adán Jodorowsky (1989/90) 1990s Edward Furlong (1991) Scott Weinger (1992) Elijah Wood (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Christina Ricci (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Jena Malone (1997) Tobey Maguire (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Edward Furlong (1991) Scott Weinger (1992) Elijah Wood (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Christina Ricci (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Jena Malone (1997) Tobey Maguire (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) 2000s Devon Sawa (2000) Haley Joel Osment (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Emmy Rossum (2004) Dakota Fanning (2005) Ivana Baquero (2006) Freddie Highmore (2007) Jaden Smith (2008) Saoirse Ronan (2009) Devon Sawa (2000) Haley Joel Osment (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Emmy Rossum (2004) Dakota Fanning (2005) Ivana Baquero (2006) Freddie Highmore (2007) Jaden Smith (2008) Saoirse Ronan (2009) 2010s Chloë Grace Moretz (2010) Joel Courtney (2011) Suraj Sharma (2012) Chloë Grace Moretz (2013) Mackenzie Foy (2014) Ty Simpkins (2015) Tom Holland (2016) Tom Holland (2017) Tom Holland (2018/19) Kyliegh Curran (2019/20) Chloë Grace Moretz (2010) Joel Courtney (2011) Suraj Sharma (2012) Chloë Grace Moretz (2013) Mackenzie Foy (2014) Ty Simpkins (2015) Tom Holland (2016) Tom Holland (2017) Tom Holland (2018/19) Kyliegh Curran (2019/20) 2020s Finn Wolfhard (2021/22) Xolo Maridueña (2022/23) Jenna Ortega (2023/24) Finn Wolfhard (2021/22) Xolo Maridueña (2022/23) Jenna Ortega (2023/24) v t e Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film v t e 1979–2000 Dennis Christopher (1979) Justin Henry (1980) Ricky Schroder (1981) Henry Thomas (1982) C. Thomas Howell (1983) Anthony Michael Hall (1984) Sean Astin (1985) Peter Billingsley (1986) River Phoenix / Fred Savage / Patrick Dempsey / Corey Feldman (1987) Christian Bale / Corey Feldman / Corey Haim / Lukas Haas (1988) Sean Astin (1989) Macaulay Culkin (1990) Ethan Randall (1991) Elijah Wood (1992) Edward Furlong / Jason James Richter / Mason Gamble (1993) Brad Renfro (1994) Wil Horneff (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Blake Heron / Kevin Zegers (1997) Miko Hughes (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Rob Brown (2000) Dennis Christopher (1979) Justin Henry (1980) Ricky Schroder (1981) Henry Thomas (1982) C. Thomas Howell (1983) Anthony Michael Hall (1984) Sean Astin (1985) Peter Billingsley (1986) River Phoenix / Fred Savage / Patrick Dempsey / Corey Feldman (1987) Christian Bale / Corey Feldman / Corey Haim / Lukas Haas (1988) Sean Astin (1989) Macaulay Culkin (1990) Ethan Randall (1991) Elijah Wood (1992) Edward Furlong / Jason James Richter / Mason Gamble (1993) Brad Renfro (1994) Wil Horneff (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Blake Heron / Kevin Zegers (1997) Miko Hughes (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Rob Brown (2000) 2001–2019 Anton Yelchin (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Jamie Bell (2004) Josh Hutcherson (2005) Logan Lerman (2006) Josh Hutcherson (2007) Nate Hartley (2008) Max Records (2009) Jaden Smith (2010) Dakota Goyo (2011) Tom Holland (2012) Miles Elliot (2013) Reese Hartwig (2014) Jared Breeze / Steele Stebbins / Michael Grant (2015) Julian Feder (2016) Jacob Tremblay (2017) Christopher Convery (2018) Christian Convery (2019) Anton Yelchin (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Jamie Bell (2004) Josh Hutcherson (2005) Logan Lerman (2006) Josh Hutcherson (2007) Nate Hartley (2008) Max Records (2009) Jaden Smith (2010) Dakota Goyo (2011) Tom Holland (2012) Miles Elliot (2013) Reese Hartwig (2014) Jared Breeze / Steele Stebbins / Michael Grant (2015) Julian Feder (2016) Jacob Tremblay (2017) Christopher Convery (2018) Christian Convery (2019) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Russia Spain Netherlands Norway Korea Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Russia Spain Netherlands Norway Korea Poland Israel Catalonia People Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei DDB Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei DDB Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Biography England London United Kingdom Film 1996 births 21st-century English male actors People educated at the BRIT School Actors from the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Actors with dyslexia BAFTA Rising Star Award winners English actors with disabilities English male child actors English male film actors English male musical theatre actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors English people of Irish descent English people of Manx descent Living people Male actors from London People educated at Wimbledon College People from Kingston upon Thames Oceanside International Film Festival award winners People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use British English from July 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from June 2025 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 23 December 2025, at 08:48 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holland
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 5,147 results for author: Wu, Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10484 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT A Construction Framework of Coded Caching Scheme for Multi-Access MIMO Systems via Knapsack Problem Authors: Siying Luo , Youlong Wu , Mingming Zhang , Minquan Cheng , Dianhua Wu Abstract : This paper investigates the coded caching problem in a multi-access multiple-input single-output (MAMISO) network with the combinatorial topology. The considered system consists of a server containing $N$ files, $Λ$ cache nodes, and $K$ cache-less users, where each user can access a unique subset of $r$ cache nodes. The server is equipped with $L$ transmit antennas. Our objective is to design a ca… ▽ More This paper investigates the coded caching problem in a multi-access multiple-input single-output (MAMISO) network with the combinatorial topology. The considered system consists of a server containing $N$ files, $Λ$ cache nodes, and $K$ cache-less users, where each user can access a unique subset of $r$ cache nodes. The server is equipped with $L$ transmit antennas. Our objective is to design a caching scheme that simultaneously achieves a high sum Degree of Freedom (sum-DoF) and low subpacketization complexity. To address this challenge, we formulate the design of multi-antenna placement delivery arrays (MAPDA) as a $0$--$1$ knapsack problem to maximize the achievable DoF, thereby transforming the complex combinatorial caching structure into a tractable optimization framework that yields efficient cache placement and flexible delivery strategies. Theoretical and numerical analyses demonstrate that: for networks with combinatorial topologies, the proposed scheme achieves a higher sum-DoF than existing schemes. Under identical cache size constraints, the subpacketization level remains comparable to existing linear subpacketization schemes. Moreover, under specific system conditions, the proposed scheme attains the theoretical maximum sum-DoF of $\min\{L+KM/N, K\}$ while achieving further reductions subpacketization. For particular combinatorial structures, we further derive optimized constructions that achieve even higher sum-DoF with lower subpacketization. ``` △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10484 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Construction Framework of Coded Caching Scheme for Multi-Access MIMO Systems via Knapsack Problem Authors: Siying Luo , Youlong Wu , Mingming Zhang , Minquan Cheng , Dianhua Wu Abstract : This paper investigates the coded caching problem in a multi-access multiple-input single-output (MAMISO) network with the combinatorial topology. The considered system consists of a server containing $N$ files, $Λ$ cache nodes, and $K$ cache-less users, where each user can access a unique subset of $r$ cache nodes. The server is equipped with $L$ transmit antennas. Our objective is to design a ca… ▽ More This paper investigates the coded caching problem in a multi-access multiple-input single-output (MAMISO) network with the combinatorial topology. The considered system consists of a server containing $N$ files, $Λ$ cache nodes, and $K$ cache-less users, where each user can access a unique subset of $r$ cache nodes. The server is equipped with $L$ transmit antennas. Our objective is to design a caching scheme that simultaneously achieves a high sum Degree of Freedom (sum-DoF) and low subpacketization complexity. To address this challenge, we formulate the design of multi-antenna placement delivery arrays (MAPDA) as a $0$--$1$ knapsack problem to maximize the achievable DoF, thereby transforming the complex combinatorial caching structure into a tractable optimization framework that yields efficient cache placement and flexible delivery strategies. Theoretical and numerical analyses demonstrate that: for networks with combinatorial topologies, the proposed scheme achieves a higher sum-DoF than existing schemes. Under identical cache size constraints, the subpacketization level remains comparable to existing linear subpacketization schemes. Moreover, under specific system conditions, the proposed scheme attains the theoretical maximum sum-DoF of $\min\{L+KM/N, K\}$ while achieving further reductions subpacketization. For particular combinatorial structures, we further derive optimized constructions that achieve even higher sum-DoF with lower subpacketization. ``` △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10470 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Joint Source-Channel Coding for ISAC: Distortion Tradeoffs and Separation Theorems Authors: Gefei Peng , Youlong Wu Abstract : Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems have garnered significant attention due to their capability to simultaneously achieve efficient communication and environmental sensing. A core objective in this field is characterizing the performance tradeoff between sensing and communication. In this paper, we consider a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) framework for the ISAC system that con… ▽ More Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems have garnered significant attention due to their capability to simultaneously achieve efficient communication and environmental sensing. A core objective in this field is characterizing the performance tradeoff between sensing and communication. In this paper, we consider a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) framework for the ISAC system that consists of a transmitter with a channel state estimator and a joint source-channel encoder, a state-dependent memoryless channel, and a receiver with a joint source-channel decoder. From an information-theoretic perspective, we establish the tradeoff relationships among channel capacity, distortions in both communication and sensing processes, and the estimation cost. We prove that the separate source and channel coding can achieve joint optimality in this setting. An illustrative example of a binary setting is also provided to validate our theoretical results. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10470 [ pdf , ps , other ] Joint Source-Channel Coding for ISAC: Distortion Tradeoffs and Separation Theorems Authors: Gefei Peng , Youlong Wu Abstract : Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems have garnered significant attention due to their capability to simultaneously achieve efficient communication and environmental sensing. A core objective in this field is characterizing the performance tradeoff between sensing and communication. In this paper, we consider a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) framework for the ISAC system that con… ▽ More Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems have garnered significant attention due to their capability to simultaneously achieve efficient communication and environmental sensing. A core objective in this field is characterizing the performance tradeoff between sensing and communication. In this paper, we consider a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) framework for the ISAC system that consists of a transmitter with a channel state estimator and a joint source-channel encoder, a state-dependent memoryless channel, and a receiver with a joint source-channel decoder. From an information-theoretic perspective, we establish the tradeoff relationships among channel capacity, distortions in both communication and sensing processes, and the estimation cost. We prove that the separate source and channel coding can achieve joint optimality in this setting. An illustrative example of a binary setting is also provided to validate our theoretical results. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10318 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Boundary-Aware NL2SQL: Integrating Reliability through Hybrid Reward and Data Synthesis Authors: Songsong Tian , Kongsheng Zhuo , Zhendong Wang , Rong Shen , Shengtao Zhang , Yong Wu Abstract : In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema lim… ▽ More In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema limitations. To ensure interpretability, we employ Knowledge-Grounded Reasoning Synthesis, which produces Chain-of-Thought traces explicitly anchored in schema metadata and business rules. The model is trained through a two-stage process: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning via Group Relative Policy Optimization. We design a Task-Conditioned Hybrid Reward mechanism that simultaneously optimizes SQL execution accuracy-leveraging Abstract Syntax Tree analysis and dense result matching-and semantic precision in abstention responses. To evaluate reliability alongside generation accuracy, we construct and release Ent-SQL-Bench, which jointly assesse SQL precision and boundary-aware abstention across ambiguous and unanswerable queries. Experimental results on this benchmark demonstrate that BAR-SQL achieves 91.48% average accuracy, outperforming leading proprietary models, including Claude 4.5 Sonnet and GPT-5, in both SQL generation quality and boundary-aware abstention capability. The source code and benchmark are available anonymously at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10318 [ pdf , ps , other ] Boundary-Aware NL2SQL: Integrating Reliability through Hybrid Reward and Data Synthesis Authors: Songsong Tian , Kongsheng Zhuo , Zhendong Wang , Rong Shen , Shengtao Zhang , Yong Wu Abstract : In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema lim… ▽ More In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema limitations. To ensure interpretability, we employ Knowledge-Grounded Reasoning Synthesis, which produces Chain-of-Thought traces explicitly anchored in schema metadata and business rules. The model is trained through a two-stage process: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning via Group Relative Policy Optimization. We design a Task-Conditioned Hybrid Reward mechanism that simultaneously optimizes SQL execution accuracy-leveraging Abstract Syntax Tree analysis and dense result matching-and semantic precision in abstention responses. To evaluate reliability alongside generation accuracy, we construct and release Ent-SQL-Bench, which jointly assesse SQL precision and boundary-aware abstention across ambiguous and unanswerable queries. Experimental results on this benchmark demonstrate that BAR-SQL achieves 91.48% average accuracy, outperforming leading proprietary models, including Claude 4.5 Sonnet and GPT-5, in both SQL generation quality and boundary-aware abstention capability. The source code and benchmark are available anonymously at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10305 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI DanQing: An Up-to-Date Large-Scale Chinese Vision-Language Pre-training Dataset Authors: Hengyu Shen , Tiancheng Gu , Bin Qin , Lan Wu , Yuling Wu , Shuo Tan , Zelong Sun , Jun Wang , Nan Wu , Xiang An , Weidong Cai , Ziyong Feng , Kaicheng Yang Abstract : Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. H… ▽ More Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. However, the advancement of Chinese vision-language pretraining has substantially lagged behind, due to the scarcity of high-quality Chinese image-text data. To address this gap, we develop a comprehensive pipeline for constructing a high-quality Chinese cross-modal dataset. As a result, we propose DanQing, which contains 100 million image-text pairs collected from Common Crawl. Different from existing datasets, DanQing is curated through a more rigorous selection process, yielding superior data quality. Moreover, DanQing is primarily built from 2024-2025 web data, enabling models to better capture evolving semantic trends and thus offering greater practical utility. We compare DanQing with existing datasets by continual pre-training of the SigLIP2 model. Experimental results show that DanQing consistently achieves superior performance across a range of Chinese downstream tasks, including zero-shot classification, cross-modal retrieval, and LMM-based evaluations. To facilitate further research in Chinese vision-language pre-training, we will open-source the DanQing dataset under the Creative Common CC-BY 4.0 license. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.10305 [ pdf , ps , other ] DanQing: An Up-to-Date Large-Scale Chinese Vision-Language Pre-training Dataset Authors: Hengyu Shen , Tiancheng Gu , Bin Qin , Lan Wu , Yuling Wu , Shuo Tan , Zelong Sun , Jun Wang , Nan Wu , Xiang An , Weidong Cai , Ziyong Feng , Kaicheng Yang Abstract : Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. H… ▽ More Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. However, the advancement of Chinese vision-language pretraining has substantially lagged behind, due to the scarcity of high-quality Chinese image-text data. To address this gap, we develop a comprehensive pipeline for constructing a high-quality Chinese cross-modal dataset. As a result, we propose DanQing, which contains 100 million image-text pairs collected from Common Crawl. Different from existing datasets, DanQing is curated through a more rigorous selection process, yielding superior data quality. Moreover, DanQing is primarily built from 2024-2025 web data, enabling models to better capture evolving semantic trends and thus offering greater practical utility. We compare DanQing with existing datasets by continual pre-training of the SigLIP2 model. Experimental results show that DanQing consistently achieves superior performance across a range of Chinese downstream tasks, including zero-shot classification, cross-modal retrieval, and LMM-based evaluations. To facilitate further research in Chinese vision-language pre-training, we will open-source the DanQing dataset under the Creative Common CC-BY 4.0 license. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.09665 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV SCE-SLAM: Scale-Consistent Monocular SLAM via Scene Coordinate Embeddings Authors: Yuchen Wu , Jiahe Li , Xiaohan Yu , Lina Yu , Jin Zheng , Xiao Bai Abstract : Monocular visual SLAM enables 3D reconstruction from internet video and autonomous navigation on resource-constrained platforms, yet suffers from scale drift, i.e., the gradual divergence of estimated scale over long sequences. Existing frame-to-frame methods achieve real-time performance through local optimization but accumulate scale drift due to the lack of global constraints among independent… ▽ More Monocular visual SLAM enables 3D reconstruction from internet video and autonomous navigation on resource-constrained platforms, yet suffers from scale drift, i.e., the gradual divergence of estimated scale over long sequences. Existing frame-to-frame methods achieve real-time performance through local optimization but accumulate scale drift due to the lack of global constraints among independent windows. To address this, we propose SCE-SLAM, an end-to-end SLAM system that maintains scale consistency through scene coordinate embeddings, which are learned patch-level representations encoding 3D geometric relationships under a canonical scale reference. The framework consists of two key modules: geometry-guided aggregation that leverages 3D spatial proximity to propagate scale information from historical observations through geometry-modulated attention, and scene coordinate bundle adjustment that anchors current estimates to the reference scale through explicit 3D coordinate constraints decoded from the scene coordinate embeddings. Experiments on KITTI, Waymo, and vKITTI demonstrate substantial improvements: our method reduces absolute trajectory error by 8.36m on KITTI compared to the best prior approach, while maintaining 36 FPS and achieving scale consistency across large-scale scenes. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09665 [ pdf , ps , other ] SCE-SLAM: Scale-Consistent Monocular SLAM via Scene Coordinate Embeddings Authors: Yuchen Wu , Jiahe Li , Xiaohan Yu , Lina Yu , Jin Zheng , Xiao Bai Abstract : Monocular visual SLAM enables 3D reconstruction from internet video and autonomous navigation on resource-constrained platforms, yet suffers from scale drift, i.e., the gradual divergence of estimated scale over long sequences. Existing frame-to-frame methods achieve real-time performance through local optimization but accumulate scale drift due to the lack of global constraints among independent… ▽ More Monocular visual SLAM enables 3D reconstruction from internet video and autonomous navigation on resource-constrained platforms, yet suffers from scale drift, i.e., the gradual divergence of estimated scale over long sequences. Existing frame-to-frame methods achieve real-time performance through local optimization but accumulate scale drift due to the lack of global constraints among independent windows. To address this, we propose SCE-SLAM, an end-to-end SLAM system that maintains scale consistency through scene coordinate embeddings, which are learned patch-level representations encoding 3D geometric relationships under a canonical scale reference. The framework consists of two key modules: geometry-guided aggregation that leverages 3D spatial proximity to propagate scale information from historical observations through geometry-modulated attention, and scene coordinate bundle adjustment that anchors current estimates to the reference scale through explicit 3D coordinate constraints decoded from the scene coordinate embeddings. Experiments on KITTI, Waymo, and vKITTI demonstrate substantial improvements: our method reduces absolute trajectory error by 8.36m on KITTI compared to the best prior approach, while maintaining 36 FPS and achieving scale consistency across large-scale scenes. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09613 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI CogRail: Benchmarking VLMs in Cognitive Intrusion Perception for Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems Authors: Yonglin Tian , Qiyao Zhang , Wei Xu , Yutong Wang , Yihao Wu , Xinyi Li , Xingyuan Dai , Hui Zhang , Zhiyong Cui , Baoqing Guo , Zujun Yu , Yisheng Lv Abstract : Accurate and early perception of potential intrusion targets is essential for ensuring the safety of railway transportation systems. However, most existing systems focus narrowly on object classification within fixed visual scopes and apply rule-based heuristics to determine intrusion status, often overlooking targets that pose latent intrusion risks. Anticipating such risks requires the cognition… ▽ More Accurate and early perception of potential intrusion targets is essential for ensuring the safety of railway transportation systems. However, most existing systems focus narrowly on object classification within fixed visual scopes and apply rule-based heuristics to determine intrusion status, often overlooking targets that pose latent intrusion risks. Anticipating such risks requires the cognition of spatial context and temporal dynamics for the object of interest (OOI), which presents challenges for conventional visual models. To facilitate deep intrusion perception, we introduce a novel benchmark, CogRail, which integrates curated open-source datasets with cognitively driven question-answer annotations to support spatio-temporal reasoning and prediction. Building upon this benchmark, we conduct a systematic evaluation of state-of-the-art visual-language models (VLMs) using multimodal prompts to identify their strengths and limitations in this domain. Furthermore, we fine-tune VLMs for better performance and propose a joint fine-tuning framework that integrates three core tasks, position perception, movement prediction, and threat analysis, facilitating effective adaptation of general-purpose foundation models into specialized models tailored for cognitive intrusion perception. Extensive experiments reveal that current large-scale multimodal models struggle with the complex spatial-temporal reasoning required by the cognitive intrusion perception task, underscoring the limitations of existing foundation models in this safety-critical domain. In contrast, our proposed joint fine-tuning framework significantly enhances model performance by enabling targeted adaptation to domain-specific reasoning demands, highlighting the advantages of structured multi-task learning in improving both accuracy and interpretability. Code will be available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09613 [ pdf , ps , other ] CogRail: Benchmarking VLMs in Cognitive Intrusion Perception for Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems Authors: Yonglin Tian , Qiyao Zhang , Wei Xu , Yutong Wang , Yihao Wu , Xinyi Li , Xingyuan Dai , Hui Zhang , Zhiyong Cui , Baoqing Guo , Zujun Yu , Yisheng Lv Abstract : Accurate and early perception of potential intrusion targets is essential for ensuring the safety of railway transportation systems. However, most existing systems focus narrowly on object classification within fixed visual scopes and apply rule-based heuristics to determine intrusion status, often overlooking targets that pose latent intrusion risks. Anticipating such risks requires the cognition… ▽ More Accurate and early perception of potential intrusion targets is essential for ensuring the safety of railway transportation systems. However, most existing systems focus narrowly on object classification within fixed visual scopes and apply rule-based heuristics to determine intrusion status, often overlooking targets that pose latent intrusion risks. Anticipating such risks requires the cognition of spatial context and temporal dynamics for the object of interest (OOI), which presents challenges for conventional visual models. To facilitate deep intrusion perception, we introduce a novel benchmark, CogRail, which integrates curated open-source datasets with cognitively driven question-answer annotations to support spatio-temporal reasoning and prediction. Building upon this benchmark, we conduct a systematic evaluation of state-of-the-art visual-language models (VLMs) using multimodal prompts to identify their strengths and limitations in this domain. Furthermore, we fine-tune VLMs for better performance and propose a joint fine-tuning framework that integrates three core tasks, position perception, movement prediction, and threat analysis, facilitating effective adaptation of general-purpose foundation models into specialized models tailored for cognitive intrusion perception. Extensive experiments reveal that current large-scale multimodal models struggle with the complex spatial-temporal reasoning required by the cognitive intrusion perception task, underscoring the limitations of existing foundation models in this safety-critical domain. In contrast, our proposed joint fine-tuning framework significantly enhances model performance by enabling targeted adaptation to domain-specific reasoning demands, highlighting the advantages of structured multi-task learning in improving both accuracy and interpretability. Code will be available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09088 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL Distribution-Aligned Sequence Distillation for Superior Long-CoT Reasoning Authors: Shaotian Yan , Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Bing Wang , Sinan Fan , Jun Zhang , Yue Wu , Zheng Wang , Jieping Ye Abstract : In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in… ▽ More In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in the community: SFT on teacher-generated responses, also known as sequence-level distillation. Although a series of recent works following this scheme have demonstrated remarkable efficiency and strong empirical performance, they are primarily grounded in the SFT perspective. Consequently, these approaches focus predominantly on designing heuristic rules for SFT data filtering, while largely overlooking the core principle of distillation itself -- enabling the student model to learn the teacher's full output distribution so as to inherit its generalization capability. Specifically, we identify three critical limitations in current practice: i) Inadequate representation of the teacher's sequence-level distribution; ii) Misalignment between the teacher's output distribution and the student's learning capacity; and iii) Exposure bias arising from teacher-forced training versus autoregressive inference. In summary, these shortcomings reflect a systemic absence of explicit teacher-student interaction throughout the distillation process, leaving the essence of distillation underexploited. To address these issues, we propose several methodological innovations that collectively form an enhanced sequence-level distillation training pipeline. Remarkably, DASD-4B-Thinking obtains competitive results using only 448K training samples -- an order of magnitude fewer than those employed by most existing open-source efforts. To support community research, we publicly release our models and the training dataset. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.09088 [ pdf , ps , other ] Distribution-Aligned Sequence Distillation for Superior Long-CoT Reasoning Authors: Shaotian Yan , Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Bing Wang , Sinan Fan , Jun Zhang , Yue Wu , Zheng Wang , Jieping Ye Abstract : In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in… ▽ More In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in the community: SFT on teacher-generated responses, also known as sequence-level distillation. Although a series of recent works following this scheme have demonstrated remarkable efficiency and strong empirical performance, they are primarily grounded in the SFT perspective. Consequently, these approaches focus predominantly on designing heuristic rules for SFT data filtering, while largely overlooking the core principle of distillation itself -- enabling the student model to learn the teacher's full output distribution so as to inherit its generalization capability. Specifically, we identify three critical limitations in current practice: i) Inadequate representation of the teacher's sequence-level distribution; ii) Misalignment between the teacher's output distribution and the student's learning capacity; and iii) Exposure bias arising from teacher-forced training versus autoregressive inference. In summary, these shortcomings reflect a systemic absence of explicit teacher-student interaction throughout the distillation process, leaving the essence of distillation underexploited. To address these issues, we propose several methodological innovations that collectively form an enhanced sequence-level distillation training pipeline. Remarkably, DASD-4B-Thinking obtains competitive results using only 448K training samples -- an order of magnitude fewer than those employed by most existing open-source efforts. To support community research, we publicly release our models and the training dataset. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.08310 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI ORBIT: On-policy Exploration-Exploitation for Controllable Multi-Budget Reasoning Authors: Kun Liang , Clive Bai , Xin Xu , Chenming Tang , Sanwoo Lee , Weijie Liu , Saiyong Yang , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve strong performance by leveraging long-form Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but uniformly applying overlong reasoning at inference time incurs substantial and often unnecessary computational cost. To address this, prior work explores various strategies to infer an appropriate reasoning budget from the input. However, such approaches are unreliable in t… ▽ More Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve strong performance by leveraging long-form Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but uniformly applying overlong reasoning at inference time incurs substantial and often unnecessary computational cost. To address this, prior work explores various strategies to infer an appropriate reasoning budget from the input. However, such approaches are unreliable in the worst case, as estimating the minimal required reasoning effort is fundamentally difficult, and they implicitly fix the trade-off between reasoning cost and accuracy during training, limiting flexibility under varying deployment scenarios. Motivated by these limitations, we propose ORBIT, a controllable multi-budget reasoning framework with well-separated reasoning modes triggered by input. ORBIT employs multi-stage reinforcement learning to discover Pareto-optimal reasoning behaviors at each effort, followed by on-policy distillation to fuse these behaviors into a single unified model. Experiments show that ORBIT achieves (1) controllable reasoning behavior over multiple modes, (2) competitive reasoning density within each mode, and (3) integration of these frontier policies into a single unified student model while preserving clear mode separation and high per-mode performance. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Preprint arXiv:2601.08310 [ pdf , ps , other ] ORBIT: On-policy Exploration-Exploitation for Controllable Multi-Budget Reasoning Authors: Kun Liang , Clive Bai , Xin Xu , Chenming Tang , Sanwoo Lee , Weijie Liu , Saiyong Yang , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve strong performance by leveraging long-form Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but uniformly applying overlong reasoning at inference time incurs substantial and often unnecessary computational cost. To address this, prior work explores various strategies to infer an appropriate reasoning budget from the input. However, such approaches are unreliable in t… ▽ More Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve strong performance by leveraging long-form Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but uniformly applying overlong reasoning at inference time incurs substantial and often unnecessary computational cost. To address this, prior work explores various strategies to infer an appropriate reasoning budget from the input. However, such approaches are unreliable in the worst case, as estimating the minimal required reasoning effort is fundamentally difficult, and they implicitly fix the trade-off between reasoning cost and accuracy during training, limiting flexibility under varying deployment scenarios. Motivated by these limitations, we propose ORBIT, a controllable multi-budget reasoning framework with well-separated reasoning modes triggered by input. ORBIT employs multi-stage reinforcement learning to discover Pareto-optimal reasoning behaviors at each effort, followed by on-policy distillation to fuse these behaviors into a single unified model. Experiments show that ORBIT achieves (1) controllable reasoning behavior over multiple modes, (2) competitive reasoning density within each mode, and (3) integration of these frontier policies into a single unified student model while preserving clear mode separation and high per-mode performance. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Preprint arXiv:2601.08288 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI OpenMic: A Multi-Agent-Based Stand-Up Comedy Generation System Authors: Yuyang Wu , Hanzhong Cao , Jianhao Chen , Yufei Li Abstract : Chinese stand-up comedy generation goes beyond plain text generation, requiring culturally grounded humor, precise timing, stage-performance cues, and implicit multi-step reasoning. Moreover, commonly used Chinese humor datasets are often better suited for humor understanding and evaluation than for long-form stand-up generation, making direct supervision misaligned with the target task. To addres… ▽ More Chinese stand-up comedy generation goes beyond plain text generation, requiring culturally grounded humor, precise timing, stage-performance cues, and implicit multi-step reasoning. Moreover, commonly used Chinese humor datasets are often better suited for humor understanding and evaluation than for long-form stand-up generation, making direct supervision misaligned with the target task. To address these challenges, we present OpenMic, an end-to-end multi-agent system built on AutoGen that transforms a user-provided life topic into a 3-5 minute Chinese stand-up performance and further produces a narrated comedy video. OpenMic orchestrates multiple specialized agents in a multi-round iterative loop-planning to jointly optimize humor, timing, and performability. To mitigate the dataset-task mismatch, we augment generation with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for material grounding and idea expansion, and we fine-tune a dedicated JokeWriter to better internalize stand-up-specific setup-punchline structures and long-range callbacks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08288 [ pdf , ps , other ] OpenMic: A Multi-Agent-Based Stand-Up Comedy Generation System Authors: Yuyang Wu , Hanzhong Cao , Jianhao Chen , Yufei Li Abstract : Chinese stand-up comedy generation goes beyond plain text generation, requiring culturally grounded humor, precise timing, stage-performance cues, and implicit multi-step reasoning. Moreover, commonly used Chinese humor datasets are often better suited for humor understanding and evaluation than for long-form stand-up generation, making direct supervision misaligned with the target task. To addres… ▽ More Chinese stand-up comedy generation goes beyond plain text generation, requiring culturally grounded humor, precise timing, stage-performance cues, and implicit multi-step reasoning. Moreover, commonly used Chinese humor datasets are often better suited for humor understanding and evaluation than for long-form stand-up generation, making direct supervision misaligned with the target task. To address these challenges, we present OpenMic, an end-to-end multi-agent system built on AutoGen that transforms a user-provided life topic into a 3-5 minute Chinese stand-up performance and further produces a narrated comedy video. OpenMic orchestrates multiple specialized agents in a multi-round iterative loop-planning to jointly optimize humor, timing, and performability. To mitigate the dataset-task mismatch, we augment generation with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for material grounding and idea expansion, and we fine-tune a dedicated JokeWriter to better internalize stand-up-specific setup-punchline structures and long-range callbacks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08169 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG Relational Knowledge Distillation Using Fine-tuned Function Vectors Authors: Andrea Kang , Yingnian Wu , Hongjing Lu Abstract : Representing relations between concepts is a core prerequisite for intelligent systems to make sense of the world. Recent work using causal mediation analysis has shown that a small set of attention heads encodes task representation in in-context learning, captured in a compact representation known as the function vector. We show that fine-tuning function vectors with only a small set of examples… ▽ More Representing relations between concepts is a core prerequisite for intelligent systems to make sense of the world. Recent work using causal mediation analysis has shown that a small set of attention heads encodes task representation in in-context learning, captured in a compact representation known as the function vector. We show that fine-tuning function vectors with only a small set of examples (about 20 word pairs) yields better performance on relation-based word-completion tasks than using the original vectors derived from causal mediation analysis. These improvements hold for both small and large language models. Moreover, the fine-tuned function vectors yield improved decoding performance for relation words and show stronger alignment with human similarity judgments of semantic relations. Next, we introduce the composite function vector - a weighted combination of fine-tuned function vectors - to extract relational knowledge and support analogical reasoning. At inference time, inserting this composite vector into LLM activations markedly enhances performance on challenging analogy problems drawn from cognitive science and SAT benchmarks. Our results highlight the potential of activation patching as a controllable mechanism for encoding and manipulating relational knowledge, advancing both the interpretability and reasoning capabilities of large language models. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08169 [ pdf , ps , other ] Relational Knowledge Distillation Using Fine-tuned Function Vectors Authors: Andrea Kang , Yingnian Wu , Hongjing Lu Abstract : Representing relations between concepts is a core prerequisite for intelligent systems to make sense of the world. Recent work using causal mediation analysis has shown that a small set of attention heads encodes task representation in in-context learning, captured in a compact representation known as the function vector. We show that fine-tuning function vectors with only a small set of examples… ▽ More Representing relations between concepts is a core prerequisite for intelligent systems to make sense of the world. Recent work using causal mediation analysis has shown that a small set of attention heads encodes task representation in in-context learning, captured in a compact representation known as the function vector. We show that fine-tuning function vectors with only a small set of examples (about 20 word pairs) yields better performance on relation-based word-completion tasks than using the original vectors derived from causal mediation analysis. These improvements hold for both small and large language models. Moreover, the fine-tuned function vectors yield improved decoding performance for relation words and show stronger alignment with human similarity judgments of semantic relations. Next, we introduce the composite function vector - a weighted combination of fine-tuned function vectors - to extract relational knowledge and support analogical reasoning. At inference time, inserting this composite vector into LLM activations markedly enhances performance on challenging analogy problems drawn from cognitive science and SAT benchmarks. Our results highlight the potential of activation patching as a controllable mechanism for encoding and manipulating relational knowledge, advancing both the interpretability and reasoning capabilities of large language models. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07856 [ pdf , ps , other ] quant-ph cs.AI cs.LG Feature Entanglement-based Quantum Multimodal Fusion Neural Network Authors: Yu Wu , Qianli Zhou , Jie Geng , Xinyang Deng , Wen Jiang Abstract : Multimodal learning aims to enhance perceptual and decision-making capabilities by integrating information from diverse sources. However, classical deep learning approaches face a critical trade-off between the high accuracy of black-box feature-level fusion and the interpretability of less outstanding decision-level fusion, alongside the challenges of parameter explosion and complexity. This pape… ▽ More Multimodal learning aims to enhance perceptual and decision-making capabilities by integrating information from diverse sources. However, classical deep learning approaches face a critical trade-off between the high accuracy of black-box feature-level fusion and the interpretability of less outstanding decision-level fusion, alongside the challenges of parameter explosion and complexity. This paper discusses the accuracy-interpretablity-complexity dilemma under the quantum computation framework and propose a feature entanglement-based quantum multimodal fusion neural network. The model is composed of three core components: a classical feed-forward module for unimodal processing, an interpretable quantum fusion block, and a quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) for deep feature extraction. By leveraging the strong expressive power of quantum, we have reduced the complexity of multimodal fusion and post-processing to linear, and the fusion process also possesses the interpretability of decision-level fusion. The simulation results demonstrate that our model achieves classification accuracy comparable to classical networks with dozens of times of parameters, exhibiting notable stability and performance across multimodal image datasets. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07856 [ pdf , ps , other ] Feature Entanglement-based Quantum Multimodal Fusion Neural Network Authors: Yu Wu , Qianli Zhou , Jie Geng , Xinyang Deng , Wen Jiang Abstract : Multimodal learning aims to enhance perceptual and decision-making capabilities by integrating information from diverse sources. However, classical deep learning approaches face a critical trade-off between the high accuracy of black-box feature-level fusion and the interpretability of less outstanding decision-level fusion, alongside the challenges of parameter explosion and complexity. This pape… ▽ More Multimodal learning aims to enhance perceptual and decision-making capabilities by integrating information from diverse sources. However, classical deep learning approaches face a critical trade-off between the high accuracy of black-box feature-level fusion and the interpretability of less outstanding decision-level fusion, alongside the challenges of parameter explosion and complexity. This paper discusses the accuracy-interpretablity-complexity dilemma under the quantum computation framework and propose a feature entanglement-based quantum multimodal fusion neural network. The model is composed of three core components: a classical feed-forward module for unimodal processing, an interpretable quantum fusion block, and a quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) for deep feature extraction. By leveraging the strong expressive power of quantum, we have reduced the complexity of multimodal fusion and post-processing to linear, and the fusion process also possesses the interpretability of decision-level fusion. The simulation results demonstrate that our model achieves classification accuracy comparable to classical networks with dozens of times of parameters, exhibiting notable stability and performance across multimodal image datasets. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07558 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO FlyCo: Foundation Model-Empowered Drones for Autonomous 3D Structure Scanning in Open-World Environments Authors: Chen Feng , Guiyong Zheng , Tengkai Zhuang , Yongqian Wu , Fangzhan He , Haojia Li , Juepeng Zheng , Shaojie Shen , Boyu Zhou Abstract : Autonomous 3D scanning of open-world target structures via drones remains challenging despite broad applications. Existing paradigms rely on restrictive assumptions or effortful human priors, limiting practicality, efficiency, and adaptability. Recent foundation models (FMs) offer great potential to bridge this gap. This paper investigates a critical research problem: What system architecture can… ▽ More Autonomous 3D scanning of open-world target structures via drones remains challenging despite broad applications. Existing paradigms rely on restrictive assumptions or effortful human priors, limiting practicality, efficiency, and adaptability. Recent foundation models (FMs) offer great potential to bridge this gap. This paper investigates a critical research problem: What system architecture can effectively integrate FM knowledge for this task? We answer it with FlyCo, a principled FM-empowered perception-prediction-planning loop enabling fully autonomous, prompt-driven 3D target scanning in diverse unknown open-world environments. FlyCo directly translates low-effort human prompts (text, visual annotations) into precise adaptive scanning flights via three coordinated stages: (1) perception fuses streaming sensor data with vision-language FMs for robust target grounding and tracking; (2) prediction distills FM knowledge and combines multi-modal cues to infer the partially observed target's complete geometry; (3) planning leverages predictive foresight to generate efficient and safe paths with comprehensive target coverage. Building on this, we further design key components to boost open-world target grounding efficiency and robustness, enhance prediction quality in terms of shape accuracy, zero-shot generalization, and temporal stability, and balance long-horizon flight efficiency with real-time computability and online collision avoidance. Extensive challenging real-world and simulation experiments show FlyCo delivers precise scene understanding, high efficiency, and real-time safety, outperforming existing paradigms with lower human effort and verifying the proposed architecture's practicality. Comprehensive ablations validate each component's contribution. FlyCo also serves as a flexible, extensible blueprint, readily leveraging future FM and robotics advances. Code will be released. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 34 pages, 24 figures, 9 tables. Video: arXiv:2601.07558 [ pdf , ps , other ] FlyCo: Foundation Model-Empowered Drones for Autonomous 3D Structure Scanning in Open-World Environments Authors: Chen Feng , Guiyong Zheng , Tengkai Zhuang , Yongqian Wu , Fangzhan He , Haojia Li , Juepeng Zheng , Shaojie Shen , Boyu Zhou Abstract : Autonomous 3D scanning of open-world target structures via drones remains challenging despite broad applications. Existing paradigms rely on restrictive assumptions or effortful human priors, limiting practicality, efficiency, and adaptability. Recent foundation models (FMs) offer great potential to bridge this gap. This paper investigates a critical research problem: What system architecture can… ▽ More Autonomous 3D scanning of open-world target structures via drones remains challenging despite broad applications. Existing paradigms rely on restrictive assumptions or effortful human priors, limiting practicality, efficiency, and adaptability. Recent foundation models (FMs) offer great potential to bridge this gap. This paper investigates a critical research problem: What system architecture can effectively integrate FM knowledge for this task? We answer it with FlyCo, a principled FM-empowered perception-prediction-planning loop enabling fully autonomous, prompt-driven 3D target scanning in diverse unknown open-world environments. FlyCo directly translates low-effort human prompts (text, visual annotations) into precise adaptive scanning flights via three coordinated stages: (1) perception fuses streaming sensor data with vision-language FMs for robust target grounding and tracking; (2) prediction distills FM knowledge and combines multi-modal cues to infer the partially observed target's complete geometry; (3) planning leverages predictive foresight to generate efficient and safe paths with comprehensive target coverage. Building on this, we further design key components to boost open-world target grounding efficiency and robustness, enhance prediction quality in terms of shape accuracy, zero-shot generalization, and temporal stability, and balance long-horizon flight efficiency with real-time computability and online collision avoidance. Extensive challenging real-world and simulation experiments show FlyCo delivers precise scene understanding, high efficiency, and real-time safety, outperforming existing paradigms with lower human effort and verifying the proposed architecture's practicality. Comprehensive ablations validate each component's contribution. FlyCo also serves as a flexible, extensible blueprint, readily leveraging future FM and robotics advances. Code will be released. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 34 pages, 24 figures, 9 tables. Video: arXiv:2601.07349 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback Authors: Zongqi Wang , Rui Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yiyao Yu , Pinyi Zhang , Shaoning Sun , Yujiu Yang , Yongbin Li Abstract : Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that such binary classification tasks make GRMs susceptible to guessing correct outcomes without sound critiques. Consequently, these spurious successes introduce substantial noise into the reward signal, thereby impairing the effectiveness of reinforcement learning. To address this issue, we propose Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback (RM-NLHF), which leverages natural language feedback to obtain process reward signals, thereby mitigating the problem of limited solution space inherent in binary tasks. Specifically, we compute the similarity between GRM-generated and human critiques as the training reward, which provides more accurate reward signals than outcome-only supervision. Additionally, considering that human critiques are difficult to scale up, we introduce Meta Reward Model (MetaRM) which learns to predict process reward from datasets with human critiques and then generalizes to data without human critiques. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art GRMs trained with outcome-only reward, confirming the superiority of integrating natural language over binary human feedback as supervision. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07349 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback Authors: Zongqi Wang , Rui Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yiyao Yu , Pinyi Zhang , Shaoning Sun , Yujiu Yang , Yongbin Li Abstract : Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that such binary classification tasks make GRMs susceptible to guessing correct outcomes without sound critiques. Consequently, these spurious successes introduce substantial noise into the reward signal, thereby impairing the effectiveness of reinforcement learning. To address this issue, we propose Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback (RM-NLHF), which leverages natural language feedback to obtain process reward signals, thereby mitigating the problem of limited solution space inherent in binary tasks. Specifically, we compute the similarity between GRM-generated and human critiques as the training reward, which provides more accurate reward signals than outcome-only supervision. Additionally, considering that human critiques are difficult to scale up, we introduce Meta Reward Model (MetaRM) which learns to predict process reward from datasets with human critiques and then generalizes to data without human critiques. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art GRMs trained with outcome-only reward, confirming the superiority of integrating natural language over binary human feedback as supervision. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06842 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Seeing through the Conflict: Transparent Knowledge Conflict Handling in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Hua Ye , Siyuan Chen , Ziqi Zhong , Canran Xiao , Haoliang Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Fei Shen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllabl… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllable. TCR (i) disentangles semantic match and factual consistency via dual contrastive encoders, (ii) estimates self-answerability to gauge confidence in internal memory, and (iii) feeds the three scalar signals to the generator through a lightweight soft-prompt with SNR-based weighting. Across seven benchmarks TCR improves conflict detection (+5-18 F1), raises knowledge-gap recovery by +21.4 pp and cuts misleading-context overrides by -29.3 pp, while adding only 0.3% parameters. The signals align with human judgements and expose temporal decision patterns. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables ACM Class: I.2.7; H.3.3 arXiv:2601.06842 [ pdf , ps , other ] Seeing through the Conflict: Transparent Knowledge Conflict Handling in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Hua Ye , Siyuan Chen , Ziqi Zhong , Canran Xiao , Haoliang Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Fei Shen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllabl… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or ignore vital context. We introduce TCR (Transparent Conflict Resolution), a plug-and-play framework that makes this decision process observable and controllable. TCR (i) disentangles semantic match and factual consistency via dual contrastive encoders, (ii) estimates self-answerability to gauge confidence in internal memory, and (iii) feeds the three scalar signals to the generator through a lightweight soft-prompt with SNR-based weighting. Across seven benchmarks TCR improves conflict detection (+5-18 F1), raises knowledge-gap recovery by +21.4 pp and cuts misleading-context overrides by -29.3 pp, while adding only 0.3% parameters. The signals align with human judgements and expose temporal decision patterns. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables ACM Class: I.2.7; H.3.3 arXiv:2601.06803 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.CV Forest Before Trees: Latent Superposition for Efficient Visual Reasoning Authors: Yubo Wang , Juntian Zhang , Yichen Wu , Yankai Lin , Nils Lukas , Yuhan Liu Abstract : While Chain-of-Thought empowers Large Vision-Language Models with multi-step reasoning, explicit textual rationales suffer from an information bandwidth bottleneck, where continuous visual details are discarded during discrete tokenization. Recent latent reasoning methods attempt to address this challenge, but often fall prey to premature semantic collapse due to rigid autoregressive objectives. I… ▽ More While Chain-of-Thought empowers Large Vision-Language Models with multi-step reasoning, explicit textual rationales suffer from an information bandwidth bottleneck, where continuous visual details are discarded during discrete tokenization. Recent latent reasoning methods attempt to address this challenge, but often fall prey to premature semantic collapse due to rigid autoregressive objectives. In this paper, we propose Laser, a novel paradigm that reformulates visual deduction via Dynamic Windowed Alignment Learning (DWAL). Instead of forcing a point-wise prediction, Laser aligns the latent state with a dynamic validity window of future semantics. This mechanism enforces a "Forest-before-Trees" cognitive hierarchy, enabling the model to maintain a probabilistic superposition of global features before narrowing down to local details. Crucially, Laser maintains interpretability via decodable trajectories while stabilizing unconstrained learning via Self-Refined Superposition. Extensive experiments on 6 benchmarks demonstrate that Laser achieves state-of-the-art performance among latent reasoning methods, surpassing the strong baseline Monet by 5.03% on average. Notably, it achieves these gains with extreme efficiency, reducing inference tokens by more than 97%, while demonstrating robust generalization to out-of-distribution domains. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06803 [ pdf , ps , other ] Forest Before Trees: Latent Superposition for Efficient Visual Reasoning Authors: Yubo Wang , Juntian Zhang , Yichen Wu , Yankai Lin , Nils Lukas , Yuhan Liu Abstract : While Chain-of-Thought empowers Large Vision-Language Models with multi-step reasoning, explicit textual rationales suffer from an information bandwidth bottleneck, where continuous visual details are discarded during discrete tokenization. Recent latent reasoning methods attempt to address this challenge, but often fall prey to premature semantic collapse due to rigid autoregressive objectives. I… ▽ More While Chain-of-Thought empowers Large Vision-Language Models with multi-step reasoning, explicit textual rationales suffer from an information bandwidth bottleneck, where continuous visual details are discarded during discrete tokenization. Recent latent reasoning methods attempt to address this challenge, but often fall prey to premature semantic collapse due to rigid autoregressive objectives. In this paper, we propose Laser, a novel paradigm that reformulates visual deduction via Dynamic Windowed Alignment Learning (DWAL). Instead of forcing a point-wise prediction, Laser aligns the latent state with a dynamic validity window of future semantics. This mechanism enforces a "Forest-before-Trees" cognitive hierarchy, enabling the model to maintain a probabilistic superposition of global features before narrowing down to local details. Crucially, Laser maintains interpretability via decodable trajectories while stabilizing unconstrained learning via Self-Refined Superposition. Extensive experiments on 6 benchmarks demonstrate that Laser achieves state-of-the-art performance among latent reasoning methods, surpassing the strong baseline Monet by 5.03% on average. Notably, it achieves these gains with extreme efficiency, reducing inference tokens by more than 97%, while demonstrating robust generalization to out-of-distribution domains. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06700 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Characterising Toxicity in Generative Large Language Models Authors: Zhiyao Zhang , Yazan Mash'Al , Yuhan Wu Abstract : In recent years, the advent of the attention mechanism has significantly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), revolutionizing text processing and text generation. This has come about through transformer-based decoder-only architectures, which have become ubiquitous in NLP due to their impressive text processing and generation capabilities. Despite these breakthroughs, language… ▽ More In recent years, the advent of the attention mechanism has significantly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), revolutionizing text processing and text generation. This has come about through transformer-based decoder-only architectures, which have become ubiquitous in NLP due to their impressive text processing and generation capabilities. Despite these breakthroughs, language models (LMs) remain susceptible to generating undesired outputs: inappropriate, offensive, or otherwise harmful responses. We will collectively refer to these as ``toxic'' outputs. Although methods like reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) have been developed to align model outputs with human values, these safeguards can often be circumvented through carefully crafted prompts. Therefore, this paper examines the extent to which LLMs generate toxic content when prompted, as well as the linguistic factors -- both lexical and syntactic -- that influence the production of such outputs in generative models. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06700 [ pdf , ps , other ] Characterising Toxicity in Generative Large Language Models Authors: Zhiyao Zhang , Yazan Mash'Al , Yuhan Wu Abstract : In recent years, the advent of the attention mechanism has significantly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), revolutionizing text processing and text generation. This has come about through transformer-based decoder-only architectures, which have become ubiquitous in NLP due to their impressive text processing and generation capabilities. Despite these breakthroughs, language… ▽ More In recent years, the advent of the attention mechanism has significantly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), revolutionizing text processing and text generation. This has come about through transformer-based decoder-only architectures, which have become ubiquitous in NLP due to their impressive text processing and generation capabilities. Despite these breakthroughs, language models (LMs) remain susceptible to generating undesired outputs: inappropriate, offensive, or otherwise harmful responses. We will collectively refer to these as ``toxic'' outputs. Although methods like reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) have been developed to align model outputs with human values, these safeguards can often be circumvented through carefully crafted prompts. Therefore, this paper examines the extent to which LLMs generate toxic content when prompted, as well as the linguistic factors -- both lexical and syntactic -- that influence the production of such outputs in generative models. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06502 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI DRAGON: LLM-Driven Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents for Large-Scale Combinatorial Optimization Authors: Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstructi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents Guided OptimizatioN, a novel framework that combines the strengths of metaheuristic design and LLM reasoning. Starting from an initial global solution, DRAGON autonomously identifies regions with high optimization potential and strategically decompose large-scale COPs into manageable subproblems. Each subproblem is then reformulated as a concise, localized optimization task and solved through targeted LLM prompting guided by accumulated experiences. Finally, the locally optimized solutions are systematically reintegrated into the original global context to yield a significantly improved overall outcome. By continuously interacting with the optimization environment and leveraging an adaptive experience memory, the agents iteratively learn from feedback, effectively coupling symbolic reasoning with heuristic search. Empirical results show that, unlike existing LLM-based solvers limited to small-scale instances, DRAGON consistently produces feasible solutions on TSPLIB, CVRPLIB, and Weibull-5k bin packing benchmarks, and achieves near-optimal results (0.16% gap) on knapsack problems with over 3M variables. This work shows the potential of feedback-driven language agents as a new paradigm for generalizable and interpretable large-scale optimization. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for presentation and publication at the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2026), source code will be available soon arXiv:2601.06502 [ pdf , ps , other ] DRAGON: LLM-Driven Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents for Large-Scale Combinatorial Optimization Authors: Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstructi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents Guided OptimizatioN, a novel framework that combines the strengths of metaheuristic design and LLM reasoning. Starting from an initial global solution, DRAGON autonomously identifies regions with high optimization potential and strategically decompose large-scale COPs into manageable subproblems. Each subproblem is then reformulated as a concise, localized optimization task and solved through targeted LLM prompting guided by accumulated experiences. Finally, the locally optimized solutions are systematically reintegrated into the original global context to yield a significantly improved overall outcome. By continuously interacting with the optimization environment and leveraging an adaptive experience memory, the agents iteratively learn from feedback, effectively coupling symbolic reasoning with heuristic search. Empirical results show that, unlike existing LLM-based solvers limited to small-scale instances, DRAGON consistently produces feasible solutions on TSPLIB, CVRPLIB, and Weibull-5k bin packing benchmarks, and achieves near-optimal results (0.16% gap) on knapsack problems with over 3M variables. This work shows the potential of feedback-driven language agents as a new paradigm for generalizable and interpretable large-scale optimization. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for presentation and publication at the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2026), source code will be available soon arXiv:2601.06385 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR Noise Reduction for Pufferfish Privacy: A Practical Noise Calibration Method Authors: Wenjin Yang , Ni Ding , Zijian Zhang , Jing Sun , Zhen Li , Yan Wu , Jiahang Sun , Haotian Lin , Yong Liu , Jincheng An , Liehuang Zhu Abstract : This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approa… ▽ More This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approach always exists compared to $1$-Wasserstein mechanism for all privacy budgets $ε$ and prior beliefs, and the noise reduction (also represents improvement on data utility) gains increase significantly for low privacy budget situations--which are commonly seen in real-world deployments. We also analyze the variation and optimality of the noise reduction with different prior distributions. Moreover, all the properties of the noise reduction still exist in the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism we introduced, when the additive noise is largest. We further show that the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism is equivalent to the $\ell_1$-sensitivity method. Experimental results on three real-world datasets demonstrate $47\%$ to $87\%$ improvement in data utility. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06385 [ pdf , ps , other ] Noise Reduction for Pufferfish Privacy: A Practical Noise Calibration Method Authors: Wenjin Yang , Ni Ding , Zijian Zhang , Jing Sun , Zhen Li , Yan Wu , Jiahang Sun , Haotian Lin , Yong Liu , Jincheng An , Liehuang Zhu Abstract : This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approa… ▽ More This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approach always exists compared to $1$-Wasserstein mechanism for all privacy budgets $ε$ and prior beliefs, and the noise reduction (also represents improvement on data utility) gains increase significantly for low privacy budget situations--which are commonly seen in real-world deployments. We also analyze the variation and optimality of the noise reduction with different prior distributions. Moreover, all the properties of the noise reduction still exist in the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism we introduced, when the additive noise is largest. We further show that the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism is equivalent to the $\ell_1$-sensitivity method. Experimental results on three real-world datasets demonstrate $47\%$ to $87\%$ improvement in data utility. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06132 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL An evaluation of LLMs for political bias in Western media: Israel-Hamas and Ukraine-Russia wars Authors: Rohitash Chandra , Haoyan Chen , Yaqing Zhang , Jiacheng Chen , Yuting Wu Abstract : Political bias in media plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, voter behaviour, and broader democratic discourse. Subjective opinions and political bias can be found in media sources, such as newspapers, depending on their funding mechanisms and alliances with political parties. Automating the detection of political biases in media content can limit biases in elections. The impact of lar… ▽ More Political bias in media plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, voter behaviour, and broader democratic discourse. Subjective opinions and political bias can be found in media sources, such as newspapers, depending on their funding mechanisms and alliances with political parties. Automating the detection of political biases in media content can limit biases in elections. The impact of large language models (LLMs) in politics and media studies is becoming prominent. In this study, we utilise LLMs to compare the left-wing, right-wing, and neutral political opinions expressed in the Guardian and BBC. We review newspaper reporting that includes significant events such as the Russia-Ukraine war and the Hamas-Israel conflict. We analyse the proportion for each opinion to find the bias under different LLMs, including BERT, Gemini, and DeepSeek. Our results show that after the outbreak of the wars, the political bias of Western media shifts towards the left-wing and each LLM gives a different result. DeepSeek consistently showed a stable Left-leaning tendency, while BERT and Gemini remained closer to the Centre. The BBC and The Guardian showed distinct reporting behaviours across the two conflicts. In the Russia-Ukraine war, both outlets maintained relatively stable positions; however, in the Israel-Hamas conflict, we identified larger political bias shifts, particularly in Guardian coverage, suggesting a more event-driven pattern of reporting bias. These variations suggest that LLMs are shaped not only by their training data and architecture, but also by underlying worldviews with associated political biases. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06132 [ pdf , ps , other ] An evaluation of LLMs for political bias in Western media: Israel-Hamas and Ukraine-Russia wars Authors: Rohitash Chandra , Haoyan Chen , Yaqing Zhang , Jiacheng Chen , Yuting Wu Abstract : Political bias in media plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, voter behaviour, and broader democratic discourse. Subjective opinions and political bias can be found in media sources, such as newspapers, depending on their funding mechanisms and alliances with political parties. Automating the detection of political biases in media content can limit biases in elections. The impact of lar… ▽ More Political bias in media plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, voter behaviour, and broader democratic discourse. Subjective opinions and political bias can be found in media sources, such as newspapers, depending on their funding mechanisms and alliances with political parties. Automating the detection of political biases in media content can limit biases in elections. The impact of large language models (LLMs) in politics and media studies is becoming prominent. In this study, we utilise LLMs to compare the left-wing, right-wing, and neutral political opinions expressed in the Guardian and BBC. We review newspaper reporting that includes significant events such as the Russia-Ukraine war and the Hamas-Israel conflict. We analyse the proportion for each opinion to find the bias under different LLMs, including BERT, Gemini, and DeepSeek. Our results show that after the outbreak of the wars, the political bias of Western media shifts towards the left-wing and each LLM gives a different result. DeepSeek consistently showed a stable Left-leaning tendency, while BERT and Gemini remained closer to the Centre. The BBC and The Guardian showed distinct reporting behaviours across the two conflicts. In the Russia-Ukraine war, both outlets maintained relatively stable positions; however, in the Israel-Hamas conflict, we identified larger political bias shifts, particularly in Guardian coverage, suggesting a more event-driven pattern of reporting bias. These variations suggest that LLMs are shaped not only by their training data and architecture, but also by underlying worldviews with associated political biases. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06106 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.MA Judge Model for Large-scale Multimodality Benchmarks Authors: Min-Han Shih , Yu-Hsin Wu , Yu-Wei Chen Abstract : We propose a dedicated multimodal Judge Model designed to provide reliable, explainable evaluation across a diverse suite of tasks. Our benchmark spans text, audio, image, and video modalities, drawing from carefully sampled public datasets with fixed seeds to ensure reproducibility and minimize train test leakage. Instead of simple scoring, our framework aggregates multimodal judgments, analyzes… ▽ More We propose a dedicated multimodal Judge Model designed to provide reliable, explainable evaluation across a diverse suite of tasks. Our benchmark spans text, audio, image, and video modalities, drawing from carefully sampled public datasets with fixed seeds to ensure reproducibility and minimize train test leakage. Instead of simple scoring, our framework aggregates multimodal judgments, analyzes the quality and reasoning consistency of model outputs, and generates diagnostic feedback. We evaluate several MLLMs, including Gemini 2.5, Phi 4, and Qwen 2.5, across 280 multimodal samples and compare judge model assessments with human annotators. Results show strong alignment between the Judge Model and human scores, demonstrating its potential as a scalable, interpretable evaluation pipeline for future multimodal AI research. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06106 [ pdf , ps , other ] Judge Model for Large-scale Multimodality Benchmarks Authors: Min-Han Shih , Yu-Hsin Wu , Yu-Wei Chen Abstract : We propose a dedicated multimodal Judge Model designed to provide reliable, explainable evaluation across a diverse suite of tasks. Our benchmark spans text, audio, image, and video modalities, drawing from carefully sampled public datasets with fixed seeds to ensure reproducibility and minimize train test leakage. Instead of simple scoring, our framework aggregates multimodal judgments, analyzes… ▽ More We propose a dedicated multimodal Judge Model designed to provide reliable, explainable evaluation across a diverse suite of tasks. Our benchmark spans text, audio, image, and video modalities, drawing from carefully sampled public datasets with fixed seeds to ensure reproducibility and minimize train test leakage. Instead of simple scoring, our framework aggregates multimodal judgments, analyzes the quality and reasoning consistency of model outputs, and generates diagnostic feedback. We evaluate several MLLMs, including Gemini 2.5, Phi 4, and Qwen 2.5, across 280 multimodal samples and compare judge model assessments with human annotators. Results show strong alignment between the Judge Model and human scores, demonstrating its potential as a scalable, interpretable evaluation pipeline for future multimodal AI research. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06059 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT cs.AI Context Video Semantic Transmission with Variable Length and Rate Coding over MIMO Channels Authors: Bingyan Xie , Yongpeng Wu , Wenjun Zhang , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Merouane Debbah Abstract : The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical… ▽ More The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical deployment. To bridge this gap, we propose the context video semantic transmission (CVST) framework under MIMO channels. Building upon an efficient contextual video transmission backbone, CVST effectively learns a context-channel correlation map to explicitly formulate the relationships between feature groups and MIMO subchannels. Leveraging these channel-aware features, we design a multi-reference entropy coding mechanism, enabling channel state-aware variable length coding. Furthermore, CVST incorporates a checkerboard-based feature modulation strategy to achieve multiple rate points within a single trained model, thereby enhancing deployment flexibility. These innovations constitute our multi-reference variable length and rate coding (MR-VLRC) scheme. By integrating contextual transmission with MR-VLRC, CVST demonstrates substantial performance gains over various standardized separated coding methods and recent wireless video semantic communication approaches. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06059 [ pdf , ps , other ] Context Video Semantic Transmission with Variable Length and Rate Coding over MIMO Channels Authors: Bingyan Xie , Yongpeng Wu , Wenjun Zhang , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Merouane Debbah Abstract : The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical… ▽ More The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical deployment. To bridge this gap, we propose the context video semantic transmission (CVST) framework under MIMO channels. Building upon an efficient contextual video transmission backbone, CVST effectively learns a context-channel correlation map to explicitly formulate the relationships between feature groups and MIMO subchannels. Leveraging these channel-aware features, we design a multi-reference entropy coding mechanism, enabling channel state-aware variable length coding. Furthermore, CVST incorporates a checkerboard-based feature modulation strategy to achieve multiple rate points within a single trained model, thereby enhancing deployment flexibility. These innovations constitute our multi-reference variable length and rate coding (MR-VLRC) scheme. By integrating contextual transmission with MR-VLRC, CVST demonstrates substantial performance gains over various standardized separated coding methods and recent wireless video semantic communication approaches. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05688 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV SketchVL: Policy Optimization via Fine-Grained Credit Assignment for Chart Understanding and More Authors: Muye Huang , Lingling Zhang , Yifei Li , Yaqiang Wu , Jun Liu Abstract : Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation,… ▽ More Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation, typically performed at the trajectory level, cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning steps within a single generated response. To address this limitation, we introduce SketchVL, a novel MLLM that optimized with FinePO, a new RL algorithm designed for fine-grained credit assignment within each trajectory. SketchVL's methodology involves drawing its intermediate reasoning steps as markers on the image and feeding the annotated image back to itself, creating a robust, multi-step reasoning process. During training, the FinePO algorithm leverages a Fine-grained Process Reward Model (FinePRM) to score each drawing action within a trajectory, thereby precisely assigning credit for each step. This mechanism allows FinePO to more strongly reward correct tokens when a trajectory is globally successful, and more heavily penalize incorrect tokens when the trajectory is globally suboptimal, thus achieving fine-grained reinforcement signals. Experiments show that SketchVL learns to align its step-level behavior with the FinePRM, achieving an average performance gain of 7.23\% over its base model across chart datasets, natural image datasets, and mathematics, providing a promising new direction for training powerful reasoning models. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05688 [ pdf , ps , other ] SketchVL: Policy Optimization via Fine-Grained Credit Assignment for Chart Understanding and More Authors: Muye Huang , Lingling Zhang , Yifei Li , Yaqiang Wu , Jun Liu Abstract : Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation,… ▽ More Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation, typically performed at the trajectory level, cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning steps within a single generated response. To address this limitation, we introduce SketchVL, a novel MLLM that optimized with FinePO, a new RL algorithm designed for fine-grained credit assignment within each trajectory. SketchVL's methodology involves drawing its intermediate reasoning steps as markers on the image and feeding the annotated image back to itself, creating a robust, multi-step reasoning process. During training, the FinePO algorithm leverages a Fine-grained Process Reward Model (FinePRM) to score each drawing action within a trajectory, thereby precisely assigning credit for each step. This mechanism allows FinePO to more strongly reward correct tokens when a trajectory is globally successful, and more heavily penalize incorrect tokens when the trajectory is globally suboptimal, thus achieving fine-grained reinforcement signals. Experiments show that SketchVL learns to align its step-level behavior with the FinePRM, achieving an average performance gain of 7.23\% over its base model across chart datasets, natural image datasets, and mathematics, providing a promising new direction for training powerful reasoning models. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05622 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE doi 10.1145/3788692 A Large Scale Empirical Analysis on the Adherence Gap between Standards and Tools in SBOM Authors: Chengjie Wang , Jingzheng Wu , Hao Lyu , Xiang Ling , Tianyue Luo , Yanjun Wu , Chen Zhao Abstract : A Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) is a machine-readable artifact that systematically organizes software information, enhancing supply chain transparency and security. To facilitate the exchange and utilization of SBOMs, organizations such as the Linux Foundation and OWASP have proposed SBOM standards. Following standards, organizations have developed tools for generating and utilizing SBOMs. How… ▽ More A Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) is a machine-readable artifact that systematically organizes software information, enhancing supply chain transparency and security. To facilitate the exchange and utilization of SBOMs, organizations such as the Linux Foundation and OWASP have proposed SBOM standards. Following standards, organizations have developed tools for generating and utilizing SBOMs. However, limited research has examined the adherence of these SBOM tools to standard specifications, a gap that could lead to compliance failures and disruptions in SBOM utilization. This paper presents the first large-scale, two-stage empirical analysis of the adherence gap, using our automated evaluation framework, SAP. The evaluation, comprising a baseline evaluation and a one-year longitudinal follow-up, covers 55,444 SBOMs generated by six SBOM tools from 3,287 real-world repositories. Our analysis reveals persistent, fundamental limitations in current SBOM tools: (1) inadequate compliance support with policy requirements; (2) poor tool consistencies, including inter-tool consistency rates as low as 7.84% to 12.77% for package detection across languages, and significant longitudinal inconsistency, where tools show low consistency with their own prior versions; and (3) mediocre to poor accuracy for detailed software information, e.g., accuracy of package licenses below 20%. We analyze the root causes of these gaps and provide practical solutions. All the code, replication docker image, evaluation results are open sourced at [GitHub]( and [Zenodo]( for further researches. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 35 pages, 4 figures, 18 tables. Accepted by TOSEM arXiv:2601.05622 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Large Scale Empirical Analysis on the Adherence Gap between Standards and Tools in SBOM Authors: Chengjie Wang , Jingzheng Wu , Hao Lyu , Xiang Ling , Tianyue Luo , Yanjun Wu , Chen Zhao Abstract : A Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) is a machine-readable artifact that systematically organizes software information, enhancing supply chain transparency and security. To facilitate the exchange and utilization of SBOMs, organizations such as the Linux Foundation and OWASP have proposed SBOM standards. Following standards, organizations have developed tools for generating and utilizing SBOMs. How… ▽ More A Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) is a machine-readable artifact that systematically organizes software information, enhancing supply chain transparency and security. To facilitate the exchange and utilization of SBOMs, organizations such as the Linux Foundation and OWASP have proposed SBOM standards. Following standards, organizations have developed tools for generating and utilizing SBOMs. However, limited research has examined the adherence of these SBOM tools to standard specifications, a gap that could lead to compliance failures and disruptions in SBOM utilization. This paper presents the first large-scale, two-stage empirical analysis of the adherence gap, using our automated evaluation framework, SAP. The evaluation, comprising a baseline evaluation and a one-year longitudinal follow-up, covers 55,444 SBOMs generated by six SBOM tools from 3,287 real-world repositories. Our analysis reveals persistent, fundamental limitations in current SBOM tools: (1) inadequate compliance support with policy requirements; (2) poor tool consistencies, including inter-tool consistency rates as low as 7.84% to 12.77% for package detection across languages, and significant longitudinal inconsistency, where tools show low consistency with their own prior versions; and (3) mediocre to poor accuracy for detailed software information, e.g., accuracy of package licenses below 20%. We analyze the root causes of these gaps and provide practical solutions. All the code, replication docker image, evaluation results are open sourced at [GitHub]( and [Zenodo]( for further researches. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 35 pages, 4 figures, 18 tables. Accepted by TOSEM arXiv:2601.05547 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI VIB-Probe: Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models via Variational Information Bottleneck Authors: Feiran Zhang , Yixin Wu , Zhenghua Wang , Xiaohua Wang , Changze Lv , Xuanjing Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal attention heads, postulating that specific heads carry the primary signals for truthful generation.However, directly probing these high-dimensional states is challenging due to the entanglement of visual-linguistic syntax and noise. To address this, we propose VIB-Probe, a novel hallucination detection and mitigation framework leveraging the Variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) theory. Our method extracts discriminative patterns across layers and heads while filtering out semantic nuisances through the information bottleneck principle. Furthermore, by leveraging the gradients of our VIB probe, we identify attention heads with strong causal influence on hallucinations and introduce an inference-time intervention strategy for hallucination mitigation. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks demonstrate that VIB-Probe significantly outperforms existing baselines in both settings. Our code will be made publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05547 [ pdf , ps , other ] VIB-Probe: Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models via Variational Information Bottleneck Authors: Feiran Zhang , Yixin Wu , Zhenghua Wang , Xiaohua Wang , Changze Lv , Xuanjing Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal attention heads, postulating that specific heads carry the primary signals for truthful generation.However, directly probing these high-dimensional states is challenging due to the entanglement of visual-linguistic syntax and noise. To address this, we propose VIB-Probe, a novel hallucination detection and mitigation framework leveraging the Variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) theory. Our method extracts discriminative patterns across layers and heads while filtering out semantic nuisances through the information bottleneck principle. Furthermore, by leveraging the gradients of our VIB probe, we identify attention heads with strong causal influence on hallucinations and introduce an inference-time intervention strategy for hallucination mitigation. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks demonstrate that VIB-Probe significantly outperforms existing baselines in both settings. Our code will be made publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05455 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG ART: Adaptive Reasoning Trees for Explainable Claim Verification Authors: Sahil Wadhwa , Himanshu Kumar , Guanqun Yang , Abbaas Alif Mohamed Nishar , Pranab Mohanty , Swapnil Shinde , Yue Wu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful candidates for complex decision-making, leveraging vast encoded knowledge and remarkable zero-shot abilities. However, their adoption in high-stakes environments is hindered by their opacity; their outputs lack faithful explanations and cannot be effectively contested to correct errors, undermining trustworthiness. In this paper, we propose ART (Adaptive R… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful candidates for complex decision-making, leveraging vast encoded knowledge and remarkable zero-shot abilities. However, their adoption in high-stakes environments is hindered by their opacity; their outputs lack faithful explanations and cannot be effectively contested to correct errors, undermining trustworthiness. In this paper, we propose ART (Adaptive Reasoning Trees), a hierarchical method for claim verification. The process begins with a root claim, which branches into supporting and attacking child arguments. An argument's strength is determined bottom-up via a pairwise tournament of its children, adjudicated by a judge LLM, allowing a final, transparent and contestable verdict to be systematically derived which is missing in methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT). We empirically validate ART on multiple datasets, analyzing different argument generators and comparison strategies. Our findings show that ART's structured reasoning outperforms strong baselines, establishing a new benchmark for explainable claim verification which is more reliable and ensures clarity in the overall decision making step. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05455 [ pdf , ps , other ] ART: Adaptive Reasoning Trees for Explainable Claim Verification Authors: Sahil Wadhwa , Himanshu Kumar , Guanqun Yang , Abbaas Alif Mohamed Nishar , Pranab Mohanty , Swapnil Shinde , Yue Wu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful candidates for complex decision-making, leveraging vast encoded knowledge and remarkable zero-shot abilities. However, their adoption in high-stakes environments is hindered by their opacity; their outputs lack faithful explanations and cannot be effectively contested to correct errors, undermining trustworthiness. In this paper, we propose ART (Adaptive R… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful candidates for complex decision-making, leveraging vast encoded knowledge and remarkable zero-shot abilities. However, their adoption in high-stakes environments is hindered by their opacity; their outputs lack faithful explanations and cannot be effectively contested to correct errors, undermining trustworthiness. In this paper, we propose ART (Adaptive Reasoning Trees), a hierarchical method for claim verification. The process begins with a root claim, which branches into supporting and attacking child arguments. An argument's strength is determined bottom-up via a pairwise tournament of its children, adjudicated by a judge LLM, allowing a final, transparent and contestable verdict to be systematically derived which is missing in methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT). We empirically validate ART on multiple datasets, analyzing different argument generators and comparison strategies. Our findings show that ART's structured reasoning outperforms strong baselines, establishing a new benchmark for explainable claim verification which is more reliable and ensures clarity in the overall decision making step. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05339 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Multi-turn Jailbreaking Attack in Multi-Modal Large Language Models Authors: Badhan Chandra Das , Md Tasnim Jawad , Joaquin Molto , M. Hadi Amini , Yanzhao Wu Abstract : In recent years, the security vulnerabilities of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have become a serious concern in the Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) research. These highly intelligent models, capable of performing multi-modal tasks with high accuracy, are also severely susceptible to carefully launched security attacks, such as jailbreaking attacks, which can manipulate model… ▽ More In recent years, the security vulnerabilities of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have become a serious concern in the Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) research. These highly intelligent models, capable of performing multi-modal tasks with high accuracy, are also severely susceptible to carefully launched security attacks, such as jailbreaking attacks, which can manipulate model behavior and bypass safety constraints. This paper introduces MJAD-MLLMs, a holistic framework that systematically analyzes the proposed Multi-turn Jailbreaking Attacks and multi-LLM-based defense techniques for MLLMs. In this paper, we make three original contributions. First, we introduce a novel multi-turn jailbreaking attack to exploit the vulnerabilities of the MLLMs under multi-turn prompting. Second, we propose a novel fragment-optimized and multi-LLM defense mechanism, called FragGuard, to effectively mitigate jailbreaking attacks in the MLLMs. Third, we evaluate the efficacy of the proposed attacks and defenses through extensive experiments on several state-of-the-art (SOTA) open-source and closed-source MLLMs and benchmark datasets, and compare their performance with the existing techniques. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05339 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-turn Jailbreaking Attack in Multi-Modal Large Language Models Authors: Badhan Chandra Das , Md Tasnim Jawad , Joaquin Molto , M. Hadi Amini , Yanzhao Wu Abstract : In recent years, the security vulnerabilities of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have become a serious concern in the Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) research. These highly intelligent models, capable of performing multi-modal tasks with high accuracy, are also severely susceptible to carefully launched security attacks, such as jailbreaking attacks, which can manipulate model… ▽ More In recent years, the security vulnerabilities of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have become a serious concern in the Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) research. These highly intelligent models, capable of performing multi-modal tasks with high accuracy, are also severely susceptible to carefully launched security attacks, such as jailbreaking attacks, which can manipulate model behavior and bypass safety constraints. This paper introduces MJAD-MLLMs, a holistic framework that systematically analyzes the proposed Multi-turn Jailbreaking Attacks and multi-LLM-based defense techniques for MLLMs. In this paper, we make three original contributions. First, we introduce a novel multi-turn jailbreaking attack to exploit the vulnerabilities of the MLLMs under multi-turn prompting. Second, we propose a novel fragment-optimized and multi-LLM defense mechanism, called FragGuard, to effectively mitigate jailbreaking attacks in the MLLMs. Third, we evaluate the efficacy of the proposed attacks and defenses through extensive experiments on several state-of-the-art (SOTA) open-source and closed-source MLLMs and benchmark datasets, and compare their performance with the existing techniques. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05259 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR A Technical Report on the Second Place Solution for the CIKM 2025 AnalytiCup Competition Authors: Haotao Xie , Ruilin Chen , Yicheng Wu , Zhan Zhao , Yuanyuan Liu Abstract : In this work, we address the challenge of multilingual category relevance judgment in e-commerce search, where traditional ensemble-based systems improve accuracy but at the cost of heavy training, inference, and maintenance complexity. To overcome this limitation, we propose a simplified yet effective framework that leverages prompt engineering with Chain-of-Thought task decomposition to guide re… ▽ More In this work, we address the challenge of multilingual category relevance judgment in e-commerce search, where traditional ensemble-based systems improve accuracy but at the cost of heavy training, inference, and maintenance complexity. To overcome this limitation, we propose a simplified yet effective framework that leverages prompt engineering with Chain-of-Thought task decomposition to guide reasoning within a single large language model. Specifically, our approach decomposes the relevance judgment process into four interpretable subtasks: translation, intent understanding, category matching, and relevance judgment -- and fine-tunes a base model (Qwen2.5-14B) using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) for efficient adaptation. This design not only reduces computational and storage overhead but also enhances interpretability by explicitly structuring the model's reasoning path. Experimental results show that our single-model framework achieves competitive accuracy and high inference efficiency, processing 20 samples per second on a single A100 GPU. In the CIKM 2025 AnalytiCup Competition Proposals, our method achieved 0.8902 on the public leaderboard and 0.8889 on the private leaderboard, validating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. These results highlight that structured prompting combined with lightweight fine-tuning can outperform complex ensemble systems, offering a new paradigm for scalable industrial AI applications. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05259 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Technical Report on the Second Place Solution for the CIKM 2025 AnalytiCup Competition Authors: Haotao Xie , Ruilin Chen , Yicheng Wu , Zhan Zhao , Yuanyuan Liu Abstract : In this work, we address the challenge of multilingual category relevance judgment in e-commerce search, where traditional ensemble-based systems improve accuracy but at the cost of heavy training, inference, and maintenance complexity. To overcome this limitation, we propose a simplified yet effective framework that leverages prompt engineering with Chain-of-Thought task decomposition to guide re… ▽ More In this work, we address the challenge of multilingual category relevance judgment in e-commerce search, where traditional ensemble-based systems improve accuracy but at the cost of heavy training, inference, and maintenance complexity. To overcome this limitation, we propose a simplified yet effective framework that leverages prompt engineering with Chain-of-Thought task decomposition to guide reasoning within a single large language model. Specifically, our approach decomposes the relevance judgment process into four interpretable subtasks: translation, intent understanding, category matching, and relevance judgment -- and fine-tunes a base model (Qwen2.5-14B) using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) for efficient adaptation. This design not only reduces computational and storage overhead but also enhances interpretability by explicitly structuring the model's reasoning path. Experimental results show that our single-model framework achieves competitive accuracy and high inference efficiency, processing 20 samples per second on a single A100 GPU. In the CIKM 2025 AnalytiCup Competition Proposals, our method achieved 0.8902 on the public leaderboard and 0.8889 on the private leaderboard, validating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. These results highlight that structured prompting combined with lightweight fine-tuning can outperform complex ensemble systems, offering a new paradigm for scalable industrial AI applications. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04740 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI RiskAtlas: Exposing Domain-Specific Risks in LLMs through Knowledge-Graph-Guided Harmful Prompt Generation Authors: Huawei Zheng , Xinqi Jiang , Sen Yang , Shouling Ji , Yingcai Wu , Dazhen Deng Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in specialized domains such as finance and healthcare, where they introduce unique safety risks. Domain-specific datasets of harmful prompts remain scarce and still largely rely on manual construction; public datasets mainly focus on explicit harmful prompts, which modern LLM defenses can often detect and refuse. In contrast, implicit harmful p… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in specialized domains such as finance and healthcare, where they introduce unique safety risks. Domain-specific datasets of harmful prompts remain scarce and still largely rely on manual construction; public datasets mainly focus on explicit harmful prompts, which modern LLM defenses can often detect and refuse. In contrast, implicit harmful prompts-expressed through indirect domain knowledge-are harder to detect and better reflect real-world threats. We identify two challenges: transforming domain knowledge into actionable constraints and increasing the implicitness of generated harmful prompts. To address them, we propose an end-to-end framework that first performs knowledge-graph-guided harmful prompt generation to systematically produce domain-relevant prompts, and then applies dual-path obfuscation rewriting to convert explicit harmful prompts into implicit variants via direct and context-enhanced rewriting. This framework yields high-quality datasets combining strong domain relevance with implicitness, enabling more realistic red-teaming and advancing LLM safety research. We release our code and datasets at GitHub. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04740 [ pdf , ps , other ] RiskAtlas: Exposing Domain-Specific Risks in LLMs through Knowledge-Graph-Guided Harmful Prompt Generation Authors: Huawei Zheng , Xinqi Jiang , Sen Yang , Shouling Ji , Yingcai Wu , Dazhen Deng Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in specialized domains such as finance and healthcare, where they introduce unique safety risks. Domain-specific datasets of harmful prompts remain scarce and still largely rely on manual construction; public datasets mainly focus on explicit harmful prompts, which modern LLM defenses can often detect and refuse. In contrast, implicit harmful p… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in specialized domains such as finance and healthcare, where they introduce unique safety risks. Domain-specific datasets of harmful prompts remain scarce and still largely rely on manual construction; public datasets mainly focus on explicit harmful prompts, which modern LLM defenses can often detect and refuse. In contrast, implicit harmful prompts-expressed through indirect domain knowledge-are harder to detect and better reflect real-world threats. We identify two challenges: transforming domain knowledge into actionable constraints and increasing the implicitness of generated harmful prompts. To address them, we propose an end-to-end framework that first performs knowledge-graph-guided harmful prompt generation to systematically produce domain-relevant prompts, and then applies dual-path obfuscation rewriting to convert explicit harmful prompts into implicit variants via direct and context-enhanced rewriting. This framework yields high-quality datasets combining strong domain relevance with implicitness, enabling more realistic red-teaming and advancing LLM safety research. We release our code and datasets at GitHub. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04566 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL BackdoorAgent: A Unified Framework for Backdoor Attacks on LLM-based Agents Authors: Yunhao Feng , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yingshui Tan , Yanming Guo , Yifan Ding , Kun Zhai , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studi… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studies remain fragmented and typically analyze individual attack vectors in isolation, leaving the cross-stage interaction and propagation of backdoor triggers poorly understood from an agent-centric perspective. To fill this gap, we propose \textbf{BackdoorAgent}, a modular and stage-aware framework that provides a unified, agent-centric view of backdoor threats in LLM agents. BackdoorAgent structures the attack surface into three functional stages of agentic workflows, including \textbf{planning attacks}, \textbf{memory attacks}, and \textbf{tool-use attacks}, and instruments agent execution to enable systematic analysis of trigger activation and propagation across different stages. Building on this framework, we construct a standardized benchmark spanning four representative agent applications: \textbf{Agent QA}, \textbf{Agent Code}, \textbf{Agent Web}, and \textbf{Agent Drive}, covering both language-only and multimodal settings. Our empirical analysis shows that \textit{triggers implanted at a single stage can persist across multiple steps and propagate through intermediate states.} For instance, when using a GPT-based backbone, we observe trigger persistence in 43.58\% of planning attacks, 77.97\% of memory attacks, and 60.28\% of tool-stage attacks, highlighting the vulnerabilities of the agentic workflow itself to backdoor threats. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, our code and benchmark are publicly available at GitHub. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04566 [ pdf , ps , other ] BackdoorAgent: A Unified Framework for Backdoor Attacks on LLM-based Agents Authors: Yunhao Feng , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yingshui Tan , Yanming Guo , Yifan Ding , Kun Zhai , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studi… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studies remain fragmented and typically analyze individual attack vectors in isolation, leaving the cross-stage interaction and propagation of backdoor triggers poorly understood from an agent-centric perspective. To fill this gap, we propose \textbf{BackdoorAgent}, a modular and stage-aware framework that provides a unified, agent-centric view of backdoor threats in LLM agents. BackdoorAgent structures the attack surface into three functional stages of agentic workflows, including \textbf{planning attacks}, \textbf{memory attacks}, and \textbf{tool-use attacks}, and instruments agent execution to enable systematic analysis of trigger activation and propagation across different stages. Building on this framework, we construct a standardized benchmark spanning four representative agent applications: \textbf{Agent QA}, \textbf{Agent Code}, \textbf{Agent Web}, and \textbf{Agent Drive}, covering both language-only and multimodal settings. Our empirical analysis shows that \textit{triggers implanted at a single stage can persist across multiple steps and propagate through intermediate states.} For instance, when using a GPT-based backbone, we observe trigger persistence in 43.58\% of planning attacks, 77.97\% of memory attacks, and 60.28\% of tool-stage attacks, highlighting the vulnerabilities of the agentic workflow itself to backdoor threats. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, our code and benchmark are publicly available at GitHub. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04509 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI A General Neural Backbone for Mixed-Integer Linear Optimization via Dual Attention Authors: Peixin Huang , Yaoxin Wu , Yining Ma , Cathy Wu , Wen Song , Wei Zhang Abstract : Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract lat… ▽ More Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract latent structural patterns and enhance solver efficiency. However, this architecture is inherently limited by the local-oriented mechanism, leading to restricted representation power and hindering neural approaches for MILP. Here we present an attention-driven neural architecture that learns expressive representations beyond the pure graph view. A dual-attention mechanism is designed to perform parallel self- and cross-attention over variables and constraints, enabling global information exchange and deeper representation learning. We apply this general backbone to various downstream tasks at the instance level, element level, and solving state level. Extensive experiments across widely used benchmarks show consistent improvements of our approach over state-of-the-art baselines, highlighting attention-based neural architectures as a powerful foundation for learning-enhanced mixed-integer linear optimization. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04509 [ pdf , ps , other ] A General Neural Backbone for Mixed-Integer Linear Optimization via Dual Attention Authors: Peixin Huang , Yaoxin Wu , Yining Ma , Cathy Wu , Wen Song , Wei Zhang Abstract : Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract lat… ▽ More Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract latent structural patterns and enhance solver efficiency. However, this architecture is inherently limited by the local-oriented mechanism, leading to restricted representation power and hindering neural approaches for MILP. Here we present an attention-driven neural architecture that learns expressive representations beyond the pure graph view. A dual-attention mechanism is designed to perform parallel self- and cross-attention over variables and constraints, enabling global information exchange and deeper representation learning. We apply this general backbone to various downstream tasks at the instance level, element level, and solving state level. Extensive experiments across widely used benchmarks show consistent improvements of our approach over state-of-the-art baselines, highlighting attention-based neural architectures as a powerful foundation for learning-enhanced mixed-integer linear optimization. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04262 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Safety-Utility Conflicts Are Not Global: Surgical Alignment via Head-Level Diagnosis Authors: Wang Cai , Yilin Wen , Jinchang Hou , Du Su , Guoqiu Wang , Zhonghou Lv , Chenfu Bao , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) inherently presents a multi-objective optimization conflict, often accompanied by an unintended degradation of general capabilities. Existing mitigation strategies typically rely on global gradient geometry to resolve these conflicts, yet they overlook Modular Heterogeneity within Transformers, specifically that the functional sensitivity and degree… ▽ More Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) inherently presents a multi-objective optimization conflict, often accompanied by an unintended degradation of general capabilities. Existing mitigation strategies typically rely on global gradient geometry to resolve these conflicts, yet they overlook Modular Heterogeneity within Transformers, specifically that the functional sensitivity and degree of conflict vary substantially across different attention heads. Such global approaches impose uniform update rules across all parameters, often resulting in suboptimal trade-offs by indiscriminately updating utility sensitive heads that exhibit intense gradient conflicts. To address this limitation, we propose Conflict-Aware Sparse Tuning (CAST), a framework that integrates head-level diagnosis with sparse fine-tuning. CAST first constructs a pre-alignment conflict map by synthesizing Optimization Conflict and Functional Sensitivity, which then guides the selective update of parameters. Experiments reveal that alignment conflicts in LLMs are not uniformly distributed. We find that the drop in general capabilities mainly comes from updating a small group of ``high-conflict'' heads. By simply skipping these heads during training, we significantly reduce this loss without compromising safety, offering an interpretable and parameter-efficient approach to improving the safety-utility trade-off. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04262 [ pdf , ps , other ] Safety-Utility Conflicts Are Not Global: Surgical Alignment via Head-Level Diagnosis Authors: Wang Cai , Yilin Wen , Jinchang Hou , Du Su , Guoqiu Wang , Zhonghou Lv , Chenfu Bao , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) inherently presents a multi-objective optimization conflict, often accompanied by an unintended degradation of general capabilities. Existing mitigation strategies typically rely on global gradient geometry to resolve these conflicts, yet they overlook Modular Heterogeneity within Transformers, specifically that the functional sensitivity and degree… ▽ More Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) inherently presents a multi-objective optimization conflict, often accompanied by an unintended degradation of general capabilities. Existing mitigation strategies typically rely on global gradient geometry to resolve these conflicts, yet they overlook Modular Heterogeneity within Transformers, specifically that the functional sensitivity and degree of conflict vary substantially across different attention heads. Such global approaches impose uniform update rules across all parameters, often resulting in suboptimal trade-offs by indiscriminately updating utility sensitive heads that exhibit intense gradient conflicts. To address this limitation, we propose Conflict-Aware Sparse Tuning (CAST), a framework that integrates head-level diagnosis with sparse fine-tuning. CAST first constructs a pre-alignment conflict map by synthesizing Optimization Conflict and Functional Sensitivity, which then guides the selective update of parameters. Experiments reveal that alignment conflicts in LLMs are not uniformly distributed. We find that the drop in general capabilities mainly comes from updating a small group of ``high-conflict'' heads. By simply skipping these heads during training, we significantly reduce this loss without compromising safety, offering an interpretable and parameter-efficient approach to improving the safety-utility trade-off. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03969 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Anti-Length Shift: Dynamic Outlier Truncation for Training Efficient Reasoning Models Authors: Wei Wu , Liyi Chen , Congxi Xiao , Tianfu Wang , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong Abstract : Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts an… ▽ More Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts and leave the generative mechanisms driving overthinking largely unexamined. In this paper, we identify a phenomenon termed length shift where models increasingly generate unnecessary reasoning on trivial inputs during training. To address this, we introduce Dynamic Outlier Truncation (DOT), a training-time intervention that selectively suppresses redundant tokens. This method targets only the extreme tail of response lengths within fully correct rollout groups while preserving long-horizon reasoning capabilities for complex problems. To complement this intervention and ensure stable convergence, we further incorporate auxiliary KL regularization and predictive dynamic sampling. Experimental results across multiple model scales demonstrate that our approach significantly pushes the efficiency-performance Pareto frontier outward. Notably, on the AIME-24, our method reduces inference token usage by 78% while simultaneously increasing accuracy compared to the initial policy and surpassing state-of-the-art efficient reasoning methods. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03969 [ pdf , ps , other ] Anti-Length Shift: Dynamic Outlier Truncation for Training Efficient Reasoning Models Authors: Wei Wu , Liyi Chen , Congxi Xiao , Tianfu Wang , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong Abstract : Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts an… ▽ More Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts and leave the generative mechanisms driving overthinking largely unexamined. In this paper, we identify a phenomenon termed length shift where models increasingly generate unnecessary reasoning on trivial inputs during training. To address this, we introduce Dynamic Outlier Truncation (DOT), a training-time intervention that selectively suppresses redundant tokens. This method targets only the extreme tail of response lengths within fully correct rollout groups while preserving long-horizon reasoning capabilities for complex problems. To complement this intervention and ensure stable convergence, we further incorporate auxiliary KL regularization and predictive dynamic sampling. Experimental results across multiple model scales demonstrate that our approach significantly pushes the efficiency-performance Pareto frontier outward. Notably, on the AIME-24, our method reduces inference token usage by 78% while simultaneously increasing accuracy compared to the initial policy and surpassing state-of-the-art efficient reasoning methods. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03888 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI IndexTTS 2.5 Technical Report Authors: Yunpei Li , Xun Zhou , Jinchao Wang , Lu Wang , Yong Wu , Siyi Zhou , Yiquan Zhou , Jingchen Shu Abstract : In prior work, we introduced IndexTTS 2, a zero-shot neural text-to-speech foundation model comprising two core components: a transformer-based Text-to-Semantic (T2S) module and a non-autoregressive Semantic-to-Mel (S2M) module, which together enable faithful emotion replication and establish the first autoregressive duration-controllable generative paradigm. Building upon this, we present IndexTT… ▽ More In prior work, we introduced IndexTTS 2, a zero-shot neural text-to-speech foundation model comprising two core components: a transformer-based Text-to-Semantic (T2S) module and a non-autoregressive Semantic-to-Mel (S2M) module, which together enable faithful emotion replication and establish the first autoregressive duration-controllable generative paradigm. Building upon this, we present IndexTTS 2.5, which significantly enhances multilingual coverage, inference speed, and overall synthesis quality through four key improvements: 1) Semantic Codec Compression: we reduce the semantic codec frame rate from 50 Hz to 25 Hz, halving sequence length and substantially lowering both training and inference costs; 2) Architectural Upgrade: we replace the U-DiT-based backbone of the S2M module with a more efficient Zipformer-based modeling architecture, achieving notable parameter reduction and faster mel-spectrogram generation; 3) Multilingual Extension: We propose three explicit cross-lingual modeling strategies, boundary-aware alignment, token-level concatenation, and instruction-guided generation, establishing practical design principles for zero-shot multilingual emotional TTS that supports Chinese, English, Japanese, and Spanish, and enables robust emotion transfer even without target-language emotional training data; 4) Reinforcement Learning Optimization: we apply GRPO in post-training of the T2S module, improving pronunciation accuracy and natrualness. Experiments show that IndexTTS 2.5 not only supports broader language coverage but also replicates emotional prosody in unseen languages under the same zero-shot setting. IndexTTS 2.5 achieves a 2.28 times improvement in RTF while maintaining comparable WER and speaker similarity to IndexTTS 2. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.03888 [ pdf , ps , other ] IndexTTS 2.5 Technical Report Authors: Yunpei Li , Xun Zhou , Jinchao Wang , Lu Wang , Yong Wu , Siyi Zhou , Yiquan Zhou , Jingchen Shu Abstract : In prior work, we introduced IndexTTS 2, a zero-shot neural text-to-speech foundation model comprising two core components: a transformer-based Text-to-Semantic (T2S) module and a non-autoregressive Semantic-to-Mel (S2M) module, which together enable faithful emotion replication and establish the first autoregressive duration-controllable generative paradigm. Building upon this, we present IndexTT… ▽ More In prior work, we introduced IndexTTS 2, a zero-shot neural text-to-speech foundation model comprising two core components: a transformer-based Text-to-Semantic (T2S) module and a non-autoregressive Semantic-to-Mel (S2M) module, which together enable faithful emotion replication and establish the first autoregressive duration-controllable generative paradigm. Building upon this, we present IndexTTS 2.5, which significantly enhances multilingual coverage, inference speed, and overall synthesis quality through four key improvements: 1) Semantic Codec Compression: we reduce the semantic codec frame rate from 50 Hz to 25 Hz, halving sequence length and substantially lowering both training and inference costs; 2) Architectural Upgrade: we replace the U-DiT-based backbone of the S2M module with a more efficient Zipformer-based modeling architecture, achieving notable parameter reduction and faster mel-spectrogram generation; 3) Multilingual Extension: We propose three explicit cross-lingual modeling strategies, boundary-aware alignment, token-level concatenation, and instruction-guided generation, establishing practical design principles for zero-shot multilingual emotional TTS that supports Chinese, English, Japanese, and Spanish, and enables robust emotion transfer even without target-language emotional training data; 4) Reinforcement Learning Optimization: we apply GRPO in post-training of the T2S module, improving pronunciation accuracy and natrualness. Experiments show that IndexTTS 2.5 not only supports broader language coverage but also replicates emotional prosody in unseen languages under the same zero-shot setting. IndexTTS 2.5 achieves a 2.28 times improvement in RTF while maintaining comparable WER and speaker similarity to IndexTTS 2. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.03649 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SyncThink: A Training-Free Strategy to Align Inference Termination with Reasoning Saturation Authors: Gengyang Li , Wang Cai , Yifeng Gao , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an infor… ▽ More Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an information bottleneck. Building on this observation, SyncThink monitors the model's own reasoning-transition signal and terminates reasoning. Experiments on GSM8K, MMLU, GPQA, and BBH across three DeepSeek-R1 distilled models show that SyncThink achieves 62.00 percent average Top-1 accuracy using 656 generated tokens and 28.68 s latency, compared to 61.22 percent, 2141 tokens, and 92.01 s for full CoT decoding. On long-horizon tasks such as GPQA, SyncThink can further yield up to +8.1 absolute accuracy by preventing over-thinking. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.03649 [ pdf , ps , other ] SyncThink: A Training-Free Strategy to Align Inference Termination with Reasoning Saturation Authors: Gengyang Li , Wang Cai , Yifeng Gao , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an infor… ▽ More Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an information bottleneck. Building on this observation, SyncThink monitors the model's own reasoning-transition signal and terminates reasoning. Experiments on GSM8K, MMLU, GPQA, and BBH across three DeepSeek-R1 distilled models show that SyncThink achieves 62.00 percent average Top-1 accuracy using 656 generated tokens and 28.68 s latency, compared to 61.22 percent, 2141 tokens, and 92.01 s for full CoT decoding. On long-horizon tasks such as GPQA, SyncThink can further yield up to +8.1 absolute accuracy by preventing over-thinking. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.03512 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI Bootstrapping Code Translation with Weighted Multilanguage Exploration Authors: Yuhan Wu , Huan Zhang , Wei Cheng , Chen Shen , Jingyue Yang , Wei Hu Abstract : Code translation across multiple programming languages is essential yet challenging due to two vital obstacles: scarcity of parallel data paired with executable test oracles, and optimization imbalance when handling diverse language pairs. We propose BootTrans, a bootstrapping method that resolves both obstacles. Its key idea is to leverage the functional invariance and cross-lingual portability o… ▽ More Code translation across multiple programming languages is essential yet challenging due to two vital obstacles: scarcity of parallel data paired with executable test oracles, and optimization imbalance when handling diverse language pairs. We propose BootTrans, a bootstrapping method that resolves both obstacles. Its key idea is to leverage the functional invariance and cross-lingual portability of test suites, adapting abundant pivot-language unit tests to serve as universal verification oracles for multilingual RL training. Our method introduces a dual-pool architecture with seed and exploration pools to progressively expand training data via execution-guided experience collection. Furthermore, we design a language-aware weighting mechanism that dynamically prioritizes harder translation directions based on relative performance across sibling languages, mitigating optimization imbalance. Extensive experiments on the HumanEval-X and TransCoder-Test benchmarks demonstrate substantial improvements over baseline LLMs across all translation directions, with ablations validating the effectiveness of both bootstrapping and weighting components. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03512 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bootstrapping Code Translation with Weighted Multilanguage Exploration Authors: Yuhan Wu , Huan Zhang , Wei Cheng , Chen Shen , Jingyue Yang , Wei Hu Abstract : Code translation across multiple programming languages is essential yet challenging due to two vital obstacles: scarcity of parallel data paired with executable test oracles, and optimization imbalance when handling diverse language pairs. We propose BootTrans, a bootstrapping method that resolves both obstacles. Its key idea is to leverage the functional invariance and cross-lingual portability o… ▽ More Code translation across multiple programming languages is essential yet challenging due to two vital obstacles: scarcity of parallel data paired with executable test oracles, and optimization imbalance when handling diverse language pairs. We propose BootTrans, a bootstrapping method that resolves both obstacles. Its key idea is to leverage the functional invariance and cross-lingual portability of test suites, adapting abundant pivot-language unit tests to serve as universal verification oracles for multilingual RL training. Our method introduces a dual-pool architecture with seed and exploration pools to progressively expand training data via execution-guided experience collection. Furthermore, we design a language-aware weighting mechanism that dynamically prioritizes harder translation directions based on relative performance across sibling languages, mitigating optimization imbalance. Extensive experiments on the HumanEval-X and TransCoder-Test benchmarks demonstrate substantial improvements over baseline LLMs across all translation directions, with ablations validating the effectiveness of both bootstrapping and weighting components. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03460 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI FROST-Drive: Scalable and Efficient End-to-End Driving with a Frozen Vision Encoder Authors: Zeyu Dong , Yimin Zhu , Yu Wu , Yu Sun Abstract : End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision encoder on driving datasets potentially limits its generalization by causing the model to specialize too heavily in the training data. This work challenges the… ▽ More End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision encoder on driving datasets potentially limits its generalization by causing the model to specialize too heavily in the training data. This work challenges the necessity of this training paradigm. We propose FROST-Drive, a novel E2E architecture designed to preserve and leverage the powerful generalization capabilities of a pretrained vision encoder from a Vision-Language Model (VLM). By keeping the encoder's weights frozen, our approach directly transfers the rich, generalized world knowledge from the VLM to the driving task. Our model architecture combines this frozen encoder with a transformer-based adapter for multimodal fusion and a GRU-based decoder for smooth waypoint generation. Furthermore, we introduce a custom loss function designed to directly optimize for Rater Feedback Score (RFS), a metric that prioritizes robust trajectory planning. We conduct extensive experiments on Waymo Open E2E Dataset, a large-scale datasets deliberately curated to capture the long-tail scenarios, demonstrating that our frozen-encoder approach significantly outperforms models that employ full fine-tuning. Our results provide substantial evidence that preserving the broad knowledge of a capable VLM is a more effective strategy for achieving robust, generalizable driving performance than intensive domain-specific adaptation. This offers a new pathway for developing vision-based models that can better handle the complexities of real-world application domains. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03460 [ pdf , ps , other ] FROST-Drive: Scalable and Efficient End-to-End Driving with a Frozen Vision Encoder Authors: Zeyu Dong , Yimin Zhu , Yu Wu , Yu Sun Abstract : End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision encoder on driving datasets potentially limits its generalization by causing the model to specialize too heavily in the training data. This work challenges the… ▽ More End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision encoder on driving datasets potentially limits its generalization by causing the model to specialize too heavily in the training data. This work challenges the necessity of this training paradigm. We propose FROST-Drive, a novel E2E architecture designed to preserve and leverage the powerful generalization capabilities of a pretrained vision encoder from a Vision-Language Model (VLM). By keeping the encoder's weights frozen, our approach directly transfers the rich, generalized world knowledge from the VLM to the driving task. Our model architecture combines this frozen encoder with a transformer-based adapter for multimodal fusion and a GRU-based decoder for smooth waypoint generation. Furthermore, we introduce a custom loss function designed to directly optimize for Rater Feedback Score (RFS), a metric that prioritizes robust trajectory planning. We conduct extensive experiments on Waymo Open E2E Dataset, a large-scale datasets deliberately curated to capture the long-tail scenarios, demonstrating that our frozen-encoder approach significantly outperforms models that employ full fine-tuning. Our results provide substantial evidence that preserving the broad knowledge of a capable VLM is a more effective strategy for achieving robust, generalizable driving performance than intensive domain-specific adaptation. This offers a new pathway for developing vision-based models that can better handle the complexities of real-world application domains. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03386 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SY cs.RO Modeling and Control for UAV with Off-center Slung Load Authors: Zongyang Lv , Yanmei Jia , Yongqing Liu , Alan F. Lynch , Qing Zhao , Yuhu Wu Abstract : Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with slung load system is a classic air transportation system. In practical applications, the suspension point of the slung load does not always align with the center of mass (CoM) of the UAV due to mission requirements or mechanical interference. This offset creates coupling in the system's nonlinear dynamics which leads to a complicated motion control problem. In ex… ▽ More Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with slung load system is a classic air transportation system. In practical applications, the suspension point of the slung load does not always align with the center of mass (CoM) of the UAV due to mission requirements or mechanical interference. This offset creates coupling in the system's nonlinear dynamics which leads to a complicated motion control problem. In existing research, modeling of the system are performed about the UAV's CoM. In this work we use the point of suspension instead. Based on the new model, a cascade control strategy is developed. In the middle-loop controller, the acceleration of the suspension point is used to regulate the swing angle of the slung load without the need for considering the coupling between the slung load and the UAV. An inner-loop controller is designed to track the UAV's attitude without the need of simplification on the coupling effects. We prove local exponential stability of the closed-loop using Lyapunov approach. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the proposed control system. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03386 [ pdf , ps , other ] Modeling and Control for UAV with Off-center Slung Load Authors: Zongyang Lv , Yanmei Jia , Yongqing Liu , Alan F. Lynch , Qing Zhao , Yuhu Wu Abstract : Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with slung load system is a classic air transportation system. In practical applications, the suspension point of the slung load does not always align with the center of mass (CoM) of the UAV due to mission requirements or mechanical interference. This offset creates coupling in the system's nonlinear dynamics which leads to a complicated motion control problem. In ex… ▽ More Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with slung load system is a classic air transportation system. In practical applications, the suspension point of the slung load does not always align with the center of mass (CoM) of the UAV due to mission requirements or mechanical interference. This offset creates coupling in the system's nonlinear dynamics which leads to a complicated motion control problem. In existing research, modeling of the system are performed about the UAV's CoM. In this work we use the point of suspension instead. Based on the new model, a cascade control strategy is developed. In the middle-loop controller, the acceleration of the suspension point is used to regulate the swing angle of the slung load without the need for considering the coupling between the slung load and the UAV. An inner-loop controller is designed to track the UAV's attitude without the need of simplification on the coupling effects. We prove local exponential stability of the closed-loop using Lyapunov approach. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the proposed control system. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03367 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cond-mat.mtrl-sci Physics-Informed Gaussian Process Regression for the Constitutive Modeling of Concrete: A Data-Driven Improvement to Phenomenological Models Authors: Chenyang Li , Himanshu Sharma , Youcai Wu , Joseph Magallanes , K. T. Ramesh , Michael D. Shields Abstract : Understanding and modeling the constitutive behavior of concrete is crucial for civil and defense applications, yet widely used phenomenological models such as Karagozian \& Case concrete (KCC) model depend on empirically calibrated failure surfaces that lack flexibility in model form and associated uncertainty quantification. This work develops a physics-informed framework that retains the modula… ▽ More Understanding and modeling the constitutive behavior of concrete is crucial for civil and defense applications, yet widely used phenomenological models such as Karagozian \& Case concrete (KCC) model depend on empirically calibrated failure surfaces that lack flexibility in model form and associated uncertainty quantification. This work develops a physics-informed framework that retains the modular elastoplastic structure of KCC model while replacing its empirical failure surface with a constrained Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) surrogate that can be learned directly from experimentally accessible observables. Triaxial compression data under varying confinement levels are used for training, and the surrogate is then evaluated at confinement levels not included in the training set to assess its generalization capability. Results show that an unconstrained GPR interpolates well near training conditions but deteriorates and violates essential physical constraints under extrapolation, even when augmented with simulated data. In contrast, a physics-informed GPR that incorporates derivative-based constraints aligned with known material behavior yields markedly better accuracy and reliability, including at higher confinement levels beyond the training range. Probabilistic enforcement of these constraints also reduces predictive variance, producing tighter confidence intervals in data-scarce regimes. Overall, the proposed approach delivers a robust, uncertainty-aware surrogate that improves generalization and streamlines calibration without sacrificing the interpretability and numerical efficiency of the KCC model, offering a practical path toward an improved constitutive models for concrete. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03367 [ pdf , ps , other ] Physics-Informed Gaussian Process Regression for the Constitutive Modeling of Concrete: A Data-Driven Improvement to Phenomenological Models Authors: Chenyang Li , Himanshu Sharma , Youcai Wu , Joseph Magallanes , K. T. Ramesh , Michael D. Shields Abstract : Understanding and modeling the constitutive behavior of concrete is crucial for civil and defense applications, yet widely used phenomenological models such as Karagozian \& Case concrete (KCC) model depend on empirically calibrated failure surfaces that lack flexibility in model form and associated uncertainty quantification. This work develops a physics-informed framework that retains the modula… ▽ More Understanding and modeling the constitutive behavior of concrete is crucial for civil and defense applications, yet widely used phenomenological models such as Karagozian \& Case concrete (KCC) model depend on empirically calibrated failure surfaces that lack flexibility in model form and associated uncertainty quantification. This work develops a physics-informed framework that retains the modular elastoplastic structure of KCC model while replacing its empirical failure surface with a constrained Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) surrogate that can be learned directly from experimentally accessible observables. Triaxial compression data under varying confinement levels are used for training, and the surrogate is then evaluated at confinement levels not included in the training set to assess its generalization capability. Results show that an unconstrained GPR interpolates well near training conditions but deteriorates and violates essential physical constraints under extrapolation, even when augmented with simulated data. In contrast, a physics-informed GPR that incorporates derivative-based constraints aligned with known material behavior yields markedly better accuracy and reliability, including at higher confinement levels beyond the training range. Probabilistic enforcement of these constraints also reduces predictive variance, producing tighter confidence intervals in data-scarce regimes. Overall, the proposed approach delivers a robust, uncertainty-aware surrogate that improves generalization and streamlines calibration without sacrificing the interpretability and numerical efficiency of the KCC model, offering a practical path toward an improved constitutive models for concrete. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03305 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CY Mass Concept Erasure in Diffusion Models with Concept Hierarchy Authors: Jiahang Tu , Ye Li , Yiming Wu , Hanbin Zhao , Chao Zhang , Hui Qian Abstract : The success of diffusion models has raised concerns about the generation of unsafe or harmful content, prompting concept erasure approaches that fine-tune modules to suppress specific concepts while preserving general generative capabilities. However, as the number of erased concepts grows, these methods often become inefficient and ineffective, since each concept requires a separate set of fine-t… ▽ More The success of diffusion models has raised concerns about the generation of unsafe or harmful content, prompting concept erasure approaches that fine-tune modules to suppress specific concepts while preserving general generative capabilities. However, as the number of erased concepts grows, these methods often become inefficient and ineffective, since each concept requires a separate set of fine-tuned parameters and may degrade the overall generation quality. In this work, we propose a supertype-subtype concept hierarchy that organizes erased concepts into a parent-child structure. Each erased concept is treated as a child node, and semantically related concepts (e.g., macaw, and bald eagle) are grouped under a shared parent node, referred to as a supertype concept (e.g., bird). Rather than erasing concepts individually, we introduce an effective and efficient group-wise suppression method, where semantically similar concepts are grouped and erased jointly by sharing a single set of learnable parameters. During the erasure phase, standard diffusion regularization is applied to preserve denoising process in unmasked regions. To mitigate the degradation of supertype generation caused by excessive erasure of semantically related subtypes, we propose a novel method called Supertype-Preserving Low-Rank Adaptation (SuPLoRA), which encodes the supertype concept information in the frozen down-projection matrix and updates only the up-projection matrix during erasure. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of SuPLoRA in mitigating generation performance degradation. We construct a more challenging benchmark that requires simultaneous erasure of concepts across diverse domains, including celebrities, objects, and pornographic content. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.03305 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mass Concept Erasure in Diffusion Models with Concept Hierarchy Authors: Jiahang Tu , Ye Li , Yiming Wu , Hanbin Zhao , Chao Zhang , Hui Qian Abstract : The success of diffusion models has raised concerns about the generation of unsafe or harmful content, prompting concept erasure approaches that fine-tune modules to suppress specific concepts while preserving general generative capabilities. However, as the number of erased concepts grows, these methods often become inefficient and ineffective, since each concept requires a separate set of fine-t… ▽ More The success of diffusion models has raised concerns about the generation of unsafe or harmful content, prompting concept erasure approaches that fine-tune modules to suppress specific concepts while preserving general generative capabilities. However, as the number of erased concepts grows, these methods often become inefficient and ineffective, since each concept requires a separate set of fine-tuned parameters and may degrade the overall generation quality. In this work, we propose a supertype-subtype concept hierarchy that organizes erased concepts into a parent-child structure. Each erased concept is treated as a child node, and semantically related concepts (e.g., macaw, and bald eagle) are grouped under a shared parent node, referred to as a supertype concept (e.g., bird). Rather than erasing concepts individually, we introduce an effective and efficient group-wise suppression method, where semantically similar concepts are grouped and erased jointly by sharing a single set of learnable parameters. During the erasure phase, standard diffusion regularization is applied to preserve denoising process in unmasked regions. To mitigate the degradation of supertype generation caused by excessive erasure of semantically related subtypes, we propose a novel method called Supertype-Preserving Low-Rank Adaptation (SuPLoRA), which encodes the supertype concept information in the frozen down-projection matrix and updates only the up-projection matrix during erasure. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of SuPLoRA in mitigating generation performance degradation. We construct a more challenging benchmark that requires simultaneous erasure of concepts across diverse domains, including celebrities, objects, and pornographic content. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.03267 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI OpenAI GPT-5 System Card Authors: Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , et al. (459 additional authors not shown) Abstract : This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in… ▽ More This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03267 [ pdf , ps , other ] OpenAI GPT-5 System Card Authors: Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , et al. (459 additional authors not shown) Abstract : This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in… ▽ More This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03149 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG PersonaLedger: Generating Realistic Financial Transactions with Persona Conditioned LLMs and Rule Grounded Feedback Authors: Dehao Yuan , Tyler Farnan , Stefan Tesliuc , Doron L Bergman , Yulun Wu , Xiaoyu Liu , Minghui Liu , James Montgomery , Nam H Nguyen , C. Bayan Bruss , Furong Huang Abstract : Strict privacy regulations limit access to real transaction data, slowing open research in financial AI. Synthetic data can bridge this gap, but existing generators do not jointly achieve behavioral diversity and logical groundedness. Rule-driven simulators rely on hand-crafted workflows and shallow stochasticity, which miss the richness of human behavior. Learning-based generators such as GANs ca… ▽ More Strict privacy regulations limit access to real transaction data, slowing open research in financial AI. Synthetic data can bridge this gap, but existing generators do not jointly achieve behavioral diversity and logical groundedness. Rule-driven simulators rely on hand-crafted workflows and shallow stochasticity, which miss the richness of human behavior. Learning-based generators such as GANs capture correlations yet often violate hard financial constraints and still require training on private data. We introduce PersonaLedger, a generation engine that uses a large language model conditioned on rich user personas to produce diverse transaction streams, coupled with an expert configurable programmatic engine that maintains correctness. The LLM and engine interact in a closed loop: after each event, the engine updates the user state, enforces financial rules, and returns a context aware "nextprompt" that guides the LLM toward feasible next actions. With this engine, we create a public dataset of 30 million transactions from 23,000 users and a benchmark suite with two tasks, illiquidity classification and identity theft segmentation. PersonaLedger offers a realistic, privacy preserving resource that supports rigorous evaluation of forecasting and anomaly detection models. PersonaLedger offers the community a rich, realistic, and privacy preserving resource -- complete with code, rules, and generation logs -- to accelerate innovation in financial AI and enable rigorous, reproducible evaluation. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03149 [ pdf , ps , other ] PersonaLedger: Generating Realistic Financial Transactions with Persona Conditioned LLMs and Rule Grounded Feedback Authors: Dehao Yuan , Tyler Farnan , Stefan Tesliuc , Doron L Bergman , Yulun Wu , Xiaoyu Liu , Minghui Liu , James Montgomery , Nam H Nguyen , C. Bayan Bruss , Furong Huang Abstract : Strict privacy regulations limit access to real transaction data, slowing open research in financial AI. Synthetic data can bridge this gap, but existing generators do not jointly achieve behavioral diversity and logical groundedness. Rule-driven simulators rely on hand-crafted workflows and shallow stochasticity, which miss the richness of human behavior. Learning-based generators such as GANs ca… ▽ More Strict privacy regulations limit access to real transaction data, slowing open research in financial AI. Synthetic data can bridge this gap, but existing generators do not jointly achieve behavioral diversity and logical groundedness. Rule-driven simulators rely on hand-crafted workflows and shallow stochasticity, which miss the richness of human behavior. Learning-based generators such as GANs capture correlations yet often violate hard financial constraints and still require training on private data. We introduce PersonaLedger, a generation engine that uses a large language model conditioned on rich user personas to produce diverse transaction streams, coupled with an expert configurable programmatic engine that maintains correctness. The LLM and engine interact in a closed loop: after each event, the engine updates the user state, enforces financial rules, and returns a context aware "nextprompt" that guides the LLM toward feasible next actions. With this engine, we create a public dataset of 30 million transactions from 23,000 users and a benchmark suite with two tasks, illiquidity classification and identity theft segmentation. PersonaLedger offers a realistic, privacy preserving resource that supports rigorous evaluation of forecasting and anomaly detection models. PersonaLedger offers the community a rich, realistic, and privacy preserving resource -- complete with code, rules, and generation logs -- to accelerate innovation in financial AI and enable rigorous, reproducible evaluation. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03111 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL One Sample to Rule Them All: Extreme Data Efficiency in RL Scaling Authors: Yiyuan Li , Zhen Huang , Yanan Wu , Weixun Wang , Xuefeng Li , Yijia Luo , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Pengfei Liu Abstract : The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effe… ▽ More The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effectiveness of one-shot learning. Specifically, we introduce polymath learning, a framework for designing one training sample that elicits multidisciplinary impact. We present three key findings: (1) A single, strategically selected math reasoning sample can produce significant performance improvements across multiple domains, including physics, chemistry, and biology with RL; (2) The math skills salient to reasoning suggest the characteristics of the optimal polymath sample; and (3) An engineered synthetic sample that integrates multidiscipline elements outperforms training with individual samples that naturally occur. Our approach achieves superior performance to training with larger datasets across various reasoning benchmarks, demonstrating that sample quality and design, rather than quantity, may be the key to unlock enhanced reasoning capabilities in language models. Our results suggest a shift, dubbed as sample engineering, toward precision engineering of training samples rather than simply increasing data volume. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03111 [ pdf , ps , other ] One Sample to Rule Them All: Extreme Data Efficiency in RL Scaling Authors: Yiyuan Li , Zhen Huang , Yanan Wu , Weixun Wang , Xuefeng Li , Yijia Luo , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Pengfei Liu Abstract : The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effe… ▽ More The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effectiveness of one-shot learning. Specifically, we introduce polymath learning, a framework for designing one training sample that elicits multidisciplinary impact. We present three key findings: (1) A single, strategically selected math reasoning sample can produce significant performance improvements across multiple domains, including physics, chemistry, and biology with RL; (2) The math skills salient to reasoning suggest the characteristics of the optimal polymath sample; and (3) An engineered synthetic sample that integrates multidiscipline elements outperforms training with individual samples that naturally occur. Our approach achieves superior performance to training with larger datasets across various reasoning benchmarks, demonstrating that sample quality and design, rather than quantity, may be the key to unlock enhanced reasoning capabilities in language models. Our results suggest a shift, dubbed as sample engineering, toward precision engineering of training samples rather than simply increasing data volume. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02968 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Rationale-Grounded In-Context Learning for Time Series Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Qingxiang Liu , Zhiqing Cui , Xiaoliang Luo , Yuqian Wu , Zhuoyang Jiang , Huaiyu Wan , Sheng Sun , Lvchun Wang , Wei Yu , Yuxuan Liang Abstract : The underperformance of existing multimodal large language models for time series reasoning lies in the absence of rationale priors that connect temporal observations to their downstream outcomes, which leads models to rely on superficial pattern matching rather than principled reasoning. We therefore propose the rationale-grounded in-context learning for time series reasoning, where rationales wo… ▽ More The underperformance of existing multimodal large language models for time series reasoning lies in the absence of rationale priors that connect temporal observations to their downstream outcomes, which leads models to rely on superficial pattern matching rather than principled reasoning. We therefore propose the rationale-grounded in-context learning for time series reasoning, where rationales work as guiding reasoning units rather than post-hoc explanations, and develop the RationaleTS method. Specifically, we firstly induce label-conditioned rationales, composed of reasoning paths from observable evidence to the potential outcomes. Then, we design the hybrid retrieval by balancing temporal patterns and semantic contexts to retrieve correlated rationale priors for the final in-context inference on new samples. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed RationaleTS on three-domain time series reasoning tasks. We will release our code for reproduction. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02968 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rationale-Grounded In-Context Learning for Time Series Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Qingxiang Liu , Zhiqing Cui , Xiaoliang Luo , Yuqian Wu , Zhuoyang Jiang , Huaiyu Wan , Sheng Sun , Lvchun Wang , Wei Yu , Yuxuan Liang Abstract : The underperformance of existing multimodal large language models for time series reasoning lies in the absence of rationale priors that connect temporal observations to their downstream outcomes, which leads models to rely on superficial pattern matching rather than principled reasoning. We therefore propose the rationale-grounded in-context learning for time series reasoning, where rationales wo… ▽ More The underperformance of existing multimodal large language models for time series reasoning lies in the absence of rationale priors that connect temporal observations to their downstream outcomes, which leads models to rely on superficial pattern matching rather than principled reasoning. We therefore propose the rationale-grounded in-context learning for time series reasoning, where rationales work as guiding reasoning units rather than post-hoc explanations, and develop the RationaleTS method. Specifically, we firstly induce label-conditioned rationales, composed of reasoning paths from observable evidence to the potential outcomes. Then, we design the hybrid retrieval by balancing temporal patterns and semantic contexts to retrieve correlated rationale priors for the final in-context inference on new samples. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed RationaleTS on three-domain time series reasoning tasks. We will release our code for reproduction. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02455 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.CL eess.AS Dynamic Quantization Error Propagation in Encoder-Decoder ASR Quantization Authors: Xinyu Wang , Yajie Luo , Yihong Wu , Liheng Ma , Ziyu Zhao , Jingrui Tian , Lei Ding , Yufei Cui , Xiao-Wen Chang Abstract : Running Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models on memory-constrained edge devices requires efficient compression. While layer-wise post-training quantization is effective, it suffers from error accumulation, especially in encoder-decoder architectures. Existing solutions like Quantization Error Propagation (QEP) are suboptimal for ASR due to the model's heterogeneity, processing acoustic featur… ▽ More Running Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models on memory-constrained edge devices requires efficient compression. While layer-wise post-training quantization is effective, it suffers from error accumulation, especially in encoder-decoder architectures. Existing solutions like Quantization Error Propagation (QEP) are suboptimal for ASR due to the model's heterogeneity, processing acoustic features in the encoder while generating text in the decoder. To address this, we propose Fine-grained Alpha for Dynamic Quantization Error Propagation (FADE), which adaptively controls the trade-off between cross-layer error correction and local quantization. Experiments show that FADE significantly improves stability by reducing performance variance across runs, while simultaneously surpassing baselines in mean WER. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2601.02455 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dynamic Quantization Error Propagation in Encoder-Decoder ASR Quantization Authors: Xinyu Wang , Yajie Luo , Yihong Wu , Liheng Ma , Ziyu Zhao , Jingrui Tian , Lei Ding , Yufei Cui , Xiao-Wen Chang Abstract : Running Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models on memory-constrained edge devices requires efficient compression. While layer-wise post-training quantization is effective, it suffers from error accumulation, especially in encoder-decoder architectures. Existing solutions like Quantization Error Propagation (QEP) are suboptimal for ASR due to the model's heterogeneity, processing acoustic featur… ▽ More Running Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models on memory-constrained edge devices requires efficient compression. While layer-wise post-training quantization is effective, it suffers from error accumulation, especially in encoder-decoder architectures. Existing solutions like Quantization Error Propagation (QEP) are suboptimal for ASR due to the model's heterogeneity, processing acoustic features in the encoder while generating text in the decoder. To address this, we propose Fine-grained Alpha for Dynamic Quantization Error Propagation (FADE), which adaptively controls the trade-off between cross-layer error correction and local quantization. Experiments show that FADE significantly improves stability by reducing performance variance across runs, while simultaneously surpassing baselines in mean WER. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2601.02375 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.SE LeafTutor: An AI Agent for Programming Assignment Tutoring Authors: Madison Bochard , Tim Conser , Alyssa Duran , Lazaro Martull , Pu Tian , Yalong Wu Abstract : High enrollment in STEM-related degree programs has created increasing demand for scalable tutoring support, as universities experience a shortage of qualified instructors and teaching assistants (TAs). To address this challenge, LeafTutor, an AI tutoring agent powered by large language models (LLMs), was developed to provide step-by-step guidance for students. LeafTutor was evaluated through real… ▽ More High enrollment in STEM-related degree programs has created increasing demand for scalable tutoring support, as universities experience a shortage of qualified instructors and teaching assistants (TAs). To address this challenge, LeafTutor, an AI tutoring agent powered by large language models (LLMs), was developed to provide step-by-step guidance for students. LeafTutor was evaluated through real programming assignments. The results indicate that the system can deliver step-by-step programming guidance comparable to human tutors. This work demonstrates the potential of LLM-driven tutoring solutions to enhance and personalize learning in STEM education. If any reader is interested in collaboration with our team to improve or test LeafTutor, please contact Pu Tian (pu.tian@stockton.edu) or Yalong Wu (wuy@uhcl.edu). △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02375 [ pdf , ps , other ] LeafTutor: An AI Agent for Programming Assignment Tutoring Authors: Madison Bochard , Tim Conser , Alyssa Duran , Lazaro Martull , Pu Tian , Yalong Wu Abstract : High enrollment in STEM-related degree programs has created increasing demand for scalable tutoring support, as universities experience a shortage of qualified instructors and teaching assistants (TAs). To address this challenge, LeafTutor, an AI tutoring agent powered by large language models (LLMs), was developed to provide step-by-step guidance for students. LeafTutor was evaluated through real… ▽ More High enrollment in STEM-related degree programs has created increasing demand for scalable tutoring support, as universities experience a shortage of qualified instructors and teaching assistants (TAs). To address this challenge, LeafTutor, an AI tutoring agent powered by large language models (LLMs), was developed to provide step-by-step guidance for students. LeafTutor was evaluated through real programming assignments. The results indicate that the system can deliver step-by-step programming guidance comparable to human tutors. This work demonstrates the potential of LLM-driven tutoring solutions to enhance and personalize learning in STEM education. If any reader is interested in collaboration with our team to improve or test LeafTutor, please contact Pu Tian (pu.tian@stockton.edu) or Yalong Wu (wuy@uhcl.edu). △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02366 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI TextBridgeGNN: Pre-training Graph Neural Network for Cross-Domain Recommendation via Text-Guided Transfer Authors: Yiwen Chen , Yiqing Wu , Huishi Luo , Fuzhen Zhuang , Deqing Wang Abstract : Graph-based recommendation has achieved great success in recent years. The classical graph recommendation model utilizes ID embedding to store essential collaborative information. However, this ID-based paradigm faces challenges in transferring to a new domain, making it hard to build a pre-trained graph recommendation model. This phenomenon primarily stems from two inherent challenges: (1) the no… ▽ More Graph-based recommendation has achieved great success in recent years. The classical graph recommendation model utilizes ID embedding to store essential collaborative information. However, this ID-based paradigm faces challenges in transferring to a new domain, making it hard to build a pre-trained graph recommendation model. This phenomenon primarily stems from two inherent challenges: (1) the non-transferability of ID embeddings due to isolated domain-specific ID spaces, and (2) structural incompatibility between heterogeneous interaction graphs across domains. To address these issues, we propose TextBridgeGNN, a pre-training and fine-tuning framework that can effectively transfer knowledge from a pre-trained GNN to downstream tasks. We believe the key lies in how to build the relationship between domains. Specifically, TextBridgeGNN uses text as a semantic bridge to connect domains through multi-level graph propagation. During the pre-training stage, textual information is utilized to break the data islands formed by multiple domains, and hierarchical GNNs are designed to learn both domain-specific and domain-global knowledge with text features, ensuring the retention of collaborative signals and the enhancement of semantics. During the fine-tuning stage, a similarity transfer mechanism is proposed. This mechanism initializes ID embeddings in the target domain by transferring from semantically related nodes, successfully transferring the ID embeddings and graph pattern. Experiments demonstrate that TextBridgeGNN outperforms existing methods in cross-domain, multi-domain, and training-free settings, highlighting its ability to integrate Pre-trained Language Model (PLM)-driven semantics with graph-based collaborative filtering without costly language model fine-tuning or real-time inference overhead. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02366 [ pdf , ps , other ] TextBridgeGNN: Pre-training Graph Neural Network for Cross-Domain Recommendation via Text-Guided Transfer Authors: Yiwen Chen , Yiqing Wu , Huishi Luo , Fuzhen Zhuang , Deqing Wang Abstract : Graph-based recommendation has achieved great success in recent years. The classical graph recommendation model utilizes ID embedding to store essential collaborative information. However, this ID-based paradigm faces challenges in transferring to a new domain, making it hard to build a pre-trained graph recommendation model. This phenomenon primarily stems from two inherent challenges: (1) the no… ▽ More Graph-based recommendation has achieved great success in recent years. The classical graph recommendation model utilizes ID embedding to store essential collaborative information. However, this ID-based paradigm faces challenges in transferring to a new domain, making it hard to build a pre-trained graph recommendation model. This phenomenon primarily stems from two inherent challenges: (1) the non-transferability of ID embeddings due to isolated domain-specific ID spaces, and (2) structural incompatibility between heterogeneous interaction graphs across domains. To address these issues, we propose TextBridgeGNN, a pre-training and fine-tuning framework that can effectively transfer knowledge from a pre-trained GNN to downstream tasks. We believe the key lies in how to build the relationship between domains. Specifically, TextBridgeGNN uses text as a semantic bridge to connect domains through multi-level graph propagation. During the pre-training stage, textual information is utilized to break the data islands formed by multiple domains, and hierarchical GNNs are designed to learn both domain-specific and domain-global knowledge with text features, ensuring the retention of collaborative signals and the enhancement of semantics. During the fine-tuning stage, a similarity transfer mechanism is proposed. This mechanism initializes ID embeddings in the target domain by transferring from semantically related nodes, successfully transferring the ID embeddings and graph pattern. Experiments demonstrate that TextBridgeGNN outperforms existing methods in cross-domain, multi-domain, and training-free settings, highlighting its ability to integrate Pre-trained Language Model (PLM)-driven semantics with graph-based collaborative filtering without costly language model fine-tuning or real-time inference overhead. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02201 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CV CORE: Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion for Virtual Agents Authors: Keyu Wang , Bingchen Miao , Wendong Bu , Yu Wu , Juncheng Li , Shengyu Zhang , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang Abstract : The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavil… ▽ More The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavily relies on manually designed reward functions. To address the conflict between these two methods, we present CORE, a Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion that bridges imitation and exploration, offering a novel training framework that promotes behavioral diversity while eliminating the reliance on manually reward design. Specifically, we introduce Semantic Code Abstraction to automatically infers reward functions from expert demonstrations without manual design. The inferred reward function, referred to as the Label Function, is executable code that verifies one key step within a task. Building on this, we propose Strategy Graph Expansion to enhance in-domain behavioral diversity, which constructs a multi-path graph called Strategy Graph that captures diverse valid solutions beyond expert demonstrations. Furthermore, we introduce Trajectory-Guided Extrapolation, which enriches out-of-domain behavioral diversity by utilizing both successful and failed trajectories to expand the task space. Experiments on Web and Android platforms demonstrate that CORE significantly improves both overall performance and generalization, highlighting its potential as a robust and generalizable training paradigm for building powerful virtual agents. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures arXiv:2601.02201 [ pdf , ps , other ] CORE: Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion for Virtual Agents Authors: Keyu Wang , Bingchen Miao , Wendong Bu , Yu Wu , Juncheng Li , Shengyu Zhang , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang Abstract : The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavil… ▽ More The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavily relies on manually designed reward functions. To address the conflict between these two methods, we present CORE, a Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion that bridges imitation and exploration, offering a novel training framework that promotes behavioral diversity while eliminating the reliance on manually reward design. Specifically, we introduce Semantic Code Abstraction to automatically infers reward functions from expert demonstrations without manual design. The inferred reward function, referred to as the Label Function, is executable code that verifies one key step within a task. Building on this, we propose Strategy Graph Expansion to enhance in-domain behavioral diversity, which constructs a multi-path graph called Strategy Graph that captures diverse valid solutions beyond expert demonstrations. Furthermore, we introduce Trajectory-Guided Extrapolation, which enriches out-of-domain behavioral diversity by utilizing both successful and failed trajectories to expand the task space. Experiments on Web and Android platforms demonstrate that CORE significantly improves both overall performance and generalization, highlighting its potential as a robust and generalizable training paradigm for building powerful virtual agents. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures arXiv:2601.02189 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.LG QuIC: A Quantum-Inspired Interaction Classifier for Revitalizing Shallow CNNs in Fine-Grained Recognition Authors: Cheng Ying Wu , Yen Jui Chang Abstract : Deploying deep learning models for Fine-Grained Visual Classification (FGVC) on resource-constrained edge devices remains a significant challenge. While deep architectures achieve high accuracy on benchmarks like CUB-200-2011, their computational cost is often prohibitive. Conversely, shallow networks (e.g., AlexNet, VGG) offer efficiency but fail to distinguish visually similar sub-categories. Th… ▽ More Deploying deep learning models for Fine-Grained Visual Classification (FGVC) on resource-constrained edge devices remains a significant challenge. While deep architectures achieve high accuracy on benchmarks like CUB-200-2011, their computational cost is often prohibitive. Conversely, shallow networks (e.g., AlexNet, VGG) offer efficiency but fail to distinguish visually similar sub-categories. This is because standard Global Average Pooling (GAP) heads capture only first-order statistics, missing the subtle high-order feature interactions required for FGVC. While Bilinear CNNs address this, they suffer from high feature dimensionality and instability during training. To bridge this gap, we propose the Quantum-inspired Interaction Classifier (QuIC). Drawing inspiration from quantum mechanics, QuIC models feature channels as interacting quantum states and captures second-order feature covariance via a learnable observable operator. Designed as a lightweight, plug-and-play module, QuIC supports stable, single-stage end-to-end training without exploding feature dimensions. Experimental results demonstrate that QuIC significantly revitalizes shallow backbones: it boosts the Top-1 accuracy of VGG16 by nearly 20% and outperforms state-of-the-art attention mechanisms (SE-Block) on ResNet18. Qualitative analysis, including t-SNE visualization, further confirms that QuIC resolves ambiguous cases by explicitly attending to fine-grained discriminative features and enforcing compact intra-class clustering. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02189 [ pdf , ps , other ] QuIC: A Quantum-Inspired Interaction Classifier for Revitalizing Shallow CNNs in Fine-Grained Recognition Authors: Cheng Ying Wu , Yen Jui Chang Abstract : Deploying deep learning models for Fine-Grained Visual Classification (FGVC) on resource-constrained edge devices remains a significant challenge. While deep architectures achieve high accuracy on benchmarks like CUB-200-2011, their computational cost is often prohibitive. Conversely, shallow networks (e.g., AlexNet, VGG) offer efficiency but fail to distinguish visually similar sub-categories. Th… ▽ More Deploying deep learning models for Fine-Grained Visual Classification (FGVC) on resource-constrained edge devices remains a significant challenge. While deep architectures achieve high accuracy on benchmarks like CUB-200-2011, their computational cost is often prohibitive. Conversely, shallow networks (e.g., AlexNet, VGG) offer efficiency but fail to distinguish visually similar sub-categories. This is because standard Global Average Pooling (GAP) heads capture only first-order statistics, missing the subtle high-order feature interactions required for FGVC. While Bilinear CNNs address this, they suffer from high feature dimensionality and instability during training. To bridge this gap, we propose the Quantum-inspired Interaction Classifier (QuIC). Drawing inspiration from quantum mechanics, QuIC models feature channels as interacting quantum states and captures second-order feature covariance via a learnable observable operator. Designed as a lightweight, plug-and-play module, QuIC supports stable, single-stage end-to-end training without exploding feature dimensions. Experimental results demonstrate that QuIC significantly revitalizes shallow backbones: it boosts the Top-1 accuracy of VGG16 by nearly 20% and outperforms state-of-the-art attention mechanisms (SE-Block) on ResNet18. Qualitative analysis, including t-SNE visualization, further confirms that QuIC resolves ambiguous cases by explicitly attending to fine-grained discriminative features and enforcing compact intra-class clustering. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01925 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking Authors: Lianjie Jia , Yuhan Wu , Binghao Ran , Yifan Wang , Lijun Wang , Huchuan Lu Abstract : As multi-object tracking (MOT) tasks continue to evolve toward more general and multi-modal scenarios, the rigid and task-specific architectures of existing MOT methods increasingly hinder their applicability across diverse tasks and limit flexibility in adapting to new tracking formulations. Most approaches rely on fixed output heads and bespoke tracking pipelines, making them difficult to extend… ▽ More As multi-object tracking (MOT) tasks continue to evolve toward more general and multi-modal scenarios, the rigid and task-specific architectures of existing MOT methods increasingly hinder their applicability across diverse tasks and limit flexibility in adapting to new tracking formulations. Most approaches rely on fixed output heads and bespoke tracking pipelines, making them difficult to extend to more complex or instruction-driven tasks. To address these limitations, we propose AR-MOT, a novel autoregressive paradigm that formulates MOT as a sequence generation task within a large language model (LLM) framework. This design enables the model to output structured results through flexible sequence construction, without requiring any task-specific heads. To enhance region-level visual perception, we introduce an Object Tokenizer based on a pretrained detector. To mitigate the misalignment between global and regional features, we propose a Region-Aware Alignment (RAA) module, and to support long-term tracking, we design a Temporal Memory Fusion (TMF) module that caches historical object tokens. AR-MOT offers strong potential for extensibility, as new modalities or instructions can be integrated by simply modifying the output sequence format without altering the model architecture. Extensive experiments on MOT17 and DanceTrack validate the feasibility of our approach, achieving performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods while laying the foundation for more general and flexible MOT systems. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.01925 [ pdf , ps , other ] AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking Authors: Lianjie Jia , Yuhan Wu , Binghao Ran , Yifan Wang , Lijun Wang , Huchuan Lu Abstract : As multi-object tracking (MOT) tasks continue to evolve toward more general and multi-modal scenarios, the rigid and task-specific architectures of existing MOT methods increasingly hinder their applicability across diverse tasks and limit flexibility in adapting to new tracking formulations. Most approaches rely on fixed output heads and bespoke tracking pipelines, making them difficult to extend… ▽ More As multi-object tracking (MOT) tasks continue to evolve toward more general and multi-modal scenarios, the rigid and task-specific architectures of existing MOT methods increasingly hinder their applicability across diverse tasks and limit flexibility in adapting to new tracking formulations. Most approaches rely on fixed output heads and bespoke tracking pipelines, making them difficult to extend to more complex or instruction-driven tasks. To address these limitations, we propose AR-MOT, a novel autoregressive paradigm that formulates MOT as a sequence generation task within a large language model (LLM) framework. This design enables the model to output structured results through flexible sequence construction, without requiring any task-specific heads. To enhance region-level visual perception, we introduce an Object Tokenizer based on a pretrained detector. To mitigate the misalignment between global and regional features, we propose a Region-Aware Alignment (RAA) module, and to support long-term tracking, we design a Temporal Memory Fusion (TMF) module that caches historical object tokens. AR-MOT offers strong potential for extensibility, as new modalities or instructions can be integrated by simply modifying the output sequence format without altering the model architecture. Extensive experiments on MOT17 and DanceTrack validate the feasibility of our approach, achieving performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods while laying the foundation for more general and flexible MOT systems. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Wu,+Y
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Concept and development 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 4 Promotion and music video 5 Credits and personnel 6 Release history 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Shine (Gwen Stefani song) Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item "Shine" Promotional single by Gwen Stefani featuring Pharrell Williams Released January 13, 2015 Recorded 2014 Genre Reggae pop ska Reggae pop ska Length 3 : 24 Label The Weinstein Company Songwriters Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Producer Pharrell Williams " Shine " is a song written and recorded by American singer Gwen Stefani featuring Pharrell Williams , who also produced the song. Originally intended for Stefani's band No Doubt , it is a reggae pop and ska song that was written for the 2014 live-action/animated film Paddington . The lyrics revolve around the lead character Paddington Bear 's journey to London and his identity crisis. Stefani initially disagreed with Williams's choice to use direct references to Paddington in the lyrics, but praised this decision after watching the film with her children. She reported that her involvement with the recording was inspired by her then-husband Gavin Rossdale and her children's connection to England. A lyric video for the track was released on January 13, 2015, on The Weinstein Company 's YouTube channel, and included on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of the film. The song was featured in the American trailer for the movie, and made available as a promotional CD as a result of its submission for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Although a low-quality version leaked on December 31, 2014, a full version of the recording was not released for public consumption. It was omitted from the film's soundtrack album , as well as Stefani's third studio album This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016). Critical response to "Shine" was mixed; some praised Stefani and Williams's chemistry, while others compared it negatively to their previous collaborations. Commentators frequently likened it to Williams's 2013 single " Happy " and Stefani's 2014 song " Spark the Fire ". Concept and development "There's such a connection being married to an Englishman and having these kids and going to England all these years and the story. There are just so many reasons it was attractive to me." "There's such a connection being married to an Englishman and having these kids and going to England all these years and the story. There are just so many reasons it was attractive to me." "Shine" was written by Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani , and the recording was produced by Williams. [ 2 ] In November 2014, the pair announced that they were collaborating on a recording for the live-action/animated film Paddington . [ 3 ] They had previously worked together on four singles: " Hella Good " (2002), " Can I Have It Like That " (2005), " Hollaback Girl " (2005), and " Spark the Fire " (2014). [ 4 ] Williams initially pitched "Shine" as a song for No Doubt , of which Stefani was lead vocalist. She immediately noticed similarities between the demo and her music with No Doubt and played it for the rest of the band to get their reaction. [ 5 ] No Doubt recorded their version in late 2014. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] According to Rolling Stone , Stefani was collaborating with the band for a song for the Paddington soundtrack. [ 8 ] Despite this announcement, Rolling Stone 's Patrick Doyle suggested that it would be recorded by Williams and Stefani instead. [ 8 ] In an official statement, film executive Bob Weinstein called Stefani and Williams "the perfect artistic duo", saying their work "brought to life the charm that Paddington represents". [ 9 ] Stefani said her involvement was motivated by her personal connection to the film's setting through her marriage to English musician Gavin Rossdale . [ 10 ] She added that the film and the track allowed her children to recognize their origins. [ 1 ] Williams considered the song to be "a wonderful opportunity, as a parent, to contribute to something as classic, authentic and generational to all of our lives, as Paddington Bear"; Stefani said that she was "honored to join forces with Pharrell and be part of bringing this beloved classic to life for Paddington's next big adventure". [ 11 ] Williams called the song "a trailer into a wonderful family experience" and developed its concept from his children's interest in Paddington Bear. [ 12 ] Composition and lyrical interpretation "Shine" is a reggae pop and ska song that lasts three minutes and 24 seconds. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] It is composed in the key of E minor using common time and a moderately fast tempo of 140 beats per minute. [ 16 ] Instrumentation is provided by strings , horns , a guitar , and a piano , [ 14 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] to create what Music Times ' Carolyn Menyes described as a "crawling beat". [ 18 ] March Robisch of Thought Catalog described the single as having "that ska quality that made No Doubt so successful". [ 14 ] Digital Spy ' s Lewis Corner and Amy Davidson wrote that it is a "ska-flecked romp of pumped-up foghorns and plodding brass". [ 13 ] A writer from Capital XTRA described it as having a "mellow beat", [ 19 ] while Rolling Stone 's Daniel Sannwald wrote it has a "party-vibe production". [ 15 ] During the track, Stefani's vocal range spans from the low note of D 3 to the high note of A 4 . [ 16 ] Williams equated Stefani's tone to that of a "child whisperer" due to her ability to make music that appeals to children. [ 20 ] The lyrics are about Paddington Bear and his travels; Rolling Stone called it "a pop-reggae allegory about a bear with an identity crisis". [ 15 ] The song opens with Stefani singing the first verse and Williams joining in the chorus , the lyrics including "When you're trying to get home / When you don't wanna be alone / Look at yourself in the mirror / That's your way home". [ 19 ] The hook features Stefani repeatedly singing "Shine!" and Williams screaming "Hey!". [ 21 ] Andy Morris from Gigwise noted the lyrics, "So we're in a strange new land in Paddington station / But you end up in good hands in the fancy British nation" and "that bear with the red hat", as obvious references to Paddington. [ 22 ] According to Sannwald, the lyrics include "Pharrell's 'Happy"-ish 'Everybody is the same inside' bridge " that allows the song to appeal to both children and their parents "without sounding overly patronizing". [ 15 ] "Shine" ends with Williams singing in the falsetto register. [ 21 ] When discussing the development of the single with MTV News , Stefani said that she initially disagreed with Williams's approach to the lyrics. Williams was more "specific" regarding the lyrics as he wanted to include words directly connected to the film and its character like "bear", "Paddington", and "station"; Stefani said that she preferred for the song to be a "little more abstract". She later reversed this view, saying that she agreed with Williams's interpretation after watching the film with her children [ 23 ] and seeing the complete animations of the Paddington Bear character. [ 12 ] In an interview with American Top 40 , Stefani credited Williams as being central to the recording's development, saying that he was "the one who really got in there and was able to channel the film lyrically and make it really happen". [ 24 ] Critical reception "Shine" received mixed reviews from music critics . E! News ' Bruna Nessif gave the single a positive review, stating: "When it comes to feel-good music, leave it up to Gwen Stefani and Pharrell to get the job done". [ 25 ] A reviewer from Vibe praised it as "the perfect theme song". [ 26 ] Abe Dewing, a member of the Cambridge Symphony Orchestra, described it as a "sharp, hip tune" in the Boston Herald . [ 27 ] He compared its opening trumpet riff to music by British composer Herbert Chappell , who created the theme for the 1975 television series Paddington . [ 28 ] Chappell also composed music for the 1986 concerto "Paddington Bear's First Concert". Dewing praised Stefani and Willams's ability "to compose new music for existing source material intended for children". [ 27 ] A reviewer from the website antiMusic described the recording as "even more feel good" than the pair's collaboration on "Spark the Fire". [ 29 ] Daniel Sannwald gave it three and a half stars out of five, favorably comparing its melody to the chorus of Irish rock band The Cranberries 's 1994 single " Zombie ". He felt that it would appeal to both children and their parents. [ 15 ] Some reviewers criticized "Shine" for lacking the energy of Williams's and Stefani's previous releases. MTV 's John Walker questioned whether it could repeat the success of Williams's previous single "Happy" from the 2013 animated film Despicable Me 2 . [ 30 ] In response to the leaked version, Carolyn Menyes wrote that it was too slow in comparison to the "crazy, happy beats and earwormmy hand claps" of "Happy" and the "inane catchiness" of Stefani's previous singles "Spark the Fire" and " Baby Don't Lie " (2014). Menyes was critical of Stefani's vocals, saying she used "an oddly harsh tone" throughout the track. [ 18 ] Steven Pond of TheWrap wrote that Stefani's vocal delivery "never quite crosses the line to catchy". [ 31 ] Promotion and music video Although a low-quality version leaked on December 31, 2014, a full version of the recording was not made available for the public. [ 18 ] A limited quantity edition CD single was issued in January 2015, and sent to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as part of the submission process to be considered for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . [ 32 ] The single was included in the list of 79 contenders for the award, [ 33 ] but it did not receive a nomination. [ 34 ] A lyric video was uploaded onto The Weinstein Company's YouTube channel on January 13, 2015. It was a minute and 35 seconds, and featured clips from the film. The video received over two million views in 24 hours. [ 17 ] The video featured scenes from the film in which "the iconic Peruvian bear finds himself in all manner of mishaps while trying to find a home and ultimately working his way into our hearts". [ 25 ] The visual was included on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Paddington along with a behind-the-scenes feature on the making of the track. [ 12 ] Matthew Jacobson of The Spectrum , a newspaper which is part of the USA Today Network , criticized the video for being "just clips of the movie set to a song" rather than a proper music video. [ 35 ] Alternatively, Cinemablend.com's Jessica Rawden found the video to be "satsifying". [ 36 ] "Shine" is featured in the American trailer [ 37 ] and the closing credits for Paddington , [ 38 ] but was not included in the British version of the film. [ 3 ] Idolator 's Christina Lee wrote that the track was an exclusive release for the United States and Canada. [ 39 ] The song was excluded from the film's soundtrack album , [ 40 ] as well as Stefani's third studio album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016). [ 41 ] During an interview with Stefani and Williams on January 21, 2015, radio host Ryan Seacrest erroneously announced the track was available for purchase on the iTunes Store . [ 42 ] Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers : [ 2 ] ASCAP/Harajuku Lover Music Gwen Stefani appears courtesy of Interscope Records . Pharrell Williams appears courtesy of Columbia Records and i am OTHER Entertainment . Writers – Gwen Renee Stefani, Pharrell Williams Performance – Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Williams Release history Region Date Format Label United States [ 32 ] January 13, 2015 [ 17 ] CD single The Weinstein Company See also List of songs recorded by Gwen Stefani References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Finn, Natalie. "Watch: 'Paddington' tune brings out Gwen Stefani's inner Anglophile" . E! . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b "Shine" . American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers . Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. ^ a b Reed, Ryan. "Hear Gwen Stefani and Pharrell's Soul-Searching 'Shine' " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. ^ Nguyen, Dean Van. "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell collaboration 'Shine' released online" . NME . Time Inc. UK . Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. ^ Stefani, Gwen (October 20, 2014). "Valentine in the Morning" (Interview). Interviewed by Valentine. Los Angeles, California: 104.3 MYfm. ^ "Highlights: OnAir with Ryan Seacrest (Updated)" . Beacon Street Online . October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. ^ Stefani, Gwen (October 21, 2014). "On Air with Ryan Seacrest" (Interview). Interviewed by Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles, California: KIIS-FM . ^ a b Doyle, Patrick (December 4, 2014). "How Gwen Stefani Discovered Emojis and Jump-Started Her Career" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 5, 2015 . Retrieved September 11, 2017 . ^ Zuckerman, Esther. "Pharrell and Gwen Stefani writing and performing song for 'Paddington' " . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. ^ Truitt, Brian. "Watch: 'Paddington' tune brings out Gwen Stefani's inner Anglophile" . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ McDonagh, Charlotte. "Superstars Gwen Stefani and Pharrell team up for new single Shine" . Daily Express . Northern and Shell Media . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b c Paddington; "Making of Shine" Featurette. (2015) [Blu-ray]. StudioCanal. ^ a b Corner, Lewis; Davidson, Amy (January 6, 2015). "Playlist: 10 tracks you need to hear - Kanye West, Marina, N.E.R.D." Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. ^ a b c Robisch, March (January 16, 2015). "15 Albums You'll Want To Hear In 2015" . Thought Catalog . The Thought & Expression Co. ^ a b c d e Sannwald, Daniel. "Shine" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b c d "Digital Sheet Music, Gwen Stefani 'Shine' " . Musicnotes.com. 2015. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. ^ a b c "Paddington - Shine co-written by Gwen Stefani & Pharrell - The Weinstein Company" . The Weinstein Company . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b c Menyes, Carolyn (December 31, 2014). "Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Collaboration "Shine" from 'Paddington' Leaks Online Ahead of U.S. Premiere [Listen]" . Music Times. ^ a b "Hear Gwen Stefani And Pharrell's New Single 'Shine' " . Capital XTRA . Global Radio . January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. ^ "Gwen Stefani & Pharrell On 'Paddington' Collaboration" . Access Hollywood . KNBC . January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b "Gwen Stefani & Pharrell 'Shine' Together" . Soul Bounce. January 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. ^ Morris, Andy. "Listen: Gwen Stefani and Pharrell's song about Paddington Bear" . Gigwise . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ Martinez, Rikki. "Pharrell And Gwen Stefani's 'Paddington' Track 'Shine' Was Almost More 'Abstract' " . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. ^ Perricone, Kathleen. "Pharrell on Gwen Stefani: 'There's a Million Songs in That Body of Hers' " . American Top 40 . Premiere Networks . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ a b Nessif, Bruna. "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Team Up With Paddington in Adorable "Shine" Lyric Video-Watch Now!" . E! News . E! . Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. ^ "Gwen Stefani And Pharrell 'Shine' For The Paddington Soundtrack" . Vibe . Spin Media . Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. ^ a b "Paddington serves as reminder of the way story and music collaborate" . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. ^ "Paddington Bear (Theme)" . MusicNotes.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Team For 'Shine' (Recap)" . AntiMusic. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. ^ Walker, John. "Will Gwen Stefani & Pharrell's "Shine" be the "Happy" of 2015?" . MTV News. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. ^ Pond, Steven (December 23, 2014). "Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Team For 'Shine' (Recap)" . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. ^ a b " Shine " (Liner notes/ CD booklet). Gwen Stefani featuring Pharrell . The Weinstein Company . 2015. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) ^ Abramovitch, Seth (December 12, 2014). "Oscars: 79 Titles Advance In Original Song Category" . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. ^ "Oscar Nominations 2015: Full List" . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. ^ Jacobson, Matthew. "Watch 'Paddington' for the charm, stay for Nicole Kidman's femme fatale" . The Spectrum. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. ^ Rawden, Jessica. "New DVD Releases: April 2015 In Home Entertainment" . Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ Carter, Caitlin. "Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Debut Video For Collaboration "Shine" Ahead of 'Paddington' U.S. Release [Watch]" . Music Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. ^ Shuster, Andrew (24 November 2014). "Pharrell Williams And Gwen Stefani Team Up On New Song 'Shine' For 2015 'Paddington' Movie Soundtrack And End Credits" . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. ^ Lee, Christina (January 2, 2015). "Gwen Stefani's "Shine" Featuring Pharrell: Listen To The 'Paddington' Soundtrack Song" . Idolator . Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. ^ "Paddington (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" . iTunes . November 24, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. ^ Vain, Madison (October 19, 2015). "Gwen Stefani scrapped an entire album and started again: 'It didn't feel right' " . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. ^ Stefani, Gwen (January 21, 2015). "On Air with Ryan Seacrest" (Interview). Interviewed by Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles, California: KIIS-FM . External links "Shine" lyrics video on YouTube .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Gwen Stefani v t e Awards Discography Songs Tribute albums Awards Discography Songs Tribute albums Studio albums Love. Angel. Music. Baby. The Sweet Escape This Is What the Truth Feels Like You Make It Feel Like Christmas Bouquet Love. Angel. Music. Baby. The Sweet Escape This Is What the Truth Feels Like You Make It Feel Like Christmas Bouquet Video albums Harajuku Lovers Live Harajuku Lovers Live Singles " What You Waiting For? " " Rich Girl " " Hollaback Girl " " Cool " " Luxurious " " Crash " " Wind It Up " " The Sweet Escape " " 4 in the Morning " " Now That You Got It " " Early Winter " " Baby Don't Lie " " Spark the Fire " " Used to Love You " " Make Me Like You " " Misery " " You Make It Feel Like Christmas " " Santa Baby " " Secret Santa " " Nobody but You " " Here This Christmas " " Let Me Reintroduce Myself " " Slow Clap " " True Babe " " Purple Irises " " Somebody Else's " " Swallow My Tears " " Shake the Snow Globe " " What You Waiting For? " " Rich Girl " " Hollaback Girl " " Cool " " Luxurious " " Crash " " Wind It Up " " The Sweet Escape " " 4 in the Morning " " Now That You Got It " " Early Winter " " Baby Don't Lie " " Spark the Fire " " Used to Love You " " Make Me Like You " " Misery " " You Make It Feel Like Christmas " " Santa Baby " " Secret Santa " " Nobody but You " " Here This Christmas " " Let Me Reintroduce Myself " " Slow Clap " " True Babe " " Purple Irises " " Somebody Else's " " Swallow My Tears " " Shake the Snow Globe " Featured singles " South Side " " Let Me Blow Ya Mind " " What's Going On " " Can I Have It Like That " " Glycerine " " Kings Never Die " " Hands " " Happy Anywhere " " Light My Fire " " South Side " " Let Me Blow Ya Mind " " What's Going On " " Can I Have It Like That " " Glycerine " " Kings Never Die " " Hands " " Happy Anywhere " " Light My Fire " Promotional singles " The Real Thing " " Yummy " " Shine " " Go Ahead and Break My Heart " " Sleigh Ride " " Love Is Alive " " The Real Thing " " Yummy " " Shine " " Go Ahead and Break My Heart " " Sleigh Ride " " Love Is Alive " Other songs " Almost Blue " " Serious " " Long Way to Go " " Start a War " " Leather and Lace " " Asking 4 It " " Rare " " Can't Stop the Feeling! " " What U Workin' With? " " My Gift Is You " " Under the Christmas Lights " " White Christmas " " Christmas Eve " " Physical (Remix)" " Boa " " Almost Blue " " Serious " " Long Way to Go " " Start a War " " Leather and Lace " " Asking 4 It " " Rare " " Can't Stop the Feeling! " " What U Workin' With? " " My Gift Is You " " Under the Christmas Lights " " White Christmas " " Christmas Eve " " Physical (Remix)" " Boa " Concerts and tours Harajuku Lovers Tour The Sweet Escape Tour MasterCard Priceless Surprises Presents Gwen Stefani This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour Just a Girl Harajuku Lovers Tour The Sweet Escape Tour MasterCard Priceless Surprises Presents Gwen Stefani This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour Just a Girl Television Kuu Kuu Harajuku Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas Kuu Kuu Harajuku Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas Related articles No Doubt No Doubt discography Harajuku Girls L.A.M.B. Eric Stefani Gavin Rossdale Blake Shelton Tony Kanal No Doubt No Doubt discography Harajuku Girls L.A.M.B. Eric Stefani Gavin Rossdale Blake Shelton Tony Kanal Category Category v t e Pharrell Williams v t e Awards and nominations Discography Production discography Awards and nominations Discography Production discography Studio albums In My Mind (2006) Girl (2014) In My Mind (2006) Girl (2014) Soundtracks Despicable Me (2010) Despicable Me 2 (2013) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) Hidden Figures soundtrack (2016) Hidden Figures score (2017) Despicable Me 3 (2017) Piece by Piece (2024) Despicable Me (2010) Despicable Me 2 (2013) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) Hidden Figures soundtrack (2016) Hidden Figures score (2017) Despicable Me 3 (2017) Piece by Piece (2024) Singles " Frontin' " " Can I Have It Like That " " Angel " " Number One " " My Drive Thru " " Happy " " Marilyn Monroe " " Come Get It Bae " " Gust of Wind " " It Girl " " Freedom " " Sangria Wine " " Just a Cloud Away " " Cash In Cash Out " " Stay with Me " " Down in Atlanta " " Doctor (Work It Out) " " Double Life " " Frontin' " " Can I Have It Like That " " Angel " " Number One " " My Drive Thru " " Happy " " Marilyn Monroe " " Come Get It Bae " " Gust of Wind " " It Girl " " Freedom " " Sangria Wine " " Just a Cloud Away " " Cash In Cash Out " " Stay with Me " " Down in Atlanta " " Doctor (Work It Out) " " Double Life " Featured songs " I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me) " " Formal Invite " " Nothin' " " Boys (The Co-Ed Remix) " " When the Last Time " " Pass the Courvoisier, Part II " " Beautiful " " Excuse Me Miss " " Belly Dancer " " Light Your Ass on Fire " " Change Clothes " " Drop It Like It's Hot " " Let's Get Blown " " Wanna Love You Girl " " Margarita " " Mr. Me Too " " Money Maker " " Yummy " " Sex 'n' Money " " Give It Up " " Blue Magic " " I Know " " Zock On! " " Universal Mind Control " " Announcement " " Work That! " " I'm Good " " ADD SUV " " One (Your Name) " " Celebrate " " Blurred Lines " " IFHY " " Get Lucky " " Feds Watching " " Get Like Me " " Lose Yourself to Dance " " ATM Jam " " Move That Dope " " Aerosol Can " " Hugs " " Tacky " " Shine " " WTF (Where They From) " " Safari " " Surfin' " " Heatstroke " " Feels " " Skeletons " " Juggernaut " " Neck & Wrist " " At the Party " " LV Bag " " Big Poe " " I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me) " " Formal Invite " " Nothin' " " Boys (The Co-Ed Remix) " " When the Last Time " " Pass the Courvoisier, Part II " " Beautiful " " Excuse Me Miss " " Belly Dancer " " Light Your Ass on Fire " " Change Clothes " " Drop It Like It's Hot " " Let's Get Blown " " Wanna Love You Girl " " Margarita " " Mr. Me Too " " Money Maker " " Yummy " " Sex 'n' Money " " Give It Up " " Blue Magic " " I Know " " Zock On! " " Universal Mind Control " " Announcement " " Work That! " " I'm Good " " ADD SUV " " One (Your Name) " " Celebrate " " Blurred Lines " " IFHY " " Get Lucky " " Feds Watching " " Get Like Me " " Lose Yourself to Dance " " ATM Jam " " Move That Dope " " Aerosol Can " " Hugs " " Tacky " " Shine " " WTF (Where They From) " " Safari " " Surfin' " " Heatstroke " " Feels " " Skeletons " " Juggernaut " " Neck & Wrist " " At the Party " " LV Bag " " Big Poe " Concert tours Dear Girl Tour Dear Girl Tour Businesses I Am Other Billionaire Boys Club I Am Other Billionaire Boys Club Related The Neptunes N.E.R.D. Child Rebel Soldier Piece by Piece Golden (cancelled film) The Neptunes N.E.R.D. Child Rebel Soldier Piece by Piece Golden (cancelled film) Category Category v t e Paddington Bear v t e Michael Bond Television series Paddington (1976–1980) Paddington Bear (1989–1990) The Adventures of Paddington Bear (1997–2000) The Adventures of Paddington (2019–2025) episodes Paddington (1976–1980) Paddington Bear (1989–1990) The Adventures of Paddington Bear (1997–2000) The Adventures of Paddington (2019–2025) episodes episodes Films Paddington (2014) Paddington 2 (2017) Paddington in Peru (2024) Paddington (2014) Paddington 2 (2017) Paddington in Peru (2024) Theatre Paddington Bear's Magical Musical (1983) Paddington: The Musical (2025) Paddington Bear's Magical Musical (1983) Paddington: The Musical (2025) Music Paddington Paddington 2 " Shine " Paddington Paddington 2 " Shine " Related Statue of Paddington Bear Statue of Paddington Bear Category Category 2015 songs Gwen Stefani songs American reggae songs Reggae fusion songs Ska songs Songs written for films Paddington Bear Song recordings produced by Pharrell Williams Songs written by Gwen Stefani Songs written by Pharrell Williams Unreleased songs CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 00:00 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_(Gwen_Stefani_song)#cite_ref-England2_1-0
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 3.1 North Carolina 3.2 Elsewhere 3.1 North Carolina 3.2 Elsewhere 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hurricane Emily (1993) Simple English Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Emily off the North Carolina coastline on August 31 Meteorological history Formed August 22, 1993 Dissipated September 6, 1993 Category 3 major hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 115 mph (185 km/h) Lowest pressure 960 mbar ( hPa ); 28.35 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 3 Damage $35 million (1993 USD ) Areas affected East Coast of the United States (particularly Outer Banks of North Carolina ) IBTrACS Part of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Emily in 1993 caused record flooding in the Outer Banks of North Carolina while remaining just offshore. The fifth named storm and the first yet strongest hurricane of the year's hurricane season , Emily developed from a tropical wave northeast of the Lesser Antilles on August 22, 1993. It moved northwestward and strengthened into a tropical storm on August 25, after becoming nearly stationary southeast of Bermuda . Emily then curved to the southwest but quickly resumed its northwest trajectory while strengthening into a hurricane. Late on August 31, the hurricane reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on its approach to North Carolina. Although part of the eye passed over Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks, its absolute center remained 23 mi (37 km)/h) offshore. Gradually weakening, the hurricane swerved away from the coast toward the northeast and later east. Emily stalled again, this time northeast of Bermuda, and dissipated on September 6 to the southeast of Newfoundland . The threat of Emily prompted hurricane warnings for much of the North Carolina coast and northward through Delaware . A mandatory evacuation for Ocracoke and Hatteras islands displaced 160,000 people during the busy Labor Day weekend; the loss in tourism revenue amounted to $10 million (1993 USD ). About 1,600 residents on these islands rode out the storm in their homes, and emergency officials stayed behind. Most of the evacuees went to hotels or stayed with friends or relatives, causing an increase in business across southeastern Virginia, where effects were minimal. Due to uncertainty in forecasting Emily's path, there were also evacuations from the coasts of Virginia , Maryland , Delaware, and Fire Island in New York . While bypassing the Outer Banks, Emily produced strong winds that coincided with high tides during a full moon, causing severe flooding along the Pamlico Sound . In Buxton , the floods left behind water marks as high as 10.54 ft (3.21 m), and the entire villages of Avon and Hatteras were inundated. The storm downed thousands of trees and wrecked 553 homes—completely destroying 168—leaving a quarter of the Cape Hatteras population homeless. Structural damage in North Carolina was estimated at $35 million. Along the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia, three swimmers drowned. Meteorological history Hurricane Emily originated from an African tropical wave that passed through the Cape Verde Islands on August 17, 1993. The wave traversed the tropical Atlantic and developed a closed cyclonic circulation five days later about 800 miles (1,300 km) east-northeast of Puerto Rico , when the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified it as a tropical depression . Moving northwestward, [ 1 ] the depression remained poorly organized for several days, with an ill-defined circulation center and sporadic thunderstorms, in part due to unfavorable wind shear from an upper-level low to its north. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] On August 25, the depression became nearly stationary in response to weakening steering currents . [ 1 ] As the upper environment turned less hostile to development, [ 5 ] a reconnaissance aircraft found unusually high sustained winds —an indication that the cyclone had quickly strengthened into a strong tropical storm . The NHC named the storm Emily and upgraded it to a hurricane the following day, based on reports of 75 mph (121 km/h) winds from a second reconnaissance mission. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Upon becoming a hurricane, Emily was centered roughly 1,000 mi (1,600 km) east of the Florida peninsula, passing well south of Bermuda . A ridge of high pressure began to mature to its north, forcing the hurricane westward on August 27. Emily's winds vacillated between tropical storm and hurricane force over the course of the day, although the cyclone resumed its strengthening by August 28 upon developing favorable upper-level outflow . [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Traversing warm sea surface temperatures , the hurricane continued to improve in appearance on satellite images , and the barometric pressure within its eye steadily decreased. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Emily retraced toward the northwest on August 29, when a shortwave trough eroded the southern periphery of the contiguous ridge. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] The NHC expressed uncertainty in forecasting Emily's track, stating that South Carolina , North Carolina , and Mid-Atlantic states were at risk of a direct hit from the hurricane. [ 11 ] As high pressure re-established itself off the North Carolina coast, Emily briefly turned west-northwestward on August 30 before initiating a prolonged curve toward the north. By that time, the NHC forecast Emily to remain offshore, though one tropical cyclone forecast model projected that the hurricane would move inland. [ 1 ] [ 12 ] Early on August 31, a reconnaissance flight indicated that Emily had become a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale , and further intensification was expected because of warm waters. [ 13 ] Later that day, reconnaissance reported that Emily had achieved a peak intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h), a Category 3 major hurricane ; the aircraft also observed flight-level winds of 152 mph (245 km/h). At its peak, the center of the hurricane was located 23 mi (37 km) east of Hatteras Island while turning northward. Its eye measured 45 mi (72 km) in diameter, and a portion moved over Hatteras and the Pamlico Sound , constituting a direct hit but not a landfall . [ 1 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] After affecting the Outer Banks, Emily continued around the large high-pressure area, turning northeastward into an area with cooler ocean temperatures. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The eye nonetheless remained distinct, and Emily maintained much of its intensity through September 2. [ 17 ] Later that day, the hurricane turned sharply eastward in response to a trough nearby. [ 15 ] Wind shear over the region increased, weakening Emily as its eye feature quickly dissipated. [ 18 ] Emily turned to the southeast and diminished to a tropical storm on September 3, about 500 mi (800 km) northeast of Bermuda, [ 15 ] with a significant deterioration of the convection. [ 19 ] Once again becoming nearly stationary, [ 19 ] Emily further weakened to a tropical depression late on September 4, after only a small area of thunderstorms remained near the center. [ 15 ] [ 20 ] It accelerated toward the northeast and became extratropical on September 6, dissipating shortly thereafter. [ 15 ] Preparations The NHC forecasts for Emily were generally accurate. [ 21 ] On August 29, two days before the storm's closest approach, the NHC issued a hurricane watch from Cape Romain, South Carolina , to Fenwick Island, Delaware , including the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds of North Carolina as well as the Chesapeake Bay south of the Patuxent River . The next day, the watch was discontinued south of Little River, South Carolina . A hurricane warning was issued from Bogue Inlet to the border of North Carolina and Virginia on August 30, and was extended a day later to Cape Henlopen , Delaware. [ 22 ] The watches and warnings were canceled as Emily turned out to sea. [ 22 ] During the week when Emily approached shore, the North Carolina government was scheduled to have a two-day emergency management exercise involving a hurricane strike; the storm caused the exercise to be postponed. [ 23 ] On August 29, a voluntary evacuation was issued for the Outer Banks, and within 36 hours of the storm's approach, a mandatory evacuation was issued for Ocracoke and Hatteras Island. [ 24 ] A total of 160,000 people (mostly tourists) evacuated from the Outer Banks, representing about 90% of the population there. [ 24 ] The evacuation was completed within 12 hours, expedited by highway patrol and making U.S. Route 158 and the Wright Memorial Bridge one-way inland. [ 25 ] About 1,000 residents on Hatteras Island and another 600 on Ocracoke rode out the storm in their homes. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] The United States Coast Guard evacuated personnel to the mainland, leaving behind a skeleton crew to maintain their facilities. [ 27 ] The National Park Service closed the campground on Ocracoke two days before the storm. [ 28 ] Several towns in southeastern North Carolina were also evacuated, and schools closed across the region. [ 29 ] Because of the uncertainty in forecasting when and if Emily would make its northeast turn, Virginia Governor Douglas Wilder declared a state of emergency and put the National Guard on alert. [ 30 ] In Virginia Beach, residents of seaside homes and low-lying areas were recommended to evacuate, [ 31 ] while a mandatory evacuation was ordered for Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay. Residents in mobile homes and on campgrounds were also advised to seek shelter. [ 30 ] At least 750 people left their homes, 711 of whom resided in storm shelters. The Norfolk International Airport was closed for 13 hours, [ 31 ] and rail service was suspended. [ 32 ] To the north, officials in Ocean City, Maryland , declared a phase-one emergency ahead of the storm; beaches were closed, and tourists were recommended to leave. About 100,000 people evacuated from the coast of Maryland; 3,600 stayed in storm shelters. [ 33 ] In Delaware, 892 people used storm shelters after voluntarily evacuating. [ 34 ] Beaches in New Jersey closed due to threatening waves. [ 35 ] About 20,000 people also evacuated from Fire Island , New York. [ 21 ] Across the Atlantic coast, 33 emergency shelters were opened in response to Emily, [ 36 ] though most evacuees instead relied on hotels or the homes of friends and relatives to ride out the storm. [ 25 ] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assisted in coordinating preparations for Emily. The United States Department of Defense sent power equipment, previously used during the Great Flood of 1993 , to Fort Bragg , [ 37 ] while the United States Department of Agriculture stockpiled food in risk zones. Power companies deliberately shut off the power in the Outer Banks to reduce damage to the system and mitigate the risk of electrocutions. [ 38 ] At Naval Station Norfolk , 28 ships sailed out to sea to ride out the storm; aircraft were evacuated, and nonessential personnel were sent home. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] The North Carolina government announced ahead of the storm that it would not create a State Disaster Fund, instead relying on private relief organizations such as the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army . [ 27 ] The state's park service pre-positioned 60 members with chainsaws to help clear downed trees. [ 37 ] Because Emily hit during the busy Labor Day weekend, the tourism industry suffered about $10 million in business losses. [ 39 ] Many of the evacuees relocated to southeastern Virginia, which saw greatly increased business during the weekend. [ 40 ] Impact North Carolina As Emily approached the Outer Banks of North Carolina, Diamond Shoal Light off Cape Hatteras recorded 2-minute sustained winds of 99 mph (159 km/h), along with gusts of 147 mph (237 km/h). Closer to shore, surface winds reached 115 mph (185 km/h) in the Pamlico Sound. The National Weather Service in Buxton reported sustained winds of 60 mph (97 km/h), [ 15 ] with gusts to 98 mph (158 km/h), before the wind recording instrument failed due to water intrusion. A reliable but unofficial wind station at a commercial building reported a gust of 107 mph (172 km/h). [ 41 ] [ 42 ] These high winds lasted for several hours due to the storm's slow movement. [ 43 ] There were two possible tornadoes in the Outer Banks region. [ 44 ] On the south side of Hatteras Island, the storm coincided with high tides, [ 15 ] producing a peak storm surge of 10.2 ft (3.1 m) in Buxton. [ 21 ] Large waves caused moderate beach erosion , comparable to that of a winter storm. [ 44 ] The heaviest rainfall related to Emily occurred over the Outer Banks, where a peak total of 7.51 in (191 mm) was recorded in Buxton. [ 45 ] Minimal rain fell farther inland, with only 1.00 in (25 mm) reported at Gum Neck in mainland Tyrrell County . [ 46 ] Overall damage from the storm was lighter than expected, [ 47 ] largely confined to the barrier islands of Dare and Hyde counties. [ 48 ] Severe flooding from the storm affected a 17 mi (27 km) stretch of the Hatteras Island. [ 49 ] Coinciding with high tides during a full moon , [ 24 ] the hurricane's winds pushed water from the Pamlico Sound to the south, lowering levels along the mainland and inundating the barrier islands; [ 26 ] surge flooding was minor on the ocean side. [ 50 ] At Frisco and Hatteras , water levels along the Pamlico Sound reached 8.5 ft (2.6 m) above normal—their highest in the 20th century, surpassing those in Hurricane Gloria eight years prior. [ 26 ] [ 49 ] These water levels may have been the highest in the region since the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane . In Buxton, the waters rose 3 to 4 ft (0.9 to 1 m) per hour at one point, leaving behind flood marks as high as 10.54 ft (3.21 m). The entire villages of Avon and Hatteras were inundated. Only the highest dunes along the Cape Hatteras National Seashore remained dry, and a section of dunes just north of Buxton was nearly breached. [ 42 ] The waters—1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) higher than the predicted 100-year flood —broke through windows and entered houses; [ 39 ] some residents who did not exit their homes had to ride out the storm in their attics to escape the flooding. [ 49 ] Officials at the Dare County Emergency Operations Center evacuated due to intrusion of floodwaters. [ 24 ] The Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office was flooded for the first time since its inception in 1957, [ 50 ] and sustained damage to its rain chart and an antenna. [ 51 ] Many boats in marinas were wrecked, [ 46 ] and hundreds of cars floated away from parking lots or streets; flooded police cars had their emergency lights activated after the wires were damaged. [ 50 ] Farther south, impact from the storm was limited on Ocracoke Island. [ 52 ] Emily's winds destroyed several roofs and knocked down thousands of trees and power lines, with many signs and sheds damaged. [ 24 ] [ 50 ] [ 53 ] All towns south of the Bonner Bridge were without power, [ 54 ] affecting at least 1,500 people, [ 55 ] and Buxton lost water supply after the main water line was damaged. [ 54 ] The combination of strong winds and floods left 553 homes uninhabitable in the Outer Banks, [ 49 ] with 168 houses completely destroyed, [ 41 ] including three that were washed away. [ 53 ] Six of the destroyed homes were owned by the Coast Guard. [ 48 ] The heaviest damage was largely in older homes or structures not up to code . [ 24 ] About 25% of the Hatteras population was left homeless. [ 39 ] The Cape Hatteras School sustained about $3.1 million in damage, [ 42 ] after flooding 4 ft (1.2 m) deep destroyed computers and textbooks. [ 24 ] Tidal floods, sand, and debris forced authorities to close Highway 12 . Traffic lights along the route were damaged, [ 27 ] and downed trees blocked the road in two areas. [ 26 ] Sinkholes, some the size of three cars, developed along the route. [ 39 ] Throughout North Carolina, damage from the storm was estimated at $35 million, mostly on Hatteras Island [ 21 ] and chiefly to the south of Avon. [ 49 ] Rough surf killed two people in Nags Head , [ 21 ] despite the beach being closed to swimming, [ 56 ] and one person suffered injuries while escaping a flooded home. [ 49 ] Elsewhere Outside of North Carolina, Emily produced gusts of 37 mph (59 km) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel . [ 57 ] To the north of the storm, Ocean City, Maryland, measured 2.80 in (71 mm) of precipitation. [ 21 ] Above-normal tides were reported as far south as Charleston, South Carolina ; [ 58 ] high tides also spread farther north, with a storm surge of 1.2 ft (0.37 m) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel and 0.6 ft (0.18 m) in Lewes, Delaware . [ 57 ] High waves caused beach erosion northward through Virginia. [ 46 ] At Virginia Beach , the waves led to minor flooding along the Sandbridge section; [ 31 ] rough surf and a strong undertow drowned one swimmer there. [ 49 ] The storm triggered statewide power outages that affected about 5,000 residents, as well as the Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel . In Newport News , lightning set a roof on fire in the Lee Hall section of the city. Emily's light rains in the area were not enough to break a prolonged drought that plagued Virginia. [ 59 ] Rough seas and high tides later caused coastal flooding along Fire Island in New York. [ 49 ] Aftermath As Emily's winds eased over land, various assessment teams left Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to determine the extent of damage. [ 60 ] FEMA informed the North Carolina congressional delegation about the storm's threat to their constituents. [ 61 ] The agency later received compliments for their timely preparations for storm-related operations. [ 62 ] All airports on the Outer Banks were reopened by September 1. [ 48 ] In response to the extensive scale of the power outages, power companies flew a helicopter over the region to assess the damage. [ 63 ] The power was expected to be out for two weeks. [ 54 ] Six emergency vehicles were sent to Dare County to provide drinking water. [ 64 ] On September 3, Governor Jim Hunt declared a state of disaster for North Carolina, [ 42 ] while President Bill Clinton declared Dare County a disaster area a week later. This allowed residents there to apply for federal assistance, as well as local governments to request aid to rebuild public buildings. [ 65 ] Operating out of Avon, FEMA distributed about $1 million in housing assistance to 444 people and provided $400,000 in individual grants to 153 applicants. The Small Business Administration received 812 applications for small business loans. [ 66 ] Shelters closed by September 1 and residents returned to their homes, although Hatteras Island remained off-limits to everyone but emergency workers for several days. [ 54 ] Unemployment across Hatteras rose in the wake of the damage to local businesses, [ 41 ] and many restaurants lost product when their refrigerators failed during the power outages. [ 46 ] Residents piled debris from their damaged homes on roads, primarily Highway 12, and workers responded by clearing the debris. [ 41 ] The highway was speedily reopened and repaired at a cost of around $1 million. [ 67 ] Within two weeks of the storm, businesses resumed as cleaning work was under way, and the island was reopened to tourists. [ 41 ] Clean-up operations in the region lasted weeks to months. [ 24 ] In the three months after the storm, saltwater intrusion into the Cape Hatteras water supply boosted chlorine levels from 40 to 280 milligrams per litre (0.0014 to 0.0099 ounces per litre); it took another three months for the chlorine to decrease to normal concentrations. [ 42 ] Around 50 homeowners affected by Emily raised their houses to prevent a recurrence, partially funded by flood insurance payments. [ 68 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal List of North Carolina hurricanes Other storms of the same name References ^ a b c d e f g .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lawrence, Miles (September 30, 1993). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Emily, 22 August – 06 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ Lawrence, Miles (August 22, 1993). "Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number 2" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 17, 2012 . ^ Mayfield, Max (August 23, 1993). "Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number 4" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 17, 2012 . ^ Pasch, Richard (August 24, 1993). "Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number 7" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 17, 2012 . ^ Avila, Lixion; Jarrell, Jerry (August 25, 1993). "Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number 14" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Lawrence, Miles (August 26, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 17" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 17, 2012 . ^ Avila, Lixion (August 28, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 23" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Avila, Lixion (August 28, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 24" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Avila, Lixion (August 28, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 25" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Avila, Lixion (August 29, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 27" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Lawrence, Miles (August 29, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 29" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Mayfield, Max (August 30, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 32" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved February 10, 2012 . ^ Pasch, Richard (August 31, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 35" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ Lawrence, Miles (August 31, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 38" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ a b c d e f g h Lawrence, Miles (September 30, 1993). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Emily, 22 August – 06 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ Avila, Lixion (September 1, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 40" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ Pasch, Richard (September 1, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 43" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ Rappaport, Ed (September 2, 1993). "Hurricane Emily Discussion Number 45" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ a b Mayfield, Max (September 4, 1993). "Tropical Storm Emily Discussion Number 51" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ Mayfield, Max (September 4, 1993). "Tropical Depression Emily Discussion Number 54" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ a b c d e f Lawrence, Miles (September 30, 1993). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Emily, 22 August – 06 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ a b Lawrence, Miles (September 30, 1993). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Emily, 22 August – 06 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. table 4: Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Emily. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ Bechtold, Dale; Pelissier, Joseph (1993). Hurricane Emily in North Carolina: August 28 – September 1, 1993 (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Raleigh, North Carolina). p. [6]; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Barnes, Jay (June 3, 2013). North Carolina's Hurricane History (Fourth ed.). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 150– 153. ISBN 978-1-4696-0652-1 . Archived from the original on July 22, 2021 . Retrieved May 6, 2021 . ^ a b Hurricane Emily Assessment: Review of Hurricane Evacuation Studies Utilization and Information Dissemination (PDF) (Report). Post-Storm Assessments. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1994. 09-716.00. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ a b c d e McAllister, Bill (September 1, 1993). "Hurricane climbs N.C. coast to Virginia" . Washington Post . Washington, D.C. p. A1. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b c Mayson, C. Richard (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 6: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 4; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Dewar, Heather; Merzer, Martin (August 30, 1993). "Emily keeps Carolina coastal towns guessing" . Miami Herald . Miami, Florida. p. 4A. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ Post-Storm Hurricane Report (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Wilmington, Delaware). September 1, 1993. archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ a b "Hurricane's edge batters Outer Banks" . Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. September 1, 1993. p. A1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 23, 2012 . ^ a b c d Post-Storm Report Hurricane Emily (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Norfolk, Virginia). September 10, 1993. archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ Bacqué, Peter (September 1, 1993). "Virginia usually spared – North Carolina absorbs brunt of hurricanes" . Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. p. A13. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ Post-Storm Report Hurricane Emily (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Baltimore, Maryland). September 2, 1993. archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ Lombardy, Kirk (September 2, 1993). Preliminary Storm Report: Hurricane Emily (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Wilmington, Delaware). archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ Boyce, F. Allen (September 2, 1993). "Emily leaves damage on Outer Banks, relief elsewhere" . Northern Star . DeKalb, Illinois. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015 . Retrieved September 15, 2015 . ^ Mayson, C. Richard (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 6: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 7; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b Mayson, C. Richard (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 6: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 6; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Mayson, C. Richard (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 6 Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 9; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b c d Collins, Chris (October 18, 2011). Hurricane Emily – August 31, 1993 (Report). Event Summaries/Case Studies. National Weather Service Forecast Office (Newport/Morehead City, North Carolina). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Petrofsky, Andrew; Allison, Wes (September 2, 1993). "Storm's impact on Va. tourism good and bad" . Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ a b c d e Nolan, Irene (October 1993). "Remembering Hurricane Emily: It was the 'hurricane of the century' ". Island Free Press . Frisco, North Carolina. archived in Hurricane Emily, August 31, 1993 – 20th Anniversary (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Newport/Morehead City, North Carolina). n.d. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b c d e Weaver, J. Curtis; Zembrzuski, Thomas J. Jr. (1993). "Summary of Floods of 1993: August 31, 1993, Storm Surge and the Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North Carolina" . In Perry, C.A.; Combs, L.J. (eds.). Summary of Floods in the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993 (PDF) . Water Supply Paper. Reston, Virginia: United States Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2015 . Retrieved October 3, 2015 . ^ Geroux, Bill (September 2, 1993). " 'It was unbelievable here': Hurricane leaves much of Hatteras Island in shambles" . Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ a b Ireland, James (September 2, 1993). Preliminary Storm Report: Hurricane Emily (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina). archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 16, 2015 . ^ Roth, David M. (March 6, 2013). Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data . Weather Prediction Center. section "Hurricane Emily – August 31 – September 1, 1993" . Archived from the original on October 22, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ a b c d Special Climate Summary: Hurricane Emily (Report). Southeast Region Climate Center. August 1993. archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Woodard, Glenn C. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 7: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 1; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b c Woodard, Glenn C. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 7: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. [6]; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g h Goodge, Grant (August 1993). "New York, Coastal Cont'd: Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF) . Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena . 35 (8): 94. ISSN 0039-1972 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2015. ^ a b c d Ireland, James C. (September 13, 1993). Hurricane Emily Post Storm Report (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina). archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 16, 2015 . ^ Ireland, James (September 13, 1993). Hurricane Emily Post Storm Report (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina). archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 16, 2015 . ^ Applebome, Peter (September 2, 1993). "Hurricane Emily: Near miss revives debate over building on islands" . New York Times . New York, New York. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ a b Woodard, Glenn C. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 7: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 11; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ a b c d Woodard, Glenn C. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 7: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 7; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Merzer, Martin; Long, Phil (September 2, 1993). "Cape Hatteras homes, roads washed away" . Miami Herald . Miami, Florida. p. 26A. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ Bechtold, Dale; Pelissier, Joseph (1993). Hurricane Emily in North Carolina: August 28 – September 1, 1993 (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Raleigh, North Carolina ). p. 1; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ a b Lawrence, Miles (September 30, 1993). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Emily, 22 August – 06 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily, 1993 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Table 2: Hurricane Emily selected surface observations. [ Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ Shenot, Richard (September 8, 1993). Preliminary Storm Report: Hurricane Emily (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office (Charleston, South Carolina). archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 13, 2015 . ^ Murray, Matt (September 2, 1993). "Emily leaves nasty reminder: Storm knocks out power, causes fire" . Daily Press . Newport News, Virginia. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved October 3, 2015 . ^ Woodard, Glenn C. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 7: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 3; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Woodard, Glenn C. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report (SITREP) No. 7: Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. p. 5; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Fliegelman, Jessica (April 2007). FEMA Reform (PDF) . Rutgers Model Congress 2007. East Brunswick, New Jersey: Institute for Domestic and International Affairs. pp. 6– 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 15, 2015 . ^ Hunt, James B.; Hampton, Thurman B. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report #12 (Report). North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety's Division of Emergency Management. p. 1; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Hunt, James B.; Hampton, Thurman B. (September 1, 1993). Situation Report #12 (Report). North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety's Division of Emergency Management. p. [2]; archived by the National Hurricane Center in its Storm Wallet for Hurricane Emily . Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ Designated Areas: North Carolina Hurricane Emily (Report). Federal Emergency Management Association. 1993. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . ^ "Hurricane Emily: A Reminder of our Vulnerability" (PDF) . Coastal Review . 12 (4). North Carolina Coastal Federation: 6. 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved October 3, 2015 . ^ "Copy of NC 12 Storm Repair Costs" (PDF) . WRAL Investigates (Cost table). WRAL-TV. November 19, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 3, 2015 . Retrieved September 15, 2015 . ^ Work, Paul A.; Rogers, Spencer M. Jr.; Osborne, Robert (March 1, 1999). "Flood Retrofit of Coastal Residential Structures: Outer Banks, North Carolina" . Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management . 125 (2): 88– 93. doi : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:2(88) . External links The NHC's preliminary report on Hurricane Emily The WPC 's rainfall report on Hurricane Emily The USGS 's flood summary for Hurricane Emily The 1993 Monthly Weather Review .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TD One TS Arlene TS Bret TS Cindy TS Dennis 3 Emily 1 Floyd 2 Gert 1 Harvey TD Ten Category Category v t e Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes v t e 1851–1949 1850s "San Agapito" (1851) "Great Mobile" (1852) Four (1853) "Coastal" (1854) "Middle Gulf Shore" (1855) "Southeastern States" (1856) Six (1859) 1860s "San Narciso" (1867) "New England" (1869) 1870s Four (1870) "Matanzas" (1870) Three (1871) "Santa Juana" (1871) "Nova Scotia" (1873) "Central Florida" (1873) "Indianola" (1875) "San Felipe" (1876) "Cuba–South Florida" (1876) Four (1877) Ten (1878) "Great Beaufort" (1879) "Louisiana" (1879) 1880s "Pensacola" (1882) Two (1883) "Bahamas–North Carolina" (1883) Two (1884) "Cuba" (1886) Seven (1886) "Texas–Louisiana" (1886) Six (1887) Seven (1887) "Louisiana" (1888) "San Gil" (1888) 1890s Three (1890) "Martinique" (1891) "San Roque" (1893) "New York" (1893) "Sea Islands" (1893) "Great Charleston" (1893) Three (1894) "Greater Antilles" (1894) "Florida Panhandle" (1894) "San Ramón" (1896) "Cedar Keys" (1896) Five (1896) 1900s Two (1900) "Jamaica" (1903) Four (1905) "Mississippi" (1906) "Florida Keys" (1906) Six (1908) "Velasco" (1909) "Monterrey" (1909) "Grand Isle" (1909) "Key West" (1909) 1910s "Jamaica" (1912) Three (1915) "Gulf Coast" (1916) "Charleston" (1916) Eleven (1916) "Virgin Islands" (1916) Three (1917) "Louisiana" (1918) 1920s Three (1921) Two (1922) Five (1923) Three (1924) "Nova Scotia" (1926) "Louisiana" (1926) "Nova Scotia" (1927) 1930s One (1930) "Cuba–Bahamas" (1933) Thirteen (1934) "Mid-Atlantic" (1936) Six (1937) Four (1938) 1940s "Texas" (1941) "Florida" (1941) "Matagorda" (1942) Four (1943) Four (1944) "Texas" (1945) Love (1947) Able (1948) Fox (1948) Four (1949) 1851–1949 1850s "San Agapito" (1851) "Great Mobile" (1852) Four (1853) "Coastal" (1854) "Middle Gulf Shore" (1855) "Southeastern States" (1856) Six (1859) 1860s "San Narciso" (1867) "New England" (1869) 1870s Four (1870) "Matanzas" (1870) Three (1871) "Santa Juana" (1871) "Nova Scotia" (1873) "Central Florida" (1873) "Indianola" (1875) "San Felipe" (1876) "Cuba–South Florida" (1876) Four (1877) Ten (1878) "Great Beaufort" (1879) "Louisiana" (1879) 1880s "Pensacola" (1882) Two (1883) "Bahamas–North Carolina" (1883) Two (1884) "Cuba" (1886) Seven (1886) "Texas–Louisiana" (1886) Six (1887) Seven (1887) "Louisiana" (1888) "San Gil" (1888) 1890s Three (1890) "Martinique" (1891) "San Roque" (1893) "New York" (1893) "Sea Islands" (1893) "Great Charleston" (1893) Three (1894) "Greater Antilles" (1894) "Florida Panhandle" (1894) "San Ramón" (1896) "Cedar Keys" (1896) Five (1896) 1900s Two (1900) "Jamaica" (1903) Four (1905) "Mississippi" (1906) "Florida Keys" (1906) Six (1908) "Velasco" (1909) "Monterrey" (1909) "Grand Isle" (1909) "Key West" (1909) 1910s "Jamaica" (1912) Three (1915) "Gulf Coast" (1916) "Charleston" (1916) Eleven (1916) "Virgin Islands" (1916) Three (1917) "Louisiana" (1918) 1920s Three (1921) Two (1922) Five (1923) Three (1924) "Nova Scotia" (1926) "Louisiana" (1926) "Nova Scotia" (1927) 1930s One (1930) "Cuba–Bahamas" (1933) Thirteen (1934) "Mid-Atlantic" (1936) Six (1937) Four (1938) 1940s "Texas" (1941) "Florida" (1941) "Matagorda" (1942) Four (1943) Four (1944) "Texas" (1945) Love (1947) Able (1948) Fox (1948) Four (1949) 1850s "San Agapito" (1851) "Great Mobile" (1852) Four (1853) "Coastal" (1854) "Middle Gulf Shore" (1855) "Southeastern States" (1856) Six (1859) "San Agapito" (1851) "Great Mobile" (1852) Four (1853) "Coastal" (1854) "Middle Gulf Shore" (1855) "Southeastern States" (1856) Six (1859) 1860s "San Narciso" (1867) "New England" (1869) "San Narciso" (1867) "New England" (1869) 1870s Four (1870) "Matanzas" (1870) Three (1871) "Santa Juana" (1871) "Nova Scotia" (1873) "Central Florida" (1873) "Indianola" (1875) "San Felipe" (1876) "Cuba–South Florida" (1876) Four (1877) Ten (1878) "Great Beaufort" (1879) "Louisiana" (1879) Four (1870) "Matanzas" (1870) Three (1871) "Santa Juana" (1871) "Nova Scotia" (1873) "Central Florida" (1873) "Indianola" (1875) "San Felipe" (1876) "Cuba–South Florida" (1876) Four (1877) Ten (1878) "Great Beaufort" (1879) "Louisiana" (1879) 1880s "Pensacola" (1882) Two (1883) "Bahamas–North Carolina" (1883) Two (1884) "Cuba" (1886) Seven (1886) "Texas–Louisiana" (1886) Six (1887) Seven (1887) "Louisiana" (1888) "San Gil" (1888) "Pensacola" (1882) Two (1883) "Bahamas–North Carolina" (1883) Two (1884) "Cuba" (1886) Seven (1886) "Texas–Louisiana" (1886) Six (1887) Seven (1887) "Louisiana" (1888) "San Gil" (1888) 1890s Three (1890) "Martinique" (1891) "San Roque" (1893) "New York" (1893) "Sea Islands" (1893) "Great Charleston" (1893) Three (1894) "Greater Antilles" (1894) "Florida Panhandle" (1894) "San Ramón" (1896) "Cedar Keys" (1896) Five (1896) Three (1890) "Martinique" (1891) "San Roque" (1893) "New York" (1893) "Sea Islands" (1893) "Great Charleston" (1893) Three (1894) "Greater Antilles" (1894) "Florida Panhandle" (1894) "San Ramón" (1896) "Cedar Keys" (1896) Five (1896) 1900s Two (1900) "Jamaica" (1903) Four (1905) "Mississippi" (1906) "Florida Keys" (1906) Six (1908) "Velasco" (1909) "Monterrey" (1909) "Grand Isle" (1909) "Key West" (1909) Two (1900) "Jamaica" (1903) Four (1905) "Mississippi" (1906) "Florida Keys" (1906) Six (1908) "Velasco" (1909) "Monterrey" (1909) "Grand Isle" (1909) "Key West" (1909) 1910s "Jamaica" (1912) Three (1915) "Gulf Coast" (1916) "Charleston" (1916) Eleven (1916) "Virgin Islands" (1916) Three (1917) "Louisiana" (1918) "Jamaica" (1912) Three (1915) "Gulf Coast" (1916) "Charleston" (1916) Eleven (1916) "Virgin Islands" (1916) Three (1917) "Louisiana" (1918) 1920s Three (1921) Two (1922) Five (1923) Three (1924) "Nova Scotia" (1926) "Louisiana" (1926) "Nova Scotia" (1927) Three (1921) Two (1922) Five (1923) Three (1924) "Nova Scotia" (1926) "Louisiana" (1926) "Nova Scotia" (1927) 1930s One (1930) "Cuba–Bahamas" (1933) Thirteen (1934) "Mid-Atlantic" (1936) Six (1937) Four (1938) One (1930) "Cuba–Bahamas" (1933) Thirteen (1934) "Mid-Atlantic" (1936) Six (1937) Four (1938) 1940s "Texas" (1941) "Florida" (1941) "Matagorda" (1942) Four (1943) Four (1944) "Texas" (1945) Love (1947) Able (1948) Fox (1948) Four (1949) "Texas" (1941) "Florida" (1941) "Matagorda" (1942) Four (1943) Four (1944) "Texas" (1945) Love (1947) Able (1948) Fox (1948) Four (1949) 1950–present 1950s Able (1950) Easy (1950) Jig (1950) Charlie (1952) Edna (1953) Florence (1953) Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hilda (1955) Betsy (1956) Audrey (1957) Hannah (1959) 1960s Ethel (1960) Arlene (1963) Beulah (1963) Isbell (1964) Alma (1966) Faith (1966) Debbie (1969) Francelia (1969) Gerda (1969) Inga (1969) 1970s Ella (1970) Ellen (1973) Becky (1974) Caroline (1975) Eloise (1975) Belle (1976) Frances (1976) 1980s Frances (1980) Floyd (1981) Irene (1981) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Kate (1985) Emily (1987) 1990s Gustav (1990) Bob (1991) Emily (1993) Marilyn (1995) Roxanne (1995) Bertha (1996) Fran (1996) Isidore (1996) Lili (1996) Erika (1997) Bonnie (1998) 2000s Alberto (2000) Erin (2001) Felix (2001) Isidore (2002) Kate (2003) Alex (2004) Jeanne (2004) Maria (2005) Beta (2005) Gordon (2006) Helene (2006) Bertha (2008) Fred (2009) 2010s Karl (2010) Irene (2011) Rina (2011) Michael (2012) Sandy (2012) Edouard (2014) Danny (2015) Gaston (2016) Otto (2016) Lee (2017) Ophelia (2017) Humberto (2019) 2020s Epsilon (2020) Zeta (2020) Grace (2021) Larry (2021) Rafael (2024) 1950–present 1950s Able (1950) Easy (1950) Jig (1950) Charlie (1952) Edna (1953) Florence (1953) Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hilda (1955) Betsy (1956) Audrey (1957) Hannah (1959) 1960s Ethel (1960) Arlene (1963) Beulah (1963) Isbell (1964) Alma (1966) Faith (1966) Debbie (1969) Francelia (1969) Gerda (1969) Inga (1969) 1970s Ella (1970) Ellen (1973) Becky (1974) Caroline (1975) Eloise (1975) Belle (1976) Frances (1976) 1980s Frances (1980) Floyd (1981) Irene (1981) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Kate (1985) Emily (1987) 1990s Gustav (1990) Bob (1991) Emily (1993) Marilyn (1995) Roxanne (1995) Bertha (1996) Fran (1996) Isidore (1996) Lili (1996) Erika (1997) Bonnie (1998) 2000s Alberto (2000) Erin (2001) Felix (2001) Isidore (2002) Kate (2003) Alex (2004) Jeanne (2004) Maria (2005) Beta (2005) Gordon (2006) Helene (2006) Bertha (2008) Fred (2009) 2010s Karl (2010) Irene (2011) Rina (2011) Michael (2012) Sandy (2012) Edouard (2014) Danny (2015) Gaston (2016) Otto (2016) Lee (2017) Ophelia (2017) Humberto (2019) 2020s Epsilon (2020) Zeta (2020) Grace (2021) Larry (2021) Rafael (2024) 1950s Able (1950) Easy (1950) Jig (1950) Charlie (1952) Edna (1953) Florence (1953) Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hilda (1955) Betsy (1956) Audrey (1957) Hannah (1959) Able (1950) Easy (1950) Jig (1950) Charlie (1952) Edna (1953) Florence (1953) Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hilda (1955) Betsy (1956) Audrey (1957) Hannah (1959) 1960s Ethel (1960) Arlene (1963) Beulah (1963) Isbell (1964) Alma (1966) Faith (1966) Debbie (1969) Francelia (1969) Gerda (1969) Inga (1969) Ethel (1960) Arlene (1963) Beulah (1963) Isbell (1964) Alma (1966) Faith (1966) Debbie (1969) Francelia (1969) Gerda (1969) Inga (1969) 1970s Ella (1970) Ellen (1973) Becky (1974) Caroline (1975) Eloise (1975) Belle (1976) Frances (1976) Ella (1970) Ellen (1973) Becky (1974) Caroline (1975) Eloise (1975) Belle (1976) Frances (1976) 1980s Frances (1980) Floyd (1981) Irene (1981) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Kate (1985) Emily (1987) Frances (1980) Floyd (1981) Irene (1981) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Kate (1985) Emily (1987) 1990s Gustav (1990) Bob (1991) Emily (1993) Marilyn (1995) Roxanne (1995) Bertha (1996) Fran (1996) Isidore (1996) Lili (1996) Erika (1997) Bonnie (1998) Gustav (1990) Bob (1991) Emily (1993) Marilyn (1995) Roxanne (1995) Bertha (1996) Fran (1996) Isidore (1996) Lili (1996) Erika (1997) Bonnie (1998) 2000s Alberto (2000) Erin (2001) Felix (2001) Isidore (2002) Kate (2003) Alex (2004) Jeanne (2004) Maria (2005) Beta (2005) Gordon (2006) Helene (2006) Bertha (2008) Fred (2009) Alberto (2000) Erin (2001) Felix (2001) Isidore (2002) Kate (2003) Alex (2004) Jeanne (2004) Maria (2005) Beta (2005) Gordon (2006) Helene (2006) Bertha (2008) Fred (2009) 2010s Karl (2010) Irene (2011) Rina (2011) Michael (2012) Sandy (2012) Edouard (2014) Danny (2015) Gaston (2016) Otto (2016) Lee (2017) Ophelia (2017) Humberto (2019) Karl (2010) Irene (2011) Rina (2011) Michael (2012) Sandy (2012) Edouard (2014) Danny (2015) Gaston (2016) Otto (2016) Lee (2017) Ophelia (2017) Humberto (2019) 2020s Epsilon (2020) Zeta (2020) Grace (2021) Larry (2021) Rafael (2024) Epsilon (2020) Zeta (2020) Grace (2021) Larry (2021) Rafael (2024) Category Tropical cyclones portal Category Tropical cyclones portal 1993 Atlantic hurricane season Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in North Carolina Hurricanes in Virginia 1993 in North Carolina 1993 in Virginia 1993 natural disasters in the United States August 1993 in the United States September 1993 in the United States Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use American English from July 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2021 Pages using obsolete storm path colors Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 3 November 2025, at 16:41 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_(1993)
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Name 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorised Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorised Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes Toggle Literary attributes subsection 3.1 Marginal notes 3.2 Use of typeface 3.3 Source texts 3.3.1 Old Testament 3.3.2 New Testament 3.3.3 Apocrypha 3.3.4 Sources 3.4 Variations in recent translations 3.5 Style and criticism 3.6 Mistranslations 3.1 Marginal notes 3.2 Use of typeface 3.3 Source texts 3.3.1 Old Testament 3.3.2 New Testament 3.3.3 Apocrypha 3.3.4 Sources 3.3.1 Old Testament 3.3.2 New Testament 3.3.3 Apocrypha 3.3.4 Sources 3.4 Variations in recent translations 3.5 Style and criticism 3.6 Mistranslations 4 Influence Toggle Influence subsection 4.1 King James Only movement 4.1 King James Only movement 5 Copyright status Toggle Copyright status subsection 5.1 Permission 5.2 Apocrypha 5.1 Permission 5.2 Apocrypha 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Works cited 7.4 Further reading 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Works cited 7.4 Further reading 8 External links King James Version العربية Արեւմտահայերէն Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Yerwa Kanuri Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the authorised version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text, which is flanked by Moses and Aaron . In the four corners sit Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , the traditionally attributed authors of the four gospels , with their symbolic animals. The rest of the Apostles (with Judas facing away) stand around Peter and Paul. At the very top is the Tetragrammaton "יְהֹוָה" written with niqqud . Abbreviation KJV [ a ] Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text Apocrypha : Septuagint and Vulgate NT : Textus Receptus Translation type Formal equivalence [ 1 ] Version revision 1769 Copyright Public domain [ b ] Religious affiliation Anglican [ 2 ] [ c ] .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} John 3:16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. Part of a series on Anglicanism Canterbury Cathedral Theology Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty-nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version ( Book of Common Prayer ) Liturgical year Churchmanship ( High , Low , Central , Broad ) Monasticism Saints Jesus Prayer Christianity Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven ecumenical councils Background and history Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Apostolic succession Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of the monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Matthew Parker Richard Hooker James I Charles I William Laud Nonjuring schism Latitudinarian Anglo-Catholicism ( Liberal ) Oxford Movement Anglican Communion Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Other Anglican denominations Continuing Anglican movement Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Christianity portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Bible in English List of English Bible translations Old English (pre-1066) Middle English (1066–1500) Early Modern English (1500–1800) Modern Christian (1800– ) Modern Jewish (1853– ) Bible portal List of English Bible translations Old English (pre-1066) Middle English (1066–1500) Early Modern English (1500–1800) Modern Christian (1800– ) Modern Jewish (1853– ) v t e v t e The King James Version ( KJV ), also referred to as the King James Bible and the Authorized Version , is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England , which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I . [ d ] The 80 books of the KJV include 39 books of the Old Testament , 14 books of Apocrypha , and the 27 books of the New Testament . [ 4 ] Noted for its "majesty of style," the KJV has remained in continuous use for over four centuries, exerting more influence on English literature and Christian thought than any other English Bible translation. Its phrasing has been credited with shaping not only hymnody and liturgy , but also the idioms of everyday speech used in the English-speaking world. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ page needed ] [ 7 ] It is considered [ by whom? ] one of the important literary accomplishments of early modern England. The original KJV is a 17th-century translation and thus contains a large number of archaisms and false friends —words that contemporary readers may think they understand but that actually carry obsolete or unfamiliar meanings—making understanding the text difficult for modern readers, even pastors and preachers trained in formal theological institutes. [ 8 ] While the 1611 text reflects Early Modern English usage, subsequent standardisations—most notably the 1769 Oxford edition and the more recent 1900 Pure Cambridge Edition—have made the KJV considerably more accessible to later generations. Many scholars note that its sentence structure is often clearer and more direct than some modern versions, despite occasional obsolete vocabulary. [ 9 ] The King James Version was the third translation into English approved by the Church of England. The first had been the Great Bible in 1535, and the second had been the Bishops' Bible in 1568. [ 10 ] Meanwhile in Switzerland , the first generation of Protestant Reformers had produced the Geneva Bible in 1560, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] which proved more popular among the laity. However, the footnotes represented a Calvinistic Puritanism . King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in January 1604, responding to Puritan grievances outlined in the Millenary Petition . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] At this conference, a proposal for a new English translation of the Bible was presented, aiming to address perceived issues in existing versions. King James issued directives to ensure the translation adhered to the ecclesiology of the Church of England, reflecting its episcopal structure and doctrines, including the belief in an ordained clergy. [ 16 ] Notably, translators were instructed to avoid marginal notes whenever possible, a feature in the Geneva Bible that had been criticised for promoting Puritanical and anti-monarchical sentiments . [ 17 ] For the New Testament , the Textus Receptus was utilized; the Old Testament was translated from the Masoretic Text ; and the Apocrypha was rendered from the Septuagint and Latin Vulgate . [ 18 ] By the first half of the 18th century, the King James Version had become effectively unchallenged as the only English translation used in Anglican and other English Protestant churches, except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Over the 18th century, the KJV supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. [ 19 ] With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century, this version of the Bible had become the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. [ 20 ] Today the unqualified title "King James Version" usually indicates this Oxford standard text. In surveys of English-speaking Christians, the KJV frequently ranks among the most read and memorised translations, with many citing its literary cadence and faithfulness to the original texts as reasons for its continued preference. [ 21 ] Name The title of the first edition of the translation, in Early Modern English, was "THE HOLY BIBLE, Conteyning the Old Teſtament, AND THE NEW: Newly Tranſlated out of the Originall tongues: & with former Tranſlations diligently compared and reuiſed, by his Majesties ſpeciall Comandement ." Underneath the title, it is written that the Bible is "[a]ppointed to be read in Churches." [ 22 ] Biblical scholar F. F. Bruce suggests it was "probably authorised by order in council ," but no record of the authorization survives "because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19." [ 23 ] For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as "the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James." [ 24 ] A 1761 "Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English" refers to the 1611 version merely as "a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation," despite referring to the Great Bible by its name, and despite using the name "Rhemish Testament" for the Douay–Rheims Bible version. [ 25 ] Similarly, a "History of England," whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that "[a] new translation of the Bible, viz. , that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611." [ 26 ] King James's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation (on a par with the Genevan Bible or the Rhemish Testament) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae (first published 1797). [ 27 ] Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a "historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible" published in Massachusetts in 1815 [ 28 ] and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is "generally known by the name of King James's Bible". [ 29 ] This name was also found as King James' Bible (without the final "s"): for example in a book review from 1811. [ 30 ] The phrase "King James's Bible" is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description. [ 31 ] The use of Authorized Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814. [ 32 ] For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as "our present, and only publicly authorised version" (1783), [ 33 ] "our Authorized version" (1731, [ 34 ] 1792 [ 35 ] ) and "the authorized version" (1801, uncapitalized) [ 36 ] are found. A more common appellation in the 17th and 18th centuries was "our English translation" or "our English version", as can be seen by searching one or other of the major online archives of printed books. In Britain, the 1611 translation is generally known as the "Authorised Version" today. King James' Version, evidently a descriptive phrase, is found being used as early as 1814. [ 37 ] "The King James Version" is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855. [ 38 ] The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source. [ 39 ] In the United States, the "1611 translation" (actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below) is generally known as the King James Version today. History Earlier English translations There were several translations into Middle English of large portions of Scriptures in the 14th Century, with the first complete bibles probably being made by the followers of John Wycliffe . These translations were effectively but not formally banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . [ 40 ] The Wycliffite Bibles pre-dated the printing press but were circulated very widely in manuscript form. In 1525, William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament into Early Modern English . [ 41 ] Tyndale's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament. [ 42 ] Despite some controversial translation choices, and in spite of Tyndale's execution on charges of heresy for being a Lutheran, [ 43 ] the merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English. [ 44 ] With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale to remove offensive notes, in 1539, Tyndale's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first "authorised version" issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . [ 10 ] When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553, she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , [ 45 ] some establishing an English-speaking community in the Protestant city of Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship. [ 46 ] These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . [ 47 ] This translation, dated to 1560, was a revision of Tyndale's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages. [ 48 ] Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558, problems with both the Great and Geneva Bibles (namely, that the latter did not "conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy") became apparent to church authorities. [ 49 ] In 1568, the Church of England responded with the Bishops' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version. [ 50 ] While officially approved, this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age, in part because the full Bible was printed only in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds. [ 51 ] Accordingly, Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version, as small editions were available at a relatively low cost. At the same time, there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay–Rheims New Testament of 1582, undertaken by exiled Catholics. This translation, though still derived from Tyndale, claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate. [ 52 ] In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at Saint Columba's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. [ 53 ] Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as James I. [ 54 ] Considerations for a new version The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. [ 55 ] That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England. Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First, Galatians iv. 25 (from the Bishops' Bible). The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostle's sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, psalm cv. 28 (from the Great Bible ), 'They were not obedient;' the original being, 'They were not disobedient.' Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30 (also from the Great Bible), 'Then stood up Phinees and prayed,' the Hebrew hath, 'executed judgment.' [ 56 ] First, Galatians iv. 25 (from the Bishops' Bible). The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostle's sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, psalm cv. 28 (from the Great Bible ), 'They were not obedient;' the original being, 'They were not disobedient.' Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30 (also from the Great Bible), 'Then stood up Phinees and prayed,' the Hebrew hath, 'executed judgment.' [ 56 ] Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to use formal equivalence and limit the Puritan influence on this new translation [ 57 ] . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes (which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ). [ 58 ] King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : [ 59 ] Exodus 1:19, where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15:16, where the Geneva Bible had criticised King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous 'mother', Queen Maachah (Maachah had actually been Asa's grandmother, but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary, Queen of Scots ). [ 59 ] Further, the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England. [ 58 ] Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church. [ 58 ] For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word "church" were to be retained and not to be translated as "congregation". [ 58 ] The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy. [ 58 ] The source material for the translation of the New Testament was the Textus Receptus version of the Greek compiled by Erasmus ; for the Old Testament, the Masoretic text of the Hebrew was used; for some of the apocrypha , the Septuagint Greek text was used, or for apocrypha for which the Greek was unavailable, the Vulgate Latin. James' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers. The text of the Bishops' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained. If the Bishops' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation, the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list: the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible [ 60 ] . In addition, later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay–Rheims Bible . [ 61 ] A recent estimate is that 84% of the New Testament in the KJV is word-for-word identical to the Tyndale Bible, and about 76% of Tyndale's incomplete Old Testament is in the KJV. [ 62 ] It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been "translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by His Majesty's special commandment." As the work proceeded, more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated, including the requirement that words supplied in English to 'complete the meaning' of the originals should be printed in a different type face. [ 63 ] Translation committees The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved. [ 64 ] All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy. [ 65 ] The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies, as well as high churchmen . [ 66 ] Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins. [ 67 ] The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other. [ 68 ] The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work. Instead, a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well-paid livings as these fell vacant. [ 65 ] Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . On 22 July 1604 King James VI and I sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project. Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to the number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time cannot well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant.[erbury] signifying unto them, that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that (all excuses set apart) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West.[minister] on 2 and 20 July, in the 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii. [ 69 ] Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to the number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time cannot well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant.[erbury] signifying unto them, that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that (all excuses set apart) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West.[minister] on 2 and 20 July, in the 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii. [ 69 ] The six committees started work towards the end of 1604. The Apocrypha committee finished first, and all six completed their sections by 1608. [ 70 ] From January 1609, a General Committee of Review met at Stationers' Hall, London to review the completed marked texts from each of the committees, and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers' Company. The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes , John Harmar , and others known only by their initials, including "AL" (who may be Arthur Lake ). John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations (in Latin) – which has partly survived in two later transcripts. [ 71 ] Also surviving of the translators' working papers are a bound set of marked-up corrections to one of the forty Bishops' Bibles —covering the Old Testament and Gospels; [ 72 ] and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops' Bible . [ 73 ] Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes, of which one was the term "bishopricke" at Acts 1:20. [ 74 ] Committee Scriptures translated Members First Westminster Company Genesis to 2 Kings Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing First Oxford Company Isaiah to Malachi John Harding , John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne [ 75 ] Second Oxford Company Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , Book of Revelation Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Second Westminster Company Epistles William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Second Cambridge Company Apocrypha John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . [ 76 ] Printing The original printing of the Authorised Version was published by Robert Barker , the King's Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible. [ 77 ] It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve. [ 78 ] Robert Barker's father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer, [ 79 ] with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England. [ e ] Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt, [ 80 ] such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill. [ 81 ] It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Bitter financial disputes broke out, as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits, while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money. [ 82 ] There followed decades of continual litigation, and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties, [ 82 ] while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible. In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing, for their own university presses—and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorised Version in 1629, [ 83 ] and 1638. [ 84 ] The editors of these editions included John Bois and Samuel Ward from the original translators. This did not, however, impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers, especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorised Version. [ 85 ] Two editions of the whole Bible are recognised as having been produced in 1611, which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3:15; [ 86 ] the first edition reading "he went into the city", where the second reads "she went into the city"; [ 87 ] these are known colloquially as the "He" and "She" Bibles. [ 88 ] The original printing was made before English spelling was standardised, and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text. [ 89 ] They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else. They used the long s ( ſ ) for non-final s . [ 90 ] The letter or glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral , such as XIIJ. Punctuation was relatively heavy (frequent) and differed from modern practice. [ how? ] When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the (replacing the Middle English thorn , Þ, with the continental y ), set ã for an or am (in the style of scribe's shorthand ), and set & for and . In contrast, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded. [ citation needed ] Later printings regularised these spellings; the punctuation has also been standardised, but still varies from current usage. As can be seen in the example page on the left, the first printing used a blackletter typeface instead of a roman typeface, which itself made a political and a religious statement. [ further explanation needed ] Like the Great Bible and the Bishops' Bible , the Authorised Version was "appointed to be read in churches". It was a large folio volume meant for public use, not private devotion; the weight of the type—blackletter type was heavy physically as well as visually—mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it. [ citation needed ] However, smaller editions and roman-type editions followed rapidly, e.g. quarto roman-type editions of the Bible in 1612. [ 91 ] This contrasted with the Geneva Bible, which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface (although black-letter editions, particularly in folio format, were issued later). In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops' Bible, which had both been extensively illustrated, there were no illustrations in the 1611 edition of the Authorised Version, the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters – together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself, and to the New Testament. [ citation needed ] In the Great Bible, readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . [ 92 ] In the Geneva Bible, a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators, or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew; and the original printing of the Authorised Version used roman type for this purpose, albeit sparsely and inconsistently. [ 93 ] This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text. When, from the later 17th century onwards, the Authorised Version began to be printed in roman type, the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded. This was intended to de-emphasize the words. [ 94 ] The original printing contained two prefatory texts; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to "the most high and mighty Prince" King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. [ citation needed ] The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes the translators' stated goal, that they "never thought from the beginning that [they] should need to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one, ... but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones, one principal good one, not justly to be excepted against; that hath been our endeavour, that our mark." They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations, stating, "We do not deny, nay, we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession, (for we have seen none of theirs [Catholics] of the whole Bible as yet) containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God." As with the first preface, some British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first. [ citation needed ] The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances. Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752, and thus modern editions invariably omit it. [ citation needed ] So as to make it easier to know a particular passage, each chapter was headed by a brief précis of its contents with verse numbers. Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries, or omitted such material entirely. [ citation needed ] Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts. [ f ] Authorised Version The Authorised Version was meant to replace the Bishops' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorisation exists; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council , but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19, [ 95 ] and it is commonly known as the Authorised Version in the United Kingdom. The King's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops' Bible, [ 79 ] so necessarily the Authorised Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England. In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorised Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings [ 96 ] —though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version. [ 97 ] The case was different in Scotland, where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church Bible. It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorised Version was printed—in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . [ 98 ] The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However, official policy favoured the Authorised Version, and this favour returned during the Commonwealth —as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell —and the "New Translation" was the only edition on the market. [ 99 ] F. F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the "Old Translation" (i.e. Geneva) as being in 1674. [ 100 ] The Authorised Version's acceptance by the general public took longer. The Geneva Bible continued to be popular, and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam, where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint. [ 101 ] However, few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616, and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation. In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called "The Soldiers' Bible". [ 102 ] In the first half of the 17th century the Authorised Version is most commonly referred to as "The Bible without notes", thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva "Bible with notes". [ 98 ] There were several printings of the Authorised Version in Amsterdam—one as late as 1715 [ 103 ] which combined the Authorised Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes; [ 104 ] one such edition was printed in London in 1649. During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorised Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes, [ 101 ] but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text. After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era. [ citation needed ] Furthermore, disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorised Version dragged on through the 17th century, so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation. [ citation needed ] The Authorised Version became the only then current version circulating among English-speaking people. A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation. Hugh Broughton , who was the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time but had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament, [ 105 ] issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version. [ 106 ] He especially criticised the translators' rejection of word-for-word equivalence and stated that "he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation (KJV) should ever be foisted upon the English people". [ 107 ] Walton's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorised Version (and indeed the English language) entirely. [ 108 ] Walton's reference text throughout is the Vulgate. The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651. [ 109 ] Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers (e.g., Job 41:24, not Job 41:33) for his head text. In Chapter 35: "The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God", Hobbes discusses Exodus 19:5, first in his own translation of the Vulgar Latin, and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms "... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James", and "The Geneva French" (i.e. Olivétan ). Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred. For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that, while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people, nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so, Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin. It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorised Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles. [ 110 ] In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges, successive printings of the Authorised Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been—compositors freely varying spelling, capitalisation and punctuation [ 111 ] —and also, over the years, introducing about 1,500 misprints (some of which, like the omission of "not" from the commandment "Thou shalt not commit adultery" in the " Wicked Bible ", [ 112 ] became notorious). The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text—while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators' work, chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note. [ 113 ] A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it. [ citation needed ] By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorised Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in then current use in Protestant churches, [ 114 ] and was so dominant that the Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was much closer to the Authorised Version than to the original. [ 115 ] However, general standards of spelling, punctuation, typesetting, capitalisation and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorised Version, and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with then current practice—and with public expectations of standardised spelling and grammatical construction. [ 116 ] Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorised Version supplanted the Hebrew, Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines, and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself—so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture. [ 117 ] In the 18th century there was a serious shortage of Bibles in the American colonies. To meet the demand various printers , beginning with Samuel Kneeland in 1752, printed the King James Bible without authorisation from the Crown. To avert prosecution and detection of an unauthorised printing they would include the royal insignia on the title page, using the same materials in its printing as the Authorised Version was produced from, which were imported from England. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Standard text of 1769 By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version, combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints, had reached the proportion of a scandal, and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text. First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760, the culmination of 20 years' work by Francis Sawyer Parris , [ 120 ] who died in May of that year. This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 [ 121 ] and in John Baskerville 's folio edition of 1763. [ 122 ] This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition, edited by Benjamin Blayney , [ 123 ] though with comparatively few changes from Parris's edition; but which became the Oxford standard text, and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings. [ 124 ] Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers, while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638, and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own. They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original, making many thousands of minor changes to the text. In addition, Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of "supplied" words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts. Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Theodore Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ. [ 125 ] Like the 1611 edition, the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha, although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators. It also includes both prefaces from the 1611 edition. Altogether, the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places. [ 126 ] The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below. [1611] 1. Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels, and haue not charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue mountaines, and haue no charitie, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing. [1611] 1. Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels, and haue not charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue mountaines, and haue no charitie, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing. [1769] 1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. [1769] 1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses: 11 changes of spelling, 16 changes of typesetting (including the changed conventions for the use of u and v), three changes of punctuation, and one variant text—where "not charity" is substituted for "no charity" in verse two, in the belief that the original reading was a misprint. A particular verse for which Blayney's 1769 text differs from Parris's 1760 version is Matthew 5:13, where Parris (1760) has Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out, and to be troden under foot of men. Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out, and to be troden under foot of men. Blayney (1769) changes 'lost his savour' to 'lost its savour', and troden to trodden . For a period, Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text, but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney's work but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings. By the mid-19th century, almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text—increasingly without Blayney's variant notes and cross references, and commonly excluding the Apocrypha. [ 127 ] One exception to this was a scrupulous original-spelling, page-for-page, and line-for-line reprint of the 1611 edition (including all chapter headings, marginalia, and original italicization, but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original), published by Oxford in 1833. [ g ] Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible, thoroughly revised, modernized and re-edited by F. H. A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes. [ 129 ] Scrivener, like Blayney, opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty. [ 130 ] In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which followed in the spirit of Scrivener's work, attempting to bring spelling to present-day standards. Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks, while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text, so far as possible, to the wording used by its translators, especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents. [ 131 ] This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin Books . [ 132 ] From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged—and since, due to advances in printing technology, it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale, it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English-speaking Protestant world. Academic debate through that century, however, increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars: (a) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible—both in terms of specific vocabulary, and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names; (b) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English, especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and (c) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries, the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text. [ 133 ] Responding to these concerns, the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version, intending to retain the original text "except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary". The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 (New Testament), 1885 (Old Testament) and 1894 (Apocrypha); but, although it sold widely, the revision did not find popular favour, and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches. [ 134 ] By the early 20th century, editing had been completed in Cambridge's text, with at least 6 new changes since 1769, and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings. The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions, and after the Second World War "the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset." [ 135 ] It is also worth noting that some American publishers use the 1769 text, but with updated American spelling. Words like "colour" will be spelled as "color" and names like "Elias" will be rendered as "Elijah" in the New Testament. Editorial criticism F. H. A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769. In the 19th century, there were effectively three main guardians of the text. Norton identified five variations among the Oxford, Cambridge, and London (Eyre and Spottiswoode) texts of 1857, such as the spelling of "farther" or "further" at Matthew 26:39. [ 136 ] In the 20th century, variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford. Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included "or Sheba", [ 137 ] "sin", [ 138 ] "clifts", [ 139 ] "vapour", [ 140 ] "flieth", [ 141 ] "further" [ 142 ] and a number of other references. In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford. [ 143 ] These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney's 1769 Edition. The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , [ 144 ] and a potential theological issue, [ 145 ] particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition. [ 146 ] Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5:8 [ 147 ] in 1985, reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word "spirit" in lower case by using a capital letter "S". [ 148 ] A Rev. Hardin of Bedford, Pennsylvania, wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse, and received a reply on 3 June 1985 from the Bible Director, Jerry L. Hooper, claiming that it was a "matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case 's' in Spirit". [ 149 ] Literary attributes Marginal notes In obedience to their instructions, the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text, but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording. [ 150 ] The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original, introduced as "Heb", "Chal" ( Chaldee , referring to Aramaic), "Gr" or "Lat". Others indicate a variant reading of the source text (introduced by "or"). Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages, or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly, though, they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators' preferred recent Latin versions: Tremellius for the Old Testament, Junius for the Apocrypha, and Beza for the New Testament. [ 151 ] At thirteen places in the New Testament [ 152 ] [ 153 ] a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza's editions. [ 154 ] A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency. Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants, although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition, there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references, in which one text was related to another. Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles, and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition. Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references—e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . [ 155 ] At the head of each chapter, the translators provided a short précis of its contents, with verse numbers; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions. Use of typeface Also in obedience to their instructions, the translators indicated 'supplied' words in a different typeface; but there was no attempt to regularize the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies; and especially in the New Testament, it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case. [ 93 ] In one verse, 1 John 2:23, an entire clause was printed in roman type (as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishops' Bible); [ 156 ] indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate, albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text. [ 157 ] In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) by "the LORD" (in later editions in small capitals as L ORD ), [ h ] or "the LORD God" (for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים), [ i ] except in four places by " IEHOVAH ". [ 158 ] However, if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai (Lord) then it is rendered not as the "Lord LORD" but as the "Lord God". [ 159 ] In later editions it appears as "Lord GOD ", with " GOD " in small capitals, indicating to the reader that God's name appears in the original Hebrew. Source texts Old Testament For the Old Testament, the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg (1524/5), [ 160 ] [ failed verification ] but adjusted this to conform to the Greek Septuagint (LXX) or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation. [ 161 ] For example, the Septuagint reading " They pierced my hands and my feet " was used in Psalm 22:16 [ 162 ] (vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew "like lions my hands and feet" [ 163 ] ). Otherwise, however, the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation—especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries, such as David Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; [ 164 ] earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places. Following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the medieval Vulgate Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah '; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras '. New Testament For the New Testament, the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588/89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , [ 165 ] [ j ] which also present Beza's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate. Both of these versions were extensively referred to, as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin. F. H. A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza's Greek text, generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishops' Bible and other earlier English translations. [ 166 ] In about half of these instances, the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus. For the other half, Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However, in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version, which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate. [ 167 ] For example, at John 10:16, [ 168 ] the Authorized Version reads " one fold " (as did the Bishops' Bible, and the 16th-century vernacular versions produced in Geneva), following the Latin Vulgate " unum ovile ", whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek, " one flocke " ( μία ποίμνη ). The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament; still, at least 80% of the text is unaltered from Tyndale's translation. [ 169 ] Apocrypha Unlike the rest of the Bible, the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes. [ 170 ] From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint—primarily, from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot —but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text, and to Junius's Latin translation. The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587, which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had, however, no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript. [ 170 ] Sources The translators appear to have otherwise made no first-hand study of ancient manuscript sources, even those that—like the Codex Bezae —would have been readily available to them. [ 171 ] In addition to all previous English versions (including, and contrary to their instructions, [ 172 ] the Rheimish New Testament [ 173 ] which in their preface they criticized), they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available, including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . [ 174 ] In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee, Hebrew, Syrian, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German. [ 175 ] The translators took the Bishops' Bible as their source text, and where they departed from that in favour of another translation, this was most commonly the Geneva Bible. However, the degree to which readings from the Bishops' Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company, as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own. John Bois's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources, including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament, [ 176 ] which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes. Variations in recent translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations, where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century, the source Greek texts of the New Testament which were used to produce Protestant Bible versions were mainly dependent on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text-type , and they also contained minor variations which became known as the Textus Receptus . [ 177 ] With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts, most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts which belong to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors, [ 178 ] without giving it, or any family, automatic preference. [ 179 ] Style and criticism A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible, dignified and resonant in public reading. [ 180 ] Although the Authorized Version's written style is an important part of its influence on English, research has found only one verse—Hebrews 13:8—for which translators debated the wording's literary merits. While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation, finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition, in practice they also did the opposite; for example, 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word "prince". [ 181 ] [ needs context ] In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms, tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic, like verily and it came to pass . [ 105 ] The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively, even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage, especially when addressing a social superior (as is evidenced, for example, in Shakespeare ). [ 182 ] For the possessive of the third person pronoun, the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598, is avoided. [ 183 ] The older his is usually employed, as for example at Matthew 5:13: [ 184 ] "if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted?"; [ 183 ] in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found. [ k ] Another sign of linguistic conservatism is the invariable use of -eth for the third person singular present form of the verb, as at Matthew 2:13: "the Angel of the Lord appear eth to Joseph in a dreame". The rival ending -(e)s , as found in present-day English, was already widely used by this time (for example, it predominates over -eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ). [ 186 ] Furthermore, the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons, as in Genesis 13:5: [ 187 ] "And Lot also which went with Abram, had flocks and heards, & tents" [ 188 ] although who(m) is also found. [ l ] The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions, [ 172 ] especially the Geneva Bible. This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators—several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English—but was also, in part, a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes. [ 189 ] Hence, where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word, and gloss its particular application in a marginal note, the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term, frequently in Anglicized Latin. Consequently, although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops' Bible as a base text, the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament, whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology. [ 190 ] In addition, the translators of the New Testament books transliterate names found in the Old Testament in their Greek forms rather than in the forms closer to the Old Testament Hebrew (e.g. "Elias" and "Noe" for "Elijah" and "Noah", respectively). While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold, modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages, primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to (or not then highly regarded by) early-17th-century Biblical scholarship. [ 191 ] In the Old Testament, there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences, but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators. For example, in modern translations it is clear that Job 28:1–11 [ 192 ] is referring throughout to mining operations, which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version. [ 193 ] Mistranslations The King James Version contains several alleged mistranslations, especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time. [ 194 ] Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy, where Hebrew : רְאֵם , romanized : Re'em with the probable meaning of "wild-ox, aurochs ", is translated in the KJV as " unicorn "; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators. The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering, "rhinocerots" [ sic ] in the margin at Isaiah 34:7. On a similar note Martin Luther's German translation had also relied on the Latin Vulgate on this point, consistently translating רְאֵם using the German word for unicorn, Einhorn . [ 195 ] Otherwise, the translators are accused on several occasions of having mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name (or vice versa); as at 2 Samuel 1:18 where "the Book of Jasher " ( Hebrew : סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר , romanized : sepher ha-yasher ) properly refers not to a work by an author of that name, but should rather be rendered as "the Book of the Upright" (which was proposed as an alternative reading in a marginal note to the KJV text). Some scholars and commentators contend that these examples reflect differences in translation philosophy and ongoing lexical uncertainty rather than demonstrable mistranslation. In the case of the Hebrew : רְאֵם , romanized : Re'em , the precise referent remains disputed, and earlier translations such as the Septuagint ( Greek : μονόκερως , romanized : monókerōs ) and the Vulgate ( Latin : unicornis ) likewise render the term as a one-horned animal, indicating that the King James translators followed a long-standing interpretive tradition rather than an isolated or novel reading. [ 196 ] [ 197 ] It is further noted that the translators frequently acknowledged ambiguity by supplying alternative renderings in marginal notes, such as "rhinocerots " at Isaiah 34:7, suggesting awareness of competing interpretations rather than simple linguistic error. Similarly, while the "Book of Jasher" can be translated descriptively as "Book of the Upright," it also appears to function as a title in multiple biblical passages (e.g., Joshua 10:13). Although several extant works bear the name Sefer ha-Yashar , including a medieval Midrashic collection and later compilations of Jewish legend, mainstream scholarship regards these as distinct from the "lost" book referenced in Scripture, and dates them to much later periods (e.g., 16th–17th centuries or later). From this viewpoint, the rendering "Book of Jasher”" in the KJV reflects a translation choice consistent with traditional Jewish and Christian usage of the title and recognizes that the original "Book of the Upright" remains lost to history. [ 198 ] Influence Despite royal patronage and encouragement, there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation. It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops' Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that "many false interpretations, ambiguous phrases, obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner". Blayney's 1769 version, with its revised spelling and punctuation, helped change the public perception of the Authorised Version to a masterpiece of the English language. [ 181 ] By the 19th century, F. W. Faber could say of the translation, "It lives on the ear, like music that can never be forgotten, like the sound of church bells, which the convert hardly knows how he can forego." [ 199 ] Geddes MacGregor called the Authorized Version "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language", [ 200 ] "the most important book in English religion and culture", and "the most celebrated book in the English-speaking world ". David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English; examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore, prominent atheist figures such as Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being "a giant step in the maturing of English literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then adding, "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian". [ 201 ] [ 202 ] The King James Version is one of the versions authorised to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and other parts of the Anglican Communion , [ 203 ] as it is the historical Bible of this church. It was presented to King Charles III at his coronation service . [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Other Christian denominations have also accepted the King James Version. The King James Version is used by English-speaking Conservative Anabaptists , along with Methodists of the conservative holiness movement , in addition to certain Baptists . [ 206 ] [ 207 ] In the Orthodox Church in America , it is used liturgically and was made "the 'official' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox". The later Service Book of the Antiochian archdiocese, in vogue today, also uses the King James Version. [ m ] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continues to use its own edition of the Authorised Version as its official English Bible. Although the Authorised Version's preeminence in the English-speaking world has diminished—for example, the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it—it is still the most used translation in the United States, especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . However, over the past forty years it has been gradually overtaken by modern versions, principally the New International Version (1973), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), [ 181 ] and the English Standard Version (2001), the latter of which is seen as a successor to the King James Version. [ 209 ] King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the belief that the King James Version is superior to all other English translations of the Bible . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close, if not identical, to the original autographs, thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation. They argue that manuscripts such as the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus , on which most modern English translations are based, are corrupted New Testament texts. One of them, Perry Demopoulos, was a director of the translation of the King James Bible into Russian . In 2010 the Russian translation of the KJV of the New Testament was released in Kyiv , Ukraine . [ 210 ] In 2017, the first complete edition of a Russian King James Bible was released. [ 211 ] In 2017, a Faroese translation of the King James Bible was released as well. [ 212 ] Copyright status The Authorised Version is in the public domain in most of the world. In the United Kingdom, the right to print, publish and distribute it is a royal prerogative , [ 213 ] and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland , the letters patent are held by the King's Printer ; in Scotland, they are held by the Scottish Bible Board. The office of the King's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries, the earliest known reference coming in 1577. [ 214 ] In the 18th century, all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the King's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , which inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990. [ 214 ] Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorised Version independently of the King's Printer. In Scotland, the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board. The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders, or those authorised by the holders, from printing, publishing or importing the Authorised Version into the United Kingdom. The protection that the Authorised Version, and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom. [ 214 ] Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative. [ clarification needed ] [ 215 ] Permission Within the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 words for "liturgical and non-commercial educational use", provided that their prescribed acknowledgement is included, the quoted words do not exceed 25% of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book. [ 216 ] For use beyond this, the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case-by-case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Apocrypha Translations of the books of the biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version, as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer . Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the apocrypha—generally, following the Luther Bible , in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text—and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] The apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the apocrypha of the Bishops' Bible ; however, following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the Esdras books are named Ezra and Nehemiah (Old Testament) and 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras (apocrypha), rather than respectively 1, 2, 3, and 4 Esdras as in the Bishops' Bible and the Thirty-nine Articles . Starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the apocrypha section excluded. In 1644, the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the apocrypha in churches; and in 1666, the first editions of the King James Bible without the apocrypha were bound. [ 221 ] The standardisation of the text of the Authorised Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print-runs at very low unit prices. For commercial and charitable publishers, editions of the Authorised Version without the apocrypha reduced the cost, while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers. [ 222 ] With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of apocryphal books. [ 223 ] The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for Bible printing and dissemination in 1826, under the following resolution: That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture, to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal; [ 224 ] That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture, to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal; [ 224 ] The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy. Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th-century ecumenical efforts on translations, the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966. [ 225 ] See also Religion portal Bible portal Judaism portal Christianity portal 21st Century King James Version Bible errata Bible translations Charles XII Bible Dynamic and formal equivalence Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives New King James Version Red letter edition Young's Literal Translation References Notes ^ The King James Version can also be found abbreviated as either the KJB (King James Bible) or the AV (Authorised Version). ^ The King James Version has publication restrictions in the United Kingdom—see the section regarding copyright status . ^ The King James Version has also been used throughout a multitude of Protestant denominations since its original publication. In addition, it has been used by various sects. ^ "And now at last, ... it being brought unto such a conclusion, as that we have great hope that the Church of England shall reape good fruit thereby ..." [ 3 ] ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly. ^ Norton 2011a , p. x notes: "In all likelihood, the first edition of the King James Bible was hurried through the press before the translators had fully completed their work. One of the casualties of this hurry was the paragraphing. It emerged rough and incomplete: for instance, there are no paragraph breaks marked in the New Testament after Acts 20. ^ The Holy Bible, an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833 (reprints, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 0-8407-0041-5 , 1565631625 or available at Internet Archive: Vol1: and Vol2: ). According to J.R. Dore, [ 128 ] the edition "so far as it goes, represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original. The spelling, punctuation, italics, capitals, and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care. It is, however, printed in Roman instead of black letter type." ^ Genesis 4:1 ^ Genesis 2:4 "אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים" ^ Edward F. Hills made the following important statement in regard to the KJV and the Received Text: The translators that produced the King James Version relied mainly, it seems, on the later editions of Beza's Greek New Testament, especially his 4th edition (1588–9). But also they frequently consulted the editions of Erasmus and Stephanus and the Complutensian Polyglot. According to Scrivener (1884), (51) out of the 252 passages in which these sources differ sufficiently to affect the English rendering, the King James Version agrees with Beza against Stephanus 113 times, with Stephanus against Beza 59 times, and 80 times with Erasmus, or the Complutensian, or the Latin Vulgate against Beza and Stephanus. Hence the King James Version ought to be regarded not merely as a translation of the Textus Receptus but also as an independent variety of the Textus Receptus. — Edward F. Hills, The King James Version Defended , p. 220. The translators that produced the King James Version relied mainly, it seems, on the later editions of Beza's Greek New Testament, especially his 4th edition (1588–9). But also they frequently consulted the editions of Erasmus and Stephanus and the Complutensian Polyglot. According to Scrivener (1884), (51) out of the 252 passages in which these sources differ sufficiently to affect the English rendering, the King James Version agrees with Beza against Stephanus 113 times, with Stephanus against Beza 59 times, and 80 times with Erasmus, or the Complutensian, or the Latin Vulgate against Beza and Stephanus. Hence the King James Version ought to be regarded not merely as a translation of the Textus Receptus but also as an independent variety of the Textus Receptus. The translators that produced the King James Version relied mainly, it seems, on the later editions of Beza's Greek New Testament, especially his 4th edition (1588–9). But also they frequently consulted the editions of Erasmus and Stephanus and the Complutensian Polyglot. According to Scrivener (1884), (51) out of the 252 passages in which these sources differ sufficiently to affect the English rendering, the King James Version agrees with Beza against Stephanus 113 times, with Stephanus against Beza 59 times, and 80 times with Erasmus, or the Complutensian, or the Latin Vulgate against Beza and Stephanus. Hence the King James Version ought to be regarded not merely as a translation of the Textus Receptus but also as an independent variety of the Textus Receptus. — Edward F. Hills, The King James Version Defended , p. 220. ^ e.g. Matthew 7:27 : "great was the fall of it .", Matthew 2:16 : "in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof ", Leviticus 25:5 : "That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest". ( Leviticus 25:5 is changed to its in many modern printings). [ 185 ] ^ e.g. at Genesis 3:12 : "The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee" ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version. It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America. Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century, and Isabel Hapgood's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the "official" translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox. Both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms (that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer), thereby giving us two translations in the same services. This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese, which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections. This translation, reproducing the stately prose of 1611, was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas. It is still in widespread use to this day, and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV. [ 208 ] Citations ^ "Bible Translation Spectrum" . Logos Bible Software Wiki . Archived from the original on 7 January 2023 . Retrieved 7 January 2023 . ^ "Bible Translation Spectrum" . Logos Bible Software Wiki . Retrieved 11 December 2024 . ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ "Apocrypha" . ^ "The King James Bible: The Book That Changed the World – BBC Two" . BBC. ^ Norton 2011b . ^ McGrath, Alister (2002). In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture . Anchor Books . ISBN 978-0385722162 . ^ "King James Bible Study Proyect" . ^ Daniell 2003 , pp. 453–455. ^ a b Daniell 2003 , p. 204. ^ The Sixth Point of Calvinism, The Historicism Research Foundation, Inc., 2003, ISBN 09620681-4-4 ^ The Holy Bible ... With a General Introduction and Short Explanatory Notes, by B. Boothroyd . James Duncan. 1836. ^ "Hampton Court – Attendees" . King James Bible History . 9 December 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "Hampton Court – Activities Day 2" . King James Bible History . 2 October 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "Kings & Puritans: Bishops & Bible - The Hampton Court Conference | Christian Library" . www.christianstudylibrary.org . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "King James Instructions to the Translators" . thekingsbible.com . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ foundersadmin (12 October 2011). "The Geneva Bible and Its Influence on the King James Bible" . Founders Ministries . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "The Texts | The King James Bible: A Translation for the Ages | Cedarville University" . digitalcommons.cedarville.edu . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "King James Version (KJV) | Bible, History, First Published, Commissioned By, Importance, & Background | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 29 August 2025 . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "Changes in the King James version" . www.bible-researcher.com . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ Smietana, Bob (17 March 2014). "Majority of American Bible Readers Still Prefer King James Version" . Lifeway Research . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ "Museoteca - The general title page of the 1611 King James Bible, Cornelius Boel" . museoteca.com . Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ^ Bruce, F. F. (1961). The English Bible: A History of Translations . Oxford University Press . p. 101. ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1651). "33". Leviathan or the Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill (PDF) . London. ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79. ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279. ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219. ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277. ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14. ^ Adams, Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110. ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205. ^ Anon. 1814 , p. 356. ^ Anon. 1783 , p. 27. ^ Twells 1731 , p. 95. ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113. ^ Anon. 1801 , p. 145. ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209. ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270. ^ Anon. 1856 , pp. 530–31. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152. ^ Juhász, Gergely; Paul Arblaster (2005). "Can Translating the Bible Be Bad for Your Health?: William Tyndale and the Falsification of Memory". In Johan Leemans (ed.). More Than a Memory: The Discourse of Martyrdom and the Construction of Christian Identity in the History of Christianity . Peeters Publishers. ISBN 90-429-1688-5 . ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221. ^ Valpy, Michael (5 February 2011). "How the mighty has fallen: The King James Bible turns 400" . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . ^ Goodman, Lenn (February 2013). "The King James Bible at 401". Society . 50 (1): 77. doi : 10.1007/s12115-012-9620-2 – via EBSCO. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433. ^ Gasparyan, Seda (2020). "The Historical Background of the King James Bible" . Armenian Folia Anglistika . 16 (2): 78. doi : 10.46991/AFA/2020.16.2.074 – via ResearchGate. ^ a b c d e Daniell 2003 , p. 439. ^ a b Daniell 2003 , p. 434. ^ Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (2020). Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History (3rd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 216. ISBN 978-1405162753 . ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328. ^ Nielson, Jon; Skousen, Royal (1998). "How Much of the King James Bible Is William Tyndale's? An Estimation Based on Sampling". Reformation . 3 (1): 49– 74. doi : 10.1179/ref_1998_3_1_004 . ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 436. ^ a b Bobrick 2001 , p. 223. ^ MacCulloch 2009 , p. 650. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444. ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11. ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969 . ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257. ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331–32. ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223–44. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310. ^ a b Daniell 2003 , p. 453. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454. ^ a b Daniell 2003 , p. 455. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557. ^ Ruth 3:15 ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62. ^ Anon. 1996 . ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261. ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313–14. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61. ^ a b Scrivener 1884 , p. 70. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162. ^ Douglas 1974 , Bible (English Versions). ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187. ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353. ^ a b Daniell 2003 , p. 458. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459. ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92. ^ a b Hill 1993 , p. 65. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457. ^ a b Bobrick 2001 , p. 264. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444. ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147–94. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 488. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619. ^ Newgass, 1958 , p. 32. ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I , pp. 107–108. ^ Norton 2005 . ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106. ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125. ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131. ^ Norton 2006 . ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685. ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40–56. ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115, 126, “[p. 115, ftn 1 ...] Josh. 19:2; [...] Nahum 3:16; [...] Gen. 10:7; 25:4; [...] Josh. 10:1 (and 3); 19:19 (two readings); 2 Sam. 5:14; 21:21; 23:37; 1 Chr. 2:49; [...] 7:19; 23:20; 24:11; 2 Chr. 20:36; [...] Neh. 7:30; [...] Amos 2:2; [...]”, ”[p. 126 ...] 2 Samuel 6[:8; ...] Judg. 13:19 [...]”. ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126. ^ Joshua 19:2 ^ 2 Chronicles 33:19 ^ Job 30:6 ^ Psalm 148:8 ^ Nahum 3:16 ^ Matthew 26:39 ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144. ^ White 2009 . ^ "Settings of the King James Bible" (PDF) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . ^ tbsbibles.org (2013). "Editorial Report" (PDF) . Quarterly Record . 603 (2nd Quarter). Trinitarian Bible Society: 10– 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . ^ 1 John 5:8 ^ "CUP letter" (PDF) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . ^ Asquith, John M. (7 September 2017). "The Hooper Letter" . purecambridgetext.com . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43. ^ Metzger, Bruce (1968). Historical and Literary Studies . Brill. p. 144. ^ e.g. Luke 17:36 and Acts 25:6 ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254. ^ Exodus 6:3 , Psalm 83:18 , Isaiah 12:2 and Isaiah 26:4 ) and three times in a combination form. ( Genesis 22:14 , Exodus 17:15 , Judges 6:24 ^ Psalm 73:28 , etc. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 262. ^ Psalm 22:16 ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh, copyright 1985 ^ Daiches 1968 , p. 208. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60. ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243–263. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262. ^ John 10:16 ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448. ^ a b Scrivener 1884 , p. 47. ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59. ^ a b Daniell 2003 , p. 440. ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246. ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118. ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103–06. ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 216. ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 218. ^ For more, see Timothy Berg, textandcanon.org , "Seven Common Misconceptions about the King James Bible", Text & Canon Institute (2022). ^ a b c "400 years of the King James Bible" . The Times Literary Supplement . 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153–54. ^ a b Barber 1997 , p. 150. ^ Matthew 5:13 ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150–51. ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166–67. ^ Genesis 13:5 ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229. ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5. ^ Job 28:1–11 ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145. ^ Combs, William W. (1999). "Errors in the King James Version?" (PDF) . DBSJ. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . ^ "BibleGateway – : Einhorn" . biblegateway.com . ^ "UNICORN - JewishEncyclopedia.com" . www.jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Reʾem | mythological animal | Britannica" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 August 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "What is the Book of Jasher and Should It Be in the Bible?" . GotQuestions.org . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ Hall 1881 . ^ MacGregor 1968 , p. 170. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2011). "When the King Saved God" . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ "Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible" . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church: Canon 2: Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Martin, Dan (6 May 2023). "King Charles' Coronation Oath Bible will contain mistakes" . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ "Archbishop of Canterbury receives the Coronation Bible at Lambeth Palace" . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Grammich, Clifford Anthony (1999). Local Baptists, Local Politics: Churches and Communities in the Middle and Uplands South . University of Tennessee Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-57233-045-0 . ^ Dunkard Brethren Church Polity . Dunkard Brethren Church . 1 November 2021. p. 7. ^ "Biblical Studies" . Department of Christian Education – Orthodox Church in America . 2014. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Durken, Daniel (17 December 2015). New Collegeville Bible Commentary: Old Testament . Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-3587-2 . The King James tradition was continued in the Revised Version of 1881 and 1885, the Revised Standard Version of 1946 and 1952, and the New Revised Standard Version of 1989. ^ "Russian: New Testament Bible with Job through Song of Solomon" . Bible Baptist Bookstore . Archived from the original on 26 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ "description" . harvestukraine.org . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ "Heilaga Bíblia" (in Danish) . Retrieved 6 August 2021 . ^ "The royal prerogative and ministerial advice" (PDF) . UK Parliament . House of Commons Library . Retrieved 3 August 2024 . [The royal prerogative includes] Sole right of printing or licensing the printing of the Authorised Version of the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, state papers and Acts of Parliament ^ a b c Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618. ^ "Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 171" , legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives , 1988 c. 48 (s. 171) , retrieved 3 August 2024 ^ "Bibles" . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ "Shakespeare's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties – The Daily Telegraph" . 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . ^ "The Queen's Printer's Patent" . Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text, and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK, as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187. ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338. ^ Kenyon 1909 . ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600. ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622. ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362–. ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38. Works cited Adams, David Phineas; Thacher, Samuel Cooper; Emerson, William (1811). The Monthly Anthology, and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis. Anon. (1783). A call to the Jews . J. Johnson. Anon. (1801). The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle. Anon. (1814). Missionary Register . Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon. (1856). The Original Secession Magazine . Vol. ii. Edinburgh: Moodie and Lothian. Anon. (1996). The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection: A Checklist . Bridwell Library. ISBN 978-0-941881-19-7 . Barber, Charles Laurence (1997). Early modern English (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0835-4 . Bobrick, Benson (2001). Wide as the waters: the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84747-7 . Bois, John ; Allen, Ward; Walker, Anthony (1969). Translating for King James; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James's Bible, the Authorized Version, as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers' Hall in London in 1610–1611. Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost, and only now are come to light, through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman. Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. OCLC 607818272 . Browne, George (1859). History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . p. 362 . Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (2002). History of the Bible in English . Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0-7188-9032-9 . Butler, Charles (1807). Horae Biblicae . Vol. 1 (4th ed.). London: J. White. OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick, Owen (1970). The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh: A&C Black. ISBN 0-334-02410-2 . Chapman, James L. (1856). Americanism versus Romanism: or the cis-Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville, TN: the author. OCLC 1848388 . Daiches, David (1968). The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden, Conn: Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-00493-9 . Daniell, David (2003). The Bible in English: its history and influence . New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press . ISBN 0-300-09930-4 . DeCoursey, Matthew (2003). Edward A. Malone (ed.). British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660: Second series . Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6025-3 . Dore, John Read (1888). Old Bibles: An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible (2nd ed.). Eyre and Spottiswoode. Douglas, James Dixon, ed. (1974). New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan. Greenslade, S. L. (1963). "English Versions of the Bible, 1525–1611". In Greenslade, S. L. (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Bible, Volume III: The West From Reformation to Present Day . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 141– 175. Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5 . Hacket, John (1715). Bishop Hacket's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg'd: With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam. Briscoe. Hague, Dyson (1948). Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press. Hall, Isaac Hollister (1881). The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros. Herbert, A. S. (1968). Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible, 1525–1961, Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society. Hill, Christopher (1993). The English Bible and the seventeenth-century revolution . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9078-3 . Hill, Christopher (1997). Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17432-2 . Hobbes, Thomas (2010). Leviathan . Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55481-003-1 . Holmes, A. (1815). "An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible". In Worcester, Noah (ed.). The Christian Disciple . Vol. iii. Boston: Cummings & Hilliard. Horne, Thomas Hartwell (1818). An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures, Vol. 2 . London: T. Cadell and A Davies. Kenyon, Sir Frederic G. (1909). "English Versions" . In James Hastings (ed.). Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-1-56563-915-7 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Kimber, Isaac (1775). The history of England, from the earliest accounts, to the accession of his present Majesty King George III (5th ed.). London: J. Buckland. OCLC 14263883 . "Epistle Dedicatorie" . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . 1611 – via Wikisource . "Translators to the Reader" . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . 1611 – via Wikisource . Metzger, Bruce M. (1964). The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon. Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 0-19-504645-5 . Norton, David (2011a). "Editor's introduction". The new Cambridge paragraph Bible with the apocrypha : King James version (Revised ed.). Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76284-7 . OCLC 665139368 . Norton, David (2011b). The King James Bible: A Short History from Tyndale to Today . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0521616881 . Procter, Francis; Frere, Walter Howard (1902). A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co. MacGregor, Geddes (1968). A Literary History of the Bible: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day . Abingdon Press. LCCN 68011477 . Newcome, William (1792). Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . John Exshaw. Newgass, Edgar (1958). An outline of Anglo-American Bible history . London : B.T. Batsford. Norton, David (2005). A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0-521-77100-5 . MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years . Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9869-6 . Norton, David, ed. (2006). The Bible . Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-144151-8 . Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (1974). Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192115454 . Pearse, Salem (1761). "A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English". The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London: Robert Brown. p. 79. Prickett, Stephen; Carroll, Robert P., eds. (2008). The Bible: Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-953594-1 . Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1884). The Authorized Edition of the English Bible, 1611, its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 November 2008. Smith, William (1814). The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God: according to the usage of the primitive church . New York: T. and J. Swords. OCLC 3512140 . Story, G. M. (1967). Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers . Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin. Twells, Leonard (1731). A critical examination of the late new text and version of the New Testament ... Part I . London: R.Gosling. Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Irving (1975). The People's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-04186-7 . White, James R. (2009). The King James Only Controversy: Can You Trust Modern Translations? . Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-7642-0605-4 . Further reading Chronological order of publication (newest first) Joalland, Michael. "Isaac Newton Reads the King James Version: The Marginal Notes and Reading Marks of a Natural Philosopher." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America , vol. 113, no. 3 (2019): 297–339. Burke, David G., John F. Kutsko, and Philip H. Towner, eds. The King James Version at 400: Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence (Society of Biblical Literature; 2013) 553 pages; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th-century religious lyric, the KJV and the language of liturgy, and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective. Crystal, David (2011). Begat: The King James Bible and the English Language . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19969518-8 . Hallihan, C.P. (2010). Authorized Version: A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society. ISBN 978-1-86228-049-6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication, in 1611, of the Authorized ("King James") Version of the Bible Keay, Julia (2005). Alexander the Corrector: the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-713196-8 . Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0-06-073817-0 . Nicolson, Adam (2003). Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-710893-1 . In US: (2003). God's secretaries: the making of the King James Bible . London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-018516-3 . Paperback: (2011). When God Spoke English: The Making of the King James Bible . London: Harper. ISBN 978-0-00-743100-7 . McGrath, Alister E. (2002). In the beginning: the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation, a language and a culture . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-72216-8 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward: A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , eds. John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen, contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632. Ward, Thomas (1903). Errata of the Protestant Bible [ i.e. mostly of the Authorized "King James" Version]; or, The Truth of the English Translations Examined, in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures, Used by Protestants . A new ed., carefully rev. and corr., in which are add[itions]. New York: P.J. Kennedy and Sons. N.B .: A polemical Roman Catholic work, first published in the late 17th century. Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702–1835 . 1761. External links Scanned copy of the original 1611 Authorized King James Bible The Holy Bible: An Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI. Oxford: The University Press, 1833, "a scrupulous original-spelling, page-for-page, and line-for-line reprint of the 1611 edition (including all chapter headings, marginalia, and original italicization, but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original)" cited in Footnote d above. Complete pdf of the original book. The Cambridge Paragraph Bible of the Authorized English Version: With the Text Revised by a Collation of Its Early and Other Principal Editions, the Use of the Italic Type Made Uniform, the Marginal References Remodelled, and a Critical Introduction Prefixed. Cambridge, UK: The University Press, 1873. Complete pdf of the original book. "King James Version (text of original 1611 Bible)" . kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text, including the Apocrypha and introductory text. It also contains the 1769 standard edition. "Online gallery: Sacred texts: King James Bible" . British Library. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On-line image of a page (beginning of St John's gospel) with a written description by the British Library. "The Holy Bible, conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. Imprinted at London: By Robert Barker ..., 1611" . Colenda Digital Repository, University of Pennsylvania Library . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible, "He" Bible variant. "King James Version (facsimile of alternative 1611 edition, "She" Bible)" . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible. Works by King James Version at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) v t e King James Version v t e Text Source Masoretic Text (OT) Textus Receptus (NT) Derivative New King James Version (NKJV) 21st Century King James Version (KJ21) Third Millennium Bible (TMB) Divine Name King James Bible (DNKJB) Modern English Version (MEV) Source Masoretic Text (OT) Textus Receptus (NT) Masoretic Text (OT) Textus Receptus (NT) Derivative New King James Version (NKJV) 21st Century King James Version (KJ21) Third Millennium Bible (TMB) Divine Name King James Bible (DNKJB) Modern English Version (MEV) New King James Version (NKJV) 21st Century King James Version (KJ21) Third Millennium Bible (TMB) Divine Name King James Bible (DNKJB) Modern English Version (MEV) Translators Westminster Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding , John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Westminster Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding , John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten John Harding , John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Technique Formal equivalence Formal equivalence Theology King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation v t e English-language translations of the Bible v t e 5th–11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton Gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Wessex Gospels Hatton Gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th–17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops' Douay–Rheims (DRV) King James (KJV) Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops' Douay–Rheims (DRV) King James (KJV) 18th–19th century Challoner Brenton's Septuagint Webster's Young's Literal (YLT) Thomson's Greek Revised (RV) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation Challoner Brenton's Septuagint Webster's Young's Literal (YLT) Thomson's Greek Revised (RV) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 20th century American Standard (ASV) Rotherham's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Moffatt, New Translation Confraternity (CB) Knox Basic English (BBE) Revised Standard (RSV) Catholic Edition (RSVCE) Anchor New World (NWT) Modern Language (MLB) New English (NEB) Living English (BLE) New American Standard (NASB) Good News (GNB) Amplified (AMP) Jerusalem (JB) New American (NAB) Living New International (NIV) New Century (NCV) Bethel New King James (NKJV) New Jerusalem (NJB) Green's Literal Translation (GLT) Recovery Christian Community (CCB) New Revised Standard (NRSV) Revised English (REB) Contemporary English (CEV) The Message (MSG) Clear Word (TCW) New Life (NLV) 21st Century King James (KJ21) Third Millennium (TMB) New International Reader's (NIrV) New International Inclusive Language God's Word New Living (NLT) Heinz Cassirer's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard (ISV) Holman Christian Standard (HCSB) Easy-to-Read Version (ERV) Lamsa Hebrew Bible Jewish Publication Society of America Version New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh New Testament Worrell Phillips Partial Four Prophets (Phillips) American Standard (ASV) Rotherham's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Moffatt, New Translation Confraternity (CB) Knox Basic English (BBE) Revised Standard (RSV) Catholic Edition (RSVCE) Catholic Edition (RSVCE) Anchor New World (NWT) Modern Language (MLB) New English (NEB) Living English (BLE) New American Standard (NASB) Good News (GNB) Amplified (AMP) Jerusalem (JB) New American (NAB) Living New International (NIV) New Century (NCV) Bethel New King James (NKJV) New Jerusalem (NJB) Green's Literal Translation (GLT) Recovery Christian Community (CCB) New Revised Standard (NRSV) Revised English (REB) Contemporary English (CEV) The Message (MSG) Clear Word (TCW) New Life (NLV) 21st Century King James (KJ21) Third Millennium (TMB) New International Reader's (NIrV) New International Inclusive Language God's Word New Living (NLT) Heinz Cassirer's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard (ISV) Holman Christian Standard (HCSB) Easy-to-Read Version (ERV) Lamsa Hebrew Bible Jewish Publication Society of America Version New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh Jewish Publication Society of America Version New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh New Testament Worrell Phillips Worrell Phillips Partial Four Prophets (Phillips) Four Prophets (Phillips) 21st century Palmarian Bible (SH) World English (WEB) World Messianic English Standard (ESV) Today's New International (TNIV) New English (NET) Ignatius (RSV2CE) The Voice Common English (CEB) Apostolic Bible Polyglot New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE) Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English (MEV) Literal English (LEV) Christian Standard (CSB) The Passion Translation (TPT) Revised New Jerusalem (RNJB) Evangelical Heritage (EHV) New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition (NHEB-JE) Legacy Standard (LSB) Antioch Bible Tree of Life Version (TLV) Berean Standard (BSB) Majority Standard (MSB) Free Bible Version (FBV) New Catholic Bible (NCB) Hebrew Bible Alter Septuagint New English Translation of the Septuagint Palmarian Bible (SH) World English (WEB) World Messianic English Standard (ESV) Today's New International (TNIV) New English (NET) Ignatius (RSV2CE) The Voice Common English (CEB) Apostolic Bible Polyglot New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE) Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English (MEV) Literal English (LEV) Christian Standard (CSB) The Passion Translation (TPT) Revised New Jerusalem (RNJB) Evangelical Heritage (EHV) New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition (NHEB-JE) Legacy Standard (LSB) Antioch Bible Tree of Life Version (TLV) Berean Standard (BSB) Majority Standard (MSB) Free Bible Version (FBV) New Catholic Bible (NCB) Hebrew Bible Alter Alter Septuagint New English Translation of the Septuagint New English Translation of the Septuagint Study Bibles Haydock Bible Life Application Study Bible Oxford Annotated Bible Reformation Study Bible Scofield Reference Bible Thompson Chain-Reference Bible Dake Annotated Reference Bible Logos Complete Study Bible Hebrew-Greek Key Word Study Bible MacArthur Study Bible Ryrie Study Bible The Wesley Study Bible The Lutheran Study Bible Orthodox Study Bible Study Bible for NIV Study Bible for ESV Study Bible for NLT Study Bible for GNT New Interpreter's Study Bible Reflecting God Study Bible Archaeological Study Bible The Life with God Study Bible The Green Bible Haydock Bible Life Application Study Bible Oxford Annotated Bible Reformation Study Bible Scofield Reference Bible Thompson Chain-Reference Bible Dake Annotated Reference Bible Logos Complete Study Bible Hebrew-Greek Key Word Study Bible MacArthur Study Bible Ryrie Study Bible The Wesley Study Bible The Lutheran Study Bible Orthodox Study Bible Study Bible for NIV Study Bible for ESV Study Bible for NLT Study Bible for GNT New Interpreter's Study Bible Reflecting God Study Bible Archaeological Study Bible The Life with God Study Bible The Green Bible Picture Bibles The Action Bible The Brick Bible Manga Bible The Manga Bible: From Genesis to Revelation The Picture Bible The Action Bible The Brick Bible Manga Bible The Manga Bible: From Genesis to Revelation The Picture Bible Modern Dialectal & Slang Glasgow LOLCat Glasgow LOLCat Notable publishers Cambridge University Press Oxford University Press American Bible Society Zondervan Thomas Nelson Tyndale House HarperCollins Holman Lockman Foundation Crossway Hendrickson Publishers Ignatius Press Saint Benedict Press Baronius Press Cambridge University Press Oxford University Press American Bible Society Zondervan Thomas Nelson Tyndale House HarperCollins Holman Lockman Foundation Crossway Hendrickson Publishers Ignatius Press Saint Benedict Press Baronius Press Additional lists List of English Bible translations Old English (pre-1066) Middle English (1066–1500) Early Modern English (1500–1800) Modern Christian (1800–) Modern Jewish (1853–) List of English Bible translations Old English (pre-1066) Middle English (1066–1500) Early Modern English (1500–1800) Modern Christian (1800–) Modern Jewish (1853–) v t e Books v t e Production Binding Covers dust jackets Design Editing Illustration Illuminated manuscripts Printing edition history incunabula instant book limited edition Publishing advance copy hardcover paperback Size Typesetting Volume (bibliography) Collection (publishing) Book series Binding Covers dust jackets dust jackets Design Editing Illustration Illuminated manuscripts Illuminated manuscripts Printing edition history incunabula instant book limited edition edition history incunabula instant book limited edition Publishing advance copy hardcover paperback advance copy hardcover paperback Size Typesetting Volume (bibliography) Collection (publishing) Book series Consumption Awards Bestsellers list Bibliography Bibliomania ( tsundoku ) Bibliophilia Bibliotherapy Bookmarks Bookselling blurbs book towns history used Censorship Clubs Collecting Digitizing Bookworm (insect) Furniture bookcases bookends Library Print culture Reading literacy Reviews Awards Bestsellers list list Bibliography Bibliomania ( tsundoku ) Bibliophilia Bibliotherapy Bookmarks Bookselling blurbs book towns history used blurbs book towns history used Censorship Clubs Collecting Digitizing Bookworm (insect) Furniture bookcases bookends bookcases bookends Library Print culture Reading literacy literacy Reviews By country Brazil China France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States Brazil China France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States Other Genres non-fiction novel imaginary miniature pop-up textbook Grimoire Formats audiobooks Ebooks Folio Coffee table book Genres non-fiction novel imaginary miniature pop-up textbook non-fiction novel imaginary miniature pop-up textbook Grimoire Formats audiobooks Ebooks Folio audiobooks Ebooks Folio Coffee table book Related Banned books Book burning incidents Nazi Book curses Book packaging Book swapping Book tour Conservation and restoration Dog ears History of books scroll codex Intellectual property ISBN Outline Preservation The Philobiblon World Book Day World Book Capital Banned books Book burning incidents Nazi incidents Nazi Book curses Book packaging Book swapping Book tour Conservation and restoration Dog ears History of books scroll codex scroll codex Intellectual property ISBN Outline Preservation The Philobiblon World Book Day World Book Capital Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National Czech Republic Czech Republic Other MusicBrainz work MusicBrainz work King James Version 1611 books 1611 in Christianity 17th-century Christian texts Anglicanism Bible translations into English Church of England Early printed Bibles King James Only movement Latter Day Saint texts Church of Scotland Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Danish-language sources (da) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use Oxford spelling from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in British English with Oxford spelling Use dmy dates from February 2021 Articles that link to Wikisource Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2025 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2025 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2021 Articles containing explicitly cited Early Modern English-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Biblical Greek-language text All Wikipedia articles needing context Wikipedia articles needing context from September 2021 Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Greek-language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2025 CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 20:20 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Plant communities 4 Cover requirements 5 Lifecycle 6 Food habits 7 Predators 8 References 9 External links Ord's kangaroo rat العربية Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara Français 한국어 Kotava مصرى Nederlands پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Ord's kangaroo rat Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Genus: Dipodomys Species: D. ordii Binomial name Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse , 1853 Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) is a kangaroo rat native to western North America , specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin , with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hip feet, which distinguishes it from Dipodomys elator . It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from D. elator (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States , the population in Canada is considered endangered. [ 4 ] Taxonomy The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall [ 5 ] listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the taxon is considerable. [ 6 ] Distribution Ord's kangaroo rat ranges from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southern Hidalgo , Mexico , and from central Oregon and eastern California east to central Kansas and Oklahoma . [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats occur mainly in semiarid, open habitats. In Nevada, they were trapped in desert scrub and gravelly soil, flat pebble desert, and washes. [ 8 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for open shrublands and grasslands on sandy soils. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho, big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) range, most Ord's kangaroo rat captures occurred on disturbed sites or areas of sparse cover: Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ), cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), followed by disturbed areas seeded to crested wheatgrass, then undisturbed big sagebrush. [ 9 ] In western South Dakota, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) towns. [ 10 ] In Wyoming, Ord's kangaroo rats are abundant in sand dune communities where vegetation is greater than 10 inches (25 cm) tall and bare soil exceeds 40%. [ 7 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats were primarily captured in open areas with firm soil. Firm or lightly compacted soils are needed for burrow construction; highly compacted soils are too hard for them to dig. [ 11 ] In areas of desert pavement or tough clay soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats are confined to pockets of windblown sand and alluvial soils along arroyos. [ 12 ] Strong intraspecific competition and little interspecific competition occurs among Dipodomys species. [ 13 ] In New Mexico, where Ord's kangaroo rats are sympatric with Merriam's kangaroo rats ( D. merriamii ), Ord's kangaroo rats were mostly captured in grassy microhabitats, and Merriam's kangaroo rats were captured more often around creosotebush. [ 13 ] Herbicide defoliation of shrubs (for rangeland improvement) reduced live canopy cover of creosotebush and resulted in an increase in bush muhly ( Muhlenbergia porteri ). After treatment, Ord's kangaroo rats replaced Merriam's kangaroo rats as the dominant rodent. This was suggested to be due to the change in habitat structure to open grass. [ 14 ] Removal experiments to establish single species populations of kangaroo rats were unsuccessful, since many kangaroo rats are transient and quickly occupy vacated habitats. [ 13 ] Only one adult occupies a given burrow system, except for a brief period during breeding activity. Little territoriality occurs above ground except near burrow entrances, which are defended. [ 8 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rat annual home ranges in mesquite averaged 3.35 acres (1.36 hectares). [ 7 ] In Nevada sagebrush/grassland, Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges were estimated as 1.53 acres (0.62 hectares) by the circular method and 1.06 acres (0.43 hectares) by the principal component method. Home range movements increased through spring and again in late fall and early winter. No significant difference was found between male and female Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges; however, female home ranges decreased during reproductive periods. [ 15 ] Recapture data for Ord's kangaroo rats in Arizona indicated they do not travel far from the home range; most Ord's kangaroo rats were recaptured within 165 ft (50 m) of the original capture site. Data on the lifetime movements of individuals indicated most were recaptured within 330 feet (100 m) of the original capture site. [ 16 ] In sagebrush in the Great Basin, Ord's kangaroo rats reach an average density of 113 rats per 10 ha. [ 17 ] In intermountain salt-desert shrublands, the population density averaged 28 individuals per 10 ha in shadscale communities and 135 individuals per 10 ha in black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) communities. [ 18 ] Plant communities Ord's kangaroo rats occur in communities on sandy soils, including semiarid grasslands, mixed-grass prairie, shrub- and scrublands, and pinyon ( Pinus spp.)-juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands. [ 7 ] In Canada, They are confined to open, sandy areas with sparse covers of sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), snowberry ( Symphoricarpos spp.), rose ( Rosa spp.), creeping juniper ( J. horizontalis ) and buffaloberry ( Shepherdia spp.); the distribution of Ord's kangaroo rats appears to be closely associated with that of lanceleaved breadroot ( Psoralea lanceolata ). [ 19 ] In Oregon, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ), western juniper ( J. occidentalis ), and greasewood ( Sarcobatus spp.) communities. In Idaho, they are most abundant in juniper woodlands with rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp.) and winterfat ( Krascheninnikovia lanata ) in the understory, [ 7 ] but also occur on shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) range. [ 20 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and saltbush ( Atriplex spp.) communities. [ 7 ] In Nevada, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with big sagebrush communities. [ 21 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats comprised 19% of small mammal captures in pinyon-juniper forest, scattered pinyon-juniper, and pinyon-juniper in canyon habitats. [ 11 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rats are found in yucca ( Yucca spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), saltbush, and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) communities. [ 7 ] [ 22 ] They are particularly abundant in mesquite sand dunes. [ 23 ] In Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in honey mesquite ( P. glandulosa ), sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia ), yucca, sand shinnery oak ( Q. havardii ), and broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) communities. [ 7 ] In southwestern Kansas, Ord's kangaroo rats are characteristic residents of sand sagebrush prairie. [ 24 ] Cover requirements Even in shrub-dominated communities, heteromyids including Ord's kangaroo rat tend to concentrate their activity in open areas between shrubs. [ 25 ] Ord's kangaroo rats dig shallow burrows in loose sand in the sides of natural sand dunes, riverbanks, or road cuts. The one central burrow is surrounded by trails to feeding areas. [ 19 ] The burrows have 3-in-diameter (7.6-cm-dia) openings. Small mounds are usually formed outside the entrance to the burrow. [ 26 ] The burrow opening is usually plugged with soil during the day to maintain temperature and humidity within tolerable levels. [ 7 ] [ 27 ] They scoop out small, shallow depressions to be used as dusting spots. [ 26 ] Lifecycle Ord's kangaroo rats are nocturnal, and spend their days in deep burrows. [ 26 ] Males are usually more abundant and active than females. Activity increases under cloud cover, particularly in winter. [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats are active year-round in Texas, but further north, they are seldom seen above ground in cold weather. [ 26 ] Ord's kangaroo rat breeding season varies with subspecies and area. Usually, one or two peak breeding seasons occur per year, and in many areas, some breeding activity occurs year-round. [ 7 ] [ 28 ] The size of ovaries is significantly positively correlated with temperature. [ 7 ] The average length of the breeding period is 6.8 months. In Texas, males are fertile all year, with peak reproductive activity occurring between August and March. Higher reproductive rates are associated with increased precipitation and food supply and decreased population density. In a favorable growing season, most females breed at least twice a year, but when population density increased, females did not breed until November though growing conditions and food supplies were favorable. [ 29 ] In Arizona, the lowest proportion of males in breeding condition (about 60% of the male population) occurred in January and September–October. The lowest number of females in breeding condition occurred in November, but at least a few females were breeding at that time. [ 30 ] In Oklahoma, the two peaks in breeding activity are August–September and December through March. [ 31 ] In many areas, the onset of breeding activity follows a period of rainfall the previous month. [ 7 ] Gestation lasts 28 to 32 days; one to six embryos are usually found. In captivity, the maximum litter size was six young. [ 7 ] The maximum number of litters produced per year by a captive female was five, the maximum number of litters per lifetime was 9, and the maximum number of young per female's lifetime was 38. The longest-lived Ord's kangaroo rat in captivity is a wild caught female who lived until 9 yr 1 months. Brown and Zeng calculated an annual death rate of 0.35 for all age classes. [ 16 ] Food habits Ord's kangaroo rats are primarily granivorous and herbivorous . They consume a variety of foods, but most commonly eat the seeds of grasses and forbs, green vegetation, and dry vegetation. They occasionally consume animal material, mostly arthropods . In Colorado, seeds comprised 74% of their diets, forbs 13%, grasses and sedges 5%, arthropods 4%, and fungi and mosses 2%. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass range, Ord's kangaroo rats consumed (in order of proportion) pollen, arthropods, plant parts (Asteraceae) and crested wheatgrass seeds. [ 9 ] A study of Ord's kangaroo rat foods in Texas found the primary foods consumed included seeds of sand paspalum ( Paspalum stramineum ), honey mesquite, sand bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus ), common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), and rose-ring gaillardia ( Gaillardia pulchella ). [ 32 ] In Texas, seeds of creosotebush, gramas ( Bouteloua spp.) and dropseeds ( Sporobolus spp.) formed the major portion of Ord's kangaroo rat diets. [ 12 ] Seeds of mesquite, Russian-thistle, sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.), and sandbur ( Cenchrus spp.) are also major dietary items. [ 26 ] Harvested seeds are transported in cheek pouches to burrows and consumed or cached there. Ord's kangaroo rats also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. [ 33 ] Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. [ 19 ] [ 34 ] Predators In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), kit fox ( Vulpes velox ), bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), badgers ( Taxidea taxus ), long-eared owls ( Asio otus ), short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp.), and gopher snakes ( Pituophis melanoleucus ). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 35 ] In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus ) nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. [ 36 ] References This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dipodomys ordii . United States Department of Agriculture . ^ Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. " Dipodomys ordii " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T6691A115083268. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6691A22229045.en . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Patton, J.L. (2005). "Family Heteromyidae" . In Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 847. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 . OCLC 62265494 . ^ Teh, Poh-lin (2001). "ADW : Dipodomys ordii: Information" . Animal Diversity Web ( University of Michigan ). Archived from the original on 2005-05-03 . Retrieved 2007-08-15 . ^ "Species at Risk - Ord's Kangaroo Rat" . Environment Canada . 2006-05-08. Archived from the original on 2005-05-03 . Retrieved 2007-08-15 . ^ Hall, E. Raymond. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons ^ Kennedy, Michael L.; Schnell, Gary D. (1978). "Geographic variation and sexual dimorphism in Ord's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii ". Journal of Mammalogy . 59 (1): 45– 59. doi : 10.2307/1379874 . JSTOR 1379874 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Garrison, Tom E.; Best, Troy L. (1990). " Dipodomys ordii " (PDF) . Mammalian Species (353): 1– 10. Bibcode : 1990MamSp.353....1G . doi : 10.2307/3504290 . JSTOR 3504290 . ^ a b Eisenberg, John Frederick. 1963. The behavior of heteromyid rodents. University of California Publ. in Zoology: Vol. 69. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press ^ a b Koehler, David K.; Anderson, Stanley H. (1991). "Habitat use & food selection of small mammals near a sagebrush/crested wheatgrass interface in southeastern Idaho" . Great Basin Naturalist . 51 (3): 249– 255. ^ Sharps, Jon C.; Uresk, Daniel W. (1990). "Ecological review of black-tailed prairie dogs and associated species in western South Dakota" (PDF) . Great Basin Naturalist . 50 (4): 339– 344. ^ a b Ribble, David O.; Samson, Fred B. (1987). "Microhabitat associations of small mammals in southeastern Colorado, with special emphasis on Peromyscus (Rodentia)". Southwestern Naturalist . 32 (3): 291– 303. Bibcode : 1987SWNat..32..291R . doi : 10.2307/3671446 . JSTOR 3671446 . ^ a b Schmidly, David J. 1977. The mammals of Trans-Pecos Texas: including Big Bend National Park and Guadalupe Mountains National Park. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University ^ a b c Schroder, Gene D.; Rosenzweig, Michael L. (1975). "Perturbation analysis of competition and overlap in habitat utilization between Dipodomys ordii and Dipodomys merriami" . Oecologia . 19 (1): 9– 28. Bibcode : 1975Oecol..19....9S . doi : 10.1007/BF00377586 . JSTOR 4215091 . PMID 28308827 . S2CID 6735185 . ^ Whitford, Walter G.; Dick-Peddie, Scott; Walters, David; Ludwig, John A. (1978). "Effects of shrub defoliation on grass cover and rodent species in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem". Journal of Arid Environments . 1 (3): 237– 242. Bibcode : 1978JArEn...1..237W . doi : 10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31726-9 . ^ O'Farrell, Michael J. (1978). "Home range dynamics of rodents in a sagebrush community". Journal of Mammalogy . 59 (4): 657– 668. Bibcode : 1978JMamm..59..657O . doi : 10.2307/1380131 . JSTOR 1380131 . ^ a b Brown, James H.; Zeng, Zongyong (1989). "Comparative population ecology of eleven species of rodents in the Chihuahuan Desert". Ecology . 70 (5): 1507– 1525. Bibcode : 1989Ecol...70.1507B . doi : 10.2307/1938209 . JSTOR 1938209 . ^ a b West, N. E. 1983. Great Basin-Colorado plateau sagebrush semi-desert. In: Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company: 331–349. (Goodall, David W., ed. in chief; Ecosystems of the world; vol. 5) ^ a b West, Neil E. 1983. Intermountain salt-desert shrubland. In: West, Neil E., ed. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company; 1983: 375–397. (Goodall, David W., ed. in chief.; Ecosystems of the world; vol. 5) ^ a b c Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press ^ Groves, Craig R.; Steenhof, Karen (1988). "Responses of small mammals and vegetation to wildfire in shadscale communities of southwestern Idaho" . Northwest Science . 62 (5): 205– 210. ^ Welch, Bruce L.; McArthur, E. Durant. 1985. Big sagebrush—its taxonomy, origin, distribution and utility. In: Fisser, Herbert G., ed. Wyoming shrublands: Proceedings, 14th Wyoming shrub ecology workshop; 1985 May 29–30; Rock Springs, WY. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Department of Range Management, Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop: 3–19 ^ Mares, M. A.; Hulse, A. C. 1977. Patterns of some vertebrate communities in creosote bush deserts. In: Mabry, T. J.; Hunziker, J. H.; DiFeo, D. R., Jr., eds. Creosote bush: Biology and chemistry of Larrea in New World deserts. U.S./IBP Synthesis Series 6. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc.: 209–226 ^ Campbell, R. S. (1929). "Vegetative succession in the Prosopis sand dunes of southern New Mexico". Ecology . 10 (4): 392– 398. Bibcode : 1929Ecol...10..392C . doi : 10.2307/1931147 . JSTOR 1931147 . ^ Sexson, Mark L. 1983. Destruction of sandsage prairie in southwest Kansas. In: Proceedings, 7th North American prairie conference; 1980 August 4–6; Springfield, MO. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri: 113–115. ^ Price, M. V.; Brown, J. H. (1983). "Patterns of morphology and resource use in North American desert rodent communities" . Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs . 7 : 117– 134. ^ a b c d e Whitaker, John O., Jr. 1980. National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ^ Lechleitner, R. R. 1969. Wild mammals of Colorado. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Company. ^ Smith, H. Duane; Jorgensen, Clive D. 1975. Reproductive biology of North American desert rodents. In: Prakash, I.; Ghosh, P. K., eds. Rodents in desert environments. Monographiae Biologicae Vol. 28. The Hague, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk: 305-330 ^ McCulloch, C. Y.; Inglis, J. M. (1961). "Breeding periods of the ord kangaroo rat". Journal of Mammalogy . 42 (3): 337– 344. doi : 10.2307/1377029 . JSTOR 1377029 . ^ Brown, J. H.; Heske, E. J. (1990). "Control of a Desert-Grassland". Science . 250 (4988). Translated by a Keystone Rodent Guild: 1705– 7. doi : 10.1126/science.250.4988.1705 . PMID 17734708 . S2CID 33357407 . ^ Hoditschek, Barbara; Best, Troy L. (1983). "Reproductive biology of Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) in Oklahoma". Journal of Mammalogy . 64 (1): 121– 127. doi : 10.2307/1380757 . JSTOR 1380757 . ^ Alcoze, Thomas M.; Zimmerman, Earl G. (1973). "Food habits and dietary overlap of two heteromyid rodents from the mesquite plains of Texas". Journal of Mammalogy . 54 (4): 900– 908. doi : 10.2307/1379084 . JSTOR 1379084 . ^ Longland, William S. 1995. Desert rodents in disturbed shrub communities and their effects on plant recruitment. In: Roundy, Bruce A.; McArthur, E. Durant; Haley, Jennifer S.; Mann, David K., compilers. Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium; 1993 October 19–21; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 209–215 ^ Mares, Michael A. (1983). "Desert rodent adaptation and community structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs". 7 : 30– 43. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ^ West, N. E. 1983. Western Intermountain sagebrush steppe. In: Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. 352–374. (Goodall, David W., ed. in chief; Ecosystems of the world; vol. 5) ^ Ogden, Verland T.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (1977). "Nesting density and success of prairie falcons in southwestern Idaho". Journal of Wildlife Management . 41 (1): 1– 11. doi : 10.2307/3800084 . JSTOR 3800084 . External links View the kangaroo rat genome in Ensembl . View the dipOrd1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category Taxon identifiers Dipodomys ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX IUCN Red List least concern species Dipodomys Fauna of the Great Basin Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Fauna of the Western United States Rodents of the United States Rodents of Mexico Mammals described in 1853 Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:35 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord%27s_kangaroo_rat#cite_ref-r30_11-0
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Portal : Current events/December 2005 Русский Portal Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version December 2005 was the twelfth and final month of that common year. The month, which began on a Thursday , ended on a Saturday after 31 days. Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from December 2005. .mw-parser-output .current-events-main{margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.3em;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;border:1px #cef2e0 solid}.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#cef2e0;color:inherit;font-weight:bold}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#0b281a}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#0b281a}}.mw-parser-output .current-events-title{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar{list-style:none;margin:0;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar li{display:inline-block;padding:0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-content{padding:0 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-content-heading{margin-top:0.3em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .current-events-more{border-width:2px;font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav{margin:auto;text-align:center;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a{display:inline-block;margin:0.5em;padding:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a>div{font-weight:bold}@media all and (min-width:480px){.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .current-events-title{flex:1}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar{flex:0 auto;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a{width:9em}} December 1, 2005 ( 2005-12-01 ) (Thursday) edit history watch South Africa 's Constitutional Court declares that current marriage laws restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples are unconstitutional and must be changed within a year . Once the change is made, South Africa will be the fifth country in the world where same-sex marriages are recognized, after Canada , Spain , the Netherlands , and Belgium . (AP via Yahoo) The European Central Bank raises interest rates for the first time in five years, from 2.0% to 2.25%. This will affect the cost of money in the twelve Eurozone countries. (BBC) A Buddhist manuscript written on birch bark in the 1st century or 2nd century passes from a private collection to the University of Washington library , becoming part of the Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project . (uwnews.org) Muriel Degauque is identified as the Belgian suicide bomber who killed herself in Iraq on November 9, 2005. (BBC) Ray Hanna , who died on this day in Switzerland, was an air-display pilot, regarded by many as the best of the best, and was well known for flying Spitfire Mk IX MH-434. He was with the Red Arrows from 1965 to 1971, and in that time was their longest serving - and some say their most influential - leader. He and his son, Mark Hanna, started the Old Flying Machine Company The Red Arrows paid tribute to him with a flypast at his funeral. December 2, 2005 ( 2005-12-02 ) (Friday) edit history watch About 4,000 military history enthusiasts from 23 countries gathered at Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic to re-enact the Battle of Austerlitz on the 200th anniversary of the epic battle between the First French Empire , the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia . (BBC) (BBC) (AP via CBS) (AP via ABC) (Austerlitz2005.com) Proposed internet domain .xxx for pornography has been dropped shortly before the domain was set to receive approval. (techtree) Conflict in Iraq : 10 U.S. Marines are killed following an insurgent roadside bomb attack in Falluja . (BBC) Scientists in Gabon and the Republic of Congo discover that three species of fruit bat serve as animal reservoirs for the Ebola virus . The virus probably first spread from animal to human in 1976 by local hunters eating the bats. (Nature) (LA Times) Hurricane Epsilon strengthens from a tropical storm to become the record breaking fourteenth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . (CNN) (Reuters via Yahoo) Kenneth Boyd becomes the 1000th person to be executed in the United States since the re-introduction of capital punishment in 1976. (BBC) Australian Van Tuong Nguyen is executed by hanging in Singapore for drug trafficking . (AP via Yahoo) An independent commission to investigate the Malaysian prisoner abuse scandal is established by Prime Minister of Malaysia Abdullah Ahmad Badawi . (The Sun Malaysia) The "Thermopolis" specimen, recently donated to the Wyoming Dinosaur Center in Thermopolis, Wyoming and described in the Science article "A well-preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features", shows that the Archaeopteryx lacked a reversed toe—a universal feature of birds—limiting its ability to perch in trees and implying a terrestrial lifestyle. This has been interpreted as evidence of theropod ancestry. The specimen also has a hyperextendible second toe. "Until now, the feature was thought to belong only to the species' close relatives, the deinonychosaurs." The European release of the Xbox 360 . December 3, 2005 ( 2005-12-03 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Talks on the new EU budget may not be completed under the United Kingdom's presidency, the UK 's minister for Europe warns. (BBC) ROC local elections, 2005 : Republic of China (Taiwan) opposition party Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) makes major gains in municipal elections, taking 14 of 23 mayor or county magistrate seats. Ruling Democratic Progressive Party takes six seats. People First Party and New Party each takes one seat, and an independent wins one seat. DPP chairman Su Tseng-chang resigns to take responsibility for his party's defeat. (AP via San Francisco Chronicle) Pakistan 's information minister claims Pakistani forces have killed al-Qaeda operational commander Abu Hamza Rabia in fighting along the Afghanistan border. (BBC) An attack about 60 miles from Baghdad , involving a roadside bomb , kills 19 Iraqi soldiers. (Yahoo) Some 40,000 protest inaction on global warming in Montreal . The demonstration, held as part of the United Nations Climate Change Conference , is one of the largest environmental protests ever and is accompanied by marches worldwide, including one in hurricane-devastated New Orleans . (CTV) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (Independent) Marilyn Manson marries Dita Von Teese in a lavish ceremony. December 4, 2005 ( 2005-12-04 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Israel launches a series of air strikes as reprisals after the Palestinians fired Qassam rockets , hitting what local officials called an Islamic Jihad charity in the Gaza Strip . (BBC) Hong Kong people marched today to oppose the political reform set out by Chief Executive Donald Tsang in favour of a timetable on the full implementation of universal suffrage in the territory. Organisers claimed 250,000 attended the march, while police put the figure at 63,000. (AP via Yahoo!News) (Link dead as of 22:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (NYTimes) (registration required), (Xinhua) Exit polls indicate that Kazakhstan 's incumbent leader Nursultan Nazarbayev wins the presidential election by a landslide. (Forbes) (Financial Times) (Guardian) (Xinhua) Conflict in Iraq : Former chief of the RUC police force will head a British investigation into possible infiltration of Iraq 's police force by insurgents. (BBC) Former prime minister Iyad Allawi says he survived an assassination attempt at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf . Police say his group fled from the Shi'ite Muslim shrine under a hail of debris by a mob . (ReutersUK) [ permanent dead link ] (Link dead as of 22:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (NYTimes) (registration required) Former Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser calls for a worldwide ban on capital punishment . (The Australian) The people of Venezuela vote in Parliamentary Elections . (BBC) A London tabloid claims that the CIA 's use of Scotland 's airports was part of an alleged CIA operation to catch and transfer terrorist suspects to secret prison camps in Europe . The three airports allegedly involved were Glasgow International , Glasgow Prestwick , and Edinburgh Airport . (BBC News) (Hindustan Times) Archived 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (Photo of aircraft (Airliners.net)) December 5, 2005 ( 2005-12-05 ) (Monday) edit history watch The 23rd Southeast Asian Games officially closes with Philippines gaining the top medal ranking for the first time. (Manila Bulletin) An earthquake strikes the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire ). Many people are feared dead after an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale struck Lake Tanganyika near the town of Kalemie . (TimesOnLine) (News24) (The Independent) (BBC) Civil Partnership Act 2004 : The United Kingdom begins registration of civil unions for same-sex couples . (BBC) 2005 Kashmir earthquake : Pakistan renews SOS Children's Villages role as custodian of all orphans and unaccompanied children following the earthquake. (SOS) Israeli-Palestinian conflict : A suicide bomb attack kills at least five people in Netanya , north-western Israel . The attack follows confirmation from Shaul Mofaz that Israel will resume its policy of " targeted killings ". (Ynetnews) (BBC) Venezuelan parliamentary elections apparently result in Hugo Chávez 's party and allies winning all 167 seats, as opposition parties boycott the election claiming election fraud . (BBC) December 6, 2005 ( 2005-12-06 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch The BBC World Service reports that the U.S. are moving into four new bases in Romania , one of the bases is where the CIA has been accused of carrying out extraordinary rendition . (BBC) An Iranian C-130 Hercules airplane crashes into a ten-story building in a civilian area of the Iranian capital Tehran , killing all 94 people aboard and 34 residents of the building - a total of 128+ people. (BBC) (BBC) David Cameron wins the leadership election for the United Kingdom Conservative Party . (BBC) The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) photographs what appears to be a new species in Borneo . The lemur -like carnivorous mammal is apparently a member of the viverrid family, related to the mongoose and civet . (BBC) Conflict in Iraq : Two suicide bombers kill 27 Iraqi Police at a police academy in Baghdad . (BBC) The Red Cross mulls adding a new Red Crystal symbol to ensure continuing acceptance of its work. (BBC) Deposed Iraq president Saddam Hussein has refused to attend his trial for crimes against humanity, throwing the sometimes chaotic Iraqi proceedings into further confusion. (ABC) [ permanent dead link ] At least 123 miners are missing following an explosion at a coal mine in China 's Hebei province , the official Xinhua news agency says. (ABC) [ permanent dead link ] South Africa 's axed deputy president Jacob Zuma , who lost his job in post-apartheid South Africa's most sensational corruption scandal, has been charged with rape . (ABC) December 7, 2005 ( 2005-12-07 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin addresses the Montreal conference on climate change , and is critical of the United States 's stance on the issue. Martin's allegedly " undiplomatic " comments—"there is such a thing as a global conscience, and now is the time to listen to it"—reportedly anger Vice President Dick Cheney . (CBC) The third President of Singapore , Chengara Veetil Devan Nair , passes away in Canada at the age of 82. (CNA) Two people are wounded in Malawi , which is facing serious food shortages , following clashes between police and people trying to buy cornmeal . (BBC) Microsoft loses a South Korean antitrust case, and is fined ₩n 32 billion ( USD 32m). (Reuters) (BBC) A U.S. Federal Air Marshal fatally shoots Rigoberto Alpizar on American Airlines Flight 924 in a jetway at Miami International Airport in Florida . Alpizar, a U.S. citizen who had disembarked from an American Airlines flight from Medellín , Colombia , claimed to have a bomb. No explosive was found. (BBC) (CNN) Nobel Prize in Literature winner Harold Pinter accuses Britain and the United States of engaging in state terrorism in Iraq and demands the prosecution of George W. Bush and Tony Blair . (Reuters) (BBC) An Italian court rules that calling someone a "dirty negro" while committing a crime is not necessarily a hate crime . (Reuters) December 8, 2005 ( 2005-12-08 ) (Thursday) edit history watch A six-year-old boy is killed after Southwest Airlines Flight 1248 skids off a runway at Chicago Midway International Airport . (CNN) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Hamas leader Khaled Mashal declares at a rally in Damascus , Syria that its informal ceasefire with Israel , which expires at the end of the year, will not be renewed. (BBC) Two Palestinians , believed to be militants, are killed following an Israeli air strike in the Gaza Strip . (BBC) An Israeli soldier dies after being stabbed by a Palestinian at a Checkpoint in the West Bank . (BBC) President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad remarks that Israel should be moved to Europe and the "issue will be resolved." His remarks were widely condemned as Holocaust denial by Israeli , European and American politicians, The Secretary General of the United Nations , Kofi Annan , issued a statement indicating that he "was shocked", while Saudi , Turkish and Iranian officials criticized his speech because it undermined a Mecca summit dedicated to showing Islam 's moderate face. (DailyStar) (UN) (AP) (KUNA) (BBC) (Reuters) Conflict in Iraq : At least 32 people have died following an attack on a bus in Baghdad. (BBC) (Fox News) Croatian general Ante Gotovina , rated the third-most-wanted war criminal from the Yugoslav wars by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , is arrested by Spanish police in Tenerife and extradited to face the tribunal in The Hague . (BBC) Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher has left hospital after being given a clean bill of health by doctors after feeling faint yesterday. (BBC) The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement adopt a Red Crystal design, allowing Israel to join as a fully participating member. (BBC) UK Law Lords rule in A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department that evidence which may have been obtained by torture cannot be used against suspects in terrorism cases. (BBC) Lawyers for convicted murderer and Crips co-founder Stanley "Tookie" Williams meet with Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger in a final plea for clemency . (MTV) In Australia, the voluntary student unionism (VSU) legislation has passed the Senate. (ABC) December 9, 2005 ( 2005-12-09 ) (Friday) edit history watch The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe comes out to theatres. Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media Viacom 's Paramount Pictures agrees to buy the DreamWorks SKG company founded by Steven Spielberg , Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen for $1.6 billion. (NY Times) The Groups for the 2006 FIFA World Cup to be held in Germany are finalized. (BBC) Both Group C and Group E have been dubbed " groups of death ". (SI) , (Globe&Mail) , (ChicagoTribune) [ permanent dead link ] The Bush administration summons Canadian ambassador Frank McKenna , and is expected to formally lodge a complaint after Prime Minister Paul Martin 's criticism on December 7 of the United States at the Montreal conference on climate change . U.S.-Canada relations are already a major issue in the upcoming Canadian federal election . (CBC) Reports emerge of an alleged massacre of protesting farmers and fishermen in Dongzhou, Guangdong , China by police forces. The protesters are believed to be upset with government plans to build a new power plant in the area and infill part of the bay. The death toll, pegged at 20, is the worst act of violence by Chinese security forces since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The town is reportedly still sealed off by government forces. (IHT) (BBC) The last London Routemaster double-decker bus makes its final journey on route 159 before being withdrawn from general service. (BBC) December 10, 2005 ( 2005-12-10 ) (Saturday) edit history watch The International Atomic Energy Agency and its Director General Mohamed ElBaradei receive the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo . (BBC) The other 2005 Nobel Prizes are handed out in Stockholm to Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren ( Physiology or Medicine ), Roy J. Glauber and John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch ( Physics ), Robert H. Grubbs , Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin ( Chemistry ), Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling ( Economics ), and Harold Pinter ( Literature ). (CNN) At least 103 people are killed and 7 injured when Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 crashes en route to Port Harcourt from the Nigerian capital Abuja . (CNN) American comedian and actor Richard Pryor dies of cardiac arrest at the age of 65 at 7:58 AM ( Pacific Time ). December 11, 2005 ( 2005-12-11 ) (Sunday) edit history watch According to some reports, Ariel Sharon , the Prime Minister of Israel , put the Israeli Defense Force on high alert for possible airstrikes against Iranian nuclear facilities . Sharon's office, however, denied this or that they had any plans to do so. (Times Online) (Y-Net) (Y-Net) Chief minister of the Indian state of Karnataka , Dharam Singh announced that the state government had accepted Jnanpith awardee U R Ananthamurthy 's suggestion to rename Bangalore to its colloquial name, Bengaluru . The new name will be effective from November 1, 2006. (The Times of India) Brian Chase of Nashville, Tennessee admits putting false information about John Seigenthaler Sr. into a Wikipedia article, leading to widespread debate. (NYT via Seattle Times) (CNN) (BBC) A suicide bombing in Kandahar , Afghanistan , injures 3 people while killing the bomber. (Reuters) (Guardian) 2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire : Explosions are reported at the Buncefield oil depot north of London ten miles from the Luton airport . (BBC) (Sky News) Ethnically motivated violence erupts in the suburbs of Sydney , leading authorities to condemn the incidents as "shameful". (ABC) Korean Air , both national and international has been shut down due to the strike going on in Korea. The national airplane circulation has been stopped already and the Korean Airline planes that were in a foreign country are returning to Korea. Vengeance of Rain of Hong Kong , was crowned the World Racing Championship winner after winning the Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Cup at Sha Tin Racecourse [1] December 12, 2005 ( 2005-12-12 ) (Monday) edit history watch At an inquest into the death of UN worker Iain Hook , Paul Wolstenholme, a United Nations worker in Jenin claims that moments after Iain Hook was shot by a mysterious sniper rifle-shot to the pelvis , an Israeli sniper rifle laser was pointed at his head. He also supplied documentary evidence which stated that the Israeli army had delayed an ambulance which was sent to take the wounded Mr Hook to hospital. (BBC) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe grossed $65.6 million in the United States and Canada ($107 million worldwide) on its opening weekend, making it the #2 December opening weekend film of all time (behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and in front of the first two The Lord of the Rings films). With this news, Disney has officially given the greenlight to cinema production of the second book in the series, Prince Caspian , by 2007. Stanley Williams is denied clemency by the Governor of California , Arnold Schwarzenegger . The US Supreme Court also refuses to stay his execution. Williams is scheduled to be executed by lethal injection at 0:01 PST on December 13 . There are some concerns of potential rioting and violence tonight across the state. (SF Chronicle) (Governor's statement (PDF)) Gebran Tueni , a prominent Lebanese anti-Syrian member of parliament and managing editor of the leading liberal An-Nahar newspaper, has been killed in a car bomb attack in Beirut . He had spent months in Paris because of security concerns, reportedly only returning to Lebanon on Sunday. Another An-Nahar journalist, the anti-Syrian writer Samir Kassir , was killed in a car bomb in June. (BBC) ASEAN Summit begins in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . (Channel News Asia) December 13, 2005 ( 2005-12-13 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Conflict in Iraq : Four American soldiers are killed following an IED attack in the Iraqi capital Baghdad . (AP) The U.S. ambassador issues a statement saying that the total number of abused prisoners found so far in jails run by the Shiite-led Interior Ministry is about 121. (AP) The Sixth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization opened in Hong Kong . European Union Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson said that he expected little progress on resolving disagreements between ministers. Meanwhile, some protesters from South Korea unsuccessfully attempted to bypass the cordon to reach the location of the conference by swimming across Victoria Harbour . (BBC) (AP via Yahoo) (Reuters via Yahoo) The collapse of a residential building in New Jersey kills three people and sends plumes of smoke into the air. (BBC) (Wikinews) The President of the United States , George W. Bush , acknowledges the deaths of approximately 30,000 Iraqi civilians since the commencement of the Iraq War . (The Australian) Swiss Councillor Dick Marty , commissioned by the Council of Europe to investigate CIA black sites and prisoner abuse in Europe says that the CIA has "disregarded all standards of legality". (CNN) (Houston Chronicle) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : A Palestinian stone thrower is shot in the head and killed by Israeli troops raiding the West Bank city of Nablus . At least ten other Palestinians were injured by the IDF troops while two Israeli soldiers were injured by a bomb during the raid. (BBC) An earthquake of Richter scale magnitude 6.7 rocks South Asia . According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the quake was centred in the Hindukush region of northeastern Afghanistan . (Times of India) (BBC) (CNN) Stanley Williams is executed at San Quentin State Prison by the U.S. state of California . (BBC) In response to Canadian Prime Minister criticizing the United States on its resistance to climate change initiatives, the U.S. Ambassador to Canada, David Wilkins , openly responds to the statements that he complains were used for political advantage during an election. (Toronto Star) North America : The Canadian provinces, Ontario and Quebec and the US states Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin sign an international agreement to preclude significant water diversion from the Great Lakes . (Toronto Star) The $100 laptop project announces that it has chosen Quanta Computers to make its laptops, which it hopes to distribute to low-income people around the world. (IDG News Service) US Federal Reserve rises the target for the interest rate to 4.25%. The rate lead to the highest in more than four years. It was announced that on 1 April 2006, First Great Western , First Great Western Link and Wessex Trains would combine into the new Greater Western franchise. (BBC) December 14, 2005 ( 2005-12-14 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch The European Parliament has adopted the directive on Telecommunications data retention . (BBC) U.S. Budget Approval — More than 100 religious activists were arrested on Wednesday after they staged a peaceful sit-in at the Cannon House Office Building , near the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. They were protesting the proposed cuts to health care and other social welfare programs in the Federal Budget . The protest was organized by Jim Wallis , editor of the liberal Christian journal Sojourners Magazine Washington Post SJMN U.S. President George W. Bush says that the decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was the result of faulty intelligence , and accepts responsibility for that decision. He maintains that his decision was still justified. (BBC) Doctors in Pakistan marvel at the survival of Naqsha Bibi , rescued last Saturday, 63 days after she was buried in the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake . (BBC) The President of Brazil , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva announces that Brazil will clear its International Monetary Fund debt of $ 15.5bn two years early. (BBC) In India , 11 Hindus are sentenced to life imprisonment for their roles in the murder of Muslims in the 2002 Gujarat violence . (BBC) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : An Israeli Air-Strike in the Gaza Strip leaves four Palestinians dead. Israel claims that all four were militants and were about to launch a rocket attack into Israel. (BBC) (Haaretz) Israel has approved further expansion of the Jewish Settlements within the West Bank . A further 300 Jewish houses will be added to the Maale Adumim settlement. (BBC) The President of Iran , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , describes the Holocaust as a myth . He also said that Europe should house the Jews of the world, rather than the Palestinians . (BBC) (The Guardian) A reservoir bursts near Lesterville, Missouri at the Taum Sauk hydroelectric power plant on the Black River , causing significant damage. (DisasterNews) In Japan , former one-class authorized architect Hidetsugu Aneha , Takeshi Uchikawa , Akira Shinozuka and Moriyoshi Kimura receives a summons of witnesses by the Diet because of concerning falsification of earth-quake resistant structural data about condominiums and hotels. (The Japan Times Online) Subtitled "Tuba Adventure" Movie premiere of King Kong . December 15, 2005 ( 2005-12-15 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Former United States presidential candidate Al Sharpton agrees to pay $100,000 to the Federal Election Commission in a settlement over alleged corrupt practices during his 2004 electoral bid. (Reuters) A colleague of South Korean biomedical researcher Hwang Woo-Suk says that Hwang admitted that he faked nine of eleven stem cell colonies used in what had been hailed as a medical breakthrough in the journal Science . (BBC) Thousands of Iraqi Shia protest against Al Jazeera after a guest on a talk show on the network suggested that the Ayatollah Ali Sistani , Shia Islam's most senior cleric, should stay out of politics. (BBC) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Israel continues to strike Palestinian areas in the Gaza Strip . (RTÉ) The European Council meets to discuss the next 7-year budget for the European Union . (BBC) Voting starts in Iraq to elect the first permanent 275-member Iraqi National Assembly under the new Constitution of Iraq . (BBC) A comparison of 42 articles by the journal Nature concludes that Wikipedia is almost as accurate on science topics as the Encyclopædia Britannica . The study also notes that Wikipedia's writing is more disorganized than Britannica's. (Nature) (BBC) (NPR) A Nepalese soldier shoots dead 11 people at a temple in Nagarkot , near Kathmandu . (BBC) Marwan Barghouti launches a new party called al-Mustaqbal ( The Future ), splitting from the Fatah movement in the Palestinian National Authority . (BBC) Bradley John Murdoch , convicted murderer of British backpacker Peter Falconio , is sentenced to a non-parole period of 28 years in prison in Australia . (NineMSN) December 16, 2005 ( 2005-12-16 ) (Friday) edit history watch Bulgaria starts withdrawing its troops from Iraq . (Reuters) Extreme levels of radiation have been found at a chemical factory in Chechnya . (BBC) United States Government : Senator John McCain persuades President George W. Bush to accept a ban on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees. (AP) The United States House of Representatives has requested that the Bush administration give Congress details on any secret detention facilities overseas. (AP) The United States Senate rejects the extension of the PATRIOT Act . Critics had said it infringed on civil liberties and made the government too powerful. (AP) . United States President George W. Bush refuses to comment on whether the National Security Agency spied on American citizens without a legal warrant. (AP) Conflict in Iraq : Iraqi Police claim that they captured Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2004 and then released him by mistake. (BBC) Hamas , the main Palestinian opposition party make a large series of gains in the West Bank municipal elections. (BBC) At least 39 people, 33 of whom were patients, die after a fire breaks out in a hospital in the city of Liaoyuan , near Changchun in China 's Jilin Province . The cause of the fire is unknown. (BBC) Israeli-Palestinian conflict : An Israeli settler dies following a drive-by shooting claimed by the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and Islamic Jihad . (Ynetnews) (RTÉ) Intellectual property dispute: a US federal judge upholds Pfizer 's two main patents for Lipitor , which had been challenged by Ranbaxy Laboratories. The decision is the latest defeat for Ranbaxy, an Indian generic drugmaker, which has also lost in a UK court. (MSNBC) Denis Donaldson is expelled from Sinn Féin for being a British spy . He later confirms this in a statement. (BBC) December 17, 2005 ( 2005-12-17 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Hong Kong police detain 900 protesters at the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005 after an anti-globalization demonstration became violent. The protesters object to trade rules that they say hurt poor farmers. 74 people are injured. (Reuters) [ permanent dead link ] (CNN) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Palestinian militant Khaled Abu Sitta is killed and three others injured when Sitta's car explodes in the Gaza Strip . Palestinian sources say the explosion was caused by an Israeli air strike, although the Israeli Defense Force denies any involvement but admits bombing roads and bridges and shooting dead a suspect. (BBC) (Y-Net) (Haaretz) (Reuters) Condoleezza Rice and the African Union request additional funds to enable the A.U.'s peacekeeping mission in Darfur , Sudan to continue. Without additional aid, the African peacekeeping force will run out of funds in four months. Violence in the region has resurged recently. (Boston Globe) (Reuters) (LA Times via Chron.com) A group of over 40 people, dressed in Santa Claus costumes, go on a rampage through downtown Auckland , New Zealand , robbing stores and assaulting security guards . (AP) Thieves use a flatbed truck to steal a 2-ton Henry Moore statue from the grounds of his foundation in Hertfordshire , England . The statue is valued at more than $5.2 million dollars. (AP) (Telegraph.co.uk) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine December 18, 2005 ( 2005-12-18 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Air Nauru 's only passenger jet is seized by creditors in Melbourne , leaving the island nations of Nauru and Kiribati without air transport to the rest of the world. (ABC) Extinct mammoth mitochondrial DNA decoded. (BBC) The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) holds its first national democratic poll in 40 years. (BBC) (Reuters) (Link dead as of 22:48, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) The Bolivian presidential election, 2005 takes place in Bolivia , with Evo Morales and Jorge Quiroga as front-runners. Morales is expected to win a plurality of votes but not an absolute majority. If no candidate wins a majority, the election of the President will be by vote in the National Congress , also elected today. (BBC) 42 people die following a stampede in the Indian city of Chennai . (BBC) Bono , Melinda Gates and Bill Gates are named Time ' s Persons of the Year . (CNN) U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney is on a trip to various countries including Oman , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Egypt and Saudi Arabia . He made a surprise stop to Iraq today. (Yahoo! News) (Link dead as of 22:48, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (Reuters) (Link dead as of 22:48, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) Philippines finish in 5th place in the medal tally for the 2005 ASEAN Para Games in the Philippines . Thailand finishes with 84 golds, followed by Malaysia . ( The Nation , Bangkok) The prime minister of Israel Ariel Sharon is transferred to the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital in Jerusalem after suffering a minor stroke . Meanwhile, some Palestinians have taken to the streets in Gaza to celebrate Sharon 's health condition and the Kahane organisation has urged Jews to pray for his death. (Ynetnews) (Wikinews) São Paulo win the FIFA Club World Championship in Yokohama , Japan , defeating Liverpool F.C. 1-0. (BBC) President George W. Bush defends the Iraq War in a rare primetime Oval Office address. He said, "Not only can we win the war in Iraq — we are winning the war in Iraq." (USAToday) (The Guardian) December 19, 2005 ( 2005-12-19 ) (Monday) edit history watch Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101 flying from Miami, Florida to Bimini , Bahamas , crashes in Miami Beach, killing 18 passengers and two crew members. (CNN) Evo Morales becomes the latest Leftist to win the Presidency of a South American nation after he claimed victory in the Bolivian Presidential Election . (BBC) Early returns in the Iraqi legislative election, December 2005 indicate that religious parties have done quite well, winning up 80 percent of the vote. Election officials are investigating more than 1,000 complaints about irregularities, 20 of them considered serious. Final results will not be released until early January. The Free Aceh Movement surrenders the last of its weapons following a peace agreement with the Government of Indonesia . (BBC) Conflict in Iraq : An insurgent group broadcasts a video over the Internet of what they claim is the death of American Ronald Allen Schulz . (BBC) Nazi Officer Ladislav Niznansky is acquitted of charges relating to three massacres of Slovaks during World War II . (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] Governor Antonio Fazio of Bank of Italy resigns, after having been officially put under investigation for insider trading , and following heavy pressure from both government and opposition. (BBC) The Likud primary elections for the party's leadership between the candidates Benjamin Netanyahu , Silvan Shalom , Yisrael Katz and Moshe Feyglin opened at 10:00 a.m. (Ynetnews) December 20, 2005 ( 2005-12-20 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Chiyoda Corp. and Technip SA win a 500-billion Yen contract to build two LNG (liquefied natural gas ) facilities in Qatar . Bloomberg In the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case, Judge John E. Jones III rules that it is unconstitutional to teach intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in a public school science classroom in the United States . (Aljazeera) (Associated Press) Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (BBC) (Christian Science Monitor) (CNN) (Guardian) (Time) Archived 2009-11-15 at the Wayback Machine At least 20 people die as a bus in Pakistani -controlled Kashmir skids from the road, tumbles down a hill and lands in the river Jhelum . (BBC) Local 100 of the Transport Workers Union declares a New York City transit strike after talks fail, shutting down the subway and bus system that constitute the largest transportation system in the United States . (Wikinews) (AP via Yahoo!) (CNN) (BBC) Israel : In the Likud primary elections, Benjamin Netanyahu wins, becoming the new Likud leader. In the voting, he is followed by Silvan Shalom , Moshe Feyglin , and Yisrael Katz . (Ynetnews) Ariel Sharon , the prime minister of Israel , is released from Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital after being treated for a mild stroke . (Ynetnews) Midwest Airlines Flight 210 lands safely at Boston's Logan International Airport with a landing-gear problem late Tuesday after circling the airport for approximately two hours. (AP via Yahoo!) December 21, 2005 ( 2005-12-21 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch The former President of Iraq , Saddam Hussein , claims in court that American officials tortured him. Part of his testimony is censored and the US strongly denies the accusations. (BBC) In a 7–2 ruling, the Supreme Court of Canada rules that swingers clubs do not harm society and are legal as long as there is no exchange of money and the activities are conducted in private. (CTV) Archived 2006-04-09 at the Wayback Machine (CBC) A mugger who attempted to escape pursuit on Sunday by entering Bloemfontein Zoo in South Africa is killed after jumping into the Bengal tigers area. He was found with bite marks all over his body, and all his clothes removed, but the tigers had not attempted to eat him, having been fed the previous afternoon. (BBC) (Mail & Guardian (SA)) A bomb explodes near a nightclub in Spain , but no one is hurt. The Basque separatist movement ETA claims responsibility. (Reuters) The U.S. Senate blocks oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . (CNN) (Link dead as of 00:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)) Israeli–Palestinian conflict : Israel bans Palestinians from East Jerusalem from voting in the next Palestinian legislative election throwing the entire election in doubt. Israel claims that it made the ban out of fears that Hamas would do well. (BBC) Musician Elton John and Canadian filmmaker David Furnish are joined in a civil partnership ceremony at Windsor Town Hall. The couple are among hundreds of same-sex couples entering civil partnerships in England and Wales on the first day that such ceremonies become possible. Ceremonies were held earlier this week in Northern Ireland and Scotland . (BBC) (BBC) 2005 Kashmir earthquake . SOS Children's Villages field workers report a rapid deterioration in weather conditions and increase in weather-related death. 64 more children believed orphaned have been taken into emergency care this week. (SOS) December solstice : The December solstice , occurring at 18:35 UTC , is observed around the world in both astronomical and spiritual terms; this day has the least hours of sunlight and the longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere ( winter solstice ), and vice versa in the Southern Hemisphere ( summer solstice ). (North County Times) 20,000 people apply for lottery tickets for the 20 places available to view the winter solstice sunrise from inside the Newgrange stone age burial mound in County Meath , Ireland , although cloud cover prevented the sun from shining into the passage grave this morning. (Fairfield County Weekly) (Ireland Online) [ permanent dead link ] The U.S. Senate passes a six-month extension of the USA PATRIOT Act late Wednesday night by a voice vote. This clears the way for a final vote in the House . (AP via Yahoo! News) (Link dead as of 00:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)) Connecticut . A former hedge fund manager, Scott Sacane , pleaded guilty to one count of violating the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 in connection with the manipulation of the prices of two biotechnology stocks between November 2002 and July 2003. (Stamford (CT) Advocate) (Link dead as of 00:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)) December 22, 2005 ( 2005-12-22 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Judge Richard Fred Suhrheinrich of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit , arguing that the US Constitution does not include "a wall of separation between church and state ," denies a claim by the ACLU , thereby approving the continued display of the Ten Commandments in a Kentucky courthouse. (Cincinnati Enquirer) (AP) (Catholic World News) The 2005 New York City transit strike is halted as strikers agree to return to work when negotiations resumed. (BBC) India's most advanced INSAT -4A telecommunication satellite is successfully launched by the EADS SPACE Transportation generic rocket, Ariane 5 , from the spaceport of Kourou in French Guiana . (BBC) Acetylene and hydrogen cyanide , precursors to life 's basic ingredients ( DNA and proteins ), are found around a star in the constellation Ophiuchus . (NASA JPL) (MSNBC) Tony Blair makes a surprise visit to Basra in Iraq , to address 4,000 British soldiers and discuss withdrawal. He states that "we can eventually draw down our own capability" once the Iraqi forces "build up their own strength". (BBC) December 23, 2005 ( 2005-12-23 ) (Friday) edit history watch Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 217 crashed after taking off from the Azerbaijan capital, Baku , killing 23. (BBC) Different sources report that Chadian president Idriss Déby has said his country is in a state of either " war " or "belligerence" with Sudan following a recent rebel attack in which around 100 people were killed. (BBC) (Reuters) The 2012 Summer Olympics may have been given to London by a voting error, a senior IOC official theorised. (BBC) Astronomers have discovered new moons and rings around Uranus using the Hubble Space Telescope . (CNN) Lech Kaczyński was sworn in as President of the Republic of Poland . (BBC) U.S. News and World Report claimed that the United States government has been monitoring mosques in the United States since September 11 for traces of radiation . (US News) The ITV News Channel closes after 5 years December 24, 2005 ( 2005-12-24 ) (Saturday) edit history watch The Egyptian opposition leader, Ayman Nour , was found guilty of fraud and jailed for five years. (BBC) The United Kingdom began commemorations for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami ahead of the official Thai commemorations in Thailand . (BBC) The Congress of the United States rejected Condoleezza Rice 's request to restore $50 million in aid to the African Union that human rights groups say had been cut from the budget in November. The money would have gone to maintain AU peacekeepers in controlling the Darfur conflict , in which about 180,000 people have died. (Herald News Daily) (UN) A tourism-promoting agency announced that it is purchasing the Maryland land, and the small one-room building thereon, said to have been the original location that inspired the novel " Uncle Tom's Cabin ," written by Harriet Beecher Stowe . (Lexington Herald-Leader) December 25, 2005 ( 2005-12-25 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Five children died in Guatemala City when a blaze started by fireworks swept through their house. A traditional holiday firecracker called a "silbador" shot into their small wooden house started the fire. The children were aged 2, 3, 6, 10 and 13. (Scotsman) 40 people killed in DR Congo in a clash between Ugandan rebels and UN-Congolese troops. The Ituri area has been the site of a joint action . (BBC) Railroad train Inaho derailed on the Uetsu Main Line in northern Japan , killing four and injuring at least 33. (CNN) (BBC) Joseph Pararajasingham , 71, a pro– Tamil Tiger politician, was shot dead at a Christmas Midnight Mass in Batticaloa , Sri Lanka . (BBC) (Reuters) Nazir Ahmad , a Pakistani laborer, admitted to, and was arrested for murdering his four daughters, aged 4, 8, 12, and 25, after his eldest daughter, Muqadas Bibi, married a man against his wishes. (Reuters) The Supreme Court in Libya overturned the death sentences given to international health workers charged with infecting children with HIV . (BBC) December 26, 2005 ( 2005-12-26 ) (Monday) edit history watch 15-year-old Jane Creba is killed and six others are wounded in Toronto 's Boxing Day shooting , when two groups of gunmen open fire outside a Foot Locker store near the Eaton Centre in Toronto. (CNN) (CBC) Memorial services around the world, including one in Banda Aceh , Indonesia , attended by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , mark the first anniversary of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which saw 275,000 people killed or left missing. (CNN) A gas attack occurs at an outlet of the Maksidom chain on Moskovsky Prospect in Saint Petersburg , Russia , and leads to the hospitalization of numerous victims. (BBC) The prime minister of Israel , Ariel Sharon , will undergo a cardiac catheterization to seal a hole in his heart. The surgery is a routine procedure for this congenital defect, according to doctors in Jerusalem . (CNN) A Qassam rocket fired at the Israeli kibbutz Sa'ad lands near a preschool . No injuries are reported. (Ynetnews) SeaQuest DSV is released on DVD for the first time. Kerry Packer , major shareholder of PBL , dies of kidney failure at the age of 68. December 27, 2005 ( 2005-12-27 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Indonesia 's Free Aceh Movement formally disbands its armed wing. (Reuters) (Link dead as of 21:18, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) Andrei Illarionov , an adviser to Russian President Vladimir Putin quits, saying Russia is "no longer free". (Washington Post) The government of Poland announces it will keep troops in Iraq until the end of 2006, longer than previously planned. (Al jazeera) A mass grave is discovered in the predominantly Shia city of Karbala south of Baghdad , Iraqi police said. (BBC) The serial rape suspect accused of terrorizing two South Florida neighborhoods with attacks on victims ranging from elderly women to an 11-year-old girl was back in custody Tuesday, a week since his brazen jail escape, after a tipster recognized his face and called police. (AP via Yahoo! News) (Link dead as of 21:18, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) Rebels in Colombia kill 24 soldiers guarding coca eradication workers. (BBC) The Ugandan army kills seven civilians who had been protesting over the killing of a 15 year old boy. Sixteen others are injured. (BBC) December 28, 2005 ( 2005-12-28 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch M. C. Puri , Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi , is killed and three others are injured when an unidentified gunman opened fire at India's premier educational institute, the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore . (BBC) (The Hindu) Jürgen Chrobog , Germany 's former Deputy Foreign Minister, his wife and three children, are kidnapped in Yemen by tribesmen pressing for the release of jailed members of their tribe. (IHT) (Deutsche Welle) Europe's "sat-nav" technology satellite, Giove-A , is launched as part of the Galileo positioning system with the goal of providing access to timing and location information independent of the United States' prevalent GPS system. (BBC) Arab–Israeli conflict : Israeli jets bomb the PFLP-GC base in Naameh , Lebanon , a few miles outside Beirut , wounding two people, in retaliation for a rocket attack that hit Qiryat Shemona . Israeli warplanes then fly over southern Lebanon and the western Bekaa Valley in reconnaissance flights, drawing anti-aircraft fire from the Lebanese army. The PFLP-GC denies responsibility for the rockets that hit Kiryat Shmona. Major General Udi Adam has not ruled out targeting installations in Syria . (Reuters) Israel Defense Forces forces launch Operation Blue Skies , firing artillery rounds against areas in the northern Gaza Strip and at the areas in proximity to the newly established ‘security strip’ - an area of the Gaza Strip that Israel has declared off limits to Palestinians which Israel claims is aimed at distancing Qassam rocket launchers from the border with Israel . (Ynetnews) Militants from al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and other militants linked to Fatah storm electoral offices in Gaza. (BBC) (TVNZ) December 29, 2005 ( 2005-12-29 ) (Thursday) edit history watch At least 30 people are killed following a large landslide in a village close to Sanaa in Yemen . (BBC) Arab–Israeli conflict : A suicide bomber attacks a checkpoint near the West Bank city of Tulkarm , killing one Israeli soldier, two Palestinian civilians and himself. Islamic Jihad has claimed responsibility for the attack. (The New York Times) (The Los Angeles Times) [ permanent dead link ] (Telegraph) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine A statement is posted, apparently from al-Qaeda in Iraq , on several websites claiming responsibility for a recent Katyusha bombardment of northern Israeli towns. (CNN) (Ha'aretz) A Scottish human rights worker, Kate Burton , and her parents have been kidnapped in Gaza . Palestinian authorities have stepped up work to find them. (BBC News) (Scotsman) Chinese state media announce that the country's government will abolish its national agricultural tax starting January 1, 2006. (Reuters) (China Daily) The Associated Press reports story of Farris Hassan , a young Iraqi-American teenager who travelled to Iraq without informing his parents and was picked up by the 101st Airborne . (AP) December 30, 2005 ( 2005-12-30 ) (Friday) edit history watch Twenty Sudanese migrants are killed when a Cairo camp is broken up by police. (BBC) A consortium led by New York based Citigroup has won the right to buy 85% of the Guangdong Development Bank , in the People's Republic of China , according to a Reuters report. It beat out a rival Europe-based consortium. Tropical Storm Zeta, the twenty-seventh named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , forms in the Atlantic Ocean one month after the season's official end. (Reuters) (US NHC) Drake Bell was injured in a car accident. A Mercedes plowed into his 1966 Mustang . Bell suffered a broken jaw and a fractured neck. Due to this, his hit television show "Drake and Josh" was post-poned until March. December 31, 2005 ( 2005-12-31 ) (Saturday) edit history watch 25-year-old Scottish human rights worker Kate Burton and her parents are freed unharmed in the Gaza Strip by the Palestinian gunmen who kidnapped them two days earlier. (ABC Australia) A bomb explodes in downtown Palu , Indonesia , killing at least eight people and wounding 45 people. (BBC) After heavy rains, Napa, California experienced its worst flooding in 20 years. (Napa Valley Register) Two days later, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in Napa and 6 other California counties (Napa Valley Register) , and one month later, U.S. President George W. Bush signed a declaration stating that a major disaster existed in Napa and 9 other California counties, allowing Federal Emergency Management Agency assistance for those areas affected by the flooding. (Napa Valley Register) edit history watch South Africa 's Constitutional Court declares that current marriage laws restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples are unconstitutional and must be changed within a year . Once the change is made, South Africa will be the fifth country in the world where same-sex marriages are recognized, after Canada , Spain , the Netherlands , and Belgium . (AP via Yahoo) The European Central Bank raises interest rates for the first time in five years, from 2.0% to 2.25%. This will affect the cost of money in the twelve Eurozone countries. (BBC) A Buddhist manuscript written on birch bark in the 1st century or 2nd century passes from a private collection to the University of Washington library , becoming part of the Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project . (uwnews.org) Muriel Degauque is identified as the Belgian suicide bomber who killed herself in Iraq on November 9, 2005. (BBC) Ray Hanna , who died on this day in Switzerland, was an air-display pilot, regarded by many as the best of the best, and was well known for flying Spitfire Mk IX MH-434. He was with the Red Arrows from 1965 to 1971, and in that time was their longest serving - and some say their most influential - leader. He and his son, Mark Hanna, started the Old Flying Machine Company The Red Arrows paid tribute to him with a flypast at his funeral. edit history watch About 4,000 military history enthusiasts from 23 countries gathered at Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic to re-enact the Battle of Austerlitz on the 200th anniversary of the epic battle between the First French Empire , the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia . (BBC) (BBC) (AP via CBS) (AP via ABC) (Austerlitz2005.com) Proposed internet domain .xxx for pornography has been dropped shortly before the domain was set to receive approval. (techtree) Conflict in Iraq : 10 U.S. Marines are killed following an insurgent roadside bomb attack in Falluja . (BBC) Scientists in Gabon and the Republic of Congo discover that three species of fruit bat serve as animal reservoirs for the Ebola virus . The virus probably first spread from animal to human in 1976 by local hunters eating the bats. (Nature) (LA Times) Hurricane Epsilon strengthens from a tropical storm to become the record breaking fourteenth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . (CNN) (Reuters via Yahoo) Kenneth Boyd becomes the 1000th person to be executed in the United States since the re-introduction of capital punishment in 1976. (BBC) Australian Van Tuong Nguyen is executed by hanging in Singapore for drug trafficking . (AP via Yahoo) An independent commission to investigate the Malaysian prisoner abuse scandal is established by Prime Minister of Malaysia Abdullah Ahmad Badawi . (The Sun Malaysia) The "Thermopolis" specimen, recently donated to the Wyoming Dinosaur Center in Thermopolis, Wyoming and described in the Science article "A well-preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features", shows that the Archaeopteryx lacked a reversed toe—a universal feature of birds—limiting its ability to perch in trees and implying a terrestrial lifestyle. This has been interpreted as evidence of theropod ancestry. The specimen also has a hyperextendible second toe. "Until now, the feature was thought to belong only to the species' close relatives, the deinonychosaurs." The European release of the Xbox 360 . edit history watch Talks on the new EU budget may not be completed under the United Kingdom's presidency, the UK 's minister for Europe warns. (BBC) ROC local elections, 2005 : Republic of China (Taiwan) opposition party Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) makes major gains in municipal elections, taking 14 of 23 mayor or county magistrate seats. Ruling Democratic Progressive Party takes six seats. People First Party and New Party each takes one seat, and an independent wins one seat. DPP chairman Su Tseng-chang resigns to take responsibility for his party's defeat. (AP via San Francisco Chronicle) Pakistan 's information minister claims Pakistani forces have killed al-Qaeda operational commander Abu Hamza Rabia in fighting along the Afghanistan border. (BBC) An attack about 60 miles from Baghdad , involving a roadside bomb , kills 19 Iraqi soldiers. (Yahoo) Some 40,000 protest inaction on global warming in Montreal . The demonstration, held as part of the United Nations Climate Change Conference , is one of the largest environmental protests ever and is accompanied by marches worldwide, including one in hurricane-devastated New Orleans . (CTV) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (Independent) Marilyn Manson marries Dita Von Teese in a lavish ceremony. edit history watch Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Israel launches a series of air strikes as reprisals after the Palestinians fired Qassam rockets , hitting what local officials called an Islamic Jihad charity in the Gaza Strip . (BBC) Hong Kong people marched today to oppose the political reform set out by Chief Executive Donald Tsang in favour of a timetable on the full implementation of universal suffrage in the territory. Organisers claimed 250,000 attended the march, while police put the figure at 63,000. (AP via Yahoo!News) (Link dead as of 22:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (NYTimes) (registration required), (Xinhua) Exit polls indicate that Kazakhstan 's incumbent leader Nursultan Nazarbayev wins the presidential election by a landslide. (Forbes) (Financial Times) (Guardian) (Xinhua) Conflict in Iraq : Former chief of the RUC police force will head a British investigation into possible infiltration of Iraq 's police force by insurgents. (BBC) Former prime minister Iyad Allawi says he survived an assassination attempt at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf . Police say his group fled from the Shi'ite Muslim shrine under a hail of debris by a mob . (ReutersUK) [ permanent dead link ] (Link dead as of 22:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (NYTimes) (registration required) Former chief of the RUC police force will head a British investigation into possible infiltration of Iraq 's police force by insurgents. (BBC) Former prime minister Iyad Allawi says he survived an assassination attempt at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf . Police say his group fled from the Shi'ite Muslim shrine under a hail of debris by a mob . (ReutersUK) [ permanent dead link ] (Link dead as of 22:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (NYTimes) (registration required) Former Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser calls for a worldwide ban on capital punishment . (The Australian) The people of Venezuela vote in Parliamentary Elections . (BBC) A London tabloid claims that the CIA 's use of Scotland 's airports was part of an alleged CIA operation to catch and transfer terrorist suspects to secret prison camps in Europe . The three airports allegedly involved were Glasgow International , Glasgow Prestwick , and Edinburgh Airport . (BBC News) (Hindustan Times) Archived 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (Photo of aircraft (Airliners.net)) edit history watch The 23rd Southeast Asian Games officially closes with Philippines gaining the top medal ranking for the first time. (Manila Bulletin) An earthquake strikes the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire ). Many people are feared dead after an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale struck Lake Tanganyika near the town of Kalemie . (TimesOnLine) (News24) (The Independent) (BBC) Civil Partnership Act 2004 : The United Kingdom begins registration of civil unions for same-sex couples . (BBC) 2005 Kashmir earthquake : Pakistan renews SOS Children's Villages role as custodian of all orphans and unaccompanied children following the earthquake. (SOS) Israeli-Palestinian conflict : A suicide bomb attack kills at least five people in Netanya , north-western Israel . The attack follows confirmation from Shaul Mofaz that Israel will resume its policy of " targeted killings ". (Ynetnews) (BBC) Venezuelan parliamentary elections apparently result in Hugo Chávez 's party and allies winning all 167 seats, as opposition parties boycott the election claiming election fraud . (BBC) edit history watch The BBC World Service reports that the U.S. are moving into four new bases in Romania , one of the bases is where the CIA has been accused of carrying out extraordinary rendition . (BBC) An Iranian C-130 Hercules airplane crashes into a ten-story building in a civilian area of the Iranian capital Tehran , killing all 94 people aboard and 34 residents of the building - a total of 128+ people. (BBC) (BBC) David Cameron wins the leadership election for the United Kingdom Conservative Party . (BBC) The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) photographs what appears to be a new species in Borneo . The lemur -like carnivorous mammal is apparently a member of the viverrid family, related to the mongoose and civet . (BBC) Conflict in Iraq : Two suicide bombers kill 27 Iraqi Police at a police academy in Baghdad . (BBC) The Red Cross mulls adding a new Red Crystal symbol to ensure continuing acceptance of its work. (BBC) Deposed Iraq president Saddam Hussein has refused to attend his trial for crimes against humanity, throwing the sometimes chaotic Iraqi proceedings into further confusion. (ABC) [ permanent dead link ] At least 123 miners are missing following an explosion at a coal mine in China 's Hebei province , the official Xinhua news agency says. (ABC) [ permanent dead link ] South Africa 's axed deputy president Jacob Zuma , who lost his job in post-apartheid South Africa's most sensational corruption scandal, has been charged with rape . (ABC) edit history watch Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin addresses the Montreal conference on climate change , and is critical of the United States 's stance on the issue. Martin's allegedly " undiplomatic " comments—"there is such a thing as a global conscience, and now is the time to listen to it"—reportedly anger Vice President Dick Cheney . (CBC) The third President of Singapore , Chengara Veetil Devan Nair , passes away in Canada at the age of 82. (CNA) Two people are wounded in Malawi , which is facing serious food shortages , following clashes between police and people trying to buy cornmeal . (BBC) Microsoft loses a South Korean antitrust case, and is fined ₩n 32 billion ( USD 32m). (Reuters) (BBC) A U.S. Federal Air Marshal fatally shoots Rigoberto Alpizar on American Airlines Flight 924 in a jetway at Miami International Airport in Florida . Alpizar, a U.S. citizen who had disembarked from an American Airlines flight from Medellín , Colombia , claimed to have a bomb. No explosive was found. (BBC) (CNN) Nobel Prize in Literature winner Harold Pinter accuses Britain and the United States of engaging in state terrorism in Iraq and demands the prosecution of George W. Bush and Tony Blair . (Reuters) (BBC) An Italian court rules that calling someone a "dirty negro" while committing a crime is not necessarily a hate crime . (Reuters) edit history watch A six-year-old boy is killed after Southwest Airlines Flight 1248 skids off a runway at Chicago Midway International Airport . (CNN) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Hamas leader Khaled Mashal declares at a rally in Damascus , Syria that its informal ceasefire with Israel , which expires at the end of the year, will not be renewed. (BBC) Two Palestinians , believed to be militants, are killed following an Israeli air strike in the Gaza Strip . (BBC) An Israeli soldier dies after being stabbed by a Palestinian at a Checkpoint in the West Bank . (BBC) Hamas leader Khaled Mashal declares at a rally in Damascus , Syria that its informal ceasefire with Israel , which expires at the end of the year, will not be renewed. (BBC) Two Palestinians , believed to be militants, are killed following an Israeli air strike in the Gaza Strip . (BBC) An Israeli soldier dies after being stabbed by a Palestinian at a Checkpoint in the West Bank . (BBC) President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad remarks that Israel should be moved to Europe and the "issue will be resolved." His remarks were widely condemned as Holocaust denial by Israeli , European and American politicians, The Secretary General of the United Nations , Kofi Annan , issued a statement indicating that he "was shocked", while Saudi , Turkish and Iranian officials criticized his speech because it undermined a Mecca summit dedicated to showing Islam 's moderate face. (DailyStar) (UN) (AP) (KUNA) (BBC) (Reuters) Conflict in Iraq : At least 32 people have died following an attack on a bus in Baghdad. (BBC) (Fox News) Croatian general Ante Gotovina , rated the third-most-wanted war criminal from the Yugoslav wars by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , is arrested by Spanish police in Tenerife and extradited to face the tribunal in The Hague . (BBC) Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher has left hospital after being given a clean bill of health by doctors after feeling faint yesterday. (BBC) The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement adopt a Red Crystal design, allowing Israel to join as a fully participating member. (BBC) UK Law Lords rule in A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department that evidence which may have been obtained by torture cannot be used against suspects in terrorism cases. (BBC) Lawyers for convicted murderer and Crips co-founder Stanley "Tookie" Williams meet with Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger in a final plea for clemency . (MTV) In Australia, the voluntary student unionism (VSU) legislation has passed the Senate. (ABC) edit history watch The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe comes out to theatres. Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media Viacom 's Paramount Pictures agrees to buy the DreamWorks SKG company founded by Steven Spielberg , Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen for $1.6 billion. (NY Times) The Groups for the 2006 FIFA World Cup to be held in Germany are finalized. (BBC) Both Group C and Group E have been dubbed " groups of death ". (SI) , (Globe&Mail) , (ChicagoTribune) [ permanent dead link ] The Bush administration summons Canadian ambassador Frank McKenna , and is expected to formally lodge a complaint after Prime Minister Paul Martin 's criticism on December 7 of the United States at the Montreal conference on climate change . U.S.-Canada relations are already a major issue in the upcoming Canadian federal election . (CBC) Reports emerge of an alleged massacre of protesting farmers and fishermen in Dongzhou, Guangdong , China by police forces. The protesters are believed to be upset with government plans to build a new power plant in the area and infill part of the bay. The death toll, pegged at 20, is the worst act of violence by Chinese security forces since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The town is reportedly still sealed off by government forces. (IHT) (BBC) The last London Routemaster double-decker bus makes its final journey on route 159 before being withdrawn from general service. (BBC) edit history watch The International Atomic Energy Agency and its Director General Mohamed ElBaradei receive the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo . (BBC) The other 2005 Nobel Prizes are handed out in Stockholm to Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren ( Physiology or Medicine ), Roy J. Glauber and John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch ( Physics ), Robert H. Grubbs , Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin ( Chemistry ), Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling ( Economics ), and Harold Pinter ( Literature ). (CNN) At least 103 people are killed and 7 injured when Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 crashes en route to Port Harcourt from the Nigerian capital Abuja . (CNN) American comedian and actor Richard Pryor dies of cardiac arrest at the age of 65 at 7:58 AM ( Pacific Time ). edit history watch According to some reports, Ariel Sharon , the Prime Minister of Israel , put the Israeli Defense Force on high alert for possible airstrikes against Iranian nuclear facilities . Sharon's office, however, denied this or that they had any plans to do so. (Times Online) (Y-Net) (Y-Net) Chief minister of the Indian state of Karnataka , Dharam Singh announced that the state government had accepted Jnanpith awardee U R Ananthamurthy 's suggestion to rename Bangalore to its colloquial name, Bengaluru . The new name will be effective from November 1, 2006. (The Times of India) Brian Chase of Nashville, Tennessee admits putting false information about John Seigenthaler Sr. into a Wikipedia article, leading to widespread debate. (NYT via Seattle Times) (CNN) (BBC) A suicide bombing in Kandahar , Afghanistan , injures 3 people while killing the bomber. (Reuters) (Guardian) 2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire : Explosions are reported at the Buncefield oil depot north of London ten miles from the Luton airport . (BBC) (Sky News) Ethnically motivated violence erupts in the suburbs of Sydney , leading authorities to condemn the incidents as "shameful". (ABC) Korean Air , both national and international has been shut down due to the strike going on in Korea. The national airplane circulation has been stopped already and the Korean Airline planes that were in a foreign country are returning to Korea. Vengeance of Rain of Hong Kong , was crowned the World Racing Championship winner after winning the Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Cup at Sha Tin Racecourse [1] edit history watch At an inquest into the death of UN worker Iain Hook , Paul Wolstenholme, a United Nations worker in Jenin claims that moments after Iain Hook was shot by a mysterious sniper rifle-shot to the pelvis , an Israeli sniper rifle laser was pointed at his head. He also supplied documentary evidence which stated that the Israeli army had delayed an ambulance which was sent to take the wounded Mr Hook to hospital. (BBC) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe grossed $65.6 million in the United States and Canada ($107 million worldwide) on its opening weekend, making it the #2 December opening weekend film of all time (behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and in front of the first two The Lord of the Rings films). With this news, Disney has officially given the greenlight to cinema production of the second book in the series, Prince Caspian , by 2007. Stanley Williams is denied clemency by the Governor of California , Arnold Schwarzenegger . The US Supreme Court also refuses to stay his execution. Williams is scheduled to be executed by lethal injection at 0:01 PST on December 13 . There are some concerns of potential rioting and violence tonight across the state. (SF Chronicle) (Governor's statement (PDF)) Gebran Tueni , a prominent Lebanese anti-Syrian member of parliament and managing editor of the leading liberal An-Nahar newspaper, has been killed in a car bomb attack in Beirut . He had spent months in Paris because of security concerns, reportedly only returning to Lebanon on Sunday. Another An-Nahar journalist, the anti-Syrian writer Samir Kassir , was killed in a car bomb in June. (BBC) ASEAN Summit begins in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . (Channel News Asia) edit history watch Conflict in Iraq : Four American soldiers are killed following an IED attack in the Iraqi capital Baghdad . (AP) The U.S. ambassador issues a statement saying that the total number of abused prisoners found so far in jails run by the Shiite-led Interior Ministry is about 121. (AP) Four American soldiers are killed following an IED attack in the Iraqi capital Baghdad . (AP) The U.S. ambassador issues a statement saying that the total number of abused prisoners found so far in jails run by the Shiite-led Interior Ministry is about 121. (AP) The Sixth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization opened in Hong Kong . European Union Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson said that he expected little progress on resolving disagreements between ministers. Meanwhile, some protesters from South Korea unsuccessfully attempted to bypass the cordon to reach the location of the conference by swimming across Victoria Harbour . (BBC) (AP via Yahoo) (Reuters via Yahoo) The collapse of a residential building in New Jersey kills three people and sends plumes of smoke into the air. (BBC) (Wikinews) The President of the United States , George W. Bush , acknowledges the deaths of approximately 30,000 Iraqi civilians since the commencement of the Iraq War . (The Australian) Swiss Councillor Dick Marty , commissioned by the Council of Europe to investigate CIA black sites and prisoner abuse in Europe says that the CIA has "disregarded all standards of legality". (CNN) (Houston Chronicle) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : A Palestinian stone thrower is shot in the head and killed by Israeli troops raiding the West Bank city of Nablus . At least ten other Palestinians were injured by the IDF troops while two Israeli soldiers were injured by a bomb during the raid. (BBC) An earthquake of Richter scale magnitude 6.7 rocks South Asia . According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the quake was centred in the Hindukush region of northeastern Afghanistan . (Times of India) (BBC) (CNN) Stanley Williams is executed at San Quentin State Prison by the U.S. state of California . (BBC) In response to Canadian Prime Minister criticizing the United States on its resistance to climate change initiatives, the U.S. Ambassador to Canada, David Wilkins , openly responds to the statements that he complains were used for political advantage during an election. (Toronto Star) North America : The Canadian provinces, Ontario and Quebec and the US states Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin sign an international agreement to preclude significant water diversion from the Great Lakes . (Toronto Star) The $100 laptop project announces that it has chosen Quanta Computers to make its laptops, which it hopes to distribute to low-income people around the world. (IDG News Service) US Federal Reserve rises the target for the interest rate to 4.25%. The rate lead to the highest in more than four years. It was announced that on 1 April 2006, First Great Western , First Great Western Link and Wessex Trains would combine into the new Greater Western franchise. (BBC) edit history watch The European Parliament has adopted the directive on Telecommunications data retention . (BBC) U.S. Budget Approval — More than 100 religious activists were arrested on Wednesday after they staged a peaceful sit-in at the Cannon House Office Building , near the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. They were protesting the proposed cuts to health care and other social welfare programs in the Federal Budget . The protest was organized by Jim Wallis , editor of the liberal Christian journal Sojourners Magazine Washington Post SJMN U.S. President George W. Bush says that the decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was the result of faulty intelligence , and accepts responsibility for that decision. He maintains that his decision was still justified. (BBC) Doctors in Pakistan marvel at the survival of Naqsha Bibi , rescued last Saturday, 63 days after she was buried in the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake . (BBC) The President of Brazil , Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva announces that Brazil will clear its International Monetary Fund debt of $ 15.5bn two years early. (BBC) In India , 11 Hindus are sentenced to life imprisonment for their roles in the murder of Muslims in the 2002 Gujarat violence . (BBC) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : An Israeli Air-Strike in the Gaza Strip leaves four Palestinians dead. Israel claims that all four were militants and were about to launch a rocket attack into Israel. (BBC) (Haaretz) Israel has approved further expansion of the Jewish Settlements within the West Bank . A further 300 Jewish houses will be added to the Maale Adumim settlement. (BBC) An Israeli Air-Strike in the Gaza Strip leaves four Palestinians dead. Israel claims that all four were militants and were about to launch a rocket attack into Israel. (BBC) (Haaretz) Israel has approved further expansion of the Jewish Settlements within the West Bank . A further 300 Jewish houses will be added to the Maale Adumim settlement. (BBC) The President of Iran , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , describes the Holocaust as a myth . He also said that Europe should house the Jews of the world, rather than the Palestinians . (BBC) (The Guardian) A reservoir bursts near Lesterville, Missouri at the Taum Sauk hydroelectric power plant on the Black River , causing significant damage. (DisasterNews) In Japan , former one-class authorized architect Hidetsugu Aneha , Takeshi Uchikawa , Akira Shinozuka and Moriyoshi Kimura receives a summons of witnesses by the Diet because of concerning falsification of earth-quake resistant structural data about condominiums and hotels. (The Japan Times Online) Subtitled "Tuba Adventure" Movie premiere of King Kong . edit history watch Former United States presidential candidate Al Sharpton agrees to pay $100,000 to the Federal Election Commission in a settlement over alleged corrupt practices during his 2004 electoral bid. (Reuters) A colleague of South Korean biomedical researcher Hwang Woo-Suk says that Hwang admitted that he faked nine of eleven stem cell colonies used in what had been hailed as a medical breakthrough in the journal Science . (BBC) Thousands of Iraqi Shia protest against Al Jazeera after a guest on a talk show on the network suggested that the Ayatollah Ali Sistani , Shia Islam's most senior cleric, should stay out of politics. (BBC) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Israel continues to strike Palestinian areas in the Gaza Strip . (RTÉ) The European Council meets to discuss the next 7-year budget for the European Union . (BBC) Voting starts in Iraq to elect the first permanent 275-member Iraqi National Assembly under the new Constitution of Iraq . (BBC) A comparison of 42 articles by the journal Nature concludes that Wikipedia is almost as accurate on science topics as the Encyclopædia Britannica . The study also notes that Wikipedia's writing is more disorganized than Britannica's. (Nature) (BBC) (NPR) A Nepalese soldier shoots dead 11 people at a temple in Nagarkot , near Kathmandu . (BBC) Marwan Barghouti launches a new party called al-Mustaqbal ( The Future ), splitting from the Fatah movement in the Palestinian National Authority . (BBC) Bradley John Murdoch , convicted murderer of British backpacker Peter Falconio , is sentenced to a non-parole period of 28 years in prison in Australia . (NineMSN) edit history watch Bulgaria starts withdrawing its troops from Iraq . (Reuters) Extreme levels of radiation have been found at a chemical factory in Chechnya . (BBC) United States Government : Senator John McCain persuades President George W. Bush to accept a ban on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees. (AP) The United States House of Representatives has requested that the Bush administration give Congress details on any secret detention facilities overseas. (AP) The United States Senate rejects the extension of the PATRIOT Act . Critics had said it infringed on civil liberties and made the government too powerful. (AP) . United States President George W. Bush refuses to comment on whether the National Security Agency spied on American citizens without a legal warrant. (AP) Senator John McCain persuades President George W. Bush to accept a ban on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees. (AP) The United States House of Representatives has requested that the Bush administration give Congress details on any secret detention facilities overseas. (AP) The United States Senate rejects the extension of the PATRIOT Act . Critics had said it infringed on civil liberties and made the government too powerful. (AP) . United States President George W. Bush refuses to comment on whether the National Security Agency spied on American citizens without a legal warrant. (AP) Conflict in Iraq : Iraqi Police claim that they captured Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2004 and then released him by mistake. (BBC) Hamas , the main Palestinian opposition party make a large series of gains in the West Bank municipal elections. (BBC) At least 39 people, 33 of whom were patients, die after a fire breaks out in a hospital in the city of Liaoyuan , near Changchun in China 's Jilin Province . The cause of the fire is unknown. (BBC) Israeli-Palestinian conflict : An Israeli settler dies following a drive-by shooting claimed by the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and Islamic Jihad . (Ynetnews) (RTÉ) Intellectual property dispute: a US federal judge upholds Pfizer 's two main patents for Lipitor , which had been challenged by Ranbaxy Laboratories. The decision is the latest defeat for Ranbaxy, an Indian generic drugmaker, which has also lost in a UK court. (MSNBC) Denis Donaldson is expelled from Sinn Féin for being a British spy . He later confirms this in a statement. (BBC) edit history watch Hong Kong police detain 900 protesters at the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005 after an anti-globalization demonstration became violent. The protesters object to trade rules that they say hurt poor farmers. 74 people are injured. (Reuters) [ permanent dead link ] (CNN) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Palestinian militant Khaled Abu Sitta is killed and three others injured when Sitta's car explodes in the Gaza Strip . Palestinian sources say the explosion was caused by an Israeli air strike, although the Israeli Defense Force denies any involvement but admits bombing roads and bridges and shooting dead a suspect. (BBC) (Y-Net) (Haaretz) (Reuters) Condoleezza Rice and the African Union request additional funds to enable the A.U.'s peacekeeping mission in Darfur , Sudan to continue. Without additional aid, the African peacekeeping force will run out of funds in four months. Violence in the region has resurged recently. (Boston Globe) (Reuters) (LA Times via Chron.com) A group of over 40 people, dressed in Santa Claus costumes, go on a rampage through downtown Auckland , New Zealand , robbing stores and assaulting security guards . (AP) Thieves use a flatbed truck to steal a 2-ton Henry Moore statue from the grounds of his foundation in Hertfordshire , England . The statue is valued at more than $5.2 million dollars. (AP) (Telegraph.co.uk) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine edit history watch Air Nauru 's only passenger jet is seized by creditors in Melbourne , leaving the island nations of Nauru and Kiribati without air transport to the rest of the world. (ABC) Extinct mammoth mitochondrial DNA decoded. (BBC) The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) holds its first national democratic poll in 40 years. (BBC) (Reuters) (Link dead as of 22:48, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) The Bolivian presidential election, 2005 takes place in Bolivia , with Evo Morales and Jorge Quiroga as front-runners. Morales is expected to win a plurality of votes but not an absolute majority. If no candidate wins a majority, the election of the President will be by vote in the National Congress , also elected today. (BBC) 42 people die following a stampede in the Indian city of Chennai . (BBC) Bono , Melinda Gates and Bill Gates are named Time ' s Persons of the Year . (CNN) U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney is on a trip to various countries including Oman , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Egypt and Saudi Arabia . He made a surprise stop to Iraq today. (Yahoo! News) (Link dead as of 22:48, 14 January 2007 (UTC)), (Reuters) (Link dead as of 22:48, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) Philippines finish in 5th place in the medal tally for the 2005 ASEAN Para Games in the Philippines . Thailand finishes with 84 golds, followed by Malaysia . ( The Nation , Bangkok) The prime minister of Israel Ariel Sharon is transferred to the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital in Jerusalem after suffering a minor stroke . Meanwhile, some Palestinians have taken to the streets in Gaza to celebrate Sharon 's health condition and the Kahane organisation has urged Jews to pray for his death. (Ynetnews) (Wikinews) São Paulo win the FIFA Club World Championship in Yokohama , Japan , defeating Liverpool F.C. 1-0. (BBC) President George W. Bush defends the Iraq War in a rare primetime Oval Office address. He said, "Not only can we win the war in Iraq — we are winning the war in Iraq." (USAToday) (The Guardian) edit history watch Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101 flying from Miami, Florida to Bimini , Bahamas , crashes in Miami Beach, killing 18 passengers and two crew members. (CNN) Evo Morales becomes the latest Leftist to win the Presidency of a South American nation after he claimed victory in the Bolivian Presidential Election . (BBC) Early returns in the Iraqi legislative election, December 2005 indicate that religious parties have done quite well, winning up 80 percent of the vote. Election officials are investigating more than 1,000 complaints about irregularities, 20 of them considered serious. Final results will not be released until early January. The Free Aceh Movement surrenders the last of its weapons following a peace agreement with the Government of Indonesia . (BBC) Conflict in Iraq : An insurgent group broadcasts a video over the Internet of what they claim is the death of American Ronald Allen Schulz . (BBC) Nazi Officer Ladislav Niznansky is acquitted of charges relating to three massacres of Slovaks during World War II . (IOL) [ permanent dead link ] Governor Antonio Fazio of Bank of Italy resigns, after having been officially put under investigation for insider trading , and following heavy pressure from both government and opposition. (BBC) The Likud primary elections for the party's leadership between the candidates Benjamin Netanyahu , Silvan Shalom , Yisrael Katz and Moshe Feyglin opened at 10:00 a.m. (Ynetnews) edit history watch Chiyoda Corp. and Technip SA win a 500-billion Yen contract to build two LNG (liquefied natural gas ) facilities in Qatar . Bloomberg In the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case, Judge John E. Jones III rules that it is unconstitutional to teach intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in a public school science classroom in the United States . (Aljazeera) (Associated Press) Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (BBC) (Christian Science Monitor) (CNN) (Guardian) (Time) Archived 2009-11-15 at the Wayback Machine At least 20 people die as a bus in Pakistani -controlled Kashmir skids from the road, tumbles down a hill and lands in the river Jhelum . (BBC) Local 100 of the Transport Workers Union declares a New York City transit strike after talks fail, shutting down the subway and bus system that constitute the largest transportation system in the United States . (Wikinews) (AP via Yahoo!) (CNN) (BBC) Israel : In the Likud primary elections, Benjamin Netanyahu wins, becoming the new Likud leader. In the voting, he is followed by Silvan Shalom , Moshe Feyglin , and Yisrael Katz . (Ynetnews) Ariel Sharon , the prime minister of Israel , is released from Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital after being treated for a mild stroke . (Ynetnews) In the Likud primary elections, Benjamin Netanyahu wins, becoming the new Likud leader. In the voting, he is followed by Silvan Shalom , Moshe Feyglin , and Yisrael Katz . (Ynetnews) Ariel Sharon , the prime minister of Israel , is released from Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital after being treated for a mild stroke . (Ynetnews) Midwest Airlines Flight 210 lands safely at Boston's Logan International Airport with a landing-gear problem late Tuesday after circling the airport for approximately two hours. (AP via Yahoo!) edit history watch The former President of Iraq , Saddam Hussein , claims in court that American officials tortured him. Part of his testimony is censored and the US strongly denies the accusations. (BBC) In a 7–2 ruling, the Supreme Court of Canada rules that swingers clubs do not harm society and are legal as long as there is no exchange of money and the activities are conducted in private. (CTV) Archived 2006-04-09 at the Wayback Machine (CBC) A mugger who attempted to escape pursuit on Sunday by entering Bloemfontein Zoo in South Africa is killed after jumping into the Bengal tigers area. He was found with bite marks all over his body, and all his clothes removed, but the tigers had not attempted to eat him, having been fed the previous afternoon. (BBC) (Mail & Guardian (SA)) A bomb explodes near a nightclub in Spain , but no one is hurt. The Basque separatist movement ETA claims responsibility. (Reuters) The U.S. Senate blocks oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . (CNN) (Link dead as of 00:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)) Israeli–Palestinian conflict : Israel bans Palestinians from East Jerusalem from voting in the next Palestinian legislative election throwing the entire election in doubt. Israel claims that it made the ban out of fears that Hamas would do well. (BBC) Musician Elton John and Canadian filmmaker David Furnish are joined in a civil partnership ceremony at Windsor Town Hall. The couple are among hundreds of same-sex couples entering civil partnerships in England and Wales on the first day that such ceremonies become possible. Ceremonies were held earlier this week in Northern Ireland and Scotland . (BBC) (BBC) 2005 Kashmir earthquake . SOS Children's Villages field workers report a rapid deterioration in weather conditions and increase in weather-related death. 64 more children believed orphaned have been taken into emergency care this week. (SOS) December solstice : The December solstice , occurring at 18:35 UTC , is observed around the world in both astronomical and spiritual terms; this day has the least hours of sunlight and the longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere ( winter solstice ), and vice versa in the Southern Hemisphere ( summer solstice ). (North County Times) 20,000 people apply for lottery tickets for the 20 places available to view the winter solstice sunrise from inside the Newgrange stone age burial mound in County Meath , Ireland , although cloud cover prevented the sun from shining into the passage grave this morning. (Fairfield County Weekly) (Ireland Online) [ permanent dead link ] The December solstice , occurring at 18:35 UTC , is observed around the world in both astronomical and spiritual terms; this day has the least hours of sunlight and the longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere ( winter solstice ), and vice versa in the Southern Hemisphere ( summer solstice ). (North County Times) 20,000 people apply for lottery tickets for the 20 places available to view the winter solstice sunrise from inside the Newgrange stone age burial mound in County Meath , Ireland , although cloud cover prevented the sun from shining into the passage grave this morning. (Fairfield County Weekly) (Ireland Online) [ permanent dead link ] The U.S. Senate passes a six-month extension of the USA PATRIOT Act late Wednesday night by a voice vote. This clears the way for a final vote in the House . (AP via Yahoo! News) (Link dead as of 00:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)) Connecticut . A former hedge fund manager, Scott Sacane , pleaded guilty to one count of violating the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 in connection with the manipulation of the prices of two biotechnology stocks between November 2002 and July 2003. (Stamford (CT) Advocate) (Link dead as of 00:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)) edit history watch Judge Richard Fred Suhrheinrich of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit , arguing that the US Constitution does not include "a wall of separation between church and state ," denies a claim by the ACLU , thereby approving the continued display of the Ten Commandments in a Kentucky courthouse. (Cincinnati Enquirer) (AP) (Catholic World News) The 2005 New York City transit strike is halted as strikers agree to return to work when negotiations resumed. (BBC) India's most advanced INSAT -4A telecommunication satellite is successfully launched by the EADS SPACE Transportation generic rocket, Ariane 5 , from the spaceport of Kourou in French Guiana . (BBC) Acetylene and hydrogen cyanide , precursors to life 's basic ingredients ( DNA and proteins ), are found around a star in the constellation Ophiuchus . (NASA JPL) (MSNBC) Tony Blair makes a surprise visit to Basra in Iraq , to address 4,000 British soldiers and discuss withdrawal. He states that "we can eventually draw down our own capability" once the Iraqi forces "build up their own strength". (BBC) edit history watch Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 217 crashed after taking off from the Azerbaijan capital, Baku , killing 23. (BBC) Different sources report that Chadian president Idriss Déby has said his country is in a state of either " war " or "belligerence" with Sudan following a recent rebel attack in which around 100 people were killed. (BBC) (Reuters) The 2012 Summer Olympics may have been given to London by a voting error, a senior IOC official theorised. (BBC) Astronomers have discovered new moons and rings around Uranus using the Hubble Space Telescope . (CNN) Lech Kaczyński was sworn in as President of the Republic of Poland . (BBC) U.S. News and World Report claimed that the United States government has been monitoring mosques in the United States since September 11 for traces of radiation . (US News) The ITV News Channel closes after 5 years edit history watch The Egyptian opposition leader, Ayman Nour , was found guilty of fraud and jailed for five years. (BBC) The United Kingdom began commemorations for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami ahead of the official Thai commemorations in Thailand . (BBC) The Congress of the United States rejected Condoleezza Rice 's request to restore $50 million in aid to the African Union that human rights groups say had been cut from the budget in November. The money would have gone to maintain AU peacekeepers in controlling the Darfur conflict , in which about 180,000 people have died. (Herald News Daily) (UN) A tourism-promoting agency announced that it is purchasing the Maryland land, and the small one-room building thereon, said to have been the original location that inspired the novel " Uncle Tom's Cabin ," written by Harriet Beecher Stowe . (Lexington Herald-Leader) edit history watch Five children died in Guatemala City when a blaze started by fireworks swept through their house. A traditional holiday firecracker called a "silbador" shot into their small wooden house started the fire. The children were aged 2, 3, 6, 10 and 13. (Scotsman) 40 people killed in DR Congo in a clash between Ugandan rebels and UN-Congolese troops. The Ituri area has been the site of a joint action . (BBC) Railroad train Inaho derailed on the Uetsu Main Line in northern Japan , killing four and injuring at least 33. (CNN) (BBC) Joseph Pararajasingham , 71, a pro– Tamil Tiger politician, was shot dead at a Christmas Midnight Mass in Batticaloa , Sri Lanka . (BBC) (Reuters) Nazir Ahmad , a Pakistani laborer, admitted to, and was arrested for murdering his four daughters, aged 4, 8, 12, and 25, after his eldest daughter, Muqadas Bibi, married a man against his wishes. (Reuters) The Supreme Court in Libya overturned the death sentences given to international health workers charged with infecting children with HIV . (BBC) edit history watch 15-year-old Jane Creba is killed and six others are wounded in Toronto 's Boxing Day shooting , when two groups of gunmen open fire outside a Foot Locker store near the Eaton Centre in Toronto. (CNN) (CBC) Memorial services around the world, including one in Banda Aceh , Indonesia , attended by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , mark the first anniversary of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which saw 275,000 people killed or left missing. (CNN) A gas attack occurs at an outlet of the Maksidom chain on Moskovsky Prospect in Saint Petersburg , Russia , and leads to the hospitalization of numerous victims. (BBC) The prime minister of Israel , Ariel Sharon , will undergo a cardiac catheterization to seal a hole in his heart. The surgery is a routine procedure for this congenital defect, according to doctors in Jerusalem . (CNN) A Qassam rocket fired at the Israeli kibbutz Sa'ad lands near a preschool . No injuries are reported. (Ynetnews) SeaQuest DSV is released on DVD for the first time. Kerry Packer , major shareholder of PBL , dies of kidney failure at the age of 68. edit history watch Indonesia 's Free Aceh Movement formally disbands its armed wing. (Reuters) (Link dead as of 21:18, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) Andrei Illarionov , an adviser to Russian President Vladimir Putin quits, saying Russia is "no longer free". (Washington Post) The government of Poland announces it will keep troops in Iraq until the end of 2006, longer than previously planned. (Al jazeera) A mass grave is discovered in the predominantly Shia city of Karbala south of Baghdad , Iraqi police said. (BBC) The serial rape suspect accused of terrorizing two South Florida neighborhoods with attacks on victims ranging from elderly women to an 11-year-old girl was back in custody Tuesday, a week since his brazen jail escape, after a tipster recognized his face and called police. (AP via Yahoo! News) (Link dead as of 21:18, 14 January 2007 (UTC)) Rebels in Colombia kill 24 soldiers guarding coca eradication workers. (BBC) The Ugandan army kills seven civilians who had been protesting over the killing of a 15 year old boy. Sixteen others are injured. (BBC) edit history watch M. C. Puri , Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi , is killed and three others are injured when an unidentified gunman opened fire at India's premier educational institute, the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore . (BBC) (The Hindu) Jürgen Chrobog , Germany 's former Deputy Foreign Minister, his wife and three children, are kidnapped in Yemen by tribesmen pressing for the release of jailed members of their tribe. (IHT) (Deutsche Welle) Europe's "sat-nav" technology satellite, Giove-A , is launched as part of the Galileo positioning system with the goal of providing access to timing and location information independent of the United States' prevalent GPS system. (BBC) Arab–Israeli conflict : Israeli jets bomb the PFLP-GC base in Naameh , Lebanon , a few miles outside Beirut , wounding two people, in retaliation for a rocket attack that hit Qiryat Shemona . Israeli warplanes then fly over southern Lebanon and the western Bekaa Valley in reconnaissance flights, drawing anti-aircraft fire from the Lebanese army. The PFLP-GC denies responsibility for the rockets that hit Kiryat Shmona. Major General Udi Adam has not ruled out targeting installations in Syria . (Reuters) Israel Defense Forces forces launch Operation Blue Skies , firing artillery rounds against areas in the northern Gaza Strip and at the areas in proximity to the newly established ‘security strip’ - an area of the Gaza Strip that Israel has declared off limits to Palestinians which Israel claims is aimed at distancing Qassam rocket launchers from the border with Israel . (Ynetnews) Militants from al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and other militants linked to Fatah storm electoral offices in Gaza. (BBC) (TVNZ) Israeli jets bomb the PFLP-GC base in Naameh , Lebanon , a few miles outside Beirut , wounding two people, in retaliation for a rocket attack that hit Qiryat Shemona . Israeli warplanes then fly over southern Lebanon and the western Bekaa Valley in reconnaissance flights, drawing anti-aircraft fire from the Lebanese army. The PFLP-GC denies responsibility for the rockets that hit Kiryat Shmona. Major General Udi Adam has not ruled out targeting installations in Syria . (Reuters) Israel Defense Forces forces launch Operation Blue Skies , firing artillery rounds against areas in the northern Gaza Strip and at the areas in proximity to the newly established ‘security strip’ - an area of the Gaza Strip that Israel has declared off limits to Palestinians which Israel claims is aimed at distancing Qassam rocket launchers from the border with Israel . (Ynetnews) Militants from al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and other militants linked to Fatah storm electoral offices in Gaza. (BBC) (TVNZ) edit history watch At least 30 people are killed following a large landslide in a village close to Sanaa in Yemen . (BBC) Arab–Israeli conflict : A suicide bomber attacks a checkpoint near the West Bank city of Tulkarm , killing one Israeli soldier, two Palestinian civilians and himself. Islamic Jihad has claimed responsibility for the attack. (The New York Times) (The Los Angeles Times) [ permanent dead link ] (Telegraph) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine A statement is posted, apparently from al-Qaeda in Iraq , on several websites claiming responsibility for a recent Katyusha bombardment of northern Israeli towns. (CNN) (Ha'aretz) A suicide bomber attacks a checkpoint near the West Bank city of Tulkarm , killing one Israeli soldier, two Palestinian civilians and himself. Islamic Jihad has claimed responsibility for the attack. (The New York Times) (The Los Angeles Times) [ permanent dead link ] (Telegraph) Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine A statement is posted, apparently from al-Qaeda in Iraq , on several websites claiming responsibility for a recent Katyusha bombardment of northern Israeli towns. (CNN) (Ha'aretz) A Scottish human rights worker, Kate Burton , and her parents have been kidnapped in Gaza . Palestinian authorities have stepped up work to find them. (BBC News) (Scotsman) Chinese state media announce that the country's government will abolish its national agricultural tax starting January 1, 2006. (Reuters) (China Daily) The Associated Press reports story of Farris Hassan , a young Iraqi-American teenager who travelled to Iraq without informing his parents and was picked up by the 101st Airborne . (AP) edit history watch Twenty Sudanese migrants are killed when a Cairo camp is broken up by police. (BBC) A consortium led by New York based Citigroup has won the right to buy 85% of the Guangdong Development Bank , in the People's Republic of China , according to a Reuters report. It beat out a rival Europe-based consortium. Tropical Storm Zeta, the twenty-seventh named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , forms in the Atlantic Ocean one month after the season's official end. (Reuters) (US NHC) Drake Bell was injured in a car accident. A Mercedes plowed into his 1966 Mustang . Bell suffered a broken jaw and a fractured neck. Due to this, his hit television show "Drake and Josh" was post-poned until March. edit history watch 25-year-old Scottish human rights worker Kate Burton and her parents are freed unharmed in the Gaza Strip by the Palestinian gunmen who kidnapped them two days earlier. (ABC Australia) A bomb explodes in downtown Palu , Indonesia , killing at least eight people and wounding 45 people. (BBC) After heavy rains, Napa, California experienced its worst flooding in 20 years. (Napa Valley Register) Two days later, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in Napa and 6 other California counties (Napa Valley Register) , and one month later, U.S. President George W. Bush signed a declaration stating that a major disaster existed in Napa and 9 other California counties, allowing Federal Emergency Management Agency assistance for those areas affected by the flooding. (Napa Valley Register) .mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar{clear:right;max-width:350px;width:100%;margin:auto;padding:0.2em;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5;border-spacing:3px;border:1px solid #cedff2;text-align:center;background-color:#f5faff;color:black}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar tbody a{font-weight:bold;width:100%;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar-archive{margin:8px 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cedff2;line-height:1.6;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption span:first-child{float:left;width:calc(14% + 6px)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption span:last-child{float:right;width:calc(14% + 6px)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar th{width:14%}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar-footer td{padding-top:3px;padding-bottom:5px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar-footer td a{font-weight:normal;width:initial} ◀ December 2005 ▶ S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Events Ongoing [ edit ] Abramoff-Reed gambling scandal Al Jazeera bombing memo Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak Black sites scandal Iran's nuclear program Malawi food crisis Malaysian prisoner abuse scandal NSA Spying Controversy North Indian cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season Pacific typhoon season Plame CIA leak investigation Australian region cyclone season South Pacific cyclone season Stormontgate affair Tropical Storm Zeta World Pyro Olympics edit sidebar Deaths 7 : Devan Nair 7: Rigoberto Alpizar 9 : Robert Sheckley 10 : Eugene McCarthy 10: Richard Pryor 12 : Ramanand Sagar 12: Gebran Tueni 13 : Stanley Williams 15 : James Freed 15: William Proxmire 16 : John Spencer 17 : Jack Anderson 19 : Vincent Gigante 24 : Michael Vale 24: Wang Daohan 25 : Joseph Pararajasingham 25: Birgit Nilsson 26 : John Diebold 26: Kerry Packer 26: Vincent Schiavelli edit sidebar Ongoing armed conflicts Arab-Israeli conflict ( Al-Aqsa Intifada ) Second Chechen War Second Congo War Conflict in Iraq Darfur conflict in Sudan Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire Conflict in northern Uganda South Thailand insurgency Chad-Sudan conflict edit sidebar Elections 3 : Taiwan , Local 3 : Kazakhstan , President 4 : Venezuela , Parliament 7 : St. Vinc. & Grenadines , Parliament 11 : Chile , Parliament 15 : Iraq , Parliament 18 : Bolivia , President 18 : Tanzania , General 24 : Pitcairn Is. , Council edit sidebar Trials Chile : Alberto Fujimori Chile: Augusto Pinochet Indonesia : Bali Nine Iraq : Iraqi Special Tribunal — Saddam Hussein , among others Libya : Bulgarian nurses & Ashraf al-Hajuj Netherlands : ICTY — Slobodan Milošević , among others Russia : Nur-Pashi Kulayev UK : Leo O'Connor & David Keogh U.S.: Tom DeLay U.S.: Zacarias Moussaoui U.S.: Brian Nichols edit sidebar S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Events Ongoing [ edit ] Abramoff-Reed gambling scandal Al Jazeera bombing memo Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak Black sites scandal Iran's nuclear program Malawi food crisis Malaysian prisoner abuse scandal NSA Spying Controversy North Indian cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season Pacific typhoon season Plame CIA leak investigation Australian region cyclone season South Pacific cyclone season Stormontgate affair Tropical Storm Zeta World Pyro Olympics edit sidebar Ongoing Abramoff-Reed gambling scandal Al Jazeera bombing memo Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak Black sites scandal Iran's nuclear program Malawi food crisis Malaysian prisoner abuse scandal NSA Spying Controversy North Indian cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season Pacific typhoon season Plame CIA leak investigation Australian region cyclone season South Pacific cyclone season Stormontgate affair Tropical Storm Zeta World Pyro Olympics edit sidebar Deaths 7 : Devan Nair 7: Rigoberto Alpizar 9 : Robert Sheckley 10 : Eugene McCarthy 10: Richard Pryor 12 : Ramanand Sagar 12: Gebran Tueni 13 : Stanley Williams 15 : James Freed 15: William Proxmire 16 : John Spencer 17 : Jack Anderson 19 : Vincent Gigante 24 : Michael Vale 24: Wang Daohan 25 : Joseph Pararajasingham 25: Birgit Nilsson 26 : John Diebold 26: Kerry Packer 26: Vincent Schiavelli edit sidebar 7 : Devan Nair 7: Rigoberto Alpizar 9 : Robert Sheckley 10 : Eugene McCarthy 10: Richard Pryor 12 : Ramanand Sagar 12: Gebran Tueni 13 : Stanley Williams 15 : James Freed 15: William Proxmire 16 : John Spencer 17 : Jack Anderson 19 : Vincent Gigante 24 : Michael Vale 24: Wang Daohan 25 : Joseph Pararajasingham 25: Birgit Nilsson 26 : John Diebold 26: Kerry Packer 26: Vincent Schiavelli edit sidebar Ongoing armed conflicts Arab-Israeli conflict ( Al-Aqsa Intifada ) Second Chechen War Second Congo War Conflict in Iraq Darfur conflict in Sudan Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire Conflict in northern Uganda South Thailand insurgency Chad-Sudan conflict edit sidebar Arab-Israeli conflict ( Al-Aqsa Intifada ) Second Chechen War Second Congo War Conflict in Iraq Darfur conflict in Sudan Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire Conflict in northern Uganda South Thailand insurgency Chad-Sudan conflict edit sidebar Elections 3 : Taiwan , Local 3 : Kazakhstan , President 4 : Venezuela , Parliament 7 : St. Vinc. & Grenadines , Parliament 11 : Chile , Parliament 15 : Iraq , Parliament 18 : Bolivia , President 18 : Tanzania , General 24 : Pitcairn Is. , Council edit sidebar 3 : Taiwan , Local 3 : Kazakhstan , President 4 : Venezuela , Parliament 7 : St. Vinc. & Grenadines , Parliament 11 : Chile , Parliament 15 : Iraq , Parliament 18 : Bolivia , President 18 : Tanzania , General 24 : Pitcairn Is. , Council edit sidebar Trials Chile : Alberto Fujimori Chile: Augusto Pinochet Indonesia : Bali Nine Iraq : Iraqi Special Tribunal — Saddam Hussein , among others Libya : Bulgarian nurses & Ashraf al-Hajuj Netherlands : ICTY — Slobodan Milošević , among others Russia : Nur-Pashi Kulayev UK : Leo O'Connor & David Keogh U.S.: Tom DeLay U.S.: Zacarias Moussaoui U.S.: Brian Nichols edit sidebar Chile : Alberto Fujimori Chile: Augusto Pinochet Indonesia : Bali Nine Iraq : Iraqi Special Tribunal — Saddam Hussein , among others Libya : Bulgarian nurses & Ashraf al-Hajuj Netherlands : ICTY — Slobodan Milošević , among others Russia : Nur-Pashi Kulayev UK : Leo O'Connor & David Keogh U.S.: Tom DeLay U.S.: Zacarias Moussaoui U.S.: Brian Nichols edit sidebar .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Current events by month v t e 2009 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2008 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2006 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2004 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2002 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2001 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 by day December 2005 Months in the 2000s Current events archives Wikipedia move-protected portals Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 04:04 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2005
|
Follow Us: site categories TV Film Awards Awards Hub Digital Issues Awards Hub Digital Issues Box Office Biz International Politics Theater Reviews Obits Video Events Contenders Film: Documentary Film: International Film: Los Angeles Film: London Television Television: Docs+Unscripted+Variety Sound & Screen Film Television Other For The Love Of Docs Visual Effects + Screen Contenders Film: Documentary Film: International Film: Los Angeles Film: London Television Television: Docs+Unscripted+Variety Sound & Screen Film Television Other For The Love Of Docs Visual Effects + Screen Festivals North America Sundance Toronto Telluride SXSW Tribeca Europe Venice Cannes Zurich Berlin/EFM Middle East Red Sea Asia Tokyo North America Sundance Toronto Telluride SXSW Tribeca Europe Venice Cannes Zurich Berlin/EFM Middle East Red Sea Asia Tokyo Insider News Alerts Neon’s Park Chan-Wook Movie ‘No Other Choice’ To Become Second Highest-Grossing Korean Release In U.S.; Looks To Topple Director’s Top-Grossing Pic WW ‘The Handmaiden’ Home Box Office News ‘The Batman’ Flies To Fall 2021, ‘Sopranos’ Prequel Moves To March & More As Warner Bros Makes Release Date Changes Due To COVID-19 Climate By Anthony D'Alessandro Anthony D'Alessandro Editorial Director/Box Office Editor @AwardsTony More Stories By Anthony Former Paramount Co-CEO Brian Robbins Launching New Family Production Company; First Look Will Be At Sony Pictures K-Pop Artist Yulee Choi On Making Jump To Big Screen In ‘Food Truck: Stolen Love … And Moo Deng’ – Deadline Screening Series Alan Ritchson Vietnam War Navy SEAL Pic At Amazon MGM Studios Adds Kyle Allen, Brian Duong & Duy Nguyễn View All Anthony D'Alessandro Editorial Director/Box Office Editor More Stories By Anthony Former Paramount Co-CEO Brian Robbins Launching New Family Production Company; First Look Will Be At Sony Pictures K-Pop Artist Yulee Choi On Making Jump To Big Screen In ‘Food Truck: Stolen Love … And Moo Deng’ – Deadline Screening Series Alan Ritchson Vietnam War Navy SEAL Pic At Amazon MGM Studios Adds Kyle Allen, Brian Duong & Duy Nguyễn Services to share this page. Share on Facebook Post Google Preferred Share to Flipboard Show more sharing options Email Share on LinkedIn Pin it Submit to Reddit Post to Tumblr Share on WhatsApp Print This Page Courtesy of Matt Reeves' Twitter With many productions halted due to COVID-19 and the 2021 release schedule greatly in need of product, Warner Bros has shifted a slew of theatrical release dates . Matt Reeves’ The Batman , which is currently stalled in London, will no longer open on June 25, 2021 next summer, but rather in the first weekend of October next year, October 1, a slot made famous by DC’s R-rated The Joker. Reeves told us recently that once it’s safe to resume production, the plan is to finish The Batman in London instead of re-locating. A quarter of the film is shot, and Reeves is currently sifting through footage. blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'medrec', 'gpt-dsk-tab-mid-article1-uid0' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["mid-article1","mid","mid-articleX","mid-article","300x251"] ) .setTargeting( 'viewable', 'yes' ) .setSubAdUnitPath("ros\/mid-article") .addSize([[2,2],[300,250],[620,350],[300,251],[501,282],[3,3],[2,4],[4,2],[620,366]]) .exemptFromSleep() .setClsOptimization("minsize") ; }); Batman moves onto a date where both Paramount and 20th Century Studios have untitled movies. DC’s movie version of The Flash will go a month earlier in 2022, debuting on June 3, a date that Warners already reserved, instead of July 1 that year. Shazam 2!, which was dated on April 1, 2022, now goes on November 4 of that year. Disney has an untitled live-action movie on that fall date currently. Related Stories News James Gunn Says 'Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 3' And 'The Suicide Squad' Release Dates Won't Be Delayed News 'The Pitt': R. Scott Gemmill & John Wells Share Insight On Dr. Robby's State Of Mind & Challenges He Will Face In Season 2 Baz Luhrmann’s untitled Elvis Presley movie starring Tom Hanks had that October 1 date, and will now go a month later on November 5, 2021 against Disney/Marvel’s Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. Watch on Deadline if ( !window.pmc.harmony?.isEventAdScheduledTime() ) { pmcCnx.cmd.push(function() { pmcCnx({ settings: { plugins: { pmcAtlasMG: { iabPlcmt: 2, } } }, playerId: '32fe25c4-79aa-406a-af44-69b41e969e71', playlistId: '0199e506-e642-7728-8264-463efe71337b', }).render("connatix_contextual_player_div"); }); } else { // This should only be get called when page cache is not cleared and it's event time. window.pmc.harmony?.switchToHarmonyPlayer(); } The Sopranos feature prequel The Many Saints of Newark , originally dated for September 25 of this year, heads to March 12 next year versus Disney’s animated movie Raya and the Last Dragon. The Will Smith drama King Richard, which was shooting in Los Angeles, will now go a year later on November 19, 2021 instead of November 25 this year. On that pre-Thanksgiving weekend, King Richard will share the marquee with Paramount’s Dungeons & Dragons and an untitled Disney live-action movie. Notching a new date: Lisa Joy’s Hugh Jackman-Thandie Newton-Rebecca Ferguson sci-fi movie Reminiscence on April 16, 2021. Warners already had that date in the books for an untitled feature; it will now come up against Sony Pictures Animation’s Lin-Manuel Miranda musical Vivo, and an untitled Universal feature. blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'medrec', 'gpt-dl-mid-article-inject2-uid1' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["mid-article2","mid-articleX","mid-article","mid","300x251"] ) .setTargeting( 'viewable', 'yes' ) .setSubAdUnitPath("ros\/mid-article2") .addSize([[300,250],[300,251],[620,350],[2,4],[4,2],[620,366]]) .exemptFromSleep() .setClsOptimization("minsize") ; }); Temporarily undated for now is Shaka King’s untitled Fred Hampton movie about the Black Panther party member, which was set to open on August 21 this year. Daniel Kaluuya stars as Hampton alongside LaKeith Stanfield, Martin Sheen, Lil Rel Howery and Jesse Plemons. Must Read Stories Hide Articles Netflix & Sony Pictures Close $7B+ Industry First Movie Deal Disney+ EMEA Promotes Four As Angela Jain Sets Out Ambitions Filoni & Brennan To Run ‘Star Wars’ Studio; Kathleen Kennedy Exit Interview David Ellison Meets With UK Culture Secretary To Lobby On WBD Read More About: Breaking News Release Dates The Batman The Many Saints of Newark Warner Bros 7 Comments Subscribe to Deadline Get our Breaking News Alerts and Keep your inbox happy. Sign Up blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'medrec', 'div-gpt-dl-ros-620x250-uid5' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["btf","river","river-mid","bottom"] ) .setSubAdUnitPath("ros\/river-mid") .addSize([[620,250],[300,250],[500,280]]) .exemptFromSleep() ; }); 7 Comments Anonymous on May 8, 2020 1:54 pm that “fred hampton” movie sounds dope Anonymous on April 21, 2020 6:29 am O boy, another Batman movie. Y’know, Marvel fans have another Spider-Man movie coming too but how often do you hear Marvel fans even talking about it? Now contrast, how often do you hear DC fans go on and on about yet another new Batman film reboot? Sad and unhealthy obsessives. I think I’ll brag instead about all the NEW Marvel characters coming to the Big Screen, characters we’ve never seen before. O yeah, I think there’s gonna be another Spider-Man movie too but it’s easy to forget about with all the VARIETY heading our way Anonymous on April 20, 2020 12:37 pm I keep hoping that, with the lockdown and push of so many films, that Reeve’s would either dump the new Batman or better yet, RECAST Anonymous on April 21, 2020 7:01 am How about putting Batman back on the shelf for another 10 years and focus instead on NEW CHARACTERS. WB/DC definitely lacks any forward thinking. They just react like hysterical women Anonymous on April 20, 2020 11:23 am Surprised Tenet is holding strong… for now Anonymous on April 20, 2020 11:06 am Even that new date for BATMAN is going to be hard to hit if they still have 75% to shoot. Older Comments → blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'medrec', 'div-gpt-dl-ros-620x251-uid6' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["btf","river-bottom","river","bottom"] ) .setSubAdUnitPath("ros\/river-bottom") .addSize([[620,251],[300,250],[500,280],[300,252]]) .exemptFromSleep() ; }); With many productions halted due to COVID-19 and the 2021 release schedule greatly in need of product, Warner Bros has shifted a slew of theatrical release dates . Matt Reeves’ The Batman , which is currently stalled in London, will no longer open on June 25, 2021 next summer, but rather in the first weekend of October next year, October 1, a slot made famous by DC’s R-rated The Joker. Reeves told us recently that once it’s safe to resume production, the plan is to finish The Batman in London instead of re-locating. A quarter of the film is shot, and Reeves is currently sifting through footage. Batman moves onto a date where both Paramount and 20th Century Studios have untitled movies. DC’s movie version of The Flash will go a month earlier in 2022, debuting on June 3, a date that Warners already reserved, instead of July 1 that year. Shazam 2!, which was dated on April 1, 2022, now goes on November 4 of that year. Disney has an untitled live-action movie on that fall date currently. Related Stories News James Gunn Says 'Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 3' And 'The Suicide Squad' Release Dates Won't Be Delayed James Gunn Says 'Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 3' And 'The Suicide Squad' Release Dates Won't Be Delayed News 'The Pitt': R. Scott Gemmill & John Wells Share Insight On Dr. Robby's State Of Mind & Challenges He Will Face In Season 2 'The Pitt': R. Scott Gemmill & John Wells Share Insight On Dr. Robby's State Of Mind & Challenges He Will Face In Season 2 Baz Luhrmann’s untitled Elvis Presley movie starring Tom Hanks had that October 1 date, and will now go a month later on November 5, 2021 against Disney/Marvel’s Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. Watch on Deadline The Sopranos feature prequel The Many Saints of Newark , originally dated for September 25 of this year, heads to March 12 next year versus Disney’s animated movie Raya and the Last Dragon. The Will Smith drama King Richard, which was shooting in Los Angeles, will now go a year later on November 19, 2021 instead of November 25 this year. On that pre-Thanksgiving weekend, King Richard will share the marquee with Paramount’s Dungeons & Dragons and an untitled Disney live-action movie. Notching a new date: Lisa Joy’s Hugh Jackman-Thandie Newton-Rebecca Ferguson sci-fi movie Reminiscence on April 16, 2021. Warners already had that date in the books for an untitled feature; it will now come up against Sony Pictures Animation’s Lin-Manuel Miranda musical Vivo, and an untitled Universal feature. Temporarily undated for now is Shaka King’s untitled Fred Hampton movie about the Black Panther party member, which was set to open on August 21 this year. Daniel Kaluuya stars as Hampton alongside LaKeith Stanfield, Martin Sheen, Lil Rel Howery and Jesse Plemons. Must Read Stories Hide Articles Netflix & Sony Pictures Close $7B+ Industry First Movie Deal Disney+ EMEA Promotes Four As Angela Jain Sets Out Ambitions Filoni & Brennan To Run ‘Star Wars’ Studio; Kathleen Kennedy Exit Interview David Ellison Meets With UK Culture Secretary To Lobby On WBD Must Read Stories Netflix & Sony Pictures Close $7B+ Industry First Movie Deal Netflix & Sony Pictures Close $7B+ Industry First Movie Deal Disney+ EMEA Promotes Four As Angela Jain Sets Out Ambitions Disney+ EMEA Promotes Four As Angela Jain Sets Out Ambitions Filoni & Brennan To Run ‘Star Wars’ Studio; Kathleen Kennedy Exit Interview Filoni & Brennan To Run ‘Star Wars’ Studio; Kathleen Kennedy Exit Interview David Ellison Meets With UK Culture Secretary To Lobby On WBD David Ellison Meets With UK Culture Secretary To Lobby On WBD Read More About: Breaking News Release Dates The Batman The Many Saints of Newark Warner Bros Subscribe to Deadline Get our Breaking News Alerts and Keep your inbox happy. 7 Comments Anonymous on May 8, 2020 1:54 pm that “fred hampton” movie sounds dope that “fred hampton” movie sounds dope Anonymous on April 21, 2020 6:29 am O boy, another Batman movie. Y’know, Marvel fans have another Spider-Man movie coming too but how often do you hear Marvel fans even talking about it? Now contrast, how often do you hear DC fans go on and on about yet another new Batman film reboot? Sad and unhealthy obsessives. I think I’ll brag instead about all the NEW Marvel characters coming to the Big Screen, characters we’ve never seen before. O yeah, I think there’s gonna be another Spider-Man movie too but it’s easy to forget about with all the VARIETY heading our way O boy, another Batman movie. Y’know, Marvel fans have another Spider-Man movie coming too but how often do you hear Marvel fans even talking about it? Now contrast, how often do you hear DC fans go on and on about yet another new Batman film reboot? Sad and unhealthy obsessives. I think I’ll brag instead about all the NEW Marvel characters coming to the Big Screen, characters we’ve never seen before. O yeah, I think there’s gonna be another Spider-Man movie too but it’s easy to forget about with all the VARIETY heading our way Anonymous on April 20, 2020 12:37 pm I keep hoping that, with the lockdown and push of so many films, that Reeve’s would either dump the new Batman or better yet, RECAST Anonymous on April 21, 2020 7:01 am How about putting Batman back on the shelf for another 10 years and focus instead on NEW CHARACTERS. WB/DC definitely lacks any forward thinking. They just react like hysterical women I keep hoping that, with the lockdown and push of so many films, that Reeve’s would either dump the new Batman or better yet, RECAST Anonymous on April 21, 2020 7:01 am How about putting Batman back on the shelf for another 10 years and focus instead on NEW CHARACTERS. WB/DC definitely lacks any forward thinking. They just react like hysterical women How about putting Batman back on the shelf for another 10 years and focus instead on NEW CHARACTERS. WB/DC definitely lacks any forward thinking. They just react like hysterical women Anonymous on April 20, 2020 11:23 am Surprised Tenet is holding strong… for now Surprised Tenet is holding strong… for now Anonymous on April 20, 2020 11:06 am Even that new date for BATMAN is going to be hard to hit if they still have 75% to shoot. Even that new date for BATMAN is going to be hard to hit if they still have 75% to shoot. Sidebar Trending on Deadline 1 Netflix & Sony Pictures Close $7B-Plus Exclusive Global Pay-1 Deal In Industry First 2 'Power Book IV: Force' Series Finale Eliminates More Enemies While Setting Up Possible Continuation With The Return of *Spoiler* 3 Donald Trump Given Nobel Peace Prize By Venezuela's Opposition Leader -- But Nobel Committee Says It Is Not Transferable 4 Daniel Stern Exits ABC Pilot 'Do You Want Kids?' After Misdemeanor Charge; Role Will Be Recast 5 A Shift In The Force For Lucasfilm's Kathleen Kennedy: The Exit Interview 6 Ryan Hurst Cast As Kratos In Prime Video’s 'God of War' 7 Emilia Clarke Reveals She "Broke A Rib" While Filming 'PONIES' Sex Scenes 8 'Heated Rivalry's Connor Storrie Gives Season 2 Filming Update 9 Indian Box Office Hits Record-Breaking $1.48B In 2025; ‘Dhurandhar’ Heads Year-End Chart 10 White House Press Secretary Lashes Out At Reporter As "Left-Wing Hack" Over ICE Question, Chides CNN Over Factual Chyron Signup for Breaking News Alerts & Newsletters By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy . We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA Enterprise and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Latest Box Office News Neon's Park Chan-Wook Movie 'No Other Choice' To Become Second Highest-Grossing Korean Release In U.S.; Looks To Topple Director's Top-Grossing Pic WW 'The Handmaiden' Neon's Park Chan-Wook Movie 'No Other Choice' To Become Second Highest-Grossing Korean Release In U.S.; Looks To Topple Director's Top-Grossing Pic WW 'The Handmaiden' 'The Housemaid' Sweeping Up $200M Around The Globe, Paul Feig's Fifth Movie To Cross Threshold 'The Housemaid' Sweeping Up $200M Around The Globe, Paul Feig's Fifth Movie To Cross Threshold Indian Box Office Hits Record-Breaking $1.48B In 2025; ‘Dhurandhar’ Heads Year-End Chart Indian Box Office Hits Record-Breaking $1.48B In 2025; ‘Dhurandhar’ Heads Year-End Chart 'Sentimental Value' Director Joachim Trier Rejoices As Global B.O. Surpasses $20M: “We Blew Off The Roof Again!” - Q&A 'Sentimental Value' Director Joachim Trier Rejoices As Global B.O. Surpasses $20M: “We Blew Off The Roof Again!” - Q&A Marketplace blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'nativemini', 'div-gpt-dsk-dl-mp2-uid9' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["marketplace","marketplace2"] ) .setSubAdUnitPath("Marketplace\/Marketplace2") .addSize([[300,100]]) ; }); blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'nativemini', 'div-gpt-dsk-dl-mp1-uid10' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["marketplace","marketplace1"] ) .setSubAdUnitPath("Marketplace\/Marketplace1") .addSize([[300,100]]) ; }); blogherads.adq.push(function () { blogherads .defineSlot( 'nativemini', 'div-gpt-dsk-dl-mp3-uid11' ) .setTargeting( 'pos', ["marketplace","marketplace3"] ) .setSubAdUnitPath("Marketplace\/Marketplace3") .addSize([[300,100]]) ; }); Newswire <# _.each( data, function( feed ){ #> <li class="pmc-a-grid-item u-height-100p"> <a href="{{feed.url}}" class="a-unstyle-link u-display-contents u-flex u-flex-direction-column" rel="nofollow"> <!-- @TODO: Update to a modifier once we develop it and name it --> <span class="c-title pmc-u-font-size-14 pmc-u-font-weight-normal pmc-u-margin-b-050 u-flex-order-3">{{feed.title}}</span> <div class="pmc-u-crop-3x4"> <img src="{{feed.image_src}}" srcset="{{feed.image_srcset}}" alt="" sizes="{{feed.image_sizes}}" /> </div> <div class="c-label pmc-u-font-size-14 pmc-u-color-brand-red pmc-u-padding-a-00 pmc-u-margin-tb-050 pmc-u-line-height-small u-text-transform-initial">{{feed.source.name}}</div> </a> </li> <# }) #> Newswire Deadline About Us Advertise Legal Terms of Use Privacy Policy Accessibility AdChoices California Privacy Rights Your Privacy Choices EU Privacy Preferences Sitemap TV Film Awards Box Office Business International Connect with Us Get our latest storiesin the feed of your favorite networks Connect with Us Get our latest storiesin the feed of your favorite networks Have a Tip? We want to hear from you! Send us a tip using our annonymous form. Send Us a Tip Have a Tip? We want to hear from you! Send us a tip using our annonymous form. Stay in the Know Sign up for our breaking news alerts Your Email Sign Up By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy . We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA Enterprise and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Stay in the Know Sign up for our breaking news alerts By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy . We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA Enterprise and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Deadline is a part of Penske Media Corporation. © 2026 Deadline Hollywood, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Art in America Artforum ARTnews Billboard BlogHer Deadline Flow Space Footwear News Gold Derby IndieWire Robb Report Rolling Stone SheKnows Soaps Sourcing Journal Sportico StyleCaster The Hollywood Reporter Variety Vibe WWD Our Sites Art in America Artforum ARTnews Billboard BlogHer Deadline Flow Space Footwear News Gold Derby IndieWire Robb Report Rolling Stone SheKnows Soaps Sourcing Journal Sportico StyleCaster The Hollywood Reporter Variety Vibe WWD Site Account Expand the sub-menu Manage Account Log Out Account Expand the sub-menu Manage Account Log Out TV Expand the sub-menu Castings Ratings Late-Night Primetime Pilot Panic TV Expand the sub-menu Castings Ratings Late-Night Primetime Pilot Panic Film Expand the sub-menu Festivals Reviews Castings Acquisitions Documentary Film Expand the sub-menu Festivals Reviews Castings Acquisitions Documentary Awards Expand the sub-menu Awards Hub Emmys Oscars Tonys Awards Expand the sub-menu Awards Hub Emmys Oscars Tonys Box Office Expand the sub-menu International B.O. Specialty B.O. Broadway B.O. Box Office Expand the sub-menu International B.O. Specialty B.O. Broadway B.O. Business Expand the sub-menu Politics Legal Executives Agencies Business Expand the sub-menu Politics Legal Executives Agencies International Expand the sub-menu Festivals Film TV International Insider International Expand the sub-menu Festivals Film TV International Insider Video Expand the sub-menu The Actor's Side Behind The Lens Take Ten Comedy Means Business Podcast The Process Video Expand the sub-menu The Actor's Side Behind The Lens Take Ten Comedy Means Business Podcast The Process More Expand the sub-menu Obituaries Theater Music Podcasts Insider More Expand the sub-menu Obituaries Theater Music Podcasts Insider Follow Us Follow Us Alerts & Newsletters Sign Up By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy . We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA Enterprise and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Alerts & Newsletters By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy . We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA Enterprise and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Advertise About Us Give us feedback Leave us a tip
|
https://deadline.com/2020/04/the-batman-sopranos-prequel-tom-elvis-presley-movie-warner-bros-release-dates-changes-coronavirus-1202912605/
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Are Your Reasoning Models Reasoning or Guessing? A Mechanistic Analysis of Hierarchical Reasoning Models Abstract: Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only one unknown cell. We attribute this failure to the violation of the fixed point property, a fundamental assumption of HRM. (b) "Grokking" dynamics in reasoning steps, i.e., the answer is not improved uniformly, but instead there is a critical reasoning step that suddenly makes the answer correct; (c) Existence of multiple fixed points. HRM "guesses" the first fixed point, which could be incorrect, and gets trapped there for a while or forever. All facts imply that HRM appears to be "guessing" instead of "reasoning". Leveraging this "guessing" picture, we propose three strategies to scale HRM's guesses: data augmentation (scaling the quality of guesses), input perturbation (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging inference randomness), and model bootstrapping (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging training randomness). On the practical side, by combining all methods, we develop Augmented HRM, boosting accuracy on Sudoku-Extreme from 54.5% to 96.9%. On the scientific side, our analysis provides new insights into how reasoning models "reason". Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) ; Machine Learning (cs.LG) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10679 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10679v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10679#content
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Authority control databases Yale LUX Yale LUX Führer Headquarters Death of Adolf Hitler Battle of Berlin World War II sites in Germany Continuity of government Bunkers in Germany Air raid shelters 1944 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1944 1947 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1947 Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Articles containing German-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use British English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Use shortened footnotes from June 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002358-48
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definitions 2 Forms 3 Children Toggle Children subsection 3.1 History of childhood playtime 3.1 History of childhood playtime 4 Cultural differences 5 Sports Toggle Sports subsection 5.1 Benefits in youth 5.2 Research findings on benefits in youth 5.1 Benefits in youth 5.2 Research findings on benefits in youth 6 Adults 7 Workplace 8 Seniors 9 Other animals 10 Development and learning Toggle Development and learning subsection 10.1 Physical, mental and social 10.2 Anji play 10.1 Physical, mental and social 10.2 Anji play 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Play (activity) العربية বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí भोजपुरी Bikol Central Català Čeština Dansk Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Wayuunaiki 吴语 粵語 中文 Bajau Sama Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Play is a range of intrinsically motivated activities done for recreation . [ 1 ] Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably mammals and birds . Play is often interpreted as frivolous; yet the player can be intently focused on their objective, particularly when play is structured and goal-oriented, as in a game . Accordingly, play can range from relaxed, free-spirited, spontaneous, and frivolous to planned or even compulsive. [ 2 ] Play is not just a pastime activity; it has the potential to serve as an important tool in numerous aspects of daily life for adolescents, adults, and cognitively advanced non-human species (such as primates). Not only does play promote and aid in physical development (such as hand-eye coordination ), but it also aids in cognitive development and social skills, and can even act as a stepping stone into the world of integration, which can be a very stressful process. Play is something that most children partake in, but the way play is executed is different between cultures, and the way that children engage with play varies. Definitions The seminal text in the field of play studies is the book Homo Ludens first published in 1944 with several subsequent editions, in which Johan Huizinga defines play as follows: [ 2 ] : 13 Summing up the formal characteristic of play, we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside "ordinary" life as being "not serious" but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress the difference from the common world by disguise or other means. Summing up the formal characteristic of play, we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside "ordinary" life as being "not serious" but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress the difference from the common world by disguise or other means. This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of human activity is sometimes referred to as the "magic circle" notion of play, a phrase also attributed to Huizinga. [ 2 ] Many other definitions exist. Jean Piaget stated, "the many theories of play expounded in the past are clear proof that the phenomenon is difficult to understand." [ 3 ] Another definition of play from the twenty-first century comes from the National Playing Fields Association . The definition reads as follows: "play is freely chosen, personally directed, intrinsically motivated behaviour that actively engages the child." [ 4 ] This definition focuses more on the child's freedom of choice and personal motivation related to an activity. Forms Play can take the form of improvisation, pretense, interaction, performance, mimicry, games, sports, and thrill-seeking (including extreme or dangerous sports like sky-diving, high-speed racing, etc.). Philosopher Roger Caillois wrote about play in his 1961 book Man, Play and Games . Caillois interprets many social structures as elaborate forms of games and much behaviour as a form of play. Free-form play gives children the freedom to decide what they want to play and how it will be played. Both the activity and the rules are subject to change in this form, and children can make any changes to the rules or objectives of the play at any time. [ 5 ] Some countries in the twenty-first century have added emphasis of free play into their values for children in early childhood, for example Taiwan and Hungary. [ 5 ] Structured play has clearly defined goals and rules. Such play is called a " game ". Other play is unstructured or open-ended. Both types of play promote adaptive behaviors and mental states of happiness . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Sports with defined rules take place within designated play spaces, such as sports fields—in association football for example, players kick a ball in a certain direction and push opponents out of their way as they do so. While appropriate within the sport's play space, these same behaviors might be inappropriate or even illegal outside the playing field. [ 2 ] Other designed play spaces can be playgrounds with dedicated equipment and structures to promote active and social play. Some play spaces go even farther in specialization to bring the play indoors, and charge admission, as seen at Children's Museums , Science Centers , or Family Entertainment Centers . Family Entertainment Centers (or Play Zones) are typically for-profit businesses that facilitate play and entertainment, while Children's Museums and Science Centers are typically non-profit organisations for educational entertainment. The California-based National Institute for Play describes seven play patterns: [ 8 ] Another classification system uses these categories: [ 9 ] Some forms overlap, such as a relay race (cooperative and competitive) or building a blanket fort (construction and creative). Separate from self-initiated play, play therapy is used as a clinical application of play aimed at treating children who suffer from trauma, emotional issues and other problems. [ 10 ] Children In young children, play is associated with cognitive development and socialization . Play that promotes learning and recreation often incorporates toys , props , tools , or other playmates . Play can consist of an amusing, pretend, or imaginary activity alone or with another. Some forms of play are rehearsals or trials for later life events, such as "play fighting", pretend social encounters (such as parties with dolls), or flirting. [ 11 ] Findings in neuroscience suggest that play promotes flexibility of mind, including adaptive practices such as discovering multiple ways to achieve a desired result, or creative ways to improve or reorganize a given situation. [ citation needed ] As children get older, they engage in board games , video games , and computer play, and in this context the word gameplay is used to describe the concept and theory of play and its relationship to rules and game design. In their book, Rules of Play , researchers Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman outline 18 schemas for games, using them to define "play", "interaction", and "design" formally for behaviorists. [ 12 ] Similarly, in his book Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds , game researcher and theorist Jesper Juul explores the relationship between real rules and unreal scenarios in play, such as winning or losing a game in the real world when played together with real-world friends, but doing so by slaying a dragon in the fantasy world presented in the shared video game. [ 13 ] Play is explicitly recognized in Article 31 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations , November 29, 1989), which declares: Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts. Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational, and leisure activities. History of childhood playtime American historian Howard Chudacoff studied the interplay between parental control of toys and games and children's drive for freedom to play. In the colonial era, toys were makeshift and children taught each other very simple games with little adult supervision. The market economy of the 19th century enabled the modern concept of childhood as a distinct, happy life stage. [ citation needed ] Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted young girls. Organized sports filtered down from adults and colleges, and boys learned to play with a bat, a ball, and an impromptu playing field. With the rise of motor vehicle traffic in the 20th century, teenagers were increasingly organized into club sports supervised and coached by adults, with swimming taught at summer camps and through supervised playgrounds. [ 14 ] [ better source needed ] Under the American New Deal 's Works Progress Administration , thousands of local playgrounds and ball fields opened, promoting softball especially as a sport for all ages and genders. [ citation needed ] By the 21st century, Chudacoff notes, the old tension between parental controls and a child's individual freedom was being played out in cyberspace . [ 15 ] Cultural differences The act of play time is a cross-cultural phenomenon that is universally accepted and encouraged by most communities; however, it can differ in the ways that is performed. [ 16 ] Some cultures, such as Euro-American ones, encourage play time in order to stress cognitive benefits and the importance of learning how to care for one's self. Other cultures, such as people of African American or Asian American heritages, stress more group oriented learning and play where kids can learn what they can do with and for others. [ 17 ] Parent interactions at playtime also differ within communities. Parents in the Mayan culture interact with their children in a playful mindset while parents in the United States tend to set aside time to play and teach their children through games and activities. In the Mayan community, children are supported in their playing but also encouraged to play while watching their parents do household work in order to become familiar with how to follow in their footsteps. [ 16 ] All around the world, children use natural materials like stones, water, sand, leaves, fruits, sticks, and a variety of resources to play. In addition, there are groups that have access to crafts, industrialized toys, electronics, and video-games. [ 18 ] In Australia, games and sports are part of play. There, play can be considered as preparation for life and self-expression, like in many other countries. [ 19 ] Groups of children in Efe of the Democratic Republic of Congo can be seen making 'food' from dirt or pretending to shoot bows and arrows much like their elders. These activities are similar to other forms of play worldwide. For instance, children can be seen comforting their toy dolls or animals, anything that they have modeled from adults in their communities. [ 20 ] In Brazil, children can be found playing with balls, kites, marbles, pretend houses, or mud kitchens, like in many other countries. In smaller communities they use mud balls, little stones or cashews to replace marbles. [ 21 ] At an indigenous community of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, children's play is highly valued and encouraged by leaders and parents. They interact with the children of different ages and explore together different environments to let the children express themselves as part of the group. [ 22 ] Some children in the Sahara use clay figures as their forms of playful toys. Toys in general are a representation of cultural practices. They usually illustrate characters and objects of a community. [ 18 ] Play time can be a way for children to learn the different ways of their culture. Many communities use play to emulate work. The way in which children mimic work through their play can differ according to the opportunities they have access to, but it is something that tends to be promoted by adults. [ 20 ] Sports Sport activities are one of the most universal forms of play. Different continents have their own popular/dominant sports. For example, European, South American, and African countries enjoy soccer (also known as 'football' in Europe), while North American countries prefer basketball , ice hockey , baseball , or American football . [ 23 ] In Asia, sports such as table tennis and badminton are played professionally; however soccer and basketball are played amongst common folks, [ 23 ] with cricket popular in South Asia . [ 24 ] Events such as The Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup showcase countries competing with each other and are broadcast all over the world. Sports can be played as a leisure activity or within a competition . According to sociologist Norbert Elias it [ ambiguous ] is an important part of "civilization process". [ 25 ] Victory and defeat in sports can influence one's emotions to a point where everything else seems irrelevant. [ 25 ] Sport fans can also imagine what it feels like to play for their preferred team. [ 25 ] The feelings people experience can be so surreal that it affects their emotions and behavior. [ 25 ] Benefits in youth Youth sport can provide a positive outcome for youth development. Research shows adolescents are more motivated and engaged in sports than any other activity, [ 26 ] and these conditions predict a richer personal and interpersonal development. [ 27 ] Anxiety, depression and obesity can stem from lack of activity and social interaction. [ 28 ] There is a high correlation between the amount of time that youth spend playing sports and physical (e.g., better general health), psychological (e.g., subjective well-being), academic (e.g., school grades), and social benefits (e.g., making friends). [ 27 ] Electronics are a form of playtime, but researchers have found that most electronic play leads to lack of motivation, no social interaction, and can lead to obesity. [ 29 ] Play is children using their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. Dramatic play is common in younger children. [ 28 ] For youth to benefit from playtime, the following are recommended: Give children ample, unscheduled time to be creative to reflect and decompress. [ 28 ] Give children "true" toys, such as blocks or dolls for creativity. [ 28 ] Youth should have a group of supportive people around them (teammates, coaches, and parents) with positive relationships. [ 27 ] Youth should possess skill development; such as physical, interpersonal, and knowledge about the sport. [ 27 ] Youth should be able to make their own decisions about their sport participation. [ 27 ] Youth should have experiences that are on par with their needs and developmental level. [ 27 ] Research findings on benefits in youth By participating regularly in a variety of sports, children can develop and become more proficient at various skills (such as jumping , kicking , running , throwing , etc.) if they focus on skill mastery and development. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Young athletes can also develop: agility and speed enhanced functioning and health of cardiorespiratory and muscular systems [ 30 ] [ 31 ] improved flexibility , mobility, and coordination [ 30 ] [ 31 ] increased stamina and strength [ 30 ] [ 31 ] increased likelihood of maintaining weight [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Regular participation in sport and physical activity is associated with a lower risk of diabetes , heart disease , obesity , and other related diseases. According to research by the Australian Early Childhood Mental Health Initiative, children can be assisted in dealing with and managing stress by developing their sense of optimism when playing sports. [ 32 ] Young people also tend to be more nutrition-conscious in their food choices when they participate in sport. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Girls involved in sport are less likely to experience teenage pregnancy , begin smoking , or develop breast cancer . [ 35 ] Young athletes have shown lower levels of total cholesterol and other favorable profiles in serum lipid parameters associated with cardiovascular disease . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 33 ] Sport provides an arena for young people to be physically active and so reduces the time spent in sedentary pursuits, such as watching TV and playing video games . [ 31 ] Adults Although adults who engage in high amounts of play may find themselves described as "childish" or "young at heart" by less playful adults, play is an important activity, regardless of age. Creativity and happiness can result from adult play, where the objective can be more than fun alone, as in adult expression of the arts, or curiosity-driven science. [ 36 ] Some adult " hobbies " are examples of such creative play. In creative professions, such as design, playfulness can dispel more serious attitudes (such as shame or embarrassment) that impede brainstorming or artistic experimentation in design. [ 36 ] Imaginative play and role play may allow adults to practice useful habits such as learned optimism , which is helpful in managing fear or terrors . Play also offers adults the opportunity to practice concepts that may not have been explicitly or formally taught (e.g. how to manage misinformation or deceit). Thus, even though play is just one of many tools used by effective adults, it remains a necessary one. [ 37 ] Workplace There has been extensive research on the benefits of play among children , youth , and adolescence . Overlooked are the benefits of play for adults—more specifically, adults who spend a lot of time in the workplace. Many adults in North America are in the workforce and spend half of their waking hours in a workplace environment with little to no time for play. [ 38 ] [ full citation needed ] Play in this context refers to leisure-type activities with colleagues during lunch breaks or short breaks throughout the working day. Leisure activities might include physical sport activities, card games , board games , video games , foosball , ping-pong , yoga , and boot-camp sessions. Playing games may promote a persistent and optimistic motivational style and positive affect . [ 39 ] [ full citation needed ] Positive affect enhances people's experiences, enjoyment , and sense of satisfaction , during their engagement with a task. While people are engaged in work, positive affect increases the satisfaction they feel from the work, and this increases their creativity and improves their performance on problem-solving tasks as well as other tasks. [ 40 ] [ full citation needed ] The development of a persistent motivational style charged with positive affect may lead to lasting work success. [ 39 ] [ full citation needed ] Work and play are mutually supportive. Employees need to experience the sense of newness, flow , discovery , and liveliness that play provides. This provides the employee with the sense that they are integrated within the organization, and therefore they feel and perform better. [ citation needed ] Incorporating play at work results in more productivity , creativity and innovation, higher job satisfaction, greater workplace morale , stronger or new social bonds, improved job performance, and a decrease in staff turnover, absenteeism , [ 41 ] and stress. Decreased stress leads to less illness, which results in lower health care costs. [ 42 ] Play at work may help employees function and cope when under stress, refresh body and mind, encourage teamwork, trigger creativity, and increase energy while preventing burnout. [ 41 ] Companies that encourage play at work, whether short breaks throughout the day or during lunch breaks, are more successful because this leads to positive emotion among employees. Risk taking, confidence in presenting novel ideas, and embracing unusual and fresh perspectives are associated with play at work. Play can increase self-reported job satisfaction and well-being. Employees experiencing positive emotions are more cooperative, more social, and perform better when faced with complex tasks. [ 43 ] Contests, team-building exercises, fitness programs, mental health breaks, and other social activities make the work environment fun, interactive, and rewarding. [ 44 ] [ better source needed ] Playfighting, i.e. playful fights or fictive disputes, may contribute to organizations and institutions, as in youth care settings. Playfighting is a recurrent pattern in the social life of a youth care institution and sits at the core of what inmates and staff have to deal with. [ 45 ] Seniors Older adults represent one of the fastest growing populations around the world. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] The United Nations predicted an increase of those aged 60 and above from 629 million in 2002 to approximately two billion in 2050 [ 49 ] but increased life expectancy does not necessarily translate to a better quality of life . [ 48 ] For this reason, research has begun to investigate methods to maintain and/or improve quality of life among older adults. Similar to the data surrounding children and adults, play and activity are associated with improved health and quality of life among seniors. [ 33 ] [ 50 ] [ 48 ] Additionally, play and activity tend to affect successful aging as well as boost well-being throughout the lifespan. [ 46 ] [ 48 ] Although children, adults, and seniors all tend to benefit from play, older adults often perform it in unique ways to account for possible issues, such as health restrictions, limited accessibility, and revised priorities. [ 46 ] [ 33 ] For this reason, elderly people may partake in physical exercise groups, interactive video games , and social forums specifically geared towards their needs and interests. [ 33 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] One qualitative research study found older adults often chose to engage in specific games such as dominoes , checkers , and bingo for entertainment. [ 52 ] Another study indicated a common pattern in game preferences among older adults: seniors often favor activities that encourage mental and physical fitness, incorporate past interests, have some level of competition, and foster a sense of belonging. [ 50 ] [ 53 ] Researchers investigating play in older adults are also interested in the benefits of technology and video games as therapeutic tools. These outlets can lower the risk of developing particular diseases, reduce feelings of social isolation and stress, and promote creativity and the maintenance of cognitive skills. [ 47 ] [ 50 ] As a result, play has been integrated into physiotherapy and occupational therapy interventions for seniors. [ 54 ] The ability to incorporate play into one's routine is important because these activities allow participants to express creativity, [ 50 ] improve verbal and non-verbal intelligence, [ 54 ] and enhance balance. [ 46 ] [ 33 ] These benefits may be especially crucial to seniors because cognitive and physical functioning declines with age. [ 48 ] However, it might not be aging itself that is associated with the decline in cognitive and physical capabilities, but the higher levels of inactivity in older adults. [ 46 ] Play and activity tend to decline with age [ 48 ] which may result in negative outcomes such as social isolation, depression, and mobility issues. [ 33 ] American studies found that only 24% of seniors took part in regular physical activity [ 33 ] and only 42% use the internet for entertainment purposes. [ 50 ] In comparison to other age groups, the elderly are more likely to experience a variety of barriers, such as difficulty with environmental hazards and accessibility issues, that may hinder their abilities to play. [ 46 ] [ 55 ] Although playing may benefit seniors, it also has the potential to negatively impact their health. For example, those who play may be more susceptible to injury. [ 46 ] [ 55 ] Investigating these barriers may assist in the creation of useful interventions and/or the development of preventative measures, such as establishing safer recreational areas, that promote play throughout elderly life. [ 46 ] A moderate level of play has numerous positive outcomes in the lives of senior citizens. [ 54 ] [ 46 ] [ 55 ] [ 50 ] To support and promote play within the older population, institutions should set up more diverse equipment, [ 47 ] [ 55 ] improve conditions within recreational areas, [ 46 ] and create more video games or online forums that appeal to the needs of seniors. [ 47 ] [ 50 ] Other animals Evolutionary psychologists believe that there must be an important benefit of play, as there are so many other reasons to avoid it; observations have shown it has arisen independently in such varied groups as mammals, [ 56 ] birds, [ 57 ] reptiles, [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] amphibians, [ 62 ] fish, [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] and invertebrates. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Animals are often injured during play, become distracted from predators, and expend valuable energy. In rare cases, play has even been observed between different species that are natural enemies such as a polar bear and a dog . [ 69 ] Yet play seems to be a normal activity with animals who occupy the higher strata of their own hierarchy of needs . Animals on the lower strata, e.g. stressed and starving animals, generally do not play. [ 37 ] However, in wild Assamese macaques physically active play is performed also during periods of low food availability and even if it is at the expense of growth, which highlights the developmental and evolutionary importance of play. [ 70 ] The social cognitive complexity of numerous species, including dogs, have been explored in experimental studies. In one such study, conducted by Alexandra Horowitz of the University of California, the communication and attention-getting skills of dogs were investigated. [ 71 ] In a natural setting, dyadic play behavior was observed; head-direction and posture was specifically noted. When one of the two dogs was facing away or otherwise preoccupied, attention-getting behaviors and signals (nudging, barking, growling, pawing, jumping, etc.) were used by the other dog to communicate the intent and/or desire to continue on with the dyadic play. Stronger or more frequent signaling was used if the attention of the other dog was not captured. These observations tell us that these dogs know how play behavior and signaling can be used to capture attention, communicate intent and desire, and manipulate one another. This characteristic and skill, called the "attention-getting skill" has generally only been seen in humans, but is now being researched and seen in many different species. Observing play behavior in various species can tell much about the player's environment (including the welfare of the animal), personal needs, social rank (if any), immediate relationships, and eligibility for mating. Play activity, often observed through action and signals, serves as a tool for communication and expression. Through mimicry, chasing, biting, and touching, animals act out in ways that send messages to one another; whether it's an alert, initiation of play, or expressing intent. When play behavior was observed for a study in Tonkean macaques , it was discovered that play signals weren't always used to initiate play; rather, these signals were viewed primarily as methods of communication (sharing information and attention-getting). One theory—"play as preparation"—was inspired by the observation that play often mimics adult themes of survival. Predators such as lions and bears play by chasing, pouncing, pawing, wrestling, and biting, as they learn to stalk and kill prey. Prey animals such as deer and zebras play by running and leaping as they acquire speed and agility. Hoofed mammals also practice kicking their hind legs to learn to ward off attacks. Indeed, time spent in physical play accelerates motor skill acquisition in wild Assamese macaques . [ 70 ] While mimicking adult behavior, attacking actions such as kicking and biting are not completely fulfilled, so playmates do not generally injure each other. In social animals, playing might also help to establish dominance rankings among the young to avoid conflicts as adults. [ 37 ] John Byers, a zoologist at the University of Idaho , discovered that the amount of time spent at play for many mammals (e.g. rats and cats) peaks around puberty, and then drops off. This corresponds to the development of the cerebellum , suggesting that play is not so much about practicing exact behaviors, as much as building general connections in the brain. Sergio Pellis and colleagues at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, discovered that play may shape the brain in other ways, too. Young mammals have an overabundance of brain cells in their cerebrum (the outer areas of the brain—part of what distinguishes mammals). There is evidence that play helps the brain clean up this excess of cells, resulting in a more efficient cerebrum at maturity. [ 37 ] .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Marc Bekoff (a University of Colorado evolutionary biologist) proposes a "flexibility" hypothesis that attempts to incorporate these neurological findings. It argues that play helps animals learn to switch and improvise all behaviors more effectively, to be prepared for the unexpected. There may, however, be other ways to acquire even these benefits of play (the concept of equifinality ). The social benefits of play for many animals, for example, could instead be garnered by grooming. Patrick Bateson maintains that equifinality is exactly what play teaches. In accordance with the flexibility hypothesis, play may teach animals to avoid "false endpoints". In other words, they harness the childlike tendency to keep playing with something that works "well enough", eventually allowing them to come up with something that might work better, if only in some situations. This also allows mammals to build up various skills that could come in handy in entirely novel situations. [ 37 ] A study on two species of monkeys Semnopithecus entellus and Macaca mulatta that came into association with each other during food provisioning by pilgrims at the Ambagarh Forest Reserve, near Jaipur, India, shows the interspecific interaction that developed between the juveniles of the two species when opportunity presented itself. [ 72 ] Development and learning Learning through play has been long recognized as a critical aspect of childhood and child development . Some of the earliest studies of play started in the 1890s with G. Stanley Hall , the father of the child study movement that sparked an interest in the developmental, mental, and behavioral world of babies and children. Play promotes healthy development of parent-child bonds, establishing social, emotional, and cognitive developmental milestones that help them relate to others, manage stress, and learn resiliency. [ 73 ] Modern research in the field of affective neuroscience (the neural mechanisms of emotion) has uncovered important links between role play and neurogenesis in the brain. [ 74 ] [ full citation needed ] For example, [ non sequitur ] researcher Roger Caillois used the word ilinx to describe the momentary disruption of perception that comes from forms of physical play that disorient the senses, especially balance. Play is positively correlated with coping with daily stressors in children. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ full citation needed ] [ 77 ] [ full citation needed ] [ 78 ] By playing, children regulate their emotions. This is important for adaptive functioning because without regulation, emotions could be overwhelming and stressful. Evolutionary psychologists have begun to explore the phylogenetic relationship between higher intelligence in humans and its relationship to play, i.e., the relationship of play to the progress of whole evolutionary groups as opposed to the psychological implications of play to a specific individual. Physical, mental and social Various forms of play, physical or mental, influence cognitive abilities in individuals. As little as ten minutes of exercise (including physical play), can improve cognitive abilities. [ 79 ] An "exergame" is a game that incorporates some physical movement but is not formal exercise. Such games increase one's heart rate to the level of aerobics exercise and result in significant improvements in mental faculties such as math and recall memory. [ 79 ] Playing video games is one of the most common mediums of play for children and adults today. There have been mixed reviews on the effects of video games. One study found "[playing video games] was positively associated with skills strongly related to academic success, such as time management, attention, executive control, memory, and spatial abilities—when playing video game occurs in moderation". [ 80 ] Play can also influence one's social development and social interactions. Much of the research focuses on the influence play has on child social development. There are different forms of play that influence child social development. One study [ 81 ] explored the influence of playing styles with mothers versus playing styles with fathers and how it influences child social development. "[I]ntegral to positive development is the child's social competence or, more precisely, the ability to regulate their own emotions and behaviors in the social contexts of early childhood to support the effective accomplishment of relevant developmental tasks." [ 82 ] Social benefits of play have been measured using basic interpersonal values such as getting along with peers. [ 81 ] Play with parents reduces anxiety in children. Having play time with parents that involves socially acceptable behaviour makes it easier for children to relate to be more socially adjusted to peers at school or at play. [ 81 ] Social development involving child interaction with peers is thus an area of influence for playful interactions with parents and peers. Anji play Anji play ( 安吉游戏 in simplified Chinese, 安吉遊戲 in traditional Chinese) is an educational method based on children's self-directed play in outside spaces, using simple tools made of natural material. The teachers and instructors only observe and document the children's independent play. The method was created by Cheng Xueqin and is organized as two hours of free play during which the children choose the available material they want to use and build structures to play. [ 83 ] While planning, experimenting, building, and using the structures to play, the children have the opportunity to interact with peers, to think critically about what may work, to discuss the plan, and organize the construction work. The process is observed and recorded by the teachers and instructors without intervention, even in instances of possible risk. Before and after the two hours of play, the children have the opportunity to express their plans and discuss with their peers. After the play, they get the opportunity to draw, write or explain what they did. Then, they watch the videos recorded the same day and explain how they played and comment on each other's creations. Anji play is also called "true play" and its guiding principles are love, risk, joy, engagement, and reflection. This method of self-initiated and self-directed play is applied at the pre-schools (children from three to six years old) in Anji county, East China. [ 84 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Garvey, C. (1990). Play . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ^ a b c d Huizinga, J. (1980). Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (PDF) (3rd ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7100-0578-6 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-01 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Piaget, Jean (1962) [1st pub. 1951]. Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood . Translated by Gattegno, C.; Hodgson, F.M. New York: Norton. p. 147 . ISBN 978-0-393-00171-6 . OCLC 185376 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Best Play: What Play Provision Should Do For Children (PDF) . National Playing Fields Association. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-06 . Retrieved 2018-12-06 . ^ a b Murray, Jane (2018). "The play's the thing" . International Journal of Early Years Education . 26 (4): 335– 339. doi : 10.1080/09669760.2018.1527278 . ^ Elbeltagi, Reem; Al-Beltagi, Mohammed; Saeed, Nermin Kamal; Alhawamdeh, Rawan (9 January 2023). "Play therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations" . World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics . 12 (1): 1– 22. doi : 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i1.1 . PMC 9850869 . PMID 36685315 . ^ "Unstructured Vs Structured Play & Examples" . Playground Centre . 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2023 . ^ National Institute for Play. "The Science–Patterns of Play" . Archived from the original on 2014-07-29 . Retrieved 2014-07-25 . ^ Braga, Matthew (6 September 2022). "How Do You Make the Perfect Toy?" . The Walrus . ^ Auerbach, Stevanne (2004). Doctor Toy's Smart Play Smart Toys . Educational Insights. ISBN 978-1-56767-652-5 . ^ Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). The Ambiguity of Play . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ^ Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals . Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. ^ Juul, Jesper (2011). Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds . Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-28413-4 . ^ Warner, Stephanie. "What Park Did You Hang Out At?" . Somerville Archives . ^ Chudacoff, Howard (2008). Children at Play: An American History . New York: NYU Press. ^ a b Vandermaas-Peeler, Maureen (2002). "Cultural Variations in Parental Support of Children's Play" . Online Readings in Psychology and Culture . 6 (1). doi : 10.9707/2307-0919.1054 . ^ Hyun, E. (1998). "Culture and Development in Children's Play" . Making sense of developmentally and culturally appropriate practice (DCAP) in early childhood education . New York: Peter Lang. ^ a b Rossie, Jean-Pierre (21 November 2013). "Toys, Play, Culture and Society. An anthropological approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara" . Academia.edu . Retrieved 23 September 2023 . ^ Edwards, Ken (2012). A Typology of the Traditional Games of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (PDF) . ISBN 978-0-9872359-0-9 . ^ a b Morelli, Gilda A.; Rogoff, Barbara; Angelillo, Cathy (2003). "Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialised child-focused activities" (PDF) . International Journal of Behavioral Development . 27 (3): 269. doi : 10.1080/01650250244000335 . S2CID 145563973 . ^ Gosso, Yumi; Almeida Carvalho, Ana Maria (June 2013). "Play and Cultural Context" . Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development . Retrieved 2018-12-04 . ^ Bauld, Andrew (7 August 2017). "The Diversity of Play" . Harvard Graduate School of Education . Retrieved 2018-12-04 . ^ a b "Top 10 Most Popular Sports in The World" . Sporty Ghost! . 2014-09-08. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ "Story of Cricket" . BBC World Service . Retrieved 2020-12-02 . ^ a b c d Sheed, Wilson (1995). "Endangered pastimes: Why sports matter". The Wilson Quarterly . 19 (1). ^ .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Larson, R.; Kleiber, D.A. (1993). "Daily experience of adolescents". In Tolan, P.; Cohler, B. (eds.). Handbook of Clinical Research and Practice with Adolescents . pp. 125– 145. Weiss, Maureen R. (2008). "Field of dreams: Sport as a Context for Youth Development". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport . 79 (4): 434– 449. doi : 10.1080/02701367.2008.10599510 . PMID 19177945 . S2CID 45415254 . Larson, R.; Kleiber, D.A. (1993). "Daily experience of adolescents". In Tolan, P.; Cohler, B. (eds.). Handbook of Clinical Research and Practice with Adolescents . pp. 125– 145. Weiss, Maureen R. (2008). "Field of dreams: Sport as a Context for Youth Development". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport . 79 (4): 434– 449. doi : 10.1080/02701367.2008.10599510 . PMID 19177945 . S2CID 45415254 . ^ a b c d e f Larson, R.W. (2000). "Toward a psychology of positive youth development". American Psychologist . 55 (1): 170– 183. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.2523 . doi : 10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.170 . PMID 11392861 . ^ a b c d Bilich, Karin (2006-10-25). "The Importance of Play" . Parents . Archived from the original on 2017-04-24 . Retrieved 2017-04-24 . ^ Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L.; D'Agostino, Heidi; DeLong, Raeka (2009). "Children's Pastimes and Play in Sixteen Nations: Is Free-Play Declining?" (PDF) . American Journal of Play . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-24. ^ a b c d e f g Beets, M.W.; Pitetti, K H. (2005). "Contribution of physical education and sport to health-related fitness in high school students". Journal of School Health . 75 (1): 25– 30. doi : 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb00005.x . PMID 15776877 . ^ a b c d e f g Brown, E.W.; Clark, M.A.; Ewing, M.E.; Malina, R.M. (1998). "Participation in youth sports: Benefits and risks". Spotlight on Youth Sports . 21 (2): 1– 4. ^ "Why Sports Are Important" . Sports Domain Lab . 28 November 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h Brady, F. (2004). "Children's organized sports: A developmental perspective". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance . 75 (3): 35– 41. doi : 10.1080/07303084.2004.10608557 . S2CID 143710636 . ^ Kawabe, H.; Murata, K.; Shibata, H.; Hirose, H.; Tsujiola, M. (2000). "Participation in school sports clubs and related effects on cardiovascular risk factors in young males" . Hypertension Research . 23 (3): 227– 232. doi : 10.1291/hypres.23.227 . PMID 10821131 . ^ Leone, M.; Lariviere, G.; Comtois, A.S. (2002). "Discriminant analysis of anthropometric and biomotor variables among elite adolescent female athletes in four sports". Journal of Sports Sciences . 20 (6): 443– 449. doi : 10.1080/02640410252925116 . PMID 12137174 . S2CID 19561518 . ^ a b "Tim Brown on Creativity and Play" . TED talks . Archived from the original on 2009-03-25. ^ a b c d e Henig, Robin M. (17 February 2008). "Taking Play Seriously" . The New York Times . ^ Prodaniuk, Plotnikoff, Spence, & Wilson, 2004 ^ a b Ventura et al., 2013 ^ Erez & Isen, 2002; Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987; Staw & Barsade , 1993 ^ a b Robinson, Lawrence; Smith, Melinda; Segal, Jeanne; Shubin, Jennifer. "The Benefits of Play for Adults" . HelpGuide.org . ^ "National Health Costs Could Decrease if Managers Reduce Work Stress" . HBS Working Knowledge . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2023 . ^ Diener, Ed; Thapa, Stuti; Tay, Louis (21 January 2020). "Positive Emotions at Work" . Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior . 7 : 451– 477. doi : 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908 . S2CID 210483700 . ^ Byers, Boyd (2007-02-23). "Playing at work and working at play" . Kansas Employment Law Letter . Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. ^ Wästerfors, David (2016). "Playfights as Trouble and Respite". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography . 45 (2): 168– 197. doi : 10.1177/0891241614554087 . S2CID 143662339 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lockett, Donna; Willis, Alette; Edwards, Nancy (2005). "Through Seniors' Eyes: An Exploratory Qualitative Study to Identify Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking". CJNR . 37 (3): 48– 65. PMID 16268089 . ^ a b c d Chen, Tinghao; Sun, Kuo-Shun (2012). "Exploring the strategy to improve senior citizens' participations on recreational sports". Knowledge-Based Systems . 26 : 86– 92. doi : 10.1016/j.knosys.2011.07.008 . ^ a b c d e f Crocker, Peter R.E. (2011). Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Canadian Perspective (2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson. ^ United Nations (1996). State of world population 2002: People, poverty and possibilities (PDF) . United Nations Population Fund. ISBN 978-0-89714-650-0 . ^ a b c d e f g h Nimrod, Galit (2010). "The Fun Culture in Seniors' Online Communities" . The Gerontologist . 51 (2): 226– 237. doi : 10.1093/geront/gnq084 . PMID 21030471 . ^ Aarhus, Rikke; Gronvall, Erik; Larsen, Simon B.; Wollsen, Susanne (2011). "Turning Training into Play: Emobodied gaming, seniors, physical training and motivation" . Gerontechnology . 10 (2): 110– 120. doi : 10.4017/gt.2011.10.2.005.00 . ^ Hoppes, S.; Hally, C.; Sewell, L. (2000). "An interest inventory of games for older adults". Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics . 18 (2): 71– 83. doi : 10.1300/j148v18n02_05 . ^ Hoppes, S.; Wilcox, T.; Graham, G. (2001). "Meanings of play for older adults". Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics . 18 (3): 57– 68. doi : 10.1300/j148v18n03_04 . ^ a b c Jung, Y.; Li, K.J.; Ng, J.S.; Wong, G.L.C.; Lee, K. (2009). "Games for a better life: Effects of playing Wii games on the well-being of seniors in a long-term care facility" (PDF) . Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment . pp. 1– 6. doi : 10.1145/1746050.1746055 . hdl : 10356/101524 . ISBN 978-1-4503-0010-0 . S2CID 42855745 . ^ a b c d Costello, Ellen; Kafchinski, Marcia; Vrazel, JoEllen; Sullivan, Patricia (2011). "Motivators, Barriers, and Beliefs Regarding Physical Activity in an Older Adult Population" . Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy . 34 (3): 138– 147. doi : 10.1519/jpt.0b013e31820e0e71 . PMID 21937904 . S2CID 25924736 . ^ Bekoff, Marc (1972). "The Development of Social Interaction, Play, and Metacommunication in Mammals: An Ethological Perspective" . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 47 (4): 412– 434. doi : 10.1086/407400 . ^ Ficken, S. (July 1977). "Avian Play" . The Auk . 94 (3): 573– 582. doi : 10.1093/auk/94.3.573 . Retrieved 2024-07-27 . ^ Kane, Daniel (2019-10-01). "Play behaviour by captive tree monitors, Varanus macraei and Varanus prasinus" . Herpetological Bulletin (149, Autumn 2019): 28– 31. doi : 10.33256/hb149.2831 . ISSN 1473-0928 . ^ Kramer, Matthew; Burghardt, Gordon M. (1998). "Precocious Courtship and Play in Emydid Turtles" . Ethology . 104 (1): 38– 56. Bibcode : 1998Ethol.104...38K . doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00028.x . ISSN 0179-1613 . ^ Barabanov, Valerij; Gulimova, Victoria; Berdiev, Rustam; Saveliev, Sergey (May 2015). "Object play in thick-toed geckos during a space experiment" . Journal of Ethology . 33 (2): 109– 115. doi : 10.1007/s10164-015-0426-8 . ISSN 0289-0771 . ^ Burghardt, Gordon M.; Ward, Brian; Rosscoe, Roger (1996). "Problem of reptile play: Environmental enrichment and play behavior in a captive Nile soft-shelled turtle,Trionyx triunguis" . Zoo Biology . 15 (3): 223– 238. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:3<223::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-D . ^ Burghardt, Gordon M. (January 2015). "Play in fishes, frogs and reptiles" . Current Biology . 25 (1): R9 – R10 . Bibcode : 2015CBio...25...R9B . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.027 . PMID 25562306 . ^ Eisenbeiser, Sofia; Serbe-Kamp, Étienne; Gage, Gregory J.; Marzullo, Timothy C. (2022-06-30). "Gills Just Want to Have Fun: Can Fish Play Games, Just like Us?" . Animals . 12 (13): 1684. doi : 10.3390/ani12131684 . ISSN 2076-2615 . PMC 9265024 . PMID 35804583 . ^ Fagen, Robert (2017-05-30). "Salmonid Jumping and Playing: Potential Cultural and Welfare Implications" . Animals . 7 (6): 42. doi : 10.3390/ani7060042 . ISSN 2076-2615 . PMC 5483605 . PMID 28556816 . ^ Burghardt, Gordon M.; Dinets, Vladimir; Murphy, James B. (2015). Ebensperger, L. (ed.). "Highly Repetitive Object Play in a Cichlid Fish ( Tropheus duboisi )" . Ethology . 121 (1): 38– 44. Bibcode : 2015Ethol.121...38B . doi : 10.1111/eth.12312 . ISSN 0179-1613 . ^ Tribelhorn, Gunnar Wyn (2024-07-16). "Probable Play Behavior in a Surgeonfish (Naso vlamingii )" . International Journal of Comparative Psychology . 37 (1). doi : 10.46867/IJCP...20283 . ISSN 2168-3344 . ^ Galpayage Dona, Hiruni Samadi; Solvi, Cwyn; Kowalewska, Amelia; Mäkelä, Kaarle; MaBouDi, HaDi; Chittka, Lars (2022). "Do bumble bees play?" . Animal Behaviour . 194 : 239– 251. doi : 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.08.013 . ^ Kuba, Michael J.; Byrne, Ruth A.; Meisel, Daniela V.; Mather, Jennifer A. (2006). "When do octopuses play? Effects of repeated testing, object type, age, and food deprivation on object play in Octopus vulgaris" . Journal of Comparative Psychology . 120 (3): 184– 190. doi : 10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.184 . ISSN 1939-2087 . PMID 16893255 . ^ "Stuart Brown says play is more than fun" . TED talks . Archived from the original on 2009-05-31. ^ a b Berghänel, A.; Schülke, O.; Ostner, J. (2015). "Locomotor play drives motor skill acquisition at the expense of growth: A life history trade-off" . Science Advances . 1 (7): 1– 8. Bibcode : 2015SciA....1E0451B . doi : 10.1126/sciadv.1500451 . PMC 4643810 . PMID 26601237 . ^ Horowitz, Alexandra (January 2009). "Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play". Animal Cognition . 12 (1): 107– 118. doi : 10.1007/s10071-008-0175-y . PMID 18679727 . S2CID 207050813 . ^ Manohar, B. Ram; Mathur, Reena (1992). "Interspecific Play Behaviour between Hanuman Langur Presbytis entellus and Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta " . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 89 (1): 114. ^ Ginsburg, Kenneth R. (2007). "The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds" . Pediatrics . 119 (1): 182– 191. doi : 10.1542/peds.2006-2697 . PMID 17200287 . Jenkinson, Sally (2001). The Genius of Play: Celebrating the Spirit of Childhood . Melbourne: Hawthorn Press. ISBN 978-1-903458-04-4 . Ginsburg, Kenneth R. (2007). "The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds" . Pediatrics . 119 (1): 182– 191. doi : 10.1542/peds.2006-2697 . PMID 17200287 . Jenkinson, Sally (2001). The Genius of Play: Celebrating the Spirit of Childhood . Melbourne: Hawthorn Press. ISBN 978-1-903458-04-4 . ^ Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience 98 ^ Raudenská, Jaroslava; Gumančík, Jiří; Raudenský, Martin; Pasqualucci, Alberto; Narvaez Tamayo, Marco Antonio; Varrassi, Giustino; Javůrková, Alena (15 August 2023). "Play as a Stress-Coping Method Among Children in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review" . Cureus . 15 (8) e43550. doi : 10.7759/cureus.43550 . PMC 10502394 . PMID 37719538 . ^ Goldstein & Russ, 2000–2001 ^ Campos, Frankel, & Camras, 2004 ^ Capurso, Michele; Ragni, Benedetta (26 December 2016). "Bridge Over Troubled Water: Perspective Connections between Coping and Play in Children" . Frontiers in Psychology . 7 : 1953. doi : 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01953 . PMC 5183588 . PMID 28082926 . ^ a b Gao, Yue; Mandryk, Regan (2012). "The acute cognitive benefits of casual exergame play". Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . p. 1863. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.248.3183 . doi : 10.1145/2207676.2208323 . ISBN 978-1-4503-1015-4 . S2CID 14178354 . ^ Hollis, Sean D. (2014). Cognitive effects and academic consequences of video game playing (Master of Science thesis). University of Mississippi. ProQuest 1620743598 . ^ a b c Sullivan, Caroline (2003). The benefits of parent-child play for the social development of preschoolers with varying levels of anxiety problems (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis). Concordia University. ^ Sinclair, Jeff; Hingston, Philip; Masek, Martin (2009). "Exergame development using the dual flow model". Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment : 1– 7. ^ Euronews (2016-08-10). "Child's play preparations for future success" . www.euronews.com . Retrieved 2018-12-06 . ^ Jing, Chang (2016-10-26). "How Did "Anji Play" Go Global?" . China Education Daily . Retrieved 2018-12-06 . Further reading Bateson, Gregory (1955). "A theory of play and fantasy". Psychiatric Research Reports . 2 (39): 39– 51. Burghardt, Gordon M. (2006). The Genesis of Animal Play . Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52469-8 . Caillois, R. (2001) [1958]. Man, play, and games . Translated by Barash, Meyer. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Colella, Massimo (2023). "Rinascimento ludens: Girolamo Bargagli ei «giuochi» delle veglie senesi". La parola del testo (in Italian). Vol. XXVII. pp. 87– 118. Gray, P. (2009). "Play as a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence" (PDF) . American Journal of Play . 1 (4): 476– 522. ISSN 1938-0399 . ERIC #EJ1069037. Gray, P. (2013), Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life Taras, Howard (2009). "Physical Activity and School Performance" . Journal of School Health . 75 (6): 214– 218. doi : 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00026.x . PMID 16014127 . Kortmulder, Koenraad (1998). Play and Evolution: Second Thoughts on the Behaviour of Animals . Utrecht: International Books. ISBN 978-90-5727-013-0 . Stebbins, Robert A. (2015). The Interrelationship of Leisure and Play: Play as Leisure, Leisure as Play . Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-51303-8 . Wenner, Melinda (2009). "The Serious Need for Play" . Scientific American . 20 : 22– 29. doi : 10.1038/scientificamericanmind0209-22 . Free, imaginative play is crucial for normal social, emotional and cognitive development. It makes us better adjusted, smarter and less stressed. External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to play at Wikimedia Commons American Journal of Play Encyclopedia: Play Science Scholarpedia The National Institute for Play .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Parenting v t e Kinship terminology Parent Mother Father Adoptive Alloparenting Coparenting Extended family Foster care Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Same-sex Shared parenting Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Parent Mother Father Adoptive Alloparenting Coparenting Extended family Foster care Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Same-sex Shared parenting Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories · Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Identity formation Introjection Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Care work Cost of raising a child Paternal care Unpaid work Paternal bond Pediatrics Social emotional development Socialization Social psychology Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Identity formation Introjection Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Care work Cost of raising a child Paternal care Unpaid work Care work Cost of raising a child Paternal care Unpaid work Paternal bond Pediatrics Social emotional development Socialization Social psychology Styles Achievement ideology Atlas personality Attachment parenting Baby talk Buddha-like parenting Concerted cultivation Enmeshment Free-range parenting Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Reflective parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Theybie Tiger parenting Work at home parent Achievement ideology Atlas personality Attachment parenting Baby talk Buddha-like parenting Concerted cultivation Enmeshment Free-range parenting Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Reflective parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Theybie Tiger parenting Work at home parent Techniques After-school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Dishabituation Education Habituation Homeschooling Identification Introjection Kommune 1 Latchkey kid Moral development Normative social influence Parent management training Play (date) Role model Social integration Television The talk (race) The talk (sex education) Toy ( educational ) Positive Parenting Program After-school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Dishabituation Education Habituation Homeschooling Identification Introjection Kommune 1 Latchkey kid Moral development Normative social influence Parent management training Play (date) Role model Social integration Television The talk (race) The talk (sex education) Toy ( educational ) Positive Parenting Program Child discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Positive discipline Tactical ignoring Time-out Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Positive discipline Tactical ignoring Time-out Abuse Adverse childhood experiences Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Codependency Deadbeat parent Dysfunctional family Effects of domestic violence Incest Management of domestic violence Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Stress in early childhood Adverse childhood experiences Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Codependency Deadbeat parent Dysfunctional family Effects of domestic violence Incest Management of domestic violence Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Stress in early childhood Legal Child custody Child support Disownment Family disruption Right to family life Marriage Parental leave Parental responsibility Parents' rights Paternity Shared parenting Child custody Child support Disownment Family disruption Right to family life Marriage Parental leave Parental responsibility Parents' rights Paternity Shared parenting Experts Mary Ainsworth Diana Baumrind Mrs. Bowdich John Bowlby T. Berry Brazelton Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Matthew Sanders William Sears B. F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Mary Ainsworth Diana Baumrind Mrs. Bowdich John Bowlby T. Berry Brazelton Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Matthew Sanders William Sears B. F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Organizations Families Need Fathers Mothers' Union National Childbirth Trust National Fatherhood Initiative National Parents Organization Parent–teacher association Parents Against Child Exploitation Families Need Fathers Mothers' Union National Childbirth Trust National Fatherhood Initiative National Parents Organization Parent–teacher association Parents Against Child Exploitation v t e Virtues v t e About virtues Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics Virtue families Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Bushidō Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Civic virtue Emi Omo Eso Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Intellectual virtues Moral virtues Nine Noble Virtues Omoluwabi Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Cardinal Theological Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Bushidō Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Civic virtue Emi Omo Eso Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Intellectual virtues Moral virtues Nine Noble Virtues Omoluwabi Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Cardinal Theological Cardinal Theological Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas Individual virtues Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Nishkama Karma Prajñā Samatva Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā / Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Nishkama Karma Prajñā Samatva Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā / Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Nishkama Karma Prajñā Samatva Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā / Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù v t e Infants and their care v t e Health ( pediatrics ) Baby food Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and medications Breastfeeding and mental health Bottle feeding Colic Cradle cap Esotropia Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and toddler safety Infant bathing Infant feeding Infant food safety Infant formula Infant massage Infant respiratory distress syndrome Infant sleep training Neonatal intensive care unit Newborn care and safety Oral rehydration therapy Pedialyte Preterm birth Shaken baby syndrome Soy formula SIDS Baby food Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and medications Breastfeeding and mental health Bottle feeding Colic Cradle cap Esotropia Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and toddler safety Infant bathing Infant feeding Infant food safety Infant formula Infant massage Infant respiratory distress syndrome Infant sleep training Neonatal intensive care unit Newborn care and safety Oral rehydration therapy Pedialyte Pedialyte Preterm birth Shaken baby syndrome Soy formula SIDS Development Attachment parenting Baby-led weaning Baby talk Babbling Birth defect Childbirth Crawling Gestational age Infant visual development Irritant diaper dermatitis Infant cognitive development Infant crying Kangaroo care Mother Nursery rhyme Object permanence Parent Parenting Peekaboo Play Prenatal development Prenatal development table Teething Walking Weaning Attachment parenting Baby-led weaning Baby talk Babbling Birth defect Childbirth Crawling Gestational age Infant visual development Irritant diaper dermatitis Infant cognitive development Infant crying Kangaroo care Mother Nursery rhyme Object permanence Parent Parenting Peekaboo Play Prenatal development Prenatal development table Teething Walking Weaning Socialization and culture Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child care Child custody Children's rights UN Child rights Circumcision Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurse Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child care Child custody Children's rights UN Child rights UN Child rights Circumcision Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurse Infant care and equipment Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby monitor / Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib Baby swing Baby transport Bassinet Car seat safety Child vehicular heat stroke deaths Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder High chair Infant bed (American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Teether Travel cot Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby monitor / Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib Baby swing Baby transport Bassinet Car seat safety Child vehicular heat stroke deaths Child vehicular heat stroke deaths Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder High chair Infant bed (American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Teether Travel cot Other topics Baby shower Babywearing Child neglect Closed adoption Cry room Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Infant ear piercing Open adoption Prenatal cocaine exposure Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental child abduction Parental responsibility Parenting plan Paternity Paternity fraud Baby shower Babywearing Child neglect Closed adoption Cry room Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Infant ear piercing Open adoption Prenatal cocaine exposure Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental child abduction Parental responsibility Parenting plan Paternity Paternity fraud Paternity fraud Authority control databases International FAST FAST National United States Japan Spain Latvia Israel United States Japan Spain Latvia Israel Play (activity) Behavior Childhood Ethology Learning CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023 All articles with incomplete citations Articles with incomplete citations from September 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023 Articles containing Chinese-language text CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Catalan-language text Articles containing Italian-language text This page was last edited on 23 December 2025, at 15:55 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(activity)
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Fictional character biography Toggle Fictional character biography subsection 1.1 Tim Burton films 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Becoming Batman 1.1.3 Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder 1.1.4 Christmas celebration 1.1.5 Catwoman and Penguin's plot 1.2 Joel Schumacher films 1.2.1 Early life 1.2.2 Two-Face and the Riddler alliance 1.2.3 Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo 1.2.4 Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy 1.2.5 Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap 1.3 The Flash 1.3.1 Flashpoint and the two Barrys 1.3.2 Battle against Zod 1.3.3 Timeline change 1.1 Tim Burton films 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Becoming Batman 1.1.3 Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder 1.1.4 Christmas celebration 1.1.5 Catwoman and Penguin's plot 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Becoming Batman 1.1.3 Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder 1.1.4 Christmas celebration 1.1.5 Catwoman and Penguin's plot 1.2 Joel Schumacher films 1.2.1 Early life 1.2.2 Two-Face and the Riddler alliance 1.2.3 Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo 1.2.4 Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy 1.2.5 Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap 1.2.1 Early life 1.2.2 Two-Face and the Riddler alliance 1.2.3 Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo 1.2.4 Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy 1.2.5 Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap 1.3 The Flash 1.3.1 Flashpoint and the two Barrys 1.3.2 Battle against Zod 1.3.3 Timeline change 1.3.1 Flashpoint and the two Barrys 1.3.2 Battle against Zod 1.3.3 Timeline change 2 Production Toggle Production subsection 2.1 Casting 2.2 Recast 2.3 Batsuits 2.1 Casting 2.2 Recast 2.3 Batsuits 3 In other media Toggle In other media subsection 3.1 Cancelled appearances 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 3.4 Comic books 3.4.1 Film adaptations 3.4.2 Comic continuation 3.5 Novels 3.6 Batman: Resurrection 3.7 Batman: Revolution 3.1 Cancelled appearances 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 3.4 Comic books 3.4.1 Film adaptations 3.4.2 Comic continuation 3.4.1 Film adaptations 3.4.2 Comic continuation 3.5 Novels 3.6 Batman: Resurrection 3.7 Batman: Revolution 4 Reception and legacy Toggle Reception and legacy subsection 4.1 Birdman comparisons 4.1 Birdman comparisons 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character) Italiano Русский Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Bruce Wayne .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} Burton and Schumacher 's Batman and DC Extended Universe character Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman in Batman Returns (1992) First appearance Batman (1989) Last appearance The Flash (2023) Based on Batman by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Adapted by Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Portrayed by Michael Keaton ( Batman , Batman Returns , The Flash ) Val Kilmer ( Batman Forever ) George Clooney ( Batman & Robin , The Flash ) Michael Keaton ( Batman , Batman Returns , The Flash ) Val Kilmer ( Batman Forever ) George Clooney ( Batman & Robin , The Flash ) In-universe information Alias Batman Occupation Philanthropist Vigilante Philanthropist Vigilante Family Thomas Wayne (father) Martha Wayne (mother) Alfred Pennyworth (surrogate father) Thomas Wayne (father) Martha Wayne (mother) Alfred Pennyworth (surrogate father) Significant others Vicki Vale Selina Kyle Chase Meridian Julie Madison Vicki Vale Selina Kyle Chase Meridian Julie Madison Children Dick Grayson (surrogate son) Home Wayne Manor , Gotham City Abilities Genius -level intellect Expert detective Master martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant Master tactician, strategist, and field commander Peak human physical and mental condition Mastery of stealth and espionage Utilizes high-tech equipment and weapons Money / Riches Genius -level intellect Expert detective Master martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant Master tactician, strategist, and field commander Peak human physical and mental condition Mastery of stealth and espionage Utilizes high-tech equipment and weapons Money / Riches Bruce Wayne , better known by his vigilante superhero alias Batman , is a fictional character who is featured as the main protagonist in Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series (1989–1997), and later as a supporting character in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film The Flash (2023). Based on the DC Comics character of the same name , he was portrayed by Michael Keaton in Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992), before being recast with Val Kilmer and George Clooney in Joel Schumacher 's Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997) respectively. Both Keaton and Clooney reprised their roles in The Flash , which retroactively incorporates versions of them into two alternate timelines of the DCEU's continuity. [ 1 ] Keaton's portrayal of the character was critically acclaimed and influenced subsequent interpretations. [ 2 ] Fictional character biography Tim Burton films Early life As a child, Wayne went to see the musical film Footlight Frenzy with his parents, Thomas and Martha , at the Monarch Theatre. As the Waynes walked down an alley , Thomas and Martha were shot and killed by mugger . The mugger prepared to kill Bruce, as well, asking the boy, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?"; the mugger's accomplice entreats him to run from the police, however, so he spares Bruce's life. After this, he was raised by Alfred Pennyworth ( Michael Gough ), the family butler. Becoming Batman After decades of training, Wayne, who inherited his parents' wealth after their deaths, had his company Wayne Enterprises purchase equipment and built an advanced combat suit and the Batcave , a secret sophisticated lair under Wayne Manor , and began fighting crime in Gotham City as Batman (Keaton), who quickly becomes an urban legend that strikes fear in the hearts of Gotham's criminal element, especially after the death of gangster Johnny Gobbs, whose body was found drained of blood following an altercation with the vigilante. Publicly, Wayne poses as an eccentric playboy, throwing lavish fundraisers for the city and collecting rare art from around the world. Wayne hosts a fundraiser at Wayne Manor to help fund Gotham City's 200th Anniversary Parade, where he meets photographer Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ). Wayne and Vicki soon fall in love. Wayne finds in reviewing the Manor's surveillance cameras that Commissioner James Gordon ( Pat Hingle ), who left the party unexpectedly, has been summoned to Axis Chemicals to stop a break-in by Jack Napier ( Jack Nicholson ), crime lord Carl Grissom's ( Jack Palance ) right-hand man. As Batman, he fights Napier and his men, and during the fight, Napier falls into a vat of chemicals, transforming him into the insane, disfigured criminal mastermind the Joker . Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder On the 20th anniversary of his parents' murder, Wayne leaves lunch with Vicki, and witnesses the Joker killing one of Grissom's associates. As Batman, he discovers that the Joker has poisoned various consumer products with his Smilex toxin. Wayne is informed by Alfred that he has a date with Vale at the Flugelheim Museum. Wayne states he has no plans to meet Vale that day, and realizes that the meeting was set up by the Joker. After a battle with the Joker's men, Batman and Vicki return to the Batcave, where he reveals his investigation of Joker's lethal chemicals to Vale, giving her an antidote to publish. Wayne nearly reveals to Vale that he is Batman, but they are interrupted by the Joker, who asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil by the pale moonlight?" before shooting the stunned billionaire, who survives because he is wearing body armor. When the Joker publicly challenges Batman to fight him during the anniversary gala, Wayne recognizes him as the mugger who killed his parents. On that same night, Alfred allows Vicki to enter the Batcave, thus revealing his employer's secret identity. At the anniversary parade, Batman intercepts the Joker's parade float, with which the Joker plans to kill thousands of people with his toxin, in his customized, bat-shaped aircraft . After Batman foils his plan, the Joker shoots down the plane, and Batman pursues him and Vale into the cathedral, eventually finding them at the top level. Batman confronts the Joker over killing his parents, and gets into brutal hand-to-hand combat with the villain. As the Joker tries to escape on a helicopter, Batman uses his grappling gun to tie one of the cathedral's gargoyles to the Joker's leg; when the gargoyle breaks free from its foundations, the Joker falls to his death. In the aftermath, Batman gives the Gotham City Police Department (GCPD) his own personalized signal as a way of contacting him for help. Christmas celebration During Gotham's Christmas celebrations, Batman discovers the Red Triangle Gang has interrupted the annual tree lighting ceremony. Despite managing to fight them off, he is too late to stop them from taking billionaire industrialist Max Shreck ( Christopher Walken ) hostage. The next day, a member of the gang kidnaps the mayor's infant son, but the child is saved by the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ), a deformed mystery man who has lived in the sewers ever since his parents threw him into Gotham's reservoir. Though Penguin is immediately accepted by the public and allowed inside the Hall of Records to find his birth parents, Batman remains suspicious and discovers the Penguin may have once been a performer in the Red Triangle Circus and connected to a series of missing children cases. He deduces that the Penguin is the gang's leader and is planning something else, already knowing who his parents are. Penguin becomes popular with the citizens of Gotham, and they discover his name is Oswald Cobblepot, with his parents having died years earlier. Meanwhile, Wayne meets with Shreck, who had been blackmailed into helping Oswald return to the surface, to contest his plans to build a new power plant. He meets Shreck's secretary Selina Kyle ( Michelle Pfeiffer ), unaware that she is the masked vigilante Catwoman, who is planning to kill Shreck as revenge for trying to kill her when she discovered that his power plant would actually drain Gotham of its energy and leave the city at the mercy of the Shreck family. Catwoman and Penguin's plot With Shreck's backing, the Penguin officially announces his plans to run for Mayor of Gotham City. Soon afterward, Wayne and Kyle discover that Cobblepot attempted to frame Batman by kidnapping the Ice Princess ( Cristi Conaway ), who was to relight the tree, and leaving behind a batarang . While Batman investigates the kidnapping, the Red Triangle Gang sabotages the Batmobile to allow the Penguin remote control access. Batman finds the Ice Princess standing on the edge of a rooftop, but the Penguin arrives and startles the girl by opening one of his trick umbrellas and releasing a swarm of bats, which knocks her off the roof to her death. She lands on the button to light the tree, causing a mass swarm of bats to attack the onlookers. Batman is forced to flee, now the chief suspect in the murder. Batman returns to the Batmobile, but the car, having been hacked by the Penguin, takes him on a destructive joyride, though Batman is able to disable the signal and escape. With Alfred's help, Batman hacks into the Gotham Plaza's speakers during one of the Penguin's speeches and plays a recording of the villain bragging about having manipulated the entire city, causing a backlash from the crowd. At Shreck's masked ball, Kyle tells Wayne her plans to kill Shreck, and the two deduce each other's secret identities. At that moment, the Penguin crashes through the floor of the room, announcing his plans to kill all of the first-born sons of Gotham and take Shreck hostage. Batman arrives and interrogates Penguin's right-hand man, learning of the Penguin's hideout underneath the Arctic World exhibit at the abandoned Gotham Zoo. Batman discovers that the Penguin plans to massacre Gotham by sending his penguins to fire missiles at the city. With Pennyworth's help, Batman reprograms the penguins to fire upon the Penguin's hideout. Batman and Penguin fight until the Penguin falls into the toxic waters in the sewer; the mortally injured Penguin make a futile attempt to kill Batman before succumbing to his wounds. Batman attempts to stop Catwoman from killing Shreck and reveals his secret identity. Catwoman kills Shreck by kissing him with a Taser in her mouth before she mysteriously disappears. After the GCPD seizes the Penguin's destroyed lair, Wayne finds Kyle's black cat , Miss Kitty, in an alleyway, as a very much alive Catwoman watches him from a rooftop while the Bat Signal shines in the sky. Joel Schumacher films Early life While the previous films are used as a backstory, Batman's origin is expanded with more details. After his parents' wake, Bruce finds his father's diary. During a storm, he ran away with the diary and falls into a cave filled with bats on the family grounds. Two-Face and the Riddler alliance Batman (Kilmer) is called to stop the gangster Two-Face ( Tommy Lee Jones ) from robbing the Second Bank of Gotham, with help from Gordon and psychologist Chase Meridian ( Nicole Kidman ), who becomes instantly attracted to him. Two-Face was once Gotham's District Attorney, Harvey Dent, before a criminal scarred half of his face with acid, for which he blames Batman. The Dark Knight stops Two-Face from robbing the bank, but Two-Face escapes. The next day, Bruce Wayne visits Wayne Enterprises and becomes acquainted with Edward Nygma ( Jim Carrey ), an employee who is obsessed with him. Nygma has developed the Box, a machine capable of transmitting television signals directly into the human brain. He asks Wayne to fund his invention, but Wayne turns him down, believing the science behind the Box "raises too many questions." Seeking revenge, Nygma reinvents himself as "the Riddler" and allies himself with Two-Face in a plot to destroy both Batman and Bruce Wayne, whom Nygma has discovered are one and the same. Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo During a charity circus performance, Wayne witnesses Two-Face attack and murder a family of acrobats dubbed the Flying Graysons, leaving their youngest son, Dick ( Chris O'Donnell ), an orphan. Feeling a kinship with Dick, Wayne takes him in as his ward. Dick soon discovers Wayne's secret identity and asks Wayne to take him on as his crimefighting partner so he can kill Two-Face and avenge his family. Wayne, who still feels responsible for his parents' deaths, refuses, not wanting to be responsible for another lost life. Meanwhile, Wayne soon starts a romantic relationship with Meridian, who tries to help him move on from the trauma of his parents' deaths. Wayne decides to abandon his war on crime and lead a normal life with her. Before he can tell her, however, Riddler and Two-Face attack Wayne Manor, take Meridian hostage and destroy the Batcave. Batman tracks the villainous duo to their hideout, with help from Dick, whom he has finally accepted as his crimefighting partner, Robin . Two-Face and the Riddler take Meridian and Robin hostage, setting a trap that would force Batman to choose between saving one life or the other. Instead, Batman destroys the Box, driving the Riddler insane, and saves Meridan and Robin. Two-Face corners them at gunpoint, and while flipping his coin to decide their fates, Batman throws a handful of coins at him, causing him to fall to his death, avenging Dick's family. Wayne accepts that he is both Batman and Bruce Wayne, and that he fights crime because he chooses to, not because he has to. Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy The new villain Mr. Freeze ( Arnold Schwarzenegger ) surfaces and commits a string of diamond thefts, catching the attention of Batman (Clooney) and Robin. After Freeze freezes but spares Robin in order to escape, Wayne chastises Dick, who has begun to chafe under Wayne's leadership. Wayne deduces that Freeze is Dr. Victor Fries, whose wife, Nora , is suffering from MacGregor's syndrome and was placed in cryogenic sleep until Freeze finds a cure. In his prior research, Fries accidentally fell backwards into a tank of modified liquid nitrogen, rendering him unable to survive outside of a subzero environment. In order to lure Freeze in, Wayne hosts a charity ball auctioning off the Wayne family diamonds with himself and Dick attending as Batman and Robin, leading to an ensuing battle and Freeze's capture. Wayne and Grayson become acquainted with Dr. Pamela Isley, who is secretly the metahuman ecoterrorist Poison Ivy , and who seduces Robin and allies with Freeze, breaking him out of Arkham Asylum . Ivy then unplugs Nora's life support and convinces Freeze that Batman is responsible. Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap Alfred's niece Barbara Wilson ( Alicia Silverstone ) comes to visit Wayne Manor, at about the same time that Wayne discovers that Alfred is dying of McGregor's Syndrome. She soon discovers the Batcave, and becomes Batgirl . Batman and Robin reluctantly allow her to help them defeat Freeze and Ivy, who are trying to turn Gotham City into a giant polar ice cap with a giant freeze ray that Freeze invented. Batgirl defeats Ivy, and the three head to the observatory to stop Freeze. Robin and Batgirl defeat Ivy's minion Bane ( Robert Swenson ) while Batman faces and subdues Freeze, redirecting the telescope's satellites to reflect sunlight to thaw Gotham, but Freeze detonates several bombs that he had placed around the freeze ray, destroying it. Nevertheless, Robin and Batgirl are still able to thaw the city. Batman reveals to a defeated Freeze that Nora is still alive, having been rescued in time. Batman appeals to Freeze's humanity and asks him for the cure to MacGregor's syndrome's early stages to save Pennyworth. Freeze provides him with the cure and returns to Arkham to torment Ivy, his new cellmate, while Pennyworth makes a full recovery and reunites with Wayne, Grayson, and Barbara. The Flash Flashpoint and the two Barrys Barry Allen / The Flash ( Ezra Miller ) travels back in time to prevent the murder of his mother, and accidentally lands ten years back in an alternate 2013, where various events prior to the date of his mother's murder have changed, and an older Wayne (Keaton) has retired as Batman and lives as a recluse in Wayne Manor, after having stopped "all crime" in Gotham. He encounters Barry, who has broken into the manor, as well as a younger Barry from his timeline that has just gained powers that were accidentally transferred to him by the older Barry. Wayne theorizes that the Flash has tangled multiple universes into one (thus placing him in this universe), and the older Barry explains that General Zod ( Michael Shannon ) and his army are preparing to invade Earth [ a ] and that they must find Superman to help them defeat Zod. Wayne declines and leaves them. The two Barrys break into the Batcave and use the computer to try and locate Superman. After seeing the older Barry working to find him, Wayne changes his mind and comes out of retirement to help the Barrys find Superman, who they believe is being held at a military site in Siberia . The group travels to Siberia to rescue Superman, but instead find his cousin Kara Zor-El ( Sasha Calle ). They return to the manor with Kara, who leaves to find Zod. Wayne helps the older Barry recreate the incident that granted him his powers. Barry is struck by lightning, but before Wayne can activate it again, the circuits of the machine fry. Kara returns and flies Barry into the sky to be struck again, and he successfully regains his powers. Battle against Zod Wayne, the Barrys, and Kara form this timeline's Justice League to fight Zod's forces in a desert. Kara is killed by Zod and Wayne dies after being unable to eject himself out of the Batwing which crashes into a Kryptonian ship. The Barrys attempt to go back in time to ensure both Wayne and Kara live, but fail. After confronting a dark alternate self , Barry goes back once again and allows his mother's death to occur, unraveling the universes and preventing Zod's successful invasion. Timeline change After returning to his original timeline, the older Barry's father is proven innocent of the murder of his wife, and that reality's Bruce Wayne calls Allen to congratulate him. When he arrives to the courthouse, Wayne (Clooney) looks different than the one Allen knows ( Ben Affleck ), as he slightly altered the timeline on his way back to create evidence that proved his father's innocence. Production Casting Multiple actors were considered for the role of Batman during production. In Tom Mankiewicz 's original script which Ghostbusters director Ivan Reitman was attached to, actor Bill Murray was considered for the role in a script that featured Eddie Murphy as Dick Grayson / Robin . Gremlins director Joe Dante was attached to the project as well at one point. The script was intended as a comedy, but was altered significantly after Tim Burton 's involvement. Mel Gibson , Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Harrison Ford , Pierce Brosnan , Ray Liotta , Willem Dafoe , Alec Baldwin , Kurt Russell , Patrick Swayze , John Travolta , Richard Gere , Kyle MacLachlan , Michael Biehn , Dennis Quaid , Bruce Willis , Steven Seagal , and Jean-Claude Van Damme were all considered for the role. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Eventually, producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton , claiming he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" for the role, and based his argument on Keaton's dramatic performance in the film Clean and Sober . At the time, Keaton was primarily known for comedic parts in Mr. Mom and Beetlejuice , the latter also being directed by Burton. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Keaton's casting as the character caused an uproar from fans of the character, who claimed Keaton was too comedic and too short for the role. [ 11 ] Over 50,000 recorded protest letters were sent to Warner Bros. offices, and the casting was questioned by screenwriter Sam Hamm , producer Michael Uslan and even Batman co-creator Bob Kane . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Recast While Keaton decided not to reprise the role of Batman for the third film, Tim Burton was still involved as producer and pushed Johnny Depp to replace Keaton, [ 16 ] before Val Kilmer got the role. [ 17 ] Kilmer decided not to return and was replaced by George Clooney for the fourth film, [ 18 ] with director Joel Schumacher feeling that Clooney could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Keaton and Kilmer. [ 19 ] Batsuits The Batsuit worn by Keaton was designed by costume designer Bob Ringwood . Ringwood turned down the opportunity to work on James Bond film Licence to Kill to work on Batman . Ringwood stated that designing the Batsuit was difficult, claiming "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build. The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 20 ] Producer Jon Peters had requested for the Batsuit to feature a Nike product-placement, but was shot down by Burton and Ringwood, feeling that it would not be intimidating. [ 21 ] 28 latex designs of the suit were made, as well as 25 different capes and 6 different heads. [ 22 ] It was decided the use of spandex as in the comics and previous adaptations would not be intimidating enough, so the character was given black armor pieces. The Batsuit was upgraded for Batman Returns , using more flexible foam latex, as well as a more traditional chest emblem. The updated Batsuit also featured a zipper to allow for urination in between takes and an updated plated armor torso that did not resemble sculpted muscles. [ 23 ] Keaton still had difficulty hearing but found the neck movement much less restrictive than with the first costume. Due to the second costume's much thinner cowl with increased flexibility, a greater range of head-turning was allowed but could still leave gaps folding away from the cheek. The infamous "Bat-Turn" movement became an iconic part of the character's body language despite not truly needing to depend upon it, contrary to speculation from contemporary pundits. The wardrobe department spent seven weeks sculpting Batman Forever costumes on his body cast, preceding under the assumption that he would be returning. The addition of nipples and an enlarged codpiece to the Batsuit and Robin's costume in Batman & Robin was the subject of ridicule and criticism. [ 24 ] In other media Cancelled appearances In the cancelled film, Superman Lives , Keaton was set to reprise his role as Batman in a cameo appearance. [ 25 ] In the DC Extended Universe , Keaton was expected to take over the role of Batman from Ben Affleck ; in the original ending of The Flash (2023) it would've incorporating his Batman into the main timeline of the DCEU's continuity. [ 26 ] All plans were later cancelled due to James Gunn and Peter Safran 's reboot of the franchise, the DC Universe (DCU). In the cancelled film, Batgirl , Keaton reprised his role of Batman in a supporting mentor role to Leslie Grace 's Barbara Gordon / Batgirl . In August 2022, DC Films and HBO Max parent Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced that, while the film had entered post-production, the studio no longer planned to release it as scheduled due to the company's cost-cutting measures and a refocus on theatrical releases. In Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023), Keaton filmed a cameo that was later cut from the theatrical release. In the cancelled film, Batgirl , Keaton reprised his role of Batman in a supporting mentor role to Leslie Grace 's Barbara Gordon / Batgirl . In August 2022, DC Films and HBO Max parent Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced that, while the film had entered post-production, the studio no longer planned to release it as scheduled due to the company's cost-cutting measures and a refocus on theatrical releases. In Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023), Keaton filmed a cameo that was later cut from the theatrical release. Television Keaton's Batman was referenced in the Arrowverse television crossover event " Crisis on Infinite Earths ". [ 27 ] This series establishes the universe in which Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992) exist as " Earth-89 ", with Robert Wuhl , who portrayed Alexander Knox in Batman , reprising his role for the series for a cameo appearance . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In the crossover, Bruce Wayne / Batman is mentioned as having captured the Joker (despite his apparent death) and married Selina Kyle / Catwoman. Video games The suit from Tim Burton's first Batman film was added as an alternate skin to Batman: Arkham Knight during a free update in August 2015. The suit from Tim Burton's first Batman film was added as a costume for Batman in Multiversus as part of an 85th anniversary celebration for the character. Comic books Film adaptations A comic adaptation of Tim Burton's Batman titled Batman: The Official Comic Adaptation of the Warner Bros Motion Picture was released in June 1989. Longtime Batman editor at DC Dennis O'Neil adapted the screenplay, with art provided by Jerry Ordway . A comic adaptation for Batman Returns titled Batman Returns: The Official Comic Adaptation of the Warner Bros Motion Picture was released in June 1992. The story was once again adapted by Dennis O' Neil, with pencils provided by Steve Erwin and inked embellishments by José Luis García-López . Many of the illustrations García-López did for the film's style guide were re-purposed for the comic adaptation. Comic continuation A comic continuation that was to chronicle the events of Tim Burton's failed third Batman film titled Batman '89 was submitted to DC Comics written by Joe Quinones and Kath Leth in March 2016. The run was inspired by DC's recent comic run Batman '66 , which was a continuation of the 1966 television series starring Adam West and Burt Ward . [ 30 ] The story was to be a direct sequel to Burton's Batman films, with visual allusions to Michael Keaton as Batman, Billy Dee Williams (who portrayed a pre-disfigurement Harvey Dent in Batman ) as Two-Face, Marlon Wayans as Robin, Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman, and Robin Williams as The Riddler. The story would also introduce iterations of Barbara Gordon , Poison Ivy and Harley Quinn into the story's fictional universe . [ 31 ] However, the comic run was initially rejected by DC. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] In February 2021, it was confirmed that DC would in fact be proceeding to develop a comic continuation of Burton's Batman films, with Sam Hamm returning to write the script while Joe Quinones provides the comic's art. [ 35 ] Novels Batman: Resurrection On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel, Batman: Resurrection , set in the Tim Burton Batman universe would be written by author John Jackson Miller . The book serves as a direct sequel to Batman (1989) and is set between the events of the 1989 film and its sequel, Batman Returns (1992), and deals primarily with the aftermath of the Joker's rampage while the remnants of his Smylex formula brings Batman into conflict with two new foes in the form of Karlo Babić and Dr. Hugo Strange . The book was released on October 15, 2024. [ 36 ] Batman: Revolution A sequel to Batman: Resurrection , titled Batman: Revolution , was revealed by Miller following the former's release and is scheduled for release on October 28, 2025 [ 37 ] Reception and legacy Michael Keaton's portrayal as Batman was seen as hugely influential towards further adaptations of the character. [ 38 ] Keaton's portrayal inspired the portrayal by Kevin Conroy in Batman: The Animated Series . As the first version of the character to carry a grapple device with a motorized reel, as well a cape that can harden and transform into a hang-glider, these concepts would become highly influential for most contemporary appearances of the character. [ 39 ] Keaton's grim, monosyllabic persona in-costume has been paid tribute to throughout multiple adaptations of the character, including video game appearances and homages. This adaptation of the character was also seen as the first to change their voice while in costume as Batman, something which future actors Kevin Conroy , Ben Affleck and Christian Bale would also add to their interpretations. [ 40 ] Michael Keaton's portrayal of the character appears on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains at #46 on the heroes side, while Jack Nicholson 's portrayal as The Joker ranked 45th on the villains side. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Birdman comparisons Due to his involvement in the film, Michael Keaton's role in the film Birdman directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu has been compared to Keaton's own experiences as Batman. Many people have come to the conclusion that the film is a reflection of Michael Keaton's life post-Batman, as the film itself focuses on Riggan Thompson, a struggling, aging actor who is best known for having played a winged superhero earlier in his career. When Iñárritu contacted Keaton about taking the role of Riggan, Keaton asked him if he was making fun of him for playing Batman. [ 43 ] Despite comparisons between Riggan and Keaton and many people believing that the role was taken by the actor to let out frustration at the role, Keaton has claimed that he loves talking about his time as Batman, and is extremely grateful for the role. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Keaton was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Birdman , his first-ever nomination, and this helped him gain the villainous role of Adrian Toomes / Vulture in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). [ 47 ] See also Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy) Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe) Notes ^ As depicted in Man of Steel (2013). References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Kreps, Daniel (October 16, 2021). "Michael Keaton's Batman Returns in New Teaser for 'The Flash' " . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 3, 2021 . ^ Meyer, Joshua (June 20, 2019). "30 Years Later, Michael Keaton is Still the Best Batman" . /FILM . Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Busch, Jenna (July 3, 2014). "Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema" . Superhero Hype! . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (August 21, 2014). "Pierce Brosnan: I turned down Tim Burton's Batman" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Gilchrist, Todd (November 4, 2011). "Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For 'Batman' " . Indiewire . Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Wigler, Josh (October 27, 2009). "Exclusive: Willem Dafoe As Batman? It Almost Happened!" . MTV . Archived from the original on September 9, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ "How Tim Burton's Batman set the stage for comic books' Hollywood takeover" . June 20, 2019. ^ de Vries, Hilary (February 5, 1989). " Batman Battles for Big Money" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ John Peters, The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? , 2015 ^ Daniels, Les (2000). Batman: The Complete History . San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books . p. 164. ISBN 0-8118-2470-5 . ^ Lowry, Brian (August 23, 2013). "Batman Backlash: Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 21, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ "Batman" . Steve Englehart . Archived from the original on December 14, 2007 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). "Hit Men". Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . New York City: Simon & Schuster . pp. 158– 174. ISBN 0-684-80931-1 . ^ Rebello, Stephen (November 1989). "Sam Hamm - Screenwriter". Cinefantastique . pp. 34– 41. ^ Burton, Byron (June 21, 2019). "The Battle to Make Tim Burton's 'Batman' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ "Johnny Depp Was Almost Batman in Batman Forever" . December 10, 2009. ^ Nathan, Ian (August 1995). "Hold me, thrill me, kiss me, Kilmer". Empire . pp. 108– 117. ^ Couch, Aaron (June 20, 2017). " ' Batman & Robin ' at 20: Joel Schumacher and More Reveal What Really Happened" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 1, 2022 . Retrieved November 1, 2022 . ^ " Batman & Robin : About The Production" . Film Scouts . Archived from the original on June 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 7, 2014 . ^ Jody Duncan Shannon (February 1990). "Building the Bat-suit". Cinefex . pp. 16– 24. ^ Bob Ringwood, Tim Burton , Designing the Batsuit , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ "Reinventing the Batsuit for the Modern Era" . American Movies Classic . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Bob Ringwood, Michelle Pfeiffer , Sleek, Sexy and Sinister: The Costumes of Batman Returns , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ Joel Schumacher , Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell , Val Kilmer , Uma Thurman , John Glover , Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ Michael Keaton's Batman Scene In The Unmade Superman Lives Explained ^ Couch, Aaron (August 3, 2022). "Behind the Cancellation of 'Batgirl' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2, 2022 . ^ Spencer, Samuel (December 9, 2019). " 'Crisis On Infinite Earths' Explained: Why Robert Wuhl Has Returned As Alexander Knox" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Abdulbaki, Mae (December 8, 2019). "Every Arrow-verse Cameo From The Crisis On Infinite Earths Crossover So Far" . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on December 9, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Flook, Ray (December 8, 2019). " "Crisis" Management: So Michael Keaton, Adam West & "Titans" Fans Should Be Happy [SPOILERS]" . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Johnston, Rich (March 22, 2013). "DC Comics To Publish A Batman Sixties TV Show Comic, As Well As A Batusi Exclusive Toy For San Diego Comic Con" . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Whitbrook, James (September 3, 2016). "Behold the Batman '89 Comic That DC Rejected Because They Hate Joy" . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on August 22, 2020 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Moore, Trent (March 10, 2016). "Check Out The Burton-Inspired Batman '89 Comic Dc Decided Not To Make" . Syfy . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Melrose, Kevin (March 9, 2016). "Rejected 'Batman '89' comic would've picked up where Burton left off" . CBR . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Johnston, Rich (March 9, 2016). "The Kate Leth/Joe Quinones Tim Burton-Style Batman '89 Comic That DC Turned Down" . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Aguilar, Matthew (February 16, 2021). "DC Returns to Batman '89 and Superman '78 in New Comic Series" . ComicBook.com . ^ Whitbrook, James (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ Mancuso, Vinnie (June 20, 2019). "What Michael Keaton's 'Batman' Understands About Bruce Wayne Better than Anyone Else" . Collider . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Jensen, Jeff (June 15, 2007). "Batman's New Suit" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 14, 2010 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Murray, Rebecca (March 18, 2017). "Christian Bale Talks About 'Batman Begins' " . Liveabout . Archived from the original on August 13, 2019 . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains" . American Film Institute . 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018 . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . ^ Wigler, Josh. "Michael Keaton Reveals The Secret Origin Of His Batman Voice" . MTV . Archived from the original on December 4, 2019 . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . ^ Foundas, Scott (August 27, 2014). "Interview: 'Birdman' Director Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu on His First Comedy" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 25, 2015 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ Romano, Nick (December 24, 2014). "Why Michael Keaton Thinks The Birdman-Batman Comparisons Are Superficial" . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ Rose, Charlie (October 13, 2014). "Michael Keaton on "Birdman" vs. "Batman" (Oct. 13, 2014) | Charlie Rose" . Archived from the original on August 22, 2020 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ Chitwood, Adam (December 29, 2014). "Watch: Michael Keaton Talks Comparisons Between BIRDMAN and His BATMAN History in Exclusive Clip from EPIX's HOLLYWOOD SESSIONS" . Collider . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ Weiss, Josh (July 7, 2017). "Michael Keaton Was Destined for 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . External links Bruce Wayne (Burtonverse) on DC Database , a DC Comics wiki .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e DC Extended Universe v t e DC Studios Development Accolades DC Universe DC Studios Development Accolades DC Universe Films Man of Steel (2013) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) accolades Wonder Woman (2017) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League Aquaman (2018) Shazam! (2019) Birds of Prey (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) The Suicide Squad (2021) Black Adam (2022) Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Man of Steel (2013) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) accolades accolades Wonder Woman (2017) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League production Zack Snyder's Justice League Aquaman (2018) Shazam! (2019) Birds of Prey (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) The Suicide Squad (2021) Black Adam (2022) Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) TV series Peacemaker season 1 (2022) Peacemaker season 1 (2022) season 1 (2022) Music Soundtracks Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam! Birds of Prey Wonder Woman 1984 Zack Snyder's Justice League The Suicide Squad Black Adam Shazam! Fury of the Gods The Flash Blue Beetle Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom Singles " Heathens " " Sucker for Pain " " Purple Lamborghini " " Gangsta " " To Be Human " " Diamonds " " Boss Bitch " Soundtracks Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam! Birds of Prey Wonder Woman 1984 Zack Snyder's Justice League The Suicide Squad Black Adam Shazam! Fury of the Gods The Flash Blue Beetle Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam! Birds of Prey Wonder Woman 1984 Zack Snyder's Justice League The Suicide Squad Black Adam Shazam! Fury of the Gods The Flash Blue Beetle Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom Singles " Heathens " " Sucker for Pain " " Purple Lamborghini " " Gangsta " " To Be Human " " Diamonds " " Boss Bitch " " Heathens " " Sucker for Pain " " Purple Lamborghini " " Gangsta " " To Be Human " " Diamonds " " Boss Bitch " Cast and characters Barry Allen / The Flash Arthur Curry / Aquaman Clark Kent / Superman Lois Lane Lex Luthor Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Harley Quinn Amanda Waller Bruce Wayne / Batman Earth-89 Zod Barry Allen / The Flash Arthur Curry / Aquaman Clark Kent / Superman Lois Lane Lex Luthor Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Harley Quinn Amanda Waller Bruce Wayne / Batman Earth-89 Earth-89 Zod Other media Arrowverse " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Arrowverse " Crisis on Infinite Earths " " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Category Category v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman characters v t e Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Ace the Bat-Hound Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Kate Kane Category Category Action film characters Alternative versions of Batman Batman (1989 film series) Batman in other media Batman live-action film characters Characters created by Tim Burton DC Comics superheroes DC Comics male superheroes DC Extended Universe characters Fictional aviators Fictional billionaires Fictional business executives Fictional hackers Fictional philanthropists Fictional socialites Fictional vigilantes Film characters introduced in 1989 Male characters in film Orphan characters in film Superheroes with alter egos Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from August 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2021 This page was last edited on 17 December 2025, at 19:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(1989_film_series_character)#cite_note-15
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and style 3 Release and artwork 4 Promotion and singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts Toggle Charts subsection 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year-end charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year-end charts 10 References Heaven Upside Down Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Heaven Upside Down Studio album by Marilyn Manson Released October 6, 2017 ( 2017-10-06 ) Studio Abattoir Studios, Studio City, California Genre Industrial metal glam rock gothic rock Industrial metal glam rock gothic rock Length 47 : 29 Label Loma Vista Caroline Loma Vista Caroline Producer Tyler Bates Marilyn Manson chronology The Pale Emperor (2015) Heaven Upside Down (2017) We Are Chaos (2020) The Pale Emperor (2015) Heaven Upside Down (2017) We Are Chaos (2020) Singles from Heaven Upside Down " We Know Where You Fucking Live " Released: September 11, 2017 " Kill4Me " Released: September 20, 2017 " We Know Where You Fucking Live " Released: September 11, 2017 " Kill4Me " Released: September 20, 2017 Heaven Upside Down is the tenth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson . It was released on October 6, 2017, by Loma Vista Recordings and Caroline International . The record had the working title Say10 and was initially due to be issued on Valentine's Day . However, the release was delayed by numerous events, most notably the death of Marilyn Manson's father, Hugh Warner, who died during production and to whom the album was later dedicated. The record has many of the musicians who performed on the band's previous album, The Pale Emperor (2015), including the producer Tyler Bates and the drummer Gil Sharone . Despite Manson's early implications, long-time bass guitarist Twiggy Ramirez did not participate on the album. He left the group following a sexual assault allegation by a former girlfriend. " We Know Where You Fucking Live " was released as a single in September, shortly followed by " Kill4Me ", which became the band's highest-peaking entry on Billboard ' s Mainstream Rock Chart . The music videos for the album had celebrities including Johnny Depp , Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley . The single " Tattooed in Reverse " also entered the mainstream rock chart, making Heaven Upside Down the band's first album since Mechanical Animals in 1998 to chart more than one song there. The album received positive reviews from music critics upon release, with several publications saying it continued a creative resurgence that began with the previous album. It was also a commercial success, debuting at number eight on the Billboard 200 and charting in the top ten in most of the major markets . In Australia, it was the band's highest-charting album since Mechanical Animals , and its first top 10 studio album in the United Kingdom since The Golden Age of Grotesque in 2003. Manson suffered several injuries that delayed the Heaven Upside Down Tour . The band embarked on two co-headlining tours with Rob Zombie : Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour and Twins of Evil: Hell Never Dies Tour . To promote the former, the two bands collaborated on a cover version of The Beatles song " Helter Skelter ". Manson issued three other cover versions on soundtracks during the album's promotional cycle: " Stigmata ", " God's Gonna Cut You Down " and " Cry Little Sister ". Background and recording Marilyn Manson met Tyler Bates , the score composer of the TV series Californication , while playing a fictionalized version of himself in the season finale of the sixth season of the series. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The two then collaborated on the band 's ninth studio album, the blues -influenced The Pale Emperor (2015), [ 3 ] which was described by numerous publications as the best album the band had released in over a decade. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In July 2016, Manson received the 'Icon Award' at the APMAs , where he revealed several details about the follow-up, such as its working title of Say10 and a tentative Valentine's Day release date. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] He explained that the title originated from a note written in one of his workbooks from his time as a student at GlenOak High School . [ 8 ] Manson doubted whether Bates would collaborate with him again following The Pale Emperor , saying relations between the pair deteriorated to such an extent during the supporting The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour that Manson threatened Bates on-stage with a box-cutter knife . [ 9 ] During the tour, Manson regularly shattered glass bottles on-stage so he could cut himself. Bates, who recently announced his leaving the tour to pursue other projects, an announcement that he said saddened Manson, confronted the vocalist during a concert when he realized the shards of glass were hitting drummer Gil Sharone . Manson responded by threatening Bates with a box-cutter, to which Bates replied "You fucking come near me and I'll kill you with that box cutter". Despite the confrontation, Bates agreed to work with the band, and renamed his music publishing company Box Cutter Music in honor of the incident. [ 10 ] On May 8, 2017, Manson announced the album had been renamed Heaven Upside Down , and said recording had been completed. [ 11 ] He elaborated on the meaning of the new title: "I was going to call the record SAY10 , but I didn't feel that that defined the album. I had the lyrics written for the song 'Heaven Upside Down', and I thought that defined the record more so because of the idea of time as a flat circle , constellations being defined by the negative space —the blackness; the idea of looking at something from an opposite point of view." [ 12 ] As was the case with The Pale Emperor , Manson and Bates worked on the record while the latter was composing score material for the American television series Salem ; [ 13 ] the third season of which featured Manson as a recurring cast member. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Parts of the album were recorded in Louisiana , where he was filming scenes for the series. [ 16 ] The record was produced solely by Bates, [ 17 ] and recorded at Bates's Studio City recording facility Abattoir Studios, [ 18 ] with live drums recorded by The Pale Emperor contributor Gil Sharone. [ 19 ] Despite initially suggesting that longtime bassist Twiggy would contribute to the writing and production of the album, Manson later confirmed that he was invited but did not participate during sessions at Bates's recording studio. According to Manson, after listening to pre-recorded basslines performed by Bates, Twiggy responded by saying he would be unable to "play them any better, and that the record sounded great [as it was]". [ 20 ] Manson and Bates largely improvised during their writing sessions. Bates said that songs were created "out of a conversation, essentially, just between [Manson] and I, and we make it pretty much on the spot. It's me making music right from my head, and the lyrics are developed by Manson right there in the studio with me." [ 21 ] Manson described the collaborative process between the two as being "a very intimate, personal experience. ... We sit across from each other, with headphones on, we look each other in the eye when we're writing." Manson opted not to record his vocals from inside a vocal booth , instead recording them while sitting at Bates's mixing console ; [ 22 ] the majority of vocals on the album were recorded in single takes , with minimal overdubbing . [ 12 ] Bates sought to incorporate the intensity of the band's live performances into the album's production, [ 23 ] describing the record as "intense, fun and violent. It's more immediate than The Pale Emperor , much more aggressive, and definitely much more imbued with Manson's fucked-up humor." [ 21 ] He also said: I wanted the album to be a platform for Manson to return to journalism, and write about the stuff we talk about, which is the sickness and passivity that is permeating the annals of society. Terrorism, mass shootings, reluctance to change, abandonment, dogma, apathy, judgment—all of this is pervasive in shaping our daily life's experience. The music is imbued with frustration, sadness, and anger about all of this, and to explore this landscape effectively, the sounds and the riffs needed to be more cutting and abrasive than The Pale Emperor . Heaven Upside Down is comprised of the music we love. Goth and Industrial . King-size guitar riffs. Sex. Equal parts 'fuck you' and jagged humor. Act II. I wanted the album to be a platform for Manson to return to journalism, and write about the stuff we talk about, which is the sickness and passivity that is permeating the annals of society. Terrorism, mass shootings, reluctance to change, abandonment, dogma, apathy, judgment—all of this is pervasive in shaping our daily life's experience. The music is imbued with frustration, sadness, and anger about all of this, and to explore this landscape effectively, the sounds and the riffs needed to be more cutting and abrasive than The Pale Emperor . Heaven Upside Down is comprised of the music we love. Goth and Industrial . King-size guitar riffs. Sex. Equal parts 'fuck you' and jagged humor. Act II. — Tyler Bates, in an interview with Pop Disciple. [ 23 ] Composition and style "Two decades on and ten albums down, Manson remains the same icon in a different realm, one that he's warned us about his whole career. 2017 is heaven upside down: a nightmarish, capitalist landscape of broken promises that we're constantly reassured is what we asked for. A world of uncertainty, with endless possibility sitting alongside ever-growing restriction, reality TV becoming reality... becoming president. 'I'm not a ghost', Manson screams on the album's title track. And isn't that what we're all worried about right now—that we're either invisible, or nearly dead?" "Two decades on and ten albums down, Manson remains the same icon in a different realm, one that he's warned us about his whole career. 2017 is heaven upside down: a nightmarish, capitalist landscape of broken promises that we're constantly reassured is what we asked for. A world of uncertainty, with endless possibility sitting alongside ever-growing restriction, reality TV becoming reality... becoming president. 'I'm not a ghost', Manson screams on the album's title track. And isn't that what we're all worried about right now—that we're either invisible, or nearly dead?" Manson initially described Say10 as being a musical departure from The Pale Emperor , saying it was "pretty violent in its nature for some reason, and it's not emotional in the same way. It's got a chip on its shoulder." [ 13 ] He called it "by far the most thematic and over-complicated thing that I've done", [ 17 ] and indicated it would contain some of his most politically-charged lyrics, [ 25 ] but denied the political lyrical content related to the election of Donald Trump by saying most of its lyrics were written before the 2016 US presidential election . [ 22 ] He said he would not be voting in that election, and believed that – as an artist – he could make more of a difference with his music than with a vote. [ 26 ] Manson dubbed Heaven Upside Down his "most precise and well-thought-out work", [ 8 ] and compared its lyrics to those of Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) (2000), noting the majority of lyrics on both records were initially written as prose . [ 22 ] He additionally described it as a concept album , and contrasted it with The Pale Emperor : "The last album was Faust , Mephistopheles . For me, this would be Pilgrim's Progress ". [ 27 ] Lyrical themes and subject matter on the record range from politics, violence, sex and romance, [ 12 ] chaos and isolation, [ 23 ] and capitalism, religion, drugs, paranoia, fear and mental illness. [ 28 ] Manson characterized Heaven Upside Down as a hard rock and punk rock album, in the vein of Killing Joke , Joy Division , Bauhaus , and David Bowie 's Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) . [ 9 ] Reviewers have additionally defined it as an industrial metal , [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] glam rock [ 31 ] and gothic rock record. [ 32 ] The title of opening track "Revelation #12" is a reference to both the Book of Revelation and the Beatles song " Revolution 9 ". [ 8 ] " We Know Where You Fucking Live " was the first song Manson and Bates recorded for the album; [ 10 ] its lyrics reference state surveillance and drone warfare . [ 33 ] "Saturnalia" was the final song written for the album. [ 22 ] Manson described its lyrics as being "the real heart of the record." [ 34 ] He was unaware of the severity of his father's terminal illness until two days before he died, [ 35 ] on July 7, 2017, [ 22 ] the same day the band finished recording "Saturnalia". [ 22 ] Its lyrics contain numerous astrological and mythological references, specifically the astrological transit of Saturn – Saturn return – and the myth of Saturnus devouring his children. [ 24 ] Manson conflated his father's death with the lyrical content: "Seeing my father dying, I felt like that was the circle of life that he'd want me to put the energy of death into rebirth , you know, the snake eating its own tail , Saturnalia , Saturninus, that whole concept." [ 12 ] "Je$u$ Cri$i$" was described by Manson as "my résumé ... It's basically something I would say with a [sarcastic] shrug when someone asked me, 'What do you do?' 'Well, I write songs to fight and fuck to'." [ 34 ] Release and artwork The album was not released on Valentine's Day, [ 36 ] prompting increasingly aggressive responses from fans on social media platforms. [ 37 ] Manson later explained several factors caused the delay, including Bates' schedule scoring films, [ 24 ] Manson being unhappy with the quality of the record by that date, [ 38 ] as well as the death of his father, to whom Heaven Upside Down is dedicated. [ 22 ] Bates also said recording was delayed due to the band's touring schedule; the pair had completed just six songs before beginning a co-headlining tour with Slipknot in the summer of 2016. [ 39 ] At least three tracks were recorded sometime after Valentine's Day: "Revelation #12", "Saturnalia" and "Heaven Upside Down", [ 38 ] with the album's name then being changed to the last song title. [ 8 ] Prior to the record's eventual release, Manson posted a series of horror -themed videos on Instagram . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The first of these was captioned "6:19. The time has come." [ 42 ] Numerous publications hypothesized whether 6:19 referred to a June 19 release date, a Bible verse, or the Eat Me, Drink Me track " If I Was Your Vampire ", [ 43 ] which features the lyric "6:19 and I know I'm ready". [ 44 ] The final video featured the Celebritarian Cross, [ 45 ] an inverted variation on the Cross of Lorraine that had previously been used by Manson as a logo for his Celebritarian art movement in 2005; the symbol subsequently appeared on the Heaven Upside Down album cover. [ 8 ] Heaven Upside Down was released worldwide on October 6, 2017, [ 46 ] by Loma Vista Recordings in the United States, [ 47 ] Caroline International internationally, [ 48 ] and in Japan by Loma Vista in cooperation with Hostess Entertainment ; Japanese editions contain a Mystery Skulls remix of " Kill4Me " as a bonus track. [ 49 ] The booklet was printed on Bible paper , with the lyrics formatted to resemble biblical text. [ 18 ] The record was mastered by Brian Lucey, [ 18 ] the engineer who masters the majority of Bates's soundtrack work. According to Manson, Lucey was chosen because the album contains "some extreme experiments with sound. We were very particular in not allowing someone else to master it, who might accidentally eliminate them. We've got some very intense, alchemical, scientific, binaural sounds that sometimes even make me have a panic attack while I'm listening to it." [ 22 ] These sounds are most prevalent in the title track and "Saturnalia", which Manson highlighted as centerpieces of the record. [ 50 ] Promotion and singles "In an era where mass shootings have become a nearly daily occurrence, this was an act of theater in an attempt to make a statement about how easily accessible semi-automatic weapons are, and how seeing them has become normalized. My performance was not meant to be disrespectful or show any insensitivity. ... My art has always been a reaction to popular culture , and my way to make people think about the horrible things that happen in this world. My empathy goes out to anyone who has been affected by the irresponsible and reprehensible misuse of real guns." "In an era where mass shootings have become a nearly daily occurrence, this was an act of theater in an attempt to make a statement about how easily accessible semi-automatic weapons are, and how seeing them has become normalized. My performance was not meant to be disrespectful or show any insensitivity. ... My art has always been a reaction to popular culture , and my way to make people think about the horrible things that happen in this world. My empathy goes out to anyone who has been affected by the irresponsible and reprehensible misuse of real guns." The band initially included Manson on vocals with Bates and Paul Wiley on electric guitars, Twiggy on bass and Sharone on drums. [ 22 ] They began the first leg of the Heaven Upside Down Tour on July 20, 2017, in Budapest , [ 52 ] during which they debuted several new songs. [ 53 ] During this leg of the tour, the group narrowly avoided injury in Moscow when their tour bus was involved in a collision with a semi-trailer truck , [ 21 ] and Manson caused controversy in Eastern Europe when he referenced the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War during a concert in Kyiv , saying: "You just made Moscow sound like your bitch." The band performed in Moscow two days prior to the Kyiv concert. [ 54 ] The North American leg began on September 27, and was scheduled to incorporate performances at several music festivals , including the Aftershock Festival on October 22, [ 55 ] at which Nine Inch Nails was also scheduled to appear. Manson indicated a possibility of joining that band on stage during the festival, after he and Trent Reznor mended a longstanding feud. [ 56 ] However, Manson was injured on several occasions during the tour. He sprained his left ankle after jumping off the stage at Pittsburgh's Stage AE on September 29. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] The following night, at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York, he was crushed by a large stage prop , [ 59 ] and lay unconscious on the stage for up to 15 minutes [ 60 ] before being carried out of the venue on a stretcher to a nearby hospital. [ 61 ] Manson had broken his fibula in two places, requiring a plate and ten screws to be inserted into his bone. [ 57 ] The rest of the tour was then canceled, [ 62 ] including their appearance at Aftershock, [ 63 ] with all dates – excluding festival appearances – rescheduled to take place at the start of 2018. [ 64 ] On October 25, Manson announced he had "decided to part ways" with Twiggy after the bassist was accused of sexual assault by former girlfriend Jessicka Addams , who was the vocalist for alternative rock band Jack Off Jill . Addams said the incident occurred while she and Twiggy were a couple in the mid-90s. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] He was replaced on subsequent tour dates by former Racer X and the Mars Volta bassist Juan Alderete . [ 67 ] Alderete's first show with the band, at the 2017 Ozzfest Meets Knotfest festival in San Bernardino on November 5, found Manson performing in a wheelchair as a result of injuries he sustained earlier in the tour. [ 68 ] Manson attracted criticism from some publications after he used a replica assault rifle as a microphone during the concert, with some commentators arguing it was insensitive considering the city had previously been the subject of a terrorism-related attack , [ 69 ] and that the concert took place hours after the Sutherland Springs church shooting in Texas. [ 70 ] The day of the 2016 US presidential election, a short teaser clip for " Say10 " was released. [ 71 ] Created by director Tyler Shields , [ 72 ] it featured images of Manson holding a bloodstained knife while standing above a decapitated corpse lying in a pool of blood. Numerous publications noted the corpse was dressed in similar clothing to the kind regularly worn by Donald Trump—a suit and red tie. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Manson would later say the decapitated figure in the video "wasn't anyone except if you wanted it to be them." [ 8 ] A cover of Ministry 's " Stigmata " was released on July 28, 2017, when it appeared on the soundtrack to Atomic Blonde . [ 76 ] "We Know Where You Fucking Live" was issued as the album's lead single on September 11, after premiering on Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 show. [ 33 ] Its music video was posted onto YouTube four days later, [ 77 ] and was directed by Bill Yukich and Perou . [ 78 ] "Kill4Me" was issued as the album's primary airplay single in the United States, where it went on to become their highest peaking single ever on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . [ 79 ] A series of advertisements created by Canadian pop artist Alex Kazemi to promote the album on Instagram were leaked online in late September, but were deemed too graphic to be used on the image hosting service. [ 80 ] Music videos were subsequently released for "Say10" and "Kill4Me", both directed by Yukich and featured actor Johnny Depp . [ 81 ] [ 82 ] A cover of " God's Gonna Cut You Down " – recorded during the Heaven Upside Down sessions [ 35 ] – was released on December 8 when it featured on the soundtrack to 24 Hours to Live . [ 83 ] " Tattooed in Reverse " was serviced to active rock radio formats in the United States as a promotional single on March 6, 2018, [ 84 ] and peaked at number 35 on Billboard ' s Mainstream Rock Chart. This made Heaven Upside Down the band's first studio album since 1998's Mechanical Animals to contain more than one charting song on Mainstream Rock. [ 79 ] The song's music video was directed by Yukich, [ 85 ] and featured singers Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley . [ 86 ] Yukich also directed the music video for the band's cover version of Gerard McMahon 's " Cry Little Sister ", released in June and recorded for the soundtrack of The New Mutants . [ 87 ] The band embarked on a second co-headlining tour with Rob Zombie on July 11, 2018, titled " Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour ", following the " Twins of Evil Tour " in 2012. [ 88 ] On the day the tour began, Zombie and Manson released their cover of the Beatles track " Helter Skelter ", which featured former Manson band members John 5 and Ginger Fish . [ 89 ] Heaven Upside Down was the last album to feature Sharone, who departed the band in March 2019. [ 90 ] He was replaced on the subsequent " Twins of Evil: Hell Never Dies Tour " by former Black Flag and Ho99o9 drummer Brandon Pertzborn. [ 91 ] Shortly after the tour completed, Alderete was involved in a bicycle accident which left him with a diffuse axonal injury , a type of traumatic brain injury . [ 92 ] A GoFundMe page was created to help cover the cost of his medical expenses. [ 93 ] Despite this, Alderete is a credited performer on the band's next studio album, 2020's We Are Chaos . [ 94 ] Critical reception Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic? 6.2/10 [ 95 ] Metacritic 71/100 [ 96 ] Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 97 ] Alternative Press [ 30 ] The Boston Globe [ 29 ] Clash 8/10 [ 98 ] Classic Rock [ 99 ] Consequence of Sound B [ 100 ] Drowned in Sound 6/10 [ 101 ] NME [ 102 ] Pitchfork 5.9/10 [ 47 ] Rolling Stone [ 103 ] Heaven Upside Down was well received by music critics upon release. [ 104 ] Several publications said it continued a creative resurgence that began with their previous release, including AllMusic , which described it as a more satisfying album than the predecessor. [ 97 ] This sentiment was echoed by both Loudwire , [ 105 ] and The Boston Globe , which said: "No one expected this band to be doing some of its best work 20 years after it first shook up the zeitgeist, but here it is, continuing to evolve while toning down its more dated or cartoonish aspects. It just goes to show that a good album beats a good scandal every time." [ 29 ] Bloody Disgusting said it was their best release since Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) , [ 12 ] and Loudwire included it on their list of the best hard rock albums of 2017. [ 106 ] Consequence of Sound commented on Manson's stage injury: "Had the worst happened, Heaven Upside Down is the kind of career-defining record that [he] just might want to leave as his last great opus anyway." [ 100 ] Numerous publications lauded it for being a solid and concise album. Clash commended the quality of songwriting, complimenting the band for mixing various styles from their discography while saying the record fused three distinct genres from their previous work—the industrial of Antichrist Superstar , the glam rock of Mechanical Animals , and the blues of The Pale Emperor . [ 98 ] Classic Rock ' s sister publication Metal Hammer described it as a solid album and said it illustrates how Manson can "still do what he got famous [for] doing: write biting, anti-establishment goth rock full of dark, playful imagery." [ 32 ] Singapore 's The Straits Times dubbed it the album of the week and described it as an exhilarating recorded. [ 107 ] Critics praised the quality of lyricism found on the album, specifically in light of the presidential election of Donald Trump. ABC News said it saw Manson going back to basics, which they described as him "playing overtly with taboos and openly baiting his critics." [ 108 ] The Evening Standard said the lyrical content may prove cathartic for people disillusioned with the election. [ 109 ] The List made a similar point while comparing its lyrical content to Grand Guignol , [ 110 ] a term used to describe graphic, amoral horror entertainment. [ 111 ] Mark Beaumont of Classic Rock called it an astute album, saying the band "update and renovate the goth-glam dazzle of Mechanical Animals and Antichrist Superstar to better ram home [Manson's] top-line points: that religion is a pointless poison, politicians are society's true Satans and that fighting and fucking are the only reasoned responses to the current countdown to the Book of Revelations [ sic ] apocalypse that the world has chosen democratically for itself." [ 99 ] The album received some mixed reviews as well, with several writers criticizing the lyrics to "Je$u$ Cri$i$". [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Spin criticized the "reprehensible" violent lyrical content found on the record, in light of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting . [ 113 ] Conversely, Pitchfork said the lyrics were ineffectual, arguing they were easily eclipsed by the horror found in real life. [ 47 ] Both Crack Magazine and PopMatters complimented the inclusion of punk elements, which the latter said helped the album match the intensity of the band's earlier work, but they were both critical of the lyrics. [ 31 ] [ 114 ] NME argued the record was too similar to the band's earlier work, and complained most of the songs lacked innovation. [ 102 ] Drowned in Sound said that fans were "unlikely to see the power or the passion of Manson's classic run again – it's very difficult to bottle lightning twice ... That said, [Manson] seems to have settled after many years of free-fall. In Tyler Bates he has found a collaborator who knows how to get the best from his twisted mind. It's business as usual, but after a decade of disappointment, it's good to know business is doing well." [ 101 ] Commercial performance Heaven Upside Down debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 with 35,000 album-equivalent units , 32,000 of which were pure album sales, making it the band's seventh consecutive top ten album on the chart. [ 115 ] Industry forecasters had predicted it was on course to debut in the top ten with sales of between 25,000 and 32,000 copies. [ 116 ] It was the band's fourth consecutive number one album on Billboard ' s Top Hard Rock Albums , and their first to reach number one on Top Alternative Albums . [ 117 ] It also debuted at number two on both Top Rock Albums and Top Album Sales , [ 118 ] [ 119 ] which acts as the current equivalent of the previous Billboard 200, before it was reconfigured to incorporate album-equivalent units . [ 120 ] In Canada, Heaven Upside Down matched the peak of The Pale Emperor by debuting at number four. [ 121 ] The record was predicted to enter the top ten of the UK Albums Chart , [ 122 ] making it their first top ten album there since Eat Me, Drink Me peaked at number eight a decade earlier. [ 123 ] The album debuted at number seven with first-week sales of 6,636 copies—their highest opening week figure since The High End of Low debuted with 7,746 copies in 2009 and their highest-charting studio album since The Golden Age of Grotesque peaked at number four in 2003. [ 124 ] The record went on to peak in the top ten of multiple European markets, including Austria, [ 125 ] the Czech Republic, [ 126 ] Finland, [ 127 ] Germany, [ 128 ] Greece, [ 129 ] Slovakia, [ 130 ] and Switzerland. [ 131 ] It peaked at number six in Spain, making it their highest-charting album there since The Golden Age of Grotesque peaked at number five. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] In France, Heaven Upside Down debuted with sales of 4,745 copies. [ 134 ] Heaven Upside Down entered the ARIA Charts at number four, making it their sixth top ten album in Australia, and their highest-charting since Mechanical Animals reached number one in 1998. [ 135 ] It entered at number six on the Official New Zealand Music Chart , their fifth top ten studio album there. [ 136 ] On the Japanese Oricon chart, the album debuted at number 29 with first week sales of 1,805 copies. [ 137 ] Track listing All lyrics are written by Marilyn Manson ; all music is composed by Tyler Bates . No. Title Length 1. "Revelation #12" 4:42 2. " Tattooed in Reverse " 4:24 3. " We Know Where You Fucking Live " 4:32 4. " Say10 " 4:18 5. " Kill4Me " 3:59 6. "Saturnalia" 7:59 7. "Jesus Crisis" 3:59 8. "Blood Honey" 4:10 9. "Heaven Upside Down" 4:49 10. "Threats of Romance" 4:37 Total length: 47:29 No. Title Length 11. "Kill4Me" ( Mystery Skulls Remix) 3:39 Total length: 51:08 Notes "We Know Where You Fucking Live", "Say10" and "Kill4Me" are stylized in all caps ; "Jesus Crisis" is stylized as "JE$U$ CRI$I$". [ 18 ] "Saturnalia" is 6:22 on the vinyl edition. Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heaven Upside Down . [ 18 ] Marilyn Manson – vocals Tyler Bates – guitars , bass , keyboards , programming , engineering , recording , production , mixing Gil Sharone – drums Dana Dentata – backing vocals (track 9) Roger Joseph Manning Jr. – clavinet (track 10) Robert Carranza – mixing Joanne Higginbottom – assistant engineer Olivia Jaffe – hexagram sigil Brian Lucey – mastering Perou – photography Brian Roettinger – art direction Charts Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (2017) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 138 ] 4 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 125 ] 4 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) [ 139 ] 20 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia ) [ 140 ] 12 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 141 ] 4 Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) [ 126 ] 3 Danish Vinyl Albums ( Hitlisten ) [ 142 ] 3 Dutch Albums ( Dutch Charts ) [ 143 ] 28 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [ 127 ] 8 French Albums ( SNÉP ) [ 144 ] 15 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 128 ] 9 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) [ 129 ] 10 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) [ 145 ] 18 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) [ 146 ] 35 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) [ 147 ] 14 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) [ 137 ] 29 Japanese International Albums (Oricon) [ 148 ] 8 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) [ 136 ] 6 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) [ 149 ] 18 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) [ 150 ] 20 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 151 ] 5 Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI) [ 130 ] 10 Spanish Albums ( Promúsicae ) [ 132 ] 6 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 152 ] 14 Swiss Albums ( Swiss Hitparade ) [ 131 ] 3 UK Albums (OCC) [ 153 ] 7 UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) [ 154 ] 2 US Billboard 200 [ 155 ] 8 US Top Album Sales ( Billboard ) [ 119 ] 2 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 118 ] 2 US Top Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) [ 117 ] 1 US Top Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 117 ] 1 Weekly charts Chart (2017) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 138 ] 4 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 125 ] 4 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) [ 139 ] 20 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia ) [ 140 ] 12 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 141 ] 4 Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) [ 126 ] 3 Danish Vinyl Albums ( Hitlisten ) [ 142 ] 3 Dutch Albums ( Dutch Charts ) [ 143 ] 28 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [ 127 ] 8 French Albums ( SNÉP ) [ 144 ] 15 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 128 ] 9 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) [ 129 ] 10 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) [ 145 ] 18 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) [ 146 ] 35 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) [ 147 ] 14 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) [ 137 ] 29 Japanese International Albums (Oricon) [ 148 ] 8 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) [ 136 ] 6 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) [ 149 ] 18 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) [ 150 ] 20 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 151 ] 5 Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI) [ 130 ] 10 Spanish Albums ( Promúsicae ) [ 132 ] 6 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 152 ] 14 Swiss Albums ( Swiss Hitparade ) [ 131 ] 3 UK Albums (OCC) [ 153 ] 7 UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) [ 154 ] 2 US Billboard 200 [ 155 ] 8 US Top Album Sales ( Billboard ) [ 119 ] 2 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 118 ] 2 US Top Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) [ 117 ] 1 US Top Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 117 ] 1 Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (2017) Position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) [ 156 ] 171 US Top Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 157 ] 36 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 158 ] 89 US Top Current Album Sales ( Billboard ) [ 159 ] 198 Year-end charts Chart (2017) Position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) [ 156 ] 171 US Top Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 157 ] 36 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) [ 158 ] 89 US Top Current Album Sales ( Billboard ) [ 159 ] 198 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Baltin, Steve (August 3, 2012). "Marilyn Manson, Steve Jones Rock 'Californication' Season Finale Event" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 3, 2016 . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . ^ Scully, Alan (January 23, 2015). "Marilyn Manson to unveil 'Pale Emperor' in Bethlehem" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . ^ Bienstock, Richard (January 20, 2015). "Marilyn Manson on His New Album 'The Pale Emperor': 'I Have Hellhounds on My Heels -- and This Record Is Payment' " . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 5, 2016 . Retrieved April 9, 2016 . ^ Thompson, Barry (January 20, 2015). "Marilyn Manson on 'The Pale Emperor', Grunge, Courtney Love" (Interview) . Esquire . Archived from the original on June 20, 2016 . Retrieved January 20, 2015 . ^ Sosa, Chris (February 2, 2015). "Marilyn Manson Just Made an Unexpected Comeback" . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 9, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2015 . ^ Downey, Ryan J. (August 2, 2016). " 'I put a gun in the mouth of the editor of Spin and hid out at Trump Tower' – Marilyn Manson (WATCH)" . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on November 26, 2018 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ DeVita, Joe (July 19, 2016). "Marilyn Manson Announces New Album 'SAY10' " . Loudwire . Archived from the original on July 20, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ a b c d e f Segall, Bryce (October 4, 2017). "Fire Away: A Conversation with Marilyn Manson" . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ a b Petridis, Alexis (September 21, 2017). " 'Columbine destroyed my entire career': Marilyn Manson on the perils of being the lord of darkness" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7, 2018 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ a b De Ville, Adam (September 25, 2017). " "You Gotta Bring The Fire": An Interview with Tyler Bates" . Collide Art and Culture Magazine . Archived from the original on October 12, 2018 . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . ^ Munro, Scott (May 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson names new album Heaven Upside Down" . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on May 11, 2017 . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . ^ a b c d e Miska, Brad (October 5, 2017). "[Interview] Marilyn Manson's Fire Burns Again on Emotional 'Heaven Upside Down' " . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ a b Grow, Kory (September 16, 2016). "Marilyn Manson Teases 'Pretty Violent' New Album 'SAY10' " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 19, 2016 . Retrieved September 20, 2016 . ^ Grow, Kory (October 31, 2016). "Marilyn Manson on 'Utterly Sociopathic' 'Salem' Role, Gruesome Collectibles" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 9, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Urquhart-White, Alaina (November 2, 2016). "Who Is Thomas Dinley On 'Salem'? Marilyn Manson Has A Terrifying Role" . Bustle . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Childers, Chad (September 15, 2016). "Marilyn Manson: 'SAY10' Music Has 'Got a Chip on Its Shoulder' " . Loudwire . Archived from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ a b Stagg, Natasha (September 27, 2016). "Marilyn Manson: all-American nightmare" . Dazed . Archived from the original on September 29, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ a b c d e "Booklet". Heaven Upside Down (liner notes). Marilyn Manson . Los Angeles, United States: Loma Vista Recordings . 2017. LVR00229. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) ^ Hartmann, Graham (March 27, 2019). "Marilyn Manson Drummer Gil Sharone Quits Band" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on March 29, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 . ^ "Marilyn Manson Interview" . Sonic Seducer . Berlin . October 2017. p. 88. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ a b c Epstein, Dan (September 13, 2017). "How Film Composer Tyler Bates Became Marilyn Manson's Secret Weapon" . Revolver . Archived from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Epstein, Dan (September 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson on New Album, Father's Death, Bringing Chaos Back" . Revolver . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ a b c "Tyler Bates | Pop Disciple | Film Music & Music Supervision Interviews | Music in Media News" . Pop Disciple . October 6, 2017. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020 . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . ^ a b c Gorton, Thomas (September 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson knows where you fucking live" . Dazed . Archived from the original on September 25, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2017 . ^ Ali, Lorraine (October 30, 2016). "Marilyn Manson's unsettling answers about sucking leeches and making sausage for his new 'Salem' role" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 10, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Stern, Marlow (September 12, 2016). "Marilyn Manson: It's 'Fun' to See Fox News Go Down in Flames" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Mervis, Scott (September 15, 2017). "Marilyn Manson on new album: 'I'm chaos. I'm here to disrupt things.' " . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on November 21, 2018 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ Jones, Daisy (November 2, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Pushes You to Lean Into Your Fears Like No One Else" . Noisey . Vice . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ a b c Cawley, Terence (October 5, 2017). "There's a good album hidden behind Manson's shtick" . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 6, 2017 . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . ^ a b Pettigrew, Jason (October 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson goes back to his roots on 'Heaven Upside Down' " . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on October 9, 2017 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ a b c Carr, Paul (October 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Heaven Upside Down" . PopMatters . Archived from the original on October 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ a b Goodman, Eleanor (September 19, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down album review" . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on September 20, 2017 . Retrieved September 19, 2017 . ^ a b Kreps, Daniel (September 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Details New Album 'Heaven Upside Down,' Drops New Song" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 14, 2017 . Retrieved September 21, 2017 . ^ a b Wiederhorn, Jon (November 7, 2017). "Marilyn Manson: 'I write songs to fight and f*** to' " . Yahoo! Music . Archived from the original on August 16, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ a b Hartmann, Graham (October 5, 2017). "Marilyn Manson: 'Heaven Upside Down' Needs to Be 'Chaos and Fuck Shit Up' " . Loudwire . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ Trendell, Andrew (May 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson gives update on new album and changes the title" . NME . Archived from the original on May 15, 2017 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ d'Hont, Coco (Summer 2017). " "I Am Your Faggot Anti-Pope": An Exploration of Marilyn Manson as a Transgressive Artist" . European Journal of American Studies . Directory of Open Access Journals . Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte : 12. ISSN 1991-9336 . Archived from the original on June 23, 2019 . Retrieved June 23, 2020 . ^ a b Hartmann, Graham (September 12, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Reveals Why New Album Wasn't Released on Valentine's Day" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on September 21, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2017 . ^ Sky, Lucy (October 13, 2017). "Interview: Tyler Bates Talks Working With Marilyn Manson, Film Scores, & Monsters After Dark" . Aesthetic Magazine . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Mac, Emmy (April 20, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Posts String of Creepy, Cryptic Teaser Videos As World Waits For New Album" . Music Feeds . Archived from the original on April 29, 2017 . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . ^ Laroche, Sophie (April 25, 2017). "Watch: Marilyn Manson Is Posting Terrifying Videos On Instagram" . Konbini . Archived from the original on April 29, 2017 . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . ^ Miska, Brad (March 22, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Calls Upon 'Say10' This June!" . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 22, 2017 . Retrieved March 22, 2017 . ^ Hartmann, Graham (March 22, 2017). "Did Marilyn Manson Just Reveal the Release Date for 'Say10'?" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on March 26, 2017 . Retrieved March 26, 2017 . ^ Trendell, Andrew (March 23, 2017). "Marilyn Manson teases new release date for new album 'Say10'?" . NME . Archived from the original on March 23, 2017 . Retrieved September 1, 2020 . ^ Hartmann, Graham (April 17, 2017). "Rapper Lil Uzi Vert Drops $220,000 on Diamond Marilyn Manson Necklace; Manson Creeps Out Fans on Instagram" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on April 18, 2017 . Retrieved April 17, 2017 . ^ Brandle, Lars (October 6, 2017). "Stream Marilyn Manson's New Album 'Heaven Upside Down' " . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ a b c Geffen, Sasha (October 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Heaven Upside Down" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on October 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ Brannigan, Paul (January 4, 2018). "Marilyn Manson ranks his own albums…" . Kerrang! . Archived from the original on January 4, 2018 . Retrieved October 11, 2019 . ^ a b "マリリン・マンソン、新作より"Say10"のミュージック・ビデオを公開" [Marilyn Manson releases "Say 10" music video from new album]. NME Japan (in Japanese). October 10, 2017. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ Metal Hammer Staff (September 19, 2017). "Marilyn Manson interviewed by Metal Hammer" . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on September 25, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2017 . ^ Grow, Kory (November 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson: Assault Rifle Stunt 'Not Meant to be Disrespectful' " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 10, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Rosenberg, Axl (September 11, 2017). " "We Know Where You Fucking Live": Marilyn Manson's New Song is Pretty Decent" . MetalSucks . Archived from the original on September 21, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ Gaca, Anna (September 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Releases Single "We Know Where You Fucking Live," Announces New Album Heaven Upside Down" . Spin . Archived from the original on September 11, 2017 . Retrieved September 13, 2017 . ^ Istomina, Toma (August 3, 2017). "Marilyn Manson in Kyiv: 'You made Moscow sound like your bitch' " . Kyiv Post . Archived from the original on August 4, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Rossignol, Derrick (September 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson debuts brutal song, "We Know Where You Fucking Live" " . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on September 21, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ Christopher, Michael (September 19, 2017). "Marilyn Manson: Trent Reznor and I Have 'Sort of Mended Ways' " . Loudwire . Archived from the original on September 25, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2017 . ^ a b Weiderhorn, Jon (October 12, 2017). "Marilyn Manson addresses scary stage accident: 'The pain was excruciating' " . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on October 13, 2017 . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . ^ DiVita, Joe (September 30, 2017). "Marilyn Manson at Pittsburgh Show: 'I Just Broke My Ankle' " . Loudwire . Archived from the original on October 9, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ Marsh, Sarah (October 1, 2017). "Marilyn Manson struck by falling stage scenery during New York concert" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 7, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ "Marilyn Manson cancels tour dates due to stage injury" . The Guardian . October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ Ganz, Caren; Stevens, Matt (October 1, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Injured by Falling Stage Prop at Concert" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 4, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ Payne, Chris (October 1, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Cancels Tour Dates Following Onstage Injury in New York" . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 5, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ "Marilyn Manson Pulls Out of Aftershock Festival" . Blabbermouth.net . October 10, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017 . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ Serlo, Alexandra (October 13, 2017). "We Don't Know If Marilyn Manson Was Trolling Us in This Interview" . Vice . Archived from the original on November 10, 2017 . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (October 25, 2017). "Marilyn Manson 'parts ways' with bassist Twiggy Ramirez after rape accusation" . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Moore, Sam (October 26, 2017). "Former Marilyn Manson bassist Twiggy Ramirez responds to rape allegations" . NME . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Morgan Britton, Luke (November 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson recruits Mars Volta bassist after sacking Twiggy Ramirez over rape accusations" . NME . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Kaufman, Gil (November 7, 2017). "Marilyn Manson, Dave Grohl, 2 Chainz, Axl Rose, Lady Gaga & Other Artists Who Rocked Hard in Wheelchairs" . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Aswad, Jem (November 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Issues Statement on Fake Assault Rifle: 'An Act of Theater in an Attempt to Make a Statement' " . Variety . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Papenfuss, Mary (November 7, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Defends Aiming Fake Assault Rifle At Concert As Anti-Gun Statement" . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 10, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Geslani, Michelle (November 8, 2016). "Marilyn Manson decapitates Donald Trump in new video for "SAY10" – watch" . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Stern, Marlow (November 8, 2016). "Marilyn Manson's Shocking Trump Video" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on November 9, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Britton, Luke Morgan (November 8, 2016). "Watch Marilyn Manson behead Donald Trump in NSFW 'SAY10' video" . NME . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Shepherd, Jack (November 8, 2016). "Marilyn Manson 'beheads Donald Trump' in new music video" . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Goodman, Jessica (November 8, 2016). "Donald Trump: Marilyn Manson video alludes to death" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ Camp, Zoe (July 24, 2017). "Hear Marilyn Manson's Crushing Cover of Ministry's "Stigmata" . Revolver . Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Reed, Ryan (September 15, 2017). "Watch Marilyn Manson, Nuns Terrorize Suburbia in Disturbing New Video" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 16, 2017 . Retrieved September 15, 2017 . ^ Childers, Chad (September 15, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Unleashes Mayhem on Serene Neighborhood in NSFW 'We Know Where You F-ing Live' Video" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on September 15, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ a b "Marilyn Manson – Chart History: Hot Rock Songs" . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 24, 2018 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ "The Marilyn Manson Instagram ads you weren't supposed to see" . Dazed . September 27, 2017. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Blistein, Jon (October 10, 2017). "Watch Johnny Depp Join Marilyn Manson in NSFW 'Say10' Video" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 10, 2017 . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ Grant, Sarah (November 14, 2017). "Watch Johnny Depp's Unholy Threesome in New Marilyn Manson Video 'KILL4ME' " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 14, 2017 . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . ^ "Marilyn Manson to cover Johnny Cash for film soundtrack" . NME . October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ "Rock Future Releases" . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on March 5, 2018 . Retrieved March 12, 2018 . ^ Maxwell, Jackson (March 23, 2018). "See Marilyn Manson Team Up with Courtney Love for New "Tattooed in Reverse" Music Video" . Guitar World . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on April 3, 2018 . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . ^ Variety Staff (March 23, 2018). "Watch Marilyn Manson's Creepy Video for 'Tattooed in Reverse,' Featuring Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley" . Variety . Archived from the original on March 23, 2018 . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . ^ Schatz, Lake (June 29, 2018). "Watch Marilyn Manson – "Cry Little Sister" Video | Music News" . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on July 2, 2018 . Retrieved July 2, 2018 . ^ Leight, Elias (March 5, 2018). "Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie Plot Summer Co-Headlining Tour" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 14, 2018 . Retrieved March 13, 2018 . ^ Hartmann, Graham (July 11, 2018). "Rob Zombie + Marilyn Manson Cover Beatles' 'Helter Skelter' " . Loudwire . Archived from the original on July 27, 2018 . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . ^ Kaufman, Spencer (March 27, 2019). "Marilyn Manson drummer Gil Sharone exits band" . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on March 28, 2019 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ Kaufman, Spencer (June 18, 2019). "Marilyn Manson officially reveals new drummer Brandon Pertzborn" . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on June 18, 2019 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ Bienstock, Richard (February 6, 2020). "Mars Volta and Marilyn Manson bassist Juan Alderete suffers serious brain injury" . Guitar World . Future US . ISSN 1045-6295 . Archived from the original on September 5, 2020 . Retrieved September 5, 2020 . ^ "GoFundMe Launched For Marilyn Manson/Mars Volta Bassist Juan Alderete" . Kerrang! . February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 . Retrieved February 8, 2020 . ^ "Credits / We Are Chaos / Marilyn Manson" . Tidal . July 29, 2020. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020 . Retrieved July 31, 2020 . ^ "Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson reviews" . AnyDecentMusic? . Archived from the original on October 26, 2017 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ "Reviews and Tracks for Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on October 7, 2017 . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . ^ a b Yeung, Neil. "Heaven Upside Down – Marilyn Manson" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on October 12, 2017 . Retrieved December 24, 2019 . ^ a b Grant, Phil (October 10, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down| Reviews" . Clash . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ a b Beaumont, Mark (October 27, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down album review" . Classic Rock . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ a b Lecaro, Lina (October 4, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 4, 2017 . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . ^ a b Burrows, Marc (October 5, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Heaven Upside Down" . Drowned in Sound . Archived from the original on October 25, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ a b Cochrane, Greg (October 5, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – 'Heaven Upside Down' Review" . NME . Archived from the original on October 5, 2017 . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . ^ Grow, Kory (October 6, 2017). "Review: Marilyn Manson Gets Back to His Shock-Rock Roots" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 7, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ "Marilyn Manson on WE ARE CHAOS, Pandemic Life, New Wave Influences, and Favorite David Bowie Album" . Consequence of Sound . September 8, 2020. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020 . Retrieved September 10, 2020 . ^ Christopher, Michael (October 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson, 'Heaven Upside Down' – Album Review" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on October 6, 2017 . Retrieved August 24, 2019 . ^ Loudwire Staff (December 1, 2017). "25 Best Hard Rock Albums of 2017" . Loudwire . Archived from the original on June 16, 2018 . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . ^ Hadi, Eddino Abdul (October 11, 2017). "Music review: Liam Gallagher, Marilyn Manson still show swagger on new albums" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ Raible, Allan (October 10, 2017). "Marilyn Manson, Gwen Stefani, Dhani Harrison and Carla Bruni music reviews" . ABC News . Archived from the original on December 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ Smyth, David (October 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down, review" . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ Pollock, David (October 2, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . The List . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ Gordon, Mel (November 1988). The Grand Guignol: Theatre of Fear and Terror . New York: Amok Press . ISBN 978-0-94169-308-0 . Archived from the original on September 4, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ H. Gorania, Jay (February 15, 2018). "CD Reviews – Heaven Upside Down Marilyn Manson" . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on February 15, 2018 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ a b Reyes-Kulkarni, Saby (October 5, 2017). "Review: Marilyn Manson – 'Heaven Upside Down" . Spin . Archived from the original on October 5, 2017 . Retrieved December 2, 2017 . ^ Goggins, Joe (October 27, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – 'Heaven Upside Down' review" . Crack Magazine . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017 . Retrieved December 2, 2017 . ^ Caulfield, Keith (October 16, 2017). "NF Scores First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Perception' " . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . ^ "HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill – New Releases: Anyone's Game" . Hits Daily Double . October 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ a b c Rutherford, Kevin (October 18, 2017). "Marilyn Manson's 'Heaven Upside Down' Crowns Alternative & Hard Rock Albums Charts" . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . ^ a b "Marilyn Manson Chart History | Rock Albums" . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "Marilyn Manson Chart History | Album Sales" . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ Trust, Gary (November 20, 2014). "Billboard 200 Makeover: Album Chart to Incorporate Streams & Track Sales" . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 22, 2014 . Retrieved November 1, 2020 . ^ "On The Charts: October 15, 2017" . FYI Music News . October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on October 16, 2017 . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ White, Jack (October 9, 2017). "Liam Gallagher's As You Were is outselling the rest of the Top 20 combined on today's Chart Update" . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on October 10, 2017 . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ White, Jack (October 13, 2017). "Liam Gallagher's As You Were charges in at Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart and sets new vinyl record" . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on October 14, 2017 . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . ^ Jones, Alan (October 13, 2017). "Official Charts Analysis: Liam Gallagher debuts at No.1 with more than 100,000 album sales" . Music Week . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on October 15, 2017 . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ a b "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down – austriancharts.at" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "CZECH ALBUMS TOP 100 – MARILYN MANSON – Heaven Upside Down" . ČNS IFPI . Archived from the original on September 2, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "Marilyn Manson – Suomen virallinen lista – Musiikkituottajat" . Musiikkituottajat (in Finnish). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on September 2, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "Offizielle Deutsche Charts – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . GfK Entertainment (in German). Archived from the original on December 25, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "Official IFPI Charts – Top 75 Albums Sales Chart (Week: 43/2017)" . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . ^ a b "ČNS IFPI – SK ALBUMS TOP 100 – 201741" . IFPI . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . Note : To access information from this reference, user must define SK – Albums – Top 100 and 201741 as the search parameters, and then click Zobrazit ^ a b "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down – swisscharts.com" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "spanishcharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 978-84-8048-639-2 . ^ Hamard, Jonathan (October 13, 2017). "Ventes de la semaine 41 : Florent Pagny incontesté, Marilyn Manson et Carla Bruni sont de retour au top" [Week 41 Sales: Florent Pagny undisputed, Marilyn Manson and Carla Bruni back on top]. Aficia (in French). Archived from the original on October 16, 2017 . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . ^ Ryan, Gavin (October 16, 2017). "Australian Charts: Triple J Like A Version 13 In Number One" . Noise11 . Archived from the original on November 15, 2017 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ a b "charts.nz – Discography Marilyn Manson" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ a b "週間 CDアルバムランキング" [Weekly CD Album Ranking] (in Japanese). Oricon . Archived from the original on October 13, 2017 . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . ^ "australian-charts.com – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "ultratop.be – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "ultratop.be – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" (in French). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Marilyn Manson | Billboard Canadian Albums" . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Vinyl Top 40 – Uge 41 – 2017" (in Danish). Hitlisten. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down – dutchcharts.nl" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "lescharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "2017/42. heti Album Top 40 slágerlista – Hivatalos magyar slágerlisták" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ . Archived from the original on September 2, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "irishcharts.com – Discography Marilyn Manson" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "italiancharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "週間 洋楽アルバムランキング" [Weekly Western Album Ranking] (in Japanese). Oricon . Archived from the original on October 13, 2017 . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS – Official Retail Sales Chart: 30 January 2015" . ZPAV . Archived from the original on June 7, 2020 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "portuguesecharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 | 13 October 2017" . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "swedishcharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Marilyn Manson | Full Official Chart History Artist – Official Charts" . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on June 2, 2016 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40" . The Official Charts Company. October 13, 2017. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Marilyn Manson Chart History | Billboard 200" . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Rapports Annuels 2017" . Ultratop . Retrieved November 2, 2020 . ^ "Top Hard Rock Albums – Year-End 2017" . Billboard . January 2, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018 . Retrieved December 15, 2017 . ^ "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2017" . Billboard . January 2, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018 . Retrieved December 15, 2017 . ^ "Top Current Album Sales – Year-End 2017" . Billboard . January 2, 2013. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Marilyn Manson v t e Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Piggy D. Reba Meyers Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Mark Chaussee Madonna Wayne Gacy Rob Holliday Tim Skold Wes Borland Andy Gerold Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Jason Sutter Spencer Rollins Daniel Fox Twiggy Ramirez Paul Wiley Juan Alderete Brandon Pertzborn Tyler Bates Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Piggy D. Reba Meyers Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Mark Chaussee Madonna Wayne Gacy Rob Holliday Tim Skold Wes Borland Andy Gerold Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Jason Sutter Spencer Rollins Daniel Fox Twiggy Ramirez Paul Wiley Juan Alderete Brandon Pertzborn Tyler Bates Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me, Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down We Are Chaos One Assassination Under God – Chapter 1 Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me, Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down We Are Chaos One Assassination Under God – Chapter 1 Live albums The Last Tour on Earth The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget: The Best Of Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget: The Best Of Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Lost & Found Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Lost & Found Singles " Get Your Gunn " " Lunchbox " " Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) " " The Beautiful People " " Long Hard Road Out of Hell " " Tourniquet " " The Dope Show " " I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) " " Rock Is Dead " " Disposable Teens " " The Fight Song " " The Nobodies " " Tainted Love " " Mobscene " " This Is the New Shit " " Personal Jesus " " Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) " " Putting Holes in Happiness " " We're from America " " Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon " " No Reflection " " Slo-Mo-Tion " " Third Day of a Seven Day Binge " " Deep Six " " Cupid Carries a Gun " " We Know Where You Fucking Live " " Kill4Me " " Cry Little Sister " " God's Gonna Cut You Down " " The End " " We Are Chaos " " Don't Chase the Dead " " As Sick as the Secrets Within " " Raise the Red Flag " " Sacrilegious " " In the Air Tonight " " God Is a Weapon " " Get Your Gunn " " Lunchbox " " Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) " " The Beautiful People " " Long Hard Road Out of Hell " " Tourniquet " " The Dope Show " " I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) " " Rock Is Dead " " Disposable Teens " " The Fight Song " " The Nobodies " " Tainted Love " " Mobscene " " This Is the New Shit " " Personal Jesus " " Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) " " Putting Holes in Happiness " " We're from America " " Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon " " No Reflection " " Slo-Mo-Tion " " Third Day of a Seven Day Binge " " Deep Six " " Cupid Carries a Gun " " We Know Where You Fucking Live " " Kill4Me " " Cry Little Sister " " God's Gonna Cut You Down " " The End " " We Are Chaos " " Don't Chase the Dead " " As Sick as the Secrets Within " " Raise the Red Flag " " Sacrilegious " " In the Air Tonight " " God Is a Weapon " Promotional singles " Dope Hat " " Antichrist Superstar " " Man That You Fear " " Coma White " " Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes " " You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 " " The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles " " The Devil Beneath My Feet " " Tattooed in Reverse " " Dope Hat " " Antichrist Superstar " " Man That You Fear " " Coma White " " Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes " " You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 " " The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles " " The Devil Beneath My Feet " " Tattooed in Reverse " Other songs " Apple of Sodom " " This Is Halloween " " If I Was Your Vampire " " Running to the Edge of the World " " WOW " " Killing Strangers " " Say10 " " One Assassination Under God " " Apple of Sodom " " This Is Halloween " " If I Was Your Vampire " " Running to the Edge of the World " " WOW " " Killing Strangers " " Say10 " " One Assassination Under God " Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns, God and Government Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns, God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Born Villain Born Villain Concert tours Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns, God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour Twins of Evil: Hell Never Dies Tour One Assassination Under God Tour Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns, God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour Twins of Evil: Hell Never Dies Tour One Assassination Under God Tour Related Discography Awards and nominations Band members List of songs The Manson Family Album Posthuman Records Hell, etc. Columbine massacre controversy Alice Cooper Godhead Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Rasputina Discography Awards and nominations Band members List of songs The Manson Family Album Posthuman Records Hell, etc. Columbine massacre controversy Alice Cooper Godhead Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Rasputina Category Category v t e Tyler Bates v t e Film soundtracks Dawn of the Dead (2004) The Devil's Rejects (2005) 300 (2007) The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008) Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture (2009) Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score (2009) Halloween II (2009) Sucker Punch (2011) Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) John Wick (2014) John Wick: Chapter 2 (2017) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) Deadpool 2 (2018) John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (2019) Hobbs & Shaw (2019) X (2022) Pearl (2022) John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023) Ballerina (2025) Dawn of the Dead (2004) The Devil's Rejects (2005) 300 (2007) The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008) Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture (2009) Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score (2009) Halloween II (2009) Sucker Punch (2011) Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) John Wick (2014) John Wick: Chapter 2 (2017) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) Deadpool 2 (2018) John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (2019) Hobbs & Shaw (2019) X (2022) Pearl (2022) John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023) Ballerina (2025) Studio albums The Pale Emperor (2015) Heaven Upside Down (2017) The Kingdom (2020) Brighten (2021) Godmode (2023) One Assassination Under God – Chapter 1 (2024) The Pale Emperor (2015) Heaven Upside Down (2017) The Kingdom (2020) Brighten (2021) Godmode (2023) One Assassination Under God – Chapter 1 (2024) Songs written by " Killing Strangers " (2014) " Third Day of a Seven Day Binge " (2014) " Deep Six " (2014) " Cupid Carries a Gun " (2015) " The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles " (2015) " The Devil Beneath My Feet " (2015) " A Job to Do " (2017) " We Know Where You Fucking Live " (2017) " Kill4Me " (2017) " Say10 " (2017) " Tattooed in Reverse " (2018) " Setting Sun " (2018) " As Sick as the Secrets Within " (2024) " Raise the Red Flag " (2024) " Sacrilegious " (2024) " One Assassination Under God " (2024) " Killing Strangers " (2014) " Third Day of a Seven Day Binge " (2014) " Deep Six " (2014) " Cupid Carries a Gun " (2015) " The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles " (2015) " The Devil Beneath My Feet " (2015) " A Job to Do " (2017) " We Know Where You Fucking Live " (2017) " Kill4Me " (2017) " Say10 " (2017) " Tattooed in Reverse " (2018) " Setting Sun " (2018) " As Sick as the Secrets Within " (2024) " Raise the Red Flag " (2024) " Sacrilegious " (2024) " One Assassination Under God " (2024) Concert tours " The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour " (2015) " Heaven Upside Down Tour " (2017) " One Assassination Under God Tour " (2024) " The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour " (2015) " Heaven Upside Down Tour " (2017) " One Assassination Under God Tour " (2024) Bands " Roseland " " Marilyn Manson " " Roseland " " Marilyn Manson " Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 2017 albums 2010s concept albums Albums produced by Tyler Bates Glam rock albums by American artists Gothic rock albums by American artists Loma Vista Recordings albums Marilyn Manson (band) albums Punk rock albums by American artists CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) Use mdy dates from February 2021 Use American English from February 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles This page was last edited on 11 September 2025, at 03:47 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Upside_Down
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Origins 1.2 License porting 1.1 Origins 1.2 License porting 2 International use Toggle International use subsection 2.1 China 2.1 China 3 Applicable works Toggle Applicable works subsection 3.1 Software 3.2 Preconditions 3.3 Consequences 3.1 Software 3.2 Preconditions 3.3 Consequences 4 Types of licenses Toggle Types of licenses subsection 4.1 Four rights 4.2 Six regularly used licenses 4.3 Zero, public domain 4.4 Retired licenses 4.1 Four rights 4.2 Six regularly used licenses 4.3 Zero, public domain 4.4 Retired licenses 5 Version 4.0 6 Rights and obligations Toggle Rights and obligations subsection 6.1 Attribution 6.2 Non-commercial licenses 6.3 Adaptability 6.1 Attribution 6.2 Non-commercial licenses 6.3 Adaptability 7 Legal aspects Toggle Legal aspects subsection 7.1 Dutch tabloid 7.2 Virgin Mobile 7.3 SGAE vs Fernández 7.4 GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC 7.5 Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC 7.6 Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) 7.1 Dutch tabloid 7.2 Virgin Mobile 7.3 SGAE vs Fernández 7.4 GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC 7.5 Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC 7.6 Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) 8 Works with a Creative Commons license 9 Unicode symbols 10 Case law database 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Creative Commons license Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili ລາວ Lietuvių Madhurâ മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A Creative Commons ( CC ) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". [ a ] A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by Creative Commons , a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0. [ 6 ] Released in November 2013, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. While the Creative Commons license was originally grounded in the American legal system, there are now several Creative Commons jurisdiction ports which accommodate international laws. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the " Open Definition " for content and data. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] History Lawrence Lessig and Eric Eldred designed the Creative Commons License (CCL) in 2001 because they saw a need for a license between the existing modes of copyright and public domain status. Version 1.0 of the licenses was officially released on December 16, 2002. [ 12 ] Origins The CCL allows inventors to keep the rights to their innovations while also allowing for some external use of the invention. [ 13 ] The CCL emerged as a reaction to the decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft , in which the United States Supreme Court ruled constitutional provisions of the Copyright Term Extension Act that extended the copyright term of works to be the last living author's lifespan plus an additional 70 years. [ 13 ] License porting The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind; therefore, the wording may be incompatible with local legislation in other jurisdictions , rendering the licenses unenforceable there. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called " porting ". [ 14 ] As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide. [ 15 ] International use China A 2009 commentary remarked that Creative Commons Licenses were used to assert some exclusive rights by the owners of Chinese blogs rather than to relax control. [ 16 ] This situation was due to the unique history of copyright in Communist China. [ citation needed ] Applicable works Work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law. [ 17 ] This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites. Software While software is also governed by copyright law and CC licenses are applicable, the CC recommends against using it in software specifically due to backward-compatibility limitations with existing commonly used software licenses. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Instead, developers may resort to use more software-friendly free and open-source software (FOSS) software licenses . Outside the FOSS licensing use case for software there are several usage examples to utilize CC licenses to specify a " Freeware " license model; examples are The White Chamber , Mari0 or Assault Cube . [ 20 ] Despite the status of CC0 as the most free copyright license, the Free Software Foundation does not recommend releasing software into the public domain using the CC0 due to patent concerns. [ 21 ] However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions. [ 22 ] Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable. [ 23 ] Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license. [ 24 ] When works are protected by more than one Creative Commons license, the user may choose any of them. [ 25 ] Preconditions The author, or the licensor in case the author did a contractual transfer of rights, needs to have the exclusive rights on the work. If the work has already been published under a public license, it can be uploaded by any third party, once more on another platform, by using a compatible license, and making reference and attribution to the original license (e.g. by referring to the URL of the original license). [ 26 ] Consequences The license is non-exclusive, royalty-free, and unrestricted in terms of territory and duration, so it is irrevocable, unless a new license is granted by the author after the work has been significantly modified. Any use of the work that is not covered by other copyright rules triggers the public license. Upon activation of the license, the licensee must adhere to all conditions of the license, otherwise the license agreement is illegitimate, and the licensee would commit a copyright infringement. The author, or the licensor as a proxy, has the legal rights to act upon any copyright infringement. The licensee has a limited period to correct any non-compliance. [ 26 ] Types of licenses Four rights The CC licenses all grant "baseline rights", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes and without modification. [ 27 ] In addition, different versions of license prescribe different rights, as shown in this table: [ 28 ] Icon Right Description Attribution (BY) Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform and make derivative works and remixes based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits ( attribution ) in the manner specified by these. Since version 2.0, all Creative Commons licenses require attribution to the creator and include the BY element. The letters BY are not an abbreviation, unlike the other rights. Share-alike (SA) Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to ("not more restrictive than") the license that governs the original work. (See also Copyleft .) Without share-alike, derivative works might be sublicensed with compatible but more restrictive license clauses, e.g. CC BY to CC BY-NC. Non-commercial (NC) Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform the work and make derivative works and remixes based on it only for non-commercial purposes. No derivative works (ND) Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works and remixes based on it. Since version 4.0, derivative works are allowed but must not be shared. The last two clauses are not free content licenses, according to definitions such as DFSG or the Free Software Foundation 's standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as Wikipedia . For software , Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the BSD License , the GNU LGPL , and the GNU GPL . [ 29 ] Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "ND" and "SA" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the "BY" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] This leaves six regularly used licenses plus the CC0 public domain declaration. Six regularly used licenses The six licenses in most frequent use are shown in the following table. Among them, those accepted by the Wikimedia Foundation – the public domain dedication and two attribution (BY and BY-SA) licenses – allow the sharing and remixing (creating derivative works ), including for commercial use, so long as attribution is given. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] License name Abbreviation Icon Attribution required Allows remix culture Allows commercial use Allows Free Cultural Works Meets the OKF ' Open Definition ' Attribution CC .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} BY Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC Yes Yes No No No Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA Yes Yes No No No Attribution-NoDerivatives CC BY-ND Yes No Yes No No Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives CC BY-NC-ND Yes No No No No Zero, public domain Tool name Abbreviation Icon Attribution required Allows remix culture Allows commercial use Allows Free Cultural Works Meets the OKF ' Open Definition ' "No Rights Reserved" CC0 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Besides copyright licenses, Creative Commons also offers CC0 , a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain . [ 34 ] CC0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible. [ 36 ] Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as public domain equivalent license . [ 36 ] Development of CC0 began in 2007 [ 37 ] and it was released in 2009. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] A major target of the license was the scientific data community. [ 40 ] In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark ( PDM ), [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] a symbol used to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain . It is analogous to the copyright symbol , which is commonly used to indicate that a work is copyrighted, often as part of a copyright notice . The Public Domain Mark itself does not release a copyrighted work into the public domain like CC0. The symbol is encoded in Unicode as .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace} U+1F16E 🅮 CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH , [ 44 ] which was added in Unicode 13.0 in March 2020. [ 45 ] As there is no single definition of public domain and copyright laws differ by jurisdiction, a work can be in the public domain in some countries while still being under copyright in others (so called hybrid status). It is also difficult to assess the legal status of many works. The PDM is recommended to be used only for works that are likely free from any copyright restrictions worldwide . [ 46 ] Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification, [ 47 ] which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations. In 2011, the Free Software Foundation added CC0 to its free software licenses . However, the Free Software Foundation currently does not recommend using CC0 to release software into the public domain because it explicitly does not grant a patent license. [ 21 ] In February 2012, CC0 was submitted to Open Source Initiative (OSI) for their approval. [ 48 ] However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder. This clause was added for scientific data rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against software patents . As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI. [ 40 ] [ 49 ] From 2013 to 2017, the stock photography website Unsplash used the CC0 license, [ 50 ] [ 51 ] distributing several million free photos a month. [ 52 ] Lawrence Lessig , the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site. [ 53 ] Unsplash moved from using the CC0 license to a custom license in June 2017 [ 54 ] and to an explicitly nonfree license in January 2018. In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the Open Definition and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In July 2022, Fedora Linux disallowed software licensed under CC0 due to patent rights explicitly not being waived under the license. [ 55 ] Retired licenses Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired, [ 30 ] [ 56 ] and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses: Developing Nations License : a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be "non-high-income economies" by the World Bank . Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries. [ 57 ] Sampling : parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified [ 58 ] Sampling Plus : parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes [ 59 ] NonCommercial Sampling Plus : the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non-commercial purposes [ 60 ] Version 4.0 The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 28 ] No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license. [ 64 ] Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license. [ 65 ] Additionally, there is a thirty-day grace period to correct the breach of the licensing terms by the licensee and have their rights reinstated. Prior to 4.0 the licensee would lose their rights after breaking the license's terms. This does not impact the ability for licensors to seek remedies. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Rights and obligations Attribution Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 and CC-PD variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition "by"). [ 31 ] The attribution must be given to "the best of [one's] ability using the information available". [ 68 ] Creative Commons suggests the mnemonic "TASL": title – author – source [web link] – [CC] licence . Generally this implies the following: Include any copyright notices (if applicable) . If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published. Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID , etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists. Cite the work's title or name (if applicable) , if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work. Cite the specific CC license the work is under . If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website. Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation . In addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., "This is a Finnish translation of [original work] by [author]." or "Screenplay based on [original work] by [author]." Non-commercial licenses The NonCommercial license allows image creators to restrict selling and profiting from their works by other parties and thus maintaining free of charge access to images. The "non-commercial" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition, [ 69 ] as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses . [ 70 ] In 2014 Wikimedia Deutschland published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as PDF. [ 26 ] Adaptability Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based. [ 71 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No Legal aspects The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it. [ 74 ] Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases. [ 75 ] Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses. Dutch tabloid In early 2006, podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license." [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Virgin Mobile In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church, [ 80 ] caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license. [ 80 ] In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] SGAE vs Fernández In the fall of 2006, the collecting society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores ( SGAE ) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in Badajoz who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society. [ 83 ] In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by Javier de la Cueva ) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities. The sentence said: Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff [SGAE], using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called ' copyleft '. [ 84 ] Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff [SGAE], using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called ' copyleft '. [ 84 ] GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC On June 30, 2010, GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That is Great News, LLC . GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including Rockford Register Star , which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That is Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles. [ 85 ] GateHouse sued That is Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that That is Great News violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when they published the material on their website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the terms of the settlement were not made public. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC In 2007, photographer Art Drauglis uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr, giving them the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA). One photo, titled "Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.", was downloaded by Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, and published in 2012 on the front cover of Montgomery Co. Maryland Street Atlas . The text "Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms [ sic ], CC-BY-SA-2.0" was placed on the back cover, but nothing on the front indicated authorship. The validity of CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to "derivative works" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group "exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed." [ 87 ] The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a collective work . Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed. [ 88 ] In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name "CC-BY-SA-2.0" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid identifier for the license. [ 3 ] Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) In July 2016, German computer magazine LinuxUser reported that a German blogger, Christoph Langner, used two CC BY -licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich. Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original. Langner was later contacted by the Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is required by the fine print in the license. Of this sum, €40 was to go to the photographer, with the remainder retained by VGSE. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The Higher Regional Court of Cologne dismissed the claim in May 2019. [ 91 ] Works with a Creative Commons license Creative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses. [ 92 ] On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world. [ 93 ] CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines. Unicode symbols After being proposed by Creative Commons in 2017, [ 94 ] Creative Commons license symbols were added to Unicode with version 13.0 in 2020. [ 95 ] The circle with an equal sign (meaning no derivatives ) is present in older versions of Unicode, unlike all the other symbols. Name Unicode Decimal UTF-8 Image Displayed Unicode block Circled equals meaning no derivatives U+229C E2 8A 9C ⊜ Mathematical Operators Circled zero with slash meaning no rights reserved U+1F10D F0 9F 84 8D 🄍 Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement Circled anticlockwise arrow meaning share alike U+1F10E F0 9F 84 8E 🄎 Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement Circled dollar sign with overlaid backslash meaning non-commercial U+1F10F F0 9F 84 8F 🄏 Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement Circled CC meaning Creative Commons license U+1F16D F0 9F 85 AD 🅭 Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement Circled C with overlaid backslash meaning public domain U+1F16E F0 9F 85 AE 🅮 Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement Circled human figure meaning attribution, credit U+1F16F F0 9F 85 AF 🅯 Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement These symbols can be used in succession to indicate a particular Creative Commons license, for example, CC-BY-SA (CC-Attribution-ShareAlike) can be expressed with Unicode symbols CIRCLED CC , CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE and CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW placed next to each other: 🅭🅯🄎 Case law database In December 2020, the Creative Commons organization launched an online database covering licensing case law and legal scholarship. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] See also Free and open-source software portal Law portal Closed captioning – uses a similar CC logo Free-culture movement Free music Free software Non-commercial educational station Independent record label Music industry Music recording sales certification Lists of record labels List of largest music deals Notes ^ A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song and its lyrics, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of "works". References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shergill, Sanjeet (May 6, 2017). "The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses" . Open Education Europa . Archived from the original on June 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ "What are Creative Commons licenses?" . Wageningen University & Research . June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018 . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ a b "Creative Commons licenses" . University of Michigan Library . Archived from the original on November 21, 2018 . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ "Creative Commons licenses" (PDF) . University of Glasgow . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2018 . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ "The Creative Commons licenses" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on March 15, 2018 . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ "License Versions" . Creative Commons Wiki . Archived from the original on June 30, 2017 . Retrieved July 4, 2017 . ^ "Creative Commons | University of Minnesota Libraries" . www.lib.umn.edu . Retrieved October 9, 2024 . ^ "What Is a Creative Commons License?" . Copyright Alliance . September 7, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024 . Retrieved October 9, 2024 . ^ "Open Definition 2.1" . Open Definition . Archived from the original on January 27, 2017 . Retrieved January 25, 2023 . ^ a b "Conformant Licenses" . Open Definition . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved January 25, 2023 . ^ a b Vollmer, Timothy (December 27, 2013). "Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 25, 2023 . ^ "Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses" . Creative Commons . December 16, 2002. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002. ^ a b "1.1 The Story of Creative Commons" . Creative Commons Certificate for Educators, Academic Librarians and GLAM . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 28, 2021 . ^ Murray, Laura J. (2014). Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday . S. Tina Piper, Kirsty Robertson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933626-5 . OCLC 844373100 . ^ "Worldwide". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. ^ Meng, Bingchun (January 26, 2009). "Articulating a Chinese Commons: An Explorative Study of Creative Commons in China" . International Journal of Communication . 3 : 198. ISSN 1932-8036 . Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. ^ "Creative Commons Legal Code" . Creative Commons . January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ "Creative Commons FAQ: Can I use a Creative Commons license for software?" . Wiki.creativecommons.org. July 29, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ "Non-Software Licenses" . Choose a License . Archived from the original on January 2, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2020 . ^ "AssaultCube – License" . assault.cubers.net . Archived from the original on December 25, 2010 . Retrieved January 30, 2011 . AssaultCube is FREEWARE. [...] The content, code and images of the AssaultCube website and all documentation are licensed under "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported ^ a b "Various Licenses and Comments about Them" . GNU Project . Archived from the original on July 24, 2010 . Retrieved April 4, 2015 . ^ "Do Creative Commons licenses affect exceptions and limitations to copyright, such as fair dealing and fair use?" . Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons . Archived from the original on August 8, 2015 . Retrieved July 26, 2015 . ^ "What if I change my mind about using a CC license?" . Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons . Archived from the original on August 8, 2015 . Retrieved July 26, 2015 . ^ "What happens if the author decides to revoke the CC license to material I am using?" . Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons . Archived from the original on August 8, 2015 . Retrieved July 26, 2015 . ^ "How do CC licenses operate?" . Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons . Archived from the original on August 8, 2015 . Retrieved July 26, 2015 . ^ a b c Till Kreutzer (2014). Open Content – A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licenses (PDF) . Wikimedia Deutschland e.a. ISBN 978-3-940785-57-2 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2015 . Retrieved March 23, 2015 . ^ "Baseline Rights" . Creative Commons . June 12, 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions" . Creative Commons . Creative Commons Corporation. August 28, 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010 . Retrieved November 26, 2020 . ^ "Creative Commons GNU LGPL" . Archived from the original on June 22, 2009 . Retrieved July 20, 2009 . ^ a b "Retired Legal Tools" . Creative Commons . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on May 3, 2016 . Retrieved May 31, 2012 . ^ a b "Announcing (and explaining) our new 2.0 licenses" . Creativecommons.org. May 25, 2004. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ a b "About The Licenses – Creative Commons" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on July 26, 2015 . Retrieved July 26, 2015 . ^ "Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States" . Creative Commons . November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ a b "CC0" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on February 26, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ "Downloads" . Creative Commons. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015 . Retrieved December 24, 2015 . ^ a b Kreutzer, Till. "Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017 . Retrieved July 4, 2017 . ^ "Creative Commons Launches CC0 and CC+ Programs" (Press release). Creative Commons . December 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ Baker, Gavin (January 16, 2009). "Report from CC board meeting" . Open Access News . Archived from the original on September 19, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ "Expanding the Public Domain: Part Zero" . Creativecommons.org. March 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ a b Christopher Allan Webber. "CC withdrawl [sic] of CC0 from OSI process" . In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list . Archived from the original on September 6, 2015 . Retrieved February 24, 2012 . ^ "Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment" . Creativecommons.org. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ "Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark" . The H Open . The H . October 12, 2010 . Retrieved October 12, 2010 . ^ Diane Peters (October 11, 2010). "Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark" . Creative Commons . Retrieved October 12, 2010 . ^ "Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement" (PDF) . Unicode Consortium. ^ "DerivedAge-13.0.0.txt" . Unicode Consortium. ^ "Public Domain Mark - Creative Commons" . Creative Commons . Retrieved January 29, 2019 . ^ "Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification" . Creative Commons . August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ Carl Boettiger. "OSI recognition for Creative Commons Zero License?" . In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list . Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013 . Retrieved February 1, 2012 . ^ The Open Source Initiative FAQ (October 21, 2007). "What about the Creative Commons "CC0" ("CC Zero") public domain dedication? Is that Open Source?" . Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on May 19, 2013 . Retrieved May 25, 2013 . ^ "Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page" . The Next Web . August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 13, 2015 . ^ "License | Unsplash" . unsplash.com . Archived from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 13, 2015 . ^ "Why Building Something Useful For Others Is The Best Marketing There Is" . Fast Company . February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015 . Retrieved November 13, 2015 . ^ "Lawrence Lessig | Unsplash Book" . book.unsplash.com . Archived from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 13, 2015 . ^ "Community update: Unsplash branded license and ToS changes" . June 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018 . Retrieved January 7, 2018 . ^ Claburn, Thomas (July 25, 2022). "Fedora sours on CC 'No Rights Reserved' license" . The Register . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved September 14, 2022 . ^ Lessig, Lawrence (June 4, 2007). "Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on July 7, 2007 . Retrieved July 5, 2007 . ^ "Developing Nations License" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on April 12, 2012 . Retrieved April 9, 2012 . ^ "Sampling 1.0" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on March 16, 2012 . Retrieved April 9, 2012 . ^ "Sampling Plus 1.0" . Creative Commons . November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012 . Retrieved April 9, 2012 . ^ "NonCommercial Sampling Plus 1.0" . Creative Commons . November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012 . Retrieved April 9, 2012 . ^ Peters, Diane (November 25, 2013). "CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on November 26, 2013 . Retrieved November 26, 2013 . ^ "What's new in 4.0?" . Creative Commons . 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013 . Retrieved November 26, 2013 . ^ "CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?" . TechnoLlama. September 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013 . Retrieved August 11, 2013 . ^ "CC Affiliate Network" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on July 9, 2011 . Retrieved July 8, 2011 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: What if CC licenses have not been ported to my jurisdiction?" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on November 27, 2013 . Retrieved November 26, 2013 . ^ "What's New in 4.0" . Creative Commons . Retrieved January 10, 2026 . ^ "Version 4 - Creative Commons" . wiki.creativecommons.org . Retrieved January 10, 2026 . ^ "Frequently Frequently Asked Questions" . Creative Commons . February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . ^ "Defining Noncommercial report published" . Creativecommons.org. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ "The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License" . Freedomdefined.org. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012 . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" . CC Wiki . Archived from the original on March 25, 2014 . Retrieved March 25, 2014 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" . Creative Commons . July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010 . Retrieved August 1, 2016 . ^ Creative Commons licenses without a non-commercial or no-derivatives requirement, including public domain/CC0, are all cross-compatible. Non-commercial licenses are compatible with each other and with less restrictive licenses, except for Attribution-ShareAlike. No-derivatives licenses are not compatible with any license, including themselves. ^ Katz, Zachary (2005). "Pitfalls of Open Licensing: An Analysis of Creative Commons Licensing". IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review . 46 (3): 391. ^ "Creative Commons Case Law" . Archived from the original on September 1, 2011 . Retrieved August 31, 2011 . ^ "Creative Commons license upheld by court" . News.cnet.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012 . Retrieved December 24, 2012 . ^ Rimmer, Matthew (January 2007). Digital Copyright and the Consumer Revolution: Hands Off My Ipod – Matthew Rimmer – Google Böcker . Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781847207142 . Archived from the original on April 14, 2016 . Retrieved December 24, 2012 . ^ "Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court" . Groklaw . March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010 . Retrieved September 2, 2006 . ^ "Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court" . March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 31, 2011 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam. "Use My Photo? Not Without Permission" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 15, 2011 . Retrieved September 25, 2007 . One moment, Alison Chang, a 15-year-old student from Dallas, is cheerfully goofing around at a local church-sponsored car wash, posing with a friend for a photo. Weeks later, that photo is posted online and catches the eye of an ad agency in Australia, and the altered image of Alison appears on a billboard in Adelaide as part of a Virgin Mobile advertising campaign. ^ Evan Brown (January 22, 2009). "No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case" . internetcases . Internet Cases, a blog about law and technology. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011 . Retrieved September 25, 2010 . ^ "Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons – FAQ" . September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011 . Retrieved August 31, 2011 . ^ Mia Garlick (March 23, 2006). "Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music" . Creative Commons. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023 . Retrieved November 22, 2023 . ^ "Sentencia nº 12/2006 Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 5 de Madrid" . Derecho de Internet (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 26, 2015 . Retrieved December 24, 2015 . ^ a b Evan Brown (July 2, 2010). "New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons" . internetcases . Internet Cases. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ "GateHouse Media v. That's Great News" . Citizen Media Law Project. August 5, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . ^ "Memorandum Opinion" (PDF) . United States District Court for the District of Columbia. August 18, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2016 . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . ^ Guadamuz, Andres (October 24, 2015). "US Court interprets copyleft clause in Creative Commons licenses" . TechnoLlama . Archived from the original on December 22, 2015 . Retrieved December 10, 2015 . ^ Luther, Jörg (July 2016). "Kleingedrucktes – Editorial" [Fine print – Editorial]. LinuxUser (in German) (7/2016). ISSN 1615-4444 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2016 . Retrieved September 9, 2016 . ^ "Abmahnung des Verbandes zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VSGE)" [Notice to cease and desist from the Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet (VSGE)] (in German). Hannover, Germany: Feil Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016 . Retrieved September 9, 2016 . ^ "Creative Commons-Foto-Abmahnung: Rasch Rechtsanwälte setzen erfolgreich Gegenansprüche durch" [Creative Commons photo notice: Rasch attorneys successfully enforce counterclaims]. anwalt.de (in German). May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ "Content Directories" . creativecommons.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009 . Retrieved April 24, 2009 . ^ "Case Studies" . Creative Commons. Archived from the original on December 24, 2011 . Retrieved December 20, 2011 . ^ "Proposal to add CC license symbols to UCS" (PDF) . Unicode . July 24, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2021 . Retrieved August 21, 2020 . ^ Steuer, Eric (March 18, 2020). "The Unicode Standard Now Includes CC License Symbols" . Creative Commons . Archived from the original on July 27, 2020 . Retrieved July 6, 2020 . ^ Salazar, Krystle (December 3, 2020). "Explore the new CC legal database site!" . Creative Commons . Mountain View, California, US. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021 . Retrieved January 3, 2021 . ^ Creative Commons. "Creative Commons Legal Database" . Creative Commons . Mountain View, California, US. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021 . Retrieved January 3, 2021 . External links Official website Full selection of licenses CC License options Licenses . Overview of free licenses. freedomdefined.org Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 4.0 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Creative Commons v t e Works and projects Licenses NonCommercial license Licensed works Category Public Domain Mark Content directories Jurisdiction ports Licenses NonCommercial license NonCommercial license Licensed works Category Category Public Domain Mark Content directories Jurisdiction ports Major directories Creative Commons ccMixter Free Music Archive Freesound OpenGameArt.org Openclipart Dogmazic Phlow Electrobel Jamendo Newgrounds Audio portal Scripped Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons ccMixter Free Music Archive Freesound OpenGameArt.org Openclipart Dogmazic Phlow Electrobel Jamendo Newgrounds Audio portal Scripped Wikimedia Commons Commons People Lawrence Lessig Joi Ito Lawrence Lessig Joi Ito See also Free and open content Free culture movement Free and open content Free culture movement v t e Free and open-source software v t e General Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Software packages Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Community Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Organisations Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Licenses AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Challenges Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Tivoization Trusted Computing Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Tivoization Trusted Computing Related topics Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Portal Category Portal Category v t e Free culture and open content v t e Concepts and practices Key concepts Commons-based peer production Crowdsourcing Freedom of information Gratis versus libre Open collaboration Open source Openness Participatory culture Sharism Research and science Citizen science Open science Access Notebook science Research Science data Plan S Data, information, and knowledge Free content Knowledge commons Open communication Open knowledge Content Data Communication and learning Media Collaborative writing Democratic media Open publishing Participatory media Peer review Education Open education educational resources admissions open-door policy List of open universities Journalism Citizen media Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Open-source journalism Products Free and open-source software (FOSS) Free/libre software Open-source software Open-design movement Robotics Open gaming Open-source architecture Open-source hardware Economic principles Gift economy Open innovation Open patent Open standard Sharing economy Politics and governance Open government Open-source governance Freedom of information laws by country Key concepts Commons-based peer production Crowdsourcing Freedom of information Gratis versus libre Open collaboration Open source Openness Participatory culture Sharism Commons-based peer production Crowdsourcing Freedom of information Gratis versus libre Open collaboration Open source Openness Participatory culture Sharism Research and science Citizen science Open science Access Notebook science Research Science data Plan S Citizen science Open science Access Notebook science Research Science data Plan S Access Notebook science Research Science data Plan S Data, information, and knowledge Free content Knowledge commons Open communication Open knowledge Content Data Free content Knowledge commons Open communication Open knowledge Content Data Content Data Communication and learning Media Collaborative writing Democratic media Open publishing Participatory media Peer review Education Open education educational resources admissions open-door policy List of open universities Journalism Citizen media Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Open-source journalism Media Collaborative writing Democratic media Open publishing Participatory media Peer review Collaborative writing Democratic media Open publishing Participatory media Peer review Education Open education educational resources admissions open-door policy List of open universities Open education educational resources admissions open-door policy educational resources admissions open-door policy List of open universities Journalism Citizen media Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Open-source journalism Citizen media Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Open-source journalism Products Free and open-source software (FOSS) Free/libre software Open-source software Open-design movement Robotics Open gaming Open-source architecture Open-source hardware Free and open-source software (FOSS) Free/libre software Open-source software Free/libre software Open-source software Open-design movement Robotics Robotics Open gaming Open-source architecture Open-source hardware Economic principles Gift economy Open innovation Open patent Open standard Sharing economy Gift economy Open innovation Open patent Open standard Sharing economy Politics and governance Open government Open-source governance Freedom of information laws by country Open government Open-source governance Freedom of information laws by country Organizations Creative Commons Free Software Foundation Open Architecture Network Openmod Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Open Rights Group Open Source Initiative Open Web Foundation Pirate Party PLOS SPARC Creative Commons Free Software Foundation Open Architecture Network Openmod Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Open Rights Group Open Source Initiative Open Web Foundation Pirate Party PLOS SPARC Activists Tim Berners-Lee Alexandra Elbakyan Lawrence Lessig Peter Murray-Rust Douglas Rushkoff Richard Stallman Peter Suber Peter Sunde Aaron Swartz John Wilbanks Tim Berners-Lee Alexandra Elbakyan Lawrence Lessig Peter Murray-Rust Douglas Rushkoff Richard Stallman Peter Suber Peter Sunde Aaron Swartz John Wilbanks Projects and movements Anna's Archive DIYbio Free-culture movement Free software movement Library Genesis Open science movement Open Source Ecology Open-source software movement OpenCores OpenWetWare The Anarchist Library Sci-Hub Z-Library Tools Licenses Creative Commons GPL Definition docs Free Cultural Works Free Software Open Open Source Open Data Indices Open educational resources Open music model Open Web movement Anna's Archive DIYbio Free-culture movement Free software movement Library Genesis Open science movement Open Source Ecology Open-source software movement OpenCores OpenWetWare The Anarchist Library Sci-Hub Z-Library Tools Licenses Creative Commons GPL Definition docs Free Cultural Works Free Software Open Open Source Open Data Indices Open educational resources Open music model Open Web movement Licenses Creative Commons GPL Creative Commons GPL Definition docs Free Cultural Works Free Software Open Open Source Free Cultural Works Free Software Open Open Source Open Data Indices Open educational resources Open music model Open Web movement Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Authority control databases : National Czech Republic Czech Republic Creative Commons Computer law Copyleft Free content licenses Intellectual property activism Intellectual property law Public copyright licenses Copyleft software licenses CS1: unfit URL CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2025 Use American English from September 2020 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2026 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2025 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing German-language text Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 05:50 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Fictional character biography Toggle Fictional character biography subsection 1.1 Tim Burton films 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Becoming Batman 1.1.3 Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder 1.1.4 Christmas celebration 1.1.5 Catwoman and Penguin's plot 1.2 Joel Schumacher films 1.2.1 Early life 1.2.2 Two-Face and the Riddler alliance 1.2.3 Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo 1.2.4 Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy 1.2.5 Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap 1.3 The Flash 1.3.1 Flashpoint and the two Barrys 1.3.2 Battle against Zod 1.3.3 Timeline change 1.1 Tim Burton films 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Becoming Batman 1.1.3 Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder 1.1.4 Christmas celebration 1.1.5 Catwoman and Penguin's plot 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Becoming Batman 1.1.3 Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder 1.1.4 Christmas celebration 1.1.5 Catwoman and Penguin's plot 1.2 Joel Schumacher films 1.2.1 Early life 1.2.2 Two-Face and the Riddler alliance 1.2.3 Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo 1.2.4 Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy 1.2.5 Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap 1.2.1 Early life 1.2.2 Two-Face and the Riddler alliance 1.2.3 Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo 1.2.4 Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy 1.2.5 Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap 1.3 The Flash 1.3.1 Flashpoint and the two Barrys 1.3.2 Battle against Zod 1.3.3 Timeline change 1.3.1 Flashpoint and the two Barrys 1.3.2 Battle against Zod 1.3.3 Timeline change 2 Production Toggle Production subsection 2.1 Casting 2.2 Recast 2.3 Batsuits 2.1 Casting 2.2 Recast 2.3 Batsuits 3 In other media Toggle In other media subsection 3.1 Cancelled appearances 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 3.4 Comic books 3.4.1 Film adaptations 3.4.2 Comic continuation 3.5 Novels 3.6 Batman: Resurrection 3.7 Batman: Revolution 3.1 Cancelled appearances 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 3.4 Comic books 3.4.1 Film adaptations 3.4.2 Comic continuation 3.4.1 Film adaptations 3.4.2 Comic continuation 3.5 Novels 3.6 Batman: Resurrection 3.7 Batman: Revolution 4 Reception and legacy Toggle Reception and legacy subsection 4.1 Birdman comparisons 4.1 Birdman comparisons 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character) Italiano Русский Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Bruce Wayne .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} Burton and Schumacher 's Batman and DC Extended Universe character Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman in Batman Returns (1992) First appearance Batman (1989) Last appearance The Flash (2023) Based on Batman by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Adapted by Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Portrayed by Michael Keaton ( Batman , Batman Returns , The Flash ) Val Kilmer ( Batman Forever ) George Clooney ( Batman & Robin , The Flash ) Michael Keaton ( Batman , Batman Returns , The Flash ) Val Kilmer ( Batman Forever ) George Clooney ( Batman & Robin , The Flash ) In-universe information Alias Batman Occupation Philanthropist Vigilante Philanthropist Vigilante Family Thomas Wayne (father) Martha Wayne (mother) Alfred Pennyworth (surrogate father) Thomas Wayne (father) Martha Wayne (mother) Alfred Pennyworth (surrogate father) Significant others Vicki Vale Selina Kyle Chase Meridian Julie Madison Vicki Vale Selina Kyle Chase Meridian Julie Madison Children Dick Grayson (surrogate son) Home Wayne Manor , Gotham City Abilities Genius -level intellect Expert detective Master martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant Master tactician, strategist, and field commander Peak human physical and mental condition Mastery of stealth and espionage Utilizes high-tech equipment and weapons Money / Riches Genius -level intellect Expert detective Master martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant Master tactician, strategist, and field commander Peak human physical and mental condition Mastery of stealth and espionage Utilizes high-tech equipment and weapons Money / Riches Bruce Wayne , better known by his vigilante superhero alias Batman , is a fictional character who is featured as the main protagonist in Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series (1989–1997), and later as a supporting character in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film The Flash (2023). Based on the DC Comics character of the same name , he was portrayed by Michael Keaton in Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992), before being recast with Val Kilmer and George Clooney in Joel Schumacher 's Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997) respectively. Both Keaton and Clooney reprised their roles in The Flash , which retroactively incorporates versions of them into two alternate timelines of the DCEU's continuity. [ 1 ] Keaton's portrayal of the character was critically acclaimed and influenced subsequent interpretations. [ 2 ] Fictional character biography Tim Burton films Early life As a child, Wayne went to see the musical film Footlight Frenzy with his parents, Thomas and Martha , at the Monarch Theatre. As the Waynes walked down an alley , Thomas and Martha were shot and killed by mugger . The mugger prepared to kill Bruce, as well, asking the boy, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?"; the mugger's accomplice entreats him to run from the police, however, so he spares Bruce's life. After this, he was raised by Alfred Pennyworth ( Michael Gough ), the family butler. Becoming Batman After decades of training, Wayne, who inherited his parents' wealth after their deaths, had his company Wayne Enterprises purchase equipment and built an advanced combat suit and the Batcave , a secret sophisticated lair under Wayne Manor , and began fighting crime in Gotham City as Batman (Keaton), who quickly becomes an urban legend that strikes fear in the hearts of Gotham's criminal element, especially after the death of gangster Johnny Gobbs, whose body was found drained of blood following an altercation with the vigilante. Publicly, Wayne poses as an eccentric playboy, throwing lavish fundraisers for the city and collecting rare art from around the world. Wayne hosts a fundraiser at Wayne Manor to help fund Gotham City's 200th Anniversary Parade, where he meets photographer Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ). Wayne and Vicki soon fall in love. Wayne finds in reviewing the Manor's surveillance cameras that Commissioner James Gordon ( Pat Hingle ), who left the party unexpectedly, has been summoned to Axis Chemicals to stop a break-in by Jack Napier ( Jack Nicholson ), crime lord Carl Grissom's ( Jack Palance ) right-hand man. As Batman, he fights Napier and his men, and during the fight, Napier falls into a vat of chemicals, transforming him into the insane, disfigured criminal mastermind the Joker . Joker and 20th anniversary of his parents' murder On the 20th anniversary of his parents' murder, Wayne leaves lunch with Vicki, and witnesses the Joker killing one of Grissom's associates. As Batman, he discovers that the Joker has poisoned various consumer products with his Smilex toxin. Wayne is informed by Alfred that he has a date with Vale at the Flugelheim Museum. Wayne states he has no plans to meet Vale that day, and realizes that the meeting was set up by the Joker. After a battle with the Joker's men, Batman and Vicki return to the Batcave, where he reveals his investigation of Joker's lethal chemicals to Vale, giving her an antidote to publish. Wayne nearly reveals to Vale that he is Batman, but they are interrupted by the Joker, who asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil by the pale moonlight?" before shooting the stunned billionaire, who survives because he is wearing body armor. When the Joker publicly challenges Batman to fight him during the anniversary gala, Wayne recognizes him as the mugger who killed his parents. On that same night, Alfred allows Vicki to enter the Batcave, thus revealing his employer's secret identity. At the anniversary parade, Batman intercepts the Joker's parade float, with which the Joker plans to kill thousands of people with his toxin, in his customized, bat-shaped aircraft . After Batman foils his plan, the Joker shoots down the plane, and Batman pursues him and Vale into the cathedral, eventually finding them at the top level. Batman confronts the Joker over killing his parents, and gets into brutal hand-to-hand combat with the villain. As the Joker tries to escape on a helicopter, Batman uses his grappling gun to tie one of the cathedral's gargoyles to the Joker's leg; when the gargoyle breaks free from its foundations, the Joker falls to his death. In the aftermath, Batman gives the Gotham City Police Department (GCPD) his own personalized signal as a way of contacting him for help. Christmas celebration During Gotham's Christmas celebrations, Batman discovers the Red Triangle Gang has interrupted the annual tree lighting ceremony. Despite managing to fight them off, he is too late to stop them from taking billionaire industrialist Max Shreck ( Christopher Walken ) hostage. The next day, a member of the gang kidnaps the mayor's infant son, but the child is saved by the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ), a deformed mystery man who has lived in the sewers ever since his parents threw him into Gotham's reservoir. Though Penguin is immediately accepted by the public and allowed inside the Hall of Records to find his birth parents, Batman remains suspicious and discovers the Penguin may have once been a performer in the Red Triangle Circus and connected to a series of missing children cases. He deduces that the Penguin is the gang's leader and is planning something else, already knowing who his parents are. Penguin becomes popular with the citizens of Gotham, and they discover his name is Oswald Cobblepot, with his parents having died years earlier. Meanwhile, Wayne meets with Shreck, who had been blackmailed into helping Oswald return to the surface, to contest his plans to build a new power plant. He meets Shreck's secretary Selina Kyle ( Michelle Pfeiffer ), unaware that she is the masked vigilante Catwoman, who is planning to kill Shreck as revenge for trying to kill her when she discovered that his power plant would actually drain Gotham of its energy and leave the city at the mercy of the Shreck family. Catwoman and Penguin's plot With Shreck's backing, the Penguin officially announces his plans to run for Mayor of Gotham City. Soon afterward, Wayne and Kyle discover that Cobblepot attempted to frame Batman by kidnapping the Ice Princess ( Cristi Conaway ), who was to relight the tree, and leaving behind a batarang . While Batman investigates the kidnapping, the Red Triangle Gang sabotages the Batmobile to allow the Penguin remote control access. Batman finds the Ice Princess standing on the edge of a rooftop, but the Penguin arrives and startles the girl by opening one of his trick umbrellas and releasing a swarm of bats, which knocks her off the roof to her death. She lands on the button to light the tree, causing a mass swarm of bats to attack the onlookers. Batman is forced to flee, now the chief suspect in the murder. Batman returns to the Batmobile, but the car, having been hacked by the Penguin, takes him on a destructive joyride, though Batman is able to disable the signal and escape. With Alfred's help, Batman hacks into the Gotham Plaza's speakers during one of the Penguin's speeches and plays a recording of the villain bragging about having manipulated the entire city, causing a backlash from the crowd. At Shreck's masked ball, Kyle tells Wayne her plans to kill Shreck, and the two deduce each other's secret identities. At that moment, the Penguin crashes through the floor of the room, announcing his plans to kill all of the first-born sons of Gotham and take Shreck hostage. Batman arrives and interrogates Penguin's right-hand man, learning of the Penguin's hideout underneath the Arctic World exhibit at the abandoned Gotham Zoo. Batman discovers that the Penguin plans to massacre Gotham by sending his penguins to fire missiles at the city. With Pennyworth's help, Batman reprograms the penguins to fire upon the Penguin's hideout. Batman and Penguin fight until the Penguin falls into the toxic waters in the sewer; the mortally injured Penguin make a futile attempt to kill Batman before succumbing to his wounds. Batman attempts to stop Catwoman from killing Shreck and reveals his secret identity. Catwoman kills Shreck by kissing him with a Taser in her mouth before she mysteriously disappears. After the GCPD seizes the Penguin's destroyed lair, Wayne finds Kyle's black cat , Miss Kitty, in an alleyway, as a very much alive Catwoman watches him from a rooftop while the Bat Signal shines in the sky. Joel Schumacher films Early life While the previous films are used as a backstory, Batman's origin is expanded with more details. After his parents' wake, Bruce finds his father's diary. During a storm, he ran away with the diary and falls into a cave filled with bats on the family grounds. Two-Face and the Riddler alliance Batman (Kilmer) is called to stop the gangster Two-Face ( Tommy Lee Jones ) from robbing the Second Bank of Gotham, with help from Gordon and psychologist Chase Meridian ( Nicole Kidman ), who becomes instantly attracted to him. Two-Face was once Gotham's District Attorney, Harvey Dent, before a criminal scarred half of his face with acid, for which he blames Batman. The Dark Knight stops Two-Face from robbing the bank, but Two-Face escapes. The next day, Bruce Wayne visits Wayne Enterprises and becomes acquainted with Edward Nygma ( Jim Carrey ), an employee who is obsessed with him. Nygma has developed the Box, a machine capable of transmitting television signals directly into the human brain. He asks Wayne to fund his invention, but Wayne turns him down, believing the science behind the Box "raises too many questions." Seeking revenge, Nygma reinvents himself as "the Riddler" and allies himself with Two-Face in a plot to destroy both Batman and Bruce Wayne, whom Nygma has discovered are one and the same. Adopting Dick Grayson and becoming the Dynamic Duo During a charity circus performance, Wayne witnesses Two-Face attack and murder a family of acrobats dubbed the Flying Graysons, leaving their youngest son, Dick ( Chris O'Donnell ), an orphan. Feeling a kinship with Dick, Wayne takes him in as his ward. Dick soon discovers Wayne's secret identity and asks Wayne to take him on as his crimefighting partner so he can kill Two-Face and avenge his family. Wayne, who still feels responsible for his parents' deaths, refuses, not wanting to be responsible for another lost life. Meanwhile, Wayne soon starts a romantic relationship with Meridian, who tries to help him move on from the trauma of his parents' deaths. Wayne decides to abandon his war on crime and lead a normal life with her. Before he can tell her, however, Riddler and Two-Face attack Wayne Manor, take Meridian hostage and destroy the Batcave. Batman tracks the villainous duo to their hideout, with help from Dick, whom he has finally accepted as his crimefighting partner, Robin . Two-Face and the Riddler take Meridian and Robin hostage, setting a trap that would force Batman to choose between saving one life or the other. Instead, Batman destroys the Box, driving the Riddler insane, and saves Meridan and Robin. Two-Face corners them at gunpoint, and while flipping his coin to decide their fates, Batman throws a handful of coins at him, causing him to fall to his death, avenging Dick's family. Wayne accepts that he is both Batman and Bruce Wayne, and that he fights crime because he chooses to, not because he has to. Mister Freeze and Poison Ivy The new villain Mr. Freeze ( Arnold Schwarzenegger ) surfaces and commits a string of diamond thefts, catching the attention of Batman (Clooney) and Robin. After Freeze freezes but spares Robin in order to escape, Wayne chastises Dick, who has begun to chafe under Wayne's leadership. Wayne deduces that Freeze is Dr. Victor Fries, whose wife, Nora , is suffering from MacGregor's syndrome and was placed in cryogenic sleep until Freeze finds a cure. In his prior research, Fries accidentally fell backwards into a tank of modified liquid nitrogen, rendering him unable to survive outside of a subzero environment. In order to lure Freeze in, Wayne hosts a charity ball auctioning off the Wayne family diamonds with himself and Dick attending as Batman and Robin, leading to an ensuing battle and Freeze's capture. Wayne and Grayson become acquainted with Dr. Pamela Isley, who is secretly the metahuman ecoterrorist Poison Ivy , and who seduces Robin and allies with Freeze, breaking him out of Arkham Asylum . Ivy then unplugs Nora's life support and convinces Freeze that Batman is responsible. Arrival of Barbara Wilson and Polar Ice Cap Alfred's niece Barbara Wilson ( Alicia Silverstone ) comes to visit Wayne Manor, at about the same time that Wayne discovers that Alfred is dying of McGregor's Syndrome. She soon discovers the Batcave, and becomes Batgirl . Batman and Robin reluctantly allow her to help them defeat Freeze and Ivy, who are trying to turn Gotham City into a giant polar ice cap with a giant freeze ray that Freeze invented. Batgirl defeats Ivy, and the three head to the observatory to stop Freeze. Robin and Batgirl defeat Ivy's minion Bane ( Robert Swenson ) while Batman faces and subdues Freeze, redirecting the telescope's satellites to reflect sunlight to thaw Gotham, but Freeze detonates several bombs that he had placed around the freeze ray, destroying it. Nevertheless, Robin and Batgirl are still able to thaw the city. Batman reveals to a defeated Freeze that Nora is still alive, having been rescued in time. Batman appeals to Freeze's humanity and asks him for the cure to MacGregor's syndrome's early stages to save Pennyworth. Freeze provides him with the cure and returns to Arkham to torment Ivy, his new cellmate, while Pennyworth makes a full recovery and reunites with Wayne, Grayson, and Barbara. The Flash Flashpoint and the two Barrys Barry Allen / The Flash ( Ezra Miller ) travels back in time to prevent the murder of his mother, and accidentally lands ten years back in an alternate 2013, where various events prior to the date of his mother's murder have changed, and an older Wayne (Keaton) has retired as Batman and lives as a recluse in Wayne Manor, after having stopped "all crime" in Gotham. He encounters Barry, who has broken into the manor, as well as a younger Barry from his timeline that has just gained powers that were accidentally transferred to him by the older Barry. Wayne theorizes that the Flash has tangled multiple universes into one (thus placing him in this universe), and the older Barry explains that General Zod ( Michael Shannon ) and his army are preparing to invade Earth [ a ] and that they must find Superman to help them defeat Zod. Wayne declines and leaves them. The two Barrys break into the Batcave and use the computer to try and locate Superman. After seeing the older Barry working to find him, Wayne changes his mind and comes out of retirement to help the Barrys find Superman, who they believe is being held at a military site in Siberia . The group travels to Siberia to rescue Superman, but instead find his cousin Kara Zor-El ( Sasha Calle ). They return to the manor with Kara, who leaves to find Zod. Wayne helps the older Barry recreate the incident that granted him his powers. Barry is struck by lightning, but before Wayne can activate it again, the circuits of the machine fry. Kara returns and flies Barry into the sky to be struck again, and he successfully regains his powers. Battle against Zod Wayne, the Barrys, and Kara form this timeline's Justice League to fight Zod's forces in a desert. Kara is killed by Zod and Wayne dies after being unable to eject himself out of the Batwing which crashes into a Kryptonian ship. The Barrys attempt to go back in time to ensure both Wayne and Kara live, but fail. After confronting a dark alternate self , Barry goes back once again and allows his mother's death to occur, unraveling the universes and preventing Zod's successful invasion. Timeline change After returning to his original timeline, the older Barry's father is proven innocent of the murder of his wife, and that reality's Bruce Wayne calls Allen to congratulate him. When he arrives to the courthouse, Wayne (Clooney) looks different than the one Allen knows ( Ben Affleck ), as he slightly altered the timeline on his way back to create evidence that proved his father's innocence. Production Casting Multiple actors were considered for the role of Batman during production. In Tom Mankiewicz 's original script which Ghostbusters director Ivan Reitman was attached to, actor Bill Murray was considered for the role in a script that featured Eddie Murphy as Dick Grayson / Robin . Gremlins director Joe Dante was attached to the project as well at one point. The script was intended as a comedy, but was altered significantly after Tim Burton 's involvement. Mel Gibson , Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Harrison Ford , Pierce Brosnan , Ray Liotta , Willem Dafoe , Alec Baldwin , Kurt Russell , Patrick Swayze , John Travolta , Richard Gere , Kyle MacLachlan , Michael Biehn , Dennis Quaid , Bruce Willis , Steven Seagal , and Jean-Claude Van Damme were all considered for the role. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Eventually, producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton , claiming he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" for the role, and based his argument on Keaton's dramatic performance in the film Clean and Sober . At the time, Keaton was primarily known for comedic parts in Mr. Mom and Beetlejuice , the latter also being directed by Burton. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Keaton's casting as the character caused an uproar from fans of the character, who claimed Keaton was too comedic and too short for the role. [ 11 ] Over 50,000 recorded protest letters were sent to Warner Bros. offices, and the casting was questioned by screenwriter Sam Hamm , producer Michael Uslan and even Batman co-creator Bob Kane . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Recast While Keaton decided not to reprise the role of Batman for the third film, Tim Burton was still involved as producer and pushed Johnny Depp to replace Keaton, [ 16 ] before Val Kilmer got the role. [ 17 ] Kilmer decided not to return and was replaced by George Clooney for the fourth film, [ 18 ] with director Joel Schumacher feeling that Clooney could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Keaton and Kilmer. [ 19 ] Batsuits The Batsuit worn by Keaton was designed by costume designer Bob Ringwood . Ringwood turned down the opportunity to work on James Bond film Licence to Kill to work on Batman . Ringwood stated that designing the Batsuit was difficult, claiming "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build. The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 20 ] Producer Jon Peters had requested for the Batsuit to feature a Nike product-placement, but was shot down by Burton and Ringwood, feeling that it would not be intimidating. [ 21 ] 28 latex designs of the suit were made, as well as 25 different capes and 6 different heads. [ 22 ] It was decided the use of spandex as in the comics and previous adaptations would not be intimidating enough, so the character was given black armor pieces. The Batsuit was upgraded for Batman Returns , using more flexible foam latex, as well as a more traditional chest emblem. The updated Batsuit also featured a zipper to allow for urination in between takes and an updated plated armor torso that did not resemble sculpted muscles. [ 23 ] Keaton still had difficulty hearing but found the neck movement much less restrictive than with the first costume. Due to the second costume's much thinner cowl with increased flexibility, a greater range of head-turning was allowed but could still leave gaps folding away from the cheek. The infamous "Bat-Turn" movement became an iconic part of the character's body language despite not truly needing to depend upon it, contrary to speculation from contemporary pundits. The wardrobe department spent seven weeks sculpting Batman Forever costumes on his body cast, preceding under the assumption that he would be returning. The addition of nipples and an enlarged codpiece to the Batsuit and Robin's costume in Batman & Robin was the subject of ridicule and criticism. [ 24 ] In other media Cancelled appearances In the cancelled film, Superman Lives , Keaton was set to reprise his role as Batman in a cameo appearance. [ 25 ] In the DC Extended Universe , Keaton was expected to take over the role of Batman from Ben Affleck ; in the original ending of The Flash (2023) it would've incorporating his Batman into the main timeline of the DCEU's continuity. [ 26 ] All plans were later cancelled due to James Gunn and Peter Safran 's reboot of the franchise, the DC Universe (DCU). In the cancelled film, Batgirl , Keaton reprised his role of Batman in a supporting mentor role to Leslie Grace 's Barbara Gordon / Batgirl . In August 2022, DC Films and HBO Max parent Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced that, while the film had entered post-production, the studio no longer planned to release it as scheduled due to the company's cost-cutting measures and a refocus on theatrical releases. In Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023), Keaton filmed a cameo that was later cut from the theatrical release. In the cancelled film, Batgirl , Keaton reprised his role of Batman in a supporting mentor role to Leslie Grace 's Barbara Gordon / Batgirl . In August 2022, DC Films and HBO Max parent Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced that, while the film had entered post-production, the studio no longer planned to release it as scheduled due to the company's cost-cutting measures and a refocus on theatrical releases. In Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023), Keaton filmed a cameo that was later cut from the theatrical release. Television Keaton's Batman was referenced in the Arrowverse television crossover event " Crisis on Infinite Earths ". [ 27 ] This series establishes the universe in which Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992) exist as " Earth-89 ", with Robert Wuhl , who portrayed Alexander Knox in Batman , reprising his role for the series for a cameo appearance . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In the crossover, Bruce Wayne / Batman is mentioned as having captured the Joker (despite his apparent death) and married Selina Kyle / Catwoman. Video games The suit from Tim Burton's first Batman film was added as an alternate skin to Batman: Arkham Knight during a free update in August 2015. The suit from Tim Burton's first Batman film was added as a costume for Batman in Multiversus as part of an 85th anniversary celebration for the character. Comic books Film adaptations A comic adaptation of Tim Burton's Batman titled Batman: The Official Comic Adaptation of the Warner Bros Motion Picture was released in June 1989. Longtime Batman editor at DC Dennis O'Neil adapted the screenplay, with art provided by Jerry Ordway . A comic adaptation for Batman Returns titled Batman Returns: The Official Comic Adaptation of the Warner Bros Motion Picture was released in June 1992. The story was once again adapted by Dennis O' Neil, with pencils provided by Steve Erwin and inked embellishments by José Luis García-López . Many of the illustrations García-López did for the film's style guide were re-purposed for the comic adaptation. Comic continuation A comic continuation that was to chronicle the events of Tim Burton's failed third Batman film titled Batman '89 was submitted to DC Comics written by Joe Quinones and Kath Leth in March 2016. The run was inspired by DC's recent comic run Batman '66 , which was a continuation of the 1966 television series starring Adam West and Burt Ward . [ 30 ] The story was to be a direct sequel to Burton's Batman films, with visual allusions to Michael Keaton as Batman, Billy Dee Williams (who portrayed a pre-disfigurement Harvey Dent in Batman ) as Two-Face, Marlon Wayans as Robin, Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman, and Robin Williams as The Riddler. The story would also introduce iterations of Barbara Gordon , Poison Ivy and Harley Quinn into the story's fictional universe . [ 31 ] However, the comic run was initially rejected by DC. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] In February 2021, it was confirmed that DC would in fact be proceeding to develop a comic continuation of Burton's Batman films, with Sam Hamm returning to write the script while Joe Quinones provides the comic's art. [ 35 ] Novels Batman: Resurrection On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel, Batman: Resurrection , set in the Tim Burton Batman universe would be written by author John Jackson Miller . The book serves as a direct sequel to Batman (1989) and is set between the events of the 1989 film and its sequel, Batman Returns (1992), and deals primarily with the aftermath of the Joker's rampage while the remnants of his Smylex formula brings Batman into conflict with two new foes in the form of Karlo Babić and Dr. Hugo Strange . The book was released on October 15, 2024. [ 36 ] Batman: Revolution A sequel to Batman: Resurrection , titled Batman: Revolution , was revealed by Miller following the former's release and is scheduled for release on October 28, 2025 [ 37 ] Reception and legacy Michael Keaton's portrayal as Batman was seen as hugely influential towards further adaptations of the character. [ 38 ] Keaton's portrayal inspired the portrayal by Kevin Conroy in Batman: The Animated Series . As the first version of the character to carry a grapple device with a motorized reel, as well a cape that can harden and transform into a hang-glider, these concepts would become highly influential for most contemporary appearances of the character. [ 39 ] Keaton's grim, monosyllabic persona in-costume has been paid tribute to throughout multiple adaptations of the character, including video game appearances and homages. This adaptation of the character was also seen as the first to change their voice while in costume as Batman, something which future actors Kevin Conroy , Ben Affleck and Christian Bale would also add to their interpretations. [ 40 ] Michael Keaton's portrayal of the character appears on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains at #46 on the heroes side, while Jack Nicholson 's portrayal as The Joker ranked 45th on the villains side. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Birdman comparisons Due to his involvement in the film, Michael Keaton's role in the film Birdman directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu has been compared to Keaton's own experiences as Batman. Many people have come to the conclusion that the film is a reflection of Michael Keaton's life post-Batman, as the film itself focuses on Riggan Thompson, a struggling, aging actor who is best known for having played a winged superhero earlier in his career. When Iñárritu contacted Keaton about taking the role of Riggan, Keaton asked him if he was making fun of him for playing Batman. [ 43 ] Despite comparisons between Riggan and Keaton and many people believing that the role was taken by the actor to let out frustration at the role, Keaton has claimed that he loves talking about his time as Batman, and is extremely grateful for the role. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Keaton was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Birdman , his first-ever nomination, and this helped him gain the villainous role of Adrian Toomes / Vulture in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). [ 47 ] See also Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy) Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe) Notes ^ As depicted in Man of Steel (2013). References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Kreps, Daniel (October 16, 2021). "Michael Keaton's Batman Returns in New Teaser for 'The Flash' " . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 3, 2021 . ^ Meyer, Joshua (June 20, 2019). "30 Years Later, Michael Keaton is Still the Best Batman" . /FILM . Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Busch, Jenna (July 3, 2014). "Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema" . Superhero Hype! . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (August 21, 2014). "Pierce Brosnan: I turned down Tim Burton's Batman" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Gilchrist, Todd (November 4, 2011). "Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For 'Batman' " . Indiewire . Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Wigler, Josh (October 27, 2009). "Exclusive: Willem Dafoe As Batman? It Almost Happened!" . MTV . Archived from the original on September 9, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ "How Tim Burton's Batman set the stage for comic books' Hollywood takeover" . June 20, 2019. ^ de Vries, Hilary (February 5, 1989). " Batman Battles for Big Money" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ John Peters, The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? , 2015 ^ Daniels, Les (2000). Batman: The Complete History . San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books . p. 164. ISBN 0-8118-2470-5 . ^ Lowry, Brian (August 23, 2013). "Batman Backlash: Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 21, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ "Batman" . Steve Englehart . Archived from the original on December 14, 2007 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). "Hit Men". Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . New York City: Simon & Schuster . pp. 158– 174. ISBN 0-684-80931-1 . ^ Rebello, Stephen (November 1989). "Sam Hamm - Screenwriter". Cinefantastique . pp. 34– 41. ^ Burton, Byron (June 21, 2019). "The Battle to Make Tim Burton's 'Batman' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ "Johnny Depp Was Almost Batman in Batman Forever" . December 10, 2009. ^ Nathan, Ian (August 1995). "Hold me, thrill me, kiss me, Kilmer". Empire . pp. 108– 117. ^ Couch, Aaron (June 20, 2017). " ' Batman & Robin ' at 20: Joel Schumacher and More Reveal What Really Happened" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 1, 2022 . Retrieved November 1, 2022 . ^ " Batman & Robin : About The Production" . Film Scouts . Archived from the original on June 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 7, 2014 . ^ Jody Duncan Shannon (February 1990). "Building the Bat-suit". Cinefex . pp. 16– 24. ^ Bob Ringwood, Tim Burton , Designing the Batsuit , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ "Reinventing the Batsuit for the Modern Era" . American Movies Classic . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Bob Ringwood, Michelle Pfeiffer , Sleek, Sexy and Sinister: The Costumes of Batman Returns , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ Joel Schumacher , Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell , Val Kilmer , Uma Thurman , John Glover , Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ Michael Keaton's Batman Scene In The Unmade Superman Lives Explained ^ Couch, Aaron (August 3, 2022). "Behind the Cancellation of 'Batgirl' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2, 2022 . ^ Spencer, Samuel (December 9, 2019). " 'Crisis On Infinite Earths' Explained: Why Robert Wuhl Has Returned As Alexander Knox" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Abdulbaki, Mae (December 8, 2019). "Every Arrow-verse Cameo From The Crisis On Infinite Earths Crossover So Far" . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on December 9, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Flook, Ray (December 8, 2019). " "Crisis" Management: So Michael Keaton, Adam West & "Titans" Fans Should Be Happy [SPOILERS]" . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Johnston, Rich (March 22, 2013). "DC Comics To Publish A Batman Sixties TV Show Comic, As Well As A Batusi Exclusive Toy For San Diego Comic Con" . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Whitbrook, James (September 3, 2016). "Behold the Batman '89 Comic That DC Rejected Because They Hate Joy" . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on August 22, 2020 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Moore, Trent (March 10, 2016). "Check Out The Burton-Inspired Batman '89 Comic Dc Decided Not To Make" . Syfy . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Melrose, Kevin (March 9, 2016). "Rejected 'Batman '89' comic would've picked up where Burton left off" . CBR . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Johnston, Rich (March 9, 2016). "The Kate Leth/Joe Quinones Tim Burton-Style Batman '89 Comic That DC Turned Down" . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Aguilar, Matthew (February 16, 2021). "DC Returns to Batman '89 and Superman '78 in New Comic Series" . ComicBook.com . ^ Whitbrook, James (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ Mancuso, Vinnie (June 20, 2019). "What Michael Keaton's 'Batman' Understands About Bruce Wayne Better than Anyone Else" . Collider . Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Jensen, Jeff (June 15, 2007). "Batman's New Suit" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 14, 2010 . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Murray, Rebecca (March 18, 2017). "Christian Bale Talks About 'Batman Begins' " . Liveabout . Archived from the original on August 13, 2019 . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains" . American Film Institute . 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018 . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . ^ Wigler, Josh. "Michael Keaton Reveals The Secret Origin Of His Batman Voice" . MTV . Archived from the original on December 4, 2019 . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . ^ Foundas, Scott (August 27, 2014). "Interview: 'Birdman' Director Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu on His First Comedy" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 25, 2015 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ Romano, Nick (December 24, 2014). "Why Michael Keaton Thinks The Birdman-Batman Comparisons Are Superficial" . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ Rose, Charlie (October 13, 2014). "Michael Keaton on "Birdman" vs. "Batman" (Oct. 13, 2014) | Charlie Rose" . Archived from the original on August 22, 2020 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ Chitwood, Adam (December 29, 2014). "Watch: Michael Keaton Talks Comparisons Between BIRDMAN and His BATMAN History in Exclusive Clip from EPIX's HOLLYWOOD SESSIONS" . Collider . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . ^ Weiss, Josh (July 7, 2017). "Michael Keaton Was Destined for 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved December 18, 2019 . External links Bruce Wayne (Burtonverse) on DC Database , a DC Comics wiki .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e DC Extended Universe v t e DC Studios Development Accolades DC Universe DC Studios Development Accolades DC Universe Films Man of Steel (2013) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) accolades Wonder Woman (2017) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League Aquaman (2018) Shazam! (2019) Birds of Prey (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) The Suicide Squad (2021) Black Adam (2022) Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Man of Steel (2013) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) accolades accolades Wonder Woman (2017) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League production Zack Snyder's Justice League Aquaman (2018) Shazam! (2019) Birds of Prey (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) The Suicide Squad (2021) Black Adam (2022) Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) TV series Peacemaker season 1 (2022) Peacemaker season 1 (2022) season 1 (2022) Music Soundtracks Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam! Birds of Prey Wonder Woman 1984 Zack Snyder's Justice League The Suicide Squad Black Adam Shazam! Fury of the Gods The Flash Blue Beetle Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom Singles " Heathens " " Sucker for Pain " " Purple Lamborghini " " Gangsta " " To Be Human " " Diamonds " " Boss Bitch " Soundtracks Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam! Birds of Prey Wonder Woman 1984 Zack Snyder's Justice League The Suicide Squad Black Adam Shazam! Fury of the Gods The Flash Blue Beetle Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam! Birds of Prey Wonder Woman 1984 Zack Snyder's Justice League The Suicide Squad Black Adam Shazam! Fury of the Gods The Flash Blue Beetle Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom Singles " Heathens " " Sucker for Pain " " Purple Lamborghini " " Gangsta " " To Be Human " " Diamonds " " Boss Bitch " " Heathens " " Sucker for Pain " " Purple Lamborghini " " Gangsta " " To Be Human " " Diamonds " " Boss Bitch " Cast and characters Barry Allen / The Flash Arthur Curry / Aquaman Clark Kent / Superman Lois Lane Lex Luthor Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Harley Quinn Amanda Waller Bruce Wayne / Batman Earth-89 Zod Barry Allen / The Flash Arthur Curry / Aquaman Clark Kent / Superman Lois Lane Lex Luthor Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Harley Quinn Amanda Waller Bruce Wayne / Batman Earth-89 Earth-89 Zod Other media Arrowverse " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Arrowverse " Crisis on Infinite Earths " " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Category Category v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman characters v t e Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Ace the Bat-Hound Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Kate Kane Category Category Action film characters Alternative versions of Batman Batman (1989 film series) Batman in other media Batman live-action film characters Characters created by Tim Burton DC Comics superheroes DC Comics male superheroes DC Extended Universe characters Fictional aviators Fictional billionaires Fictional business executives Fictional hackers Fictional philanthropists Fictional socialites Fictional vigilantes Film characters introduced in 1989 Male characters in film Orphan characters in film Superheroes with alter egos Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from August 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2021 This page was last edited on 17 December 2025, at 19:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(1989_film_series_character)#cite_note-36
|
Azala Txikipedia Ikusgela Txokoa Aldaketa berriak Ausazko orria Laguntza Orri bereziak Dohaintza egin Sortu kontua Hasi saioa Dohaintza egin Sortu kontua Hasi saioa Ongi etorri Wikipediara Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Azala Eztabaida Irakurri Kodea ikusi Ikusi historia Irakurri Kodea ikusi Ikusi historia Honanzko esteka duten orriak Lotutako orrietako aldaketak Fitxategia igo Lotura iraunkorra Orri honen datuak Artikulu hau aipatu URL laburra lortu QR kodea jaitsi Liburu bat sortu Deskargatu PDF formatuan Inprimatzeko bertsioa Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikiespezieak Wikiliburuak Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiesanak Wikiteka Wiktionary Wikidata itema Aste honetan nabarmen ( artikulua bozkatu ) Ingeniaritza genetikoa Ingeniaritza genetikoa organismoen ezaugarri genetikoak aldarazteko aukera ematen duten tekniken multzoa da. DNAren organismo batetik besterako manipulazioa eta transferentzia ahalbidetzen duen teknologia honi esker, espezie berriak sortu, akats genetikoak zuzendu edota konposatu berriak sor daitezke. Aurreko asteetan... Gogoaren fenomenologia Deinonychus Komunitatea Hezkuntza ataria Wikikasi Euskal Herriko historia 100 objektutan 30.000 emakume Oinarrizko 10.000 Laguntza Ikusgela Ingurumena Animalien migrazioa Euskal kultura Euskarazko prentsa Bideo gehiago... 1791 - Jandarmeria sortu zen Frantzian . 1795 - Frantziak Herbehereak indarrez hartu zituen. 1826 - Juan Crisostomo Arriaga konposatzaile bilbotarra hil zen (j. 1806 ). 1991 - George W. Bushek Golkoko Gerra hasteko agindua eman zuen. 2003 - Columbia espazio anezka ( irudian ) atmosferatik irtetera zihoala, objektu batek talka egin zion, 13 egun geroago lurreratzean ontziaren suntsitzea eragin zuena. Eguneko irudia Hilberriak Albisteak Esploratu Hurbil dituzunak Irakurrienak Komunitatea Wikimediaren beste proiektuak Commons Irudiak eta multimedia MediaWiki Wiki software garapena Meta-Wiki Proiektuen koordinazioa Wikialbisteak Albiste libreak Wikibertsitatea Ikasketa baliabideak Wikibidaiak Bidaiak eta txangoak Wikidata Datu-base askea Wikiesanak Esanak Wikiliburuak Ikasliburu eta eskuliburuak Wikispezieak Espezieen gidaliburua Wikiteka Jatorrizko dokumentuak Wikiztegia Hiztegia sinonimoekin Azala Euskal Wikipediako albisteak Orriaren azken aldaketa: 29 maiatza 2024, 16:37. Testua Creative Commons Aitortu-PartekatuBerdin 4.0 lizentziari jarraituz erabil daiteke; baliteke beste klausularen batzuk ere aplikatu behar izatea. Xehetasunen berri izateko, ikus erabilera-baldintzak . Pribazitate politika Wikipediari buruz Lege oharra Jokabide Kodea Garatzaileak Estatistikak Cookie adierazpena Mugikorreko bista
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azala
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Music Toggle Music subsection 3.1 Lyrics 3.1 Lyrics 4 Title and packaging 5 Marketing and sales 6 Critical reception and legacy Toggle Critical reception and legacy subsection 6.1 Reappraisal 6.2 Influence 6.1 Reappraisal 6.2 Influence 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Marquee Moon Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Marquee Moon Studio album by Television Released February 8, 1977 ( 1977-02-08 ) Recorded September 1976 Studio A & R Recording (New York) Genre Rock post-punk art punk new wave punk rock garage rock Rock post-punk art punk new wave punk rock garage rock Length 45 : 54 Label Elektra Producer Andy Johns Tom Verlaine Andy Johns Tom Verlaine Television chronology Marquee Moon (1977) Adventure (1978) Marquee Moon (1977) Adventure (1978) Singles from Marquee Moon " Marquee Moon " Released: April 1, 1977 " Prove It " Released: July 22, 1977 " Marquee Moon " Released: April 1, 1977 " Prove It " Released: July 22, 1977 Marquee Moon is the debut album by the American rock band Television , released on February 8, 1977, by Elektra Records . In the years leading up to the album, Television had become a prominent act in the New York music scene and generated interest from a number of record labels, eventually signing a record deal with Elektra. The group rehearsed extensively in preparation for Marquee Moon before recording it at A & R Recording in September 1976. It was produced by the band's frontman Tom Verlaine and sound engineer Andy Johns . For Marquee Moon , Verlaine and fellow guitarist Richard Lloyd abandoned contemporary punk rock 's power chords in favor of rock and jazz -inspired interplay, melodic lines, and counter-melodies . The resulting music is largely hook -driven with complex instrumental parts (particularly on longer tracks such as " Marquee Moon "), while evoking themes of adolescence, discovery, and transcendence through imagery in urban, pastoral , and nocturnal modes, including references to the geography of Lower Manhattan . Influenced by Bohemian and French poetry , Verlaine's lyrics also feature puns and double entendres intended to give the songs an impressionistic quality in describing his perception of an experience. Released to widespread acclaim, Marquee Moon was hailed by critics as an original musical development in rock music. The critical recognition helped the album achieve unexpected commercial success in the United Kingdom, despite poor sales in the United States. Among the most acclaimed music releases in history, it consistently features in professionally curated lists of top albums, including various iterations of Rolling Stone magazine's " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ", on which it ranked 128th in the 2003 list and 107th in the 2020 list. Marquee Moon also proved to be a foundational record of alternative rock , as Television's innovative instrumentation on the album strongly influenced subsequent post-punk , new wave , and indie rock movements of the 1980s and rock guitar playing in general. Background By the mid-1970s, Television had become a leading act in the New York music scene . [ 1 ] They first developed a following from their residency at the Lower Manhattan club CBGB , where they helped persuade club manager Hilly Kristal to feature more unconventional musical groups. [ 2 ] The band had received interest from labels by late 1974, but chose to wait for an appropriate record deal. They turned down a number of major labels, including Island Records , for whom they had recorded demos with producer Brian Eno . [ 3 ] Eno produced demos of "Prove It", "Friction", "Venus", and " Marquee Moon " in December 1974, but Television frontman Tom Verlaine did not approve of Eno's sound: "He recorded us very cold and brittle, no resonance. We're oriented towards really strong guitar music ... sort of expressionistic ." [ 4 ] After founding bassist Richard Hell left in 1975, Television enlisted Fred Smith , whom they found more reliable and rhythmically adept. The band quickly developed a rapport and a musical style that reflected their individual influences: Smith and guitarist Richard Lloyd had a rock and roll background, drummer Billy Ficca was a jazz enthusiast, and Verlaine's tastes varied from the rock group 13th Floor Elevators to jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler . [ 1 ] That same year, Television shared a residency at CBGB with singer and poet Patti Smith , who had recommended the band to Arista Records president Clive Davis . Although he had seen them perform, Davis was hesitant to sign them at first. He was persuaded by Smith's then boyfriend Allen Lanier to let them record demos, which Verlaine said resulted in "a much warmer sound than Eno got". However, Verlaine still wanted to find a label that would allow him to produce Television's debut album himself, even though he had little recording experience. [ 5 ] Recording and production In August 1976, Television signed a recording deal with Elektra Records , which promised Verlaine he could produce the band's first album with the condition that he would be assisted by a well-known recording engineer. [ 5 ] Verlaine, who did not want to be guided in the studio by a famous producer, enlisted engineer Andy Johns based on his work for the Rolling Stones ' 1973 album Goats Head Soup . [ 6 ] Lloyd was also impressed by Johns, who he said had produced "some of the great guitar sounds in rock". [ 1 ] Johns was credited as the co-producer on Marquee Moon . [ 5 ] Elektra did not query Television's studio budget for the recording. [ 7 ] Television recorded Marquee Moon in September 1976 at A & R Recording in New York City . In preparation for the album's recording, Television had rehearsed for four to six hours a day and six to seven days a week. Lloyd said they were "both really roughshod musicians on one hand and desperadoes on the other, with the will to become good". [ 1 ] During preparations, the band rejected most of the material they had written over the course of three years. [ 8 ] Once they were in the studio, they recorded two new songs for the album—"Guiding Light" and "Torn Curtain"—and older songs such as "Friction", "Venus", and the title track, which had become a standard at their live shows. [ 9 ] Verlaine said that, because he had predetermined the structure of the album, only those eight songs and a few others were attempted during the recording sessions. [ 8 ] For most of Marquee Moon , Johns recorded Television as they performed live in the studio. [ 8 ] A few songs were recorded in one take , including the title track, which Ficca assumed was a rehearsal. Johns suggested that the group record another take of the song, but Verlaine told him to "forget it". [ 10 ] Verlaine and Lloyd's guitars were recorded to the left and right channels respectively, and the final recordings were left unadorned by effects or compression . [ 11 ] Music Marquee Moon is described by Rolling Stone as a post-punk album and by Jason Heller from The A.V. Club as "elegantly jagged" art punk , [ 12 ] while Ira Robbins of Trouser Press classified it as new wave . [ 13 ] It is also described as punk rock by Rolling Stone and Tyler Wilcox of Pitchfork . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Robert Christgau regarded it more broadly as a rock record because of Television's formal and technical abilities as musicians: "It wasn't punk. Its intensity wasn't manic; it didn't come in spurts." [ 16 ] As Tom Moon observed, Verlaine's singing avoids the "cursory punk snarl" while the band's music demonstrates "extended instrumental sections, impenetrable moods" (as on "Torn Curtain") and historical rock influences like Chuck Berry and the early music of the Rolling Stones (as on "Friction"). [ 17 ] .mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}} At its core, Television’s Marquee Moon is shockingly economical—a tightly wound web of simple guitar parts wrapped around Tom Verlaine’s straightforward and impressionistic songwriting. Taken out of context, the guitar solos on Marquee Moon aren’t just unimpressive; they’re downright illogical. Everyone who plays guitar will, at some point, learn the solo from “ Stairway to Heaven ,” but it’s practically impossible to sit down and actually play anything from Marquee Moon . At its core, Television’s Marquee Moon is shockingly economical—a tightly wound web of simple guitar parts wrapped around Tom Verlaine’s straightforward and impressionistic songwriting. Taken out of context, the guitar solos on Marquee Moon aren’t just unimpressive; they’re downright illogical. Everyone who plays guitar will, at some point, learn the solo from “ Stairway to Heaven ,” but it’s practically impossible to sit down and actually play anything from Marquee Moon . Both sides of the album begin with three shorter, hook -driven songs, which Stylus Magazine ' s Evan Chakroff said veer between progressive rock and post-punk styles. The title track and "Torn Curtain" are longer and more jam -oriented. [ 18 ] "As peculiar as it sounds, I've always thought that we were a pop band", Verlaine later told Select . "You know, I always thought Marquee Moon was a bunch of cool singles. And then I'd realise, Christ, [the title track] is ten minutes long. With two guitar solos." [ 19 ] According to Stephen Thomas Erlewine , the album is "comprised entirely of tense garage rockers that spiral into heady intellectual territory, which is achieved through the group's long, interweaving instrumental sections". [ 20 ] Verlaine and Lloyd's guitar parts on the album are interplayed around the rhythm section's drum hits and basslines. [ 18 ] Their dual playing draws on 1960s rock and avant-garde jazz styles, abandoning the power chords of contemporary punk rock in favor of melodic lines and counter-melodies . [ 21 ] According to Ryan Reed of Paste Magazine , their guitar work "bordered on the psychedelic ." [ 22 ] Verlaine's guitar establishes the song's rhythmic phrase , against which Lloyd is heard playing dissonant melodies. [ 23 ] Lloyd had learned to notate his solos by the time they recorded Marquee Moon , allowing him to develop his solo for a song from introduction to variation and resolution . [ 11 ] Some songs have the two guitarists trading rhythmic and melodic lines several times while producing tension . [ 1 ] "There weren't many bands where the two guitars played rhythm and melody back and forth, like a jigsaw puzzle ", Lloyd said. [ 23 ] Most of the solos on Marquee Moon follow a pattern wherein Verlaine runs up a major scale but regresses slightly after each step . [ 24 ] On "See No Evil", he solos through a full octave before playing a blues -influenced riff , and on the title track, he is heard playing in the Mixolydian mode and lowering the seventh by half a step. [ 25 ] "Friction" opens with Lloyd playing octaves before Verlaine's ringing harmonics and series of descending scales . [ 26 ] Lyrics Verlaine's lyrics on Marquee Moon combine urban and pastoral imagery. [ 27 ] Although it is not a concept album , many of its songs make geographical references to Lower Manhattan. [ 28 ] According to Bryan Waterman, author of the 33⅓ book on the record, it celebrates stern adolescence in the urban pastoral mode . [ 29 ] Its urban nocturne theme is derived from poetic works about Bohemian decadence. [ 28 ] According to Spin , the album is about urban mythology; Verlaine brought "a sentimental romanticism to the Bowery , making legends out of the mundane". [ 30 ] The lyrics also incorporate maritime imagery, including the paradoxical "nice little boat made out of ocean" in "See No Evil", the waterfront setting in "Elevation", sea metaphors in "Guiding Light", and references to docks, caves, and waves in "Prove It". [ 31 ] Although Verlaine was against drug use after Television formed, he once had a short-lived phase using psychedelic drugs , to which he makes reference in similes on songs like "Venus". [ 32 ] Its vignette -like lyrics follow an ostensibly drug-induced, revelatory experience: "You know it's all like some new kind of drug / my senses are sharp and my hands are like gloves / Broadway looks so medieval, it seems to flap like little pages / I fell sideways laughing, with a friend from many stages." [ 33 ] According to Waterman, while psychedelic trips informed the experiences of many artists in Lower Manhattan at the time, "Venus" contributed to the impression of Marquee Moon as a transcendental work in the vein of 19th-century Romanticism . "Verlaine is into perception", Waterman said, "and sometimes the perception he represents is as intense as a mind-altering substance." [ 32 ] Christgau said that lyrics such as the reference to Broadway in "Venus" lent the album its association among critics to the East Village , as it "situates this philosophical action in the downtown night". [ 16 ] What I love most about the lyrics of Marquee Moon is their evocation of that youthful moment when you're this close to figuring everything out, voicing in very few words a multivalence worthy of that adventure's complexity and confusion—beautifully, profoundly, naively, contradictorily, romantically, kinetically, jokily, cockily, fearfully, drunkenly, goofily, impudently—so nervous and excited you could fly, or is it faint? What I love most about the lyrics of Marquee Moon is their evocation of that youthful moment when you're this close to figuring everything out, voicing in very few words a multivalence worthy of that adventure's complexity and confusion—beautifully, profoundly, naively, contradictorily, romantically, kinetically, jokily, cockily, fearfully, drunkenly, goofily, impudently—so nervous and excited you could fly, or is it faint? Marquee Moon inspired interpretations from a variety of sources, but Verlaine conceded he did not understand the meaning behind much of his lyrics. [ 16 ] He drew on influences from French poetry and wanted to narrate the consciousness or confusion of an experience rather than its specific details. He compared the songs to "a little moment of discovery or releasing something or being in a certain time or place and having a certain understanding of something". [ 34 ] Verlaine also used puns and double-entendres when writing his lyrics, which he said are atmospheric and convey the meaning of a song implicitly. [ 35 ] "See No Evil" opens with the narrator's flights of fancy and closes with an imperative about limitless possibilities: "Runnin' wild with the one I love / Pull down the future with the one you love". [ 25 ] The refrain to "Venus" mentions falling into "the arms of Venus de Milo " (the armless statue), which Verlaine explained as "a term for a state of feeling. They're loving [ubiquitous] arms". [ 26 ] Title and packaging Marquee Moon ' s title was interpreted by Waterman as an encapsulation of the urban and bucolic imagery in the songs, "suggesting the kind of night sky only visible above the neon glare of city-dwellers' assault on the dark". In his mind, the marquee rather than the moon in the concept sets the record's mood. He added, "sensory experience will be of prime importance to these eight songs. What can we see by the light of a marquee moon? What will be revealed on Marquee Moon ' s grooves ?" [ 36 ] The album's packaging was designed by art director Tony Lane . [ 37 ] The front cover photo was shot by photographer Robert Mapplethorpe , who had previously shot the cover for Patti Smith's 1975 album Horses . His photo situated Verlaine a step in front of the rest of the band, who were captured in a tensed, serious pose. Verlaine held his left hand across his body and extended his slightly clenched right hand forward. When Mapplethorpe gave Television the contact prints , Lloyd took the band's favorite shot to a print shop in Times Square and asked for color photocopies for the group members to mull over. Although the first few copies were oddly colored, Lloyd asked the copy worker to print more "while turning the knobs with his eyes closed". [ 38 ] He likened the process to Andy Warhol 's screen prints . After he showed it to the group, they chose the altered copy over Mapplethorpe's original photo, which Fred Smith subsequently had framed and kept for himself. [ 39 ] Marketing and sales Marquee Moon was released on February 8, 1977, in the United States and on March 4 in the United Kingdom, where it was an unexpected success and reached number 28 on the albums chart . [ 40 ] The record's two singles —the title track and "Prove It"—both charted on the UK Top 30 . [ 41 ] Its commercial success in the UK was partly fueled by Nick Kent 's rave two-page review of the album for NME . [ 42 ] While holidaying in London after Marquee Moon ' s completion, Verlaine saw that Television had been put on NME ' s front cover and notified Elektra's press department , who encouraged the band to capitalize on their success there with a tour of the UK. However, the label had already organized for the band to perform on Peter Gabriel 's American tour as a supporting act. Television played small theatres and some larger club venues, and received more mainstream exposure, but were not well received by Gabriel's middle-American audiences, and found the tour unnerving. [ 42 ] In May, Television embarked on a highly successful theatre tour of the UK with Blondie as their supporting act. They were enthusiastically received by audiences there, and Verlaine said it was refreshing to perform at large theatres after playing smaller clubs for four years. He nonetheless felt that Blondie did not suit their show because they were too different artistically, even though both groups had emerged from the music scene at CBGB. [ 42 ] Blondie guitarist Chris Stein said that Television were "so competitive" and unaccommodating on the tour, and that they did not treat it like a joint effort. He recalled one show where "all our equipment was shoved up at the [Glasgow] Apollo and we had like three feet of room so that [Verlaine] could stand still in this vast space." [ 43 ] By the time of Television's return to the US, Elektra had given up on promoting Marquee Moon , which they dismissed as a commercial failure. [ 7 ] Marquee Moon sold fewer than 80,000 copies in the US and failed to chart on the Billboard 200 . [ 42 ] The group was dispirited by their inability to meet commercial expectations, which contributed to their disbandment in 1978. [ 42 ] Critical reception and legacy Review scores Source Rating Hi-Fi News & Record Review A+ [ 44 ] Sounds [ 45 ] The Village Voice A+ [ 46 ] Marquee Moon was met with critical acclaim. [ 47 ] According to music journalist and biographer Tony Fletcher , critics in 1977 found the album difficult to categorize and instead hailed it as "something entirely original, a new dawn in rock music". [ 11 ] Verlaine later said of the overwhelmingly positive response from critics: There was a certain magic happening, an inexplicable certainty of something, like the momentum of a freight train. That's not egoism but, if you cast a spell, you don't get flummoxed by the results of your spell." [ 1 ] There was a certain magic happening, an inexplicable certainty of something, like the momentum of a freight train. That's not egoism but, if you cast a spell, you don't get flummoxed by the results of your spell." [ 1 ] In NME , Kent wrote that Television have proven to be ambitious and skilled enough to achieve "new dimensions of sonic overdrive" with an "inspired work of pure genius, a record finely in tune and sublimely arranged with a whole new slant on dynamics ". He deemed the album's music vigorous, sophisticated, and innovative at a time when rock is wholly conservative. [ 48 ] For Sounds , Vivien Goldman hailed Marquee Moon as "an obvious, unabashed, instant classic", while Peter Gammond of Hi-Fi News & Record Review called it one of the most exciting releases in music, highlighted by Verlaine's steely, Gábor Szabó -like guitar and authentic rock music. [ 49 ] In Audio , Jon Tiven wrote that although the vocals and production could be more amplified, Verlaine's lyrics and guitar "manage to viscerally and intellectually grab the listener". [ 50 ] Joan Downs from Time felt the band's sound is distinguished more by the bold playing of Lloyd, who she said has the potential to become a major figure in rock guitar. [ 51 ] Christgau, in The Village Voice , claimed Verlaine's " demotic -philosophical" lyrics could sustain the album alone, as could the guitar playing, which he said is as penetrating and expressive as Eric Clapton or Jerry Garcia "but totally unlike either". [ 46 ] Tom Hull , his colleague at the Voice , recalls being in Christgau's apartment when he received an advance copy and witnessing his "instantly rapturous" reaction to the album. "Without being a guitar fetishist", Hull said he personally found it "as distinctive and powerful as any of its iconic peers—things like Axis and Layla and Led Zep's first album ". [ 52 ] Some reviewers expressed reservations. In Rolling Stone , Ken Tucker said the lyrics generally amount to non sequiturs , meaningless phrases, and pretentious aphorisms, but are ultimately secondary to the music. Although he found Verlaine's solos potentially formless and boring, Tucker credited him for structuring his songs around chilling riffs and "a new commercial impulse that gives his music its catchy, if slashing, hook". [ 53 ] High Fidelity felt the music's "scaring amalgam of rich, brightly colored textures" compensates for Verlaine's nearly unintelligible lyrics. [ 54 ] Noel Coppage from Stereo Review was more critical of the singing and songwriting, likening Marquee Moon to a stale version of Bruce Springsteen . [ 55 ] Nigel Hunter wrote in Gramophone that Verlaine's lyrics and guitar playing are vague and that listeners will need a "strong commitment to this type of music to get much out of it". [ 56 ] At the end of 1977, Marquee Moon was voted the third-best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop , an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published in The Village Voice . [ 57 ] Christgau, the poll's creator and supervisor, ranked it number one on his own year-end list, and a few years later, he named it the 11th best album of the 1970s. [ 58 ] Sounds also named it the year's best album, while NME ranked it fifth on its year-end list. [ 59 ] Reappraisal Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 20 ] Christgau's Record Guide A+ [ 60 ] Entertainment Weekly A [ 61 ] Mojo [ 62 ] MusicHound Rock 5/5 [ 63 ] Pitchfork 10/10 [ 64 ] Q [ 65 ] Rolling Stone [ 66 ] Spin Alternative Record Guide 10/10 [ 67 ] Uncut [ 4 ] Since the album's original release, Marquee Moon has been cited by rock critics as one of the greatest records of the American punk rock movement, with Mark Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly calling it the masterpiece of the 1970s New York punk rock scene. [ 68 ] According to English writer Clinton Heylin , Marquee Moon marked the end of the New York scene's peak period, while Spin said it was the CBGB era's "best and most enduring record" and ranked it as the sixth-greatest album of all time in its April 1989 issue. [ 69 ] Q included it in the magazine's 2002 list of the 100 greatest punk records, as did Rolling Stone in a list of the genre's top 40 albums published in 2016, [ 70 ] while writer Colin Larkin ranked it ninth and Mojo ranked it 35th on similar lists. [ 71 ] The album has often been voted high in critics' polls of the greatest debuts and has also been named one of the greatest records of the 1970s by NME , who ranked it tenth, and Pitchfork , who ranked it third. [ 72 ] Marquee Moon has frequently appeared on rankings of the greatest albums of all time. The Guardian and Melody Maker placed it 33rd and 25th, respectively, on lists published at the turn of the 21st century. [ 73 ] In Larkin's 2000 book All Time Top 1000 Albums , Marquee Moon ranked at number 53. [ 74 ] On September 23, 2003, the album was reissued by Rhino Entertainment with several bonus tracks, including the first CD appearance of Television's 1975 debut single "Little Johnny Jewel (Parts 1 & 2)". [ 75 ] That same year, it was named the fourth-greatest album of all time by NME , while Rolling Stone placed it at number 128 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . [ 76 ] [ nb 1 ] In 2016, Paste Magazine named it the best post-punk album of all time; staff writer Ryan Reed commented that, by "capturing the fluid, technical, dynamic unison of the band's acclaimed live show, Marquee Moon stuck out like a sore thumb from the blooming punk scene ... Every moment is devastating, and the winding title track could be the greatest song to ever eclipse 10 minutes." [ 78 ] It has been viewed as one of the greatest rock albums ever by English radio DJs Marc Riley , who said that "there's been nothing like it before or since", and Mark Radcliffe , who called it "the nearest rock record to a string quartet —everybody's got a part, and it works brilliantly." [ 79 ] Influence Among the most influential records from the 1970s, the album has also been cited by critics as a cornerstone of alternative rock . [ 80 ] It heavily influenced the indie rock movement of the 1980s, while post-punk acts appropriated the album's uncluttered production, introspective tone, and meticulously performed instrumentation. [ 81 ] Hunter Felt from PopMatters attributed Marquee Moon ' s influence on post-punk and new wave acts to the precisely syncopated rhythm section of Fred Smith and Billy Ficca. He recommended 2003's "definitive" reissue of the album to listeners of garage rock revival bands, who he said had modeled themselves after Verlaine's Romantic poetry -inspired lyrics and the "jaded yet somehow impassioned cynicism" of his vocals. [ 75 ] According to Sputnikmusic's Adam Downer, Television introduced an unprecedented style of rock and roll on Marquee Moon that inaugurated post-punk music, while The Guardian said it scaled "amazing new heights of sophistication and intensity" as a "gorgeous, ringing beacon of post-punk" despite being released several months before the Sex Pistols ' Never Mind the Bollocks (1977). [ 82 ] Erlewine, writing for AllMusic , believed the record was innovative for abandoning previous New York punk albums' swing and groove sensibilities in favor of an intellectually stimulating scope that Television achieved instrumentally rather than lyrically. He claimed "it's impossible to imagine post-punk soundscapes" without Marquee Moon . [ 20 ] Fletcher argued that the songs' lack of compression , groove, and extra effects provided "a blueprint for a form of chromatic, rather than rhythmic, music that would later come to be called angular". [ 11 ] It changed the face of American music and thus music worldwide. It has touched grunge , nu-metal , punk , art-punk , pop , Radiohead and a thousand other genres where white men play guitars. Listen to the radio– Marquee Moon is everywhere. It changed the face of American music and thus music worldwide. It has touched grunge , nu-metal , punk , art-punk , pop , Radiohead and a thousand other genres where white men play guitars. Listen to the radio– Marquee Moon is everywhere. In Erlewine's opinion, Marquee Moon was radical and groundbreaking primarily as "a guitar rock album unlike any other". [ 20 ] Verlaine and Lloyd's dual playing on the album strongly influenced alternative rock groups such as the Pixies , noise rock acts such as Sonic Youth , and big arena bands like U2 . [ 83 ] According to Greg Kot from the Chicago Tribune , Television "created a new template for guitar rock" because of how Verlaine's improvised playing was woven together with Lloyd's precisely notated solos, particularly on the title track. [ 84 ] As a member of U2, Irish guitarist The Edge simulated Television's guitar sound with an effects pedal . [ 17 ] He later said he had wanted to "sound like them" and that Marquee Moon ' s title track had changed his "way of thinking about the guitar". [ 85 ] Likewise, the singer Lawrence was inspired to form Felt after hearing Marquee Moon , hoping to emulate Verlaine and Lloyd's interlocking guitar parts with bandmate Maurice Deebank . [ 86 ] Writing for Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield called Marquee Moon "one of the all-time classic guitar albums" whose tremulous guitar twang was an inspiration behind bands such as R.E.M. and Joy Division . [ 66 ] Joy Division's Stephen Morris cited it as one of his favorite albums, while R.E.M.'s Michael Stipe said his love of Marquee Moon was "second only to Horses ". [ 87 ] Will Sergeant said it was also one of his favorite records, and that Verlaine and Lloyd's guitar playing was a major influence on his band Echo & the Bunnymen . [ 88 ] Verlaine's jagged, expressive sound on the album made a great impression on Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante when he started developing as a guitarist in his early 20s. In his words, it reminded him that "none of those things that are happening in the physical dimension mean anything, whether it's what kind of guitar you play or how your amp's set up. It's just ideas, you know, emotion." [ 89 ] Track listing All songs written by Tom Verlaine , except "Guiding Light" by Verlaine and Richard Lloyd . [ 90 ] No. Title Length 1. "See No Evil" 3:56 2. "Venus" 3:48 3. "Friction" 4:43 4. " Marquee Moon " 9:58 No. Title Length 1. "Elevation" 5:08 2. "Guiding Light" 5:36 3. " Prove It " 5:04 4. "Torn Curtain" 7:00 Sides one and two were combined as tracks 1–8 on CD reissues. [ 90 ] "Marquee Moon", shortened on the original LP, was restored to its complete recorded length of 10:40 on the 2003 remastered CD. [ 91 ] No. Title Length 9. "Little Johnny Jewel (Parts 1 & 2)" 7:09 10. "See No Evil" (alternate version) 4:40 11. "Friction" (alternate version) 4:52 12. "Marquee Moon" (alternate version) 10:54 13. Untitled (instrumental) 3:22 Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. [ 90 ] Television Billy Ficca – drums Richard Lloyd – electric guitar ( solo on "See No Evil", "Marquee Moon", "Elevation", and "Guiding Light"), backing vocals Fred Smith – bass guitar, backing vocals Tom Verlaine – electric guitar (solo on "Venus", "Friction", "Marquee Moon", "Prove It", and "Torn Curtain"), keyboards, lead vocals, production Additional personnel Jim Boyer – assistant engineering Greg Calbi – mastering Jimmy Douglass – assistant mixing Lee Hulko – mastering Andy Johns – engineering, mixing, production Tony Lane – art direction Billy Lobo – back cover artwork Robert Mapplethorpe – photography Randy Mason – assistant mixing John Telfer – management Charts Chart (1977) Peak position Australian Albums Chart [ 92 ] 92 British Albums Chart [ 9 ] 28 Swedish Albums Chart [ 93 ] 23 See also Album era List of rock albums Timeline of punk rock Notes ^ Rolling Stone later re-ranked the album on revised editions of the list, first at number 130 in 2012 and then at 107 in 2020. [ 77 ] References ^ a b c d e f Anon. 2007a , p. 378. ^ Tucker 1977 ; Anon. 2007a , p. 378 ^ Heylin 2005 , p. 264; Anon. 2007a , p. 378 ^ a b Hoskyns 2004 . ^ a b c Heylin 2005 , p. 264. ^ Anon. 2007a , p. 378; Heylin 2005 , p. 264 ^ a b Heylin 2005 , p. 271. ^ a b c Heylin 2005 , p. 265. ^ a b Heylin 2005 , p. 269. ^ Heylin 2005 , p. 265; Anon.(d) n.d. ^ a b c d Fletcher 2009 , p. 355. ^ Anon.(d) n.d. ; Heller 2011 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ira Robbins. "Television" . Trouser Press . Retrieved May 4, 2023 . ^ Dolan, Jon; Fine, Jason ; Fricke, David ; et al. (April 6, 2016). "40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 20, 2024 . ^ Wilcox 2017 . ^ a b c d Anon. 2015 . ^ a b Moon 2008 , p. 770. ^ a b Chakroff 2003 . ^ Anon. 1992 . ^ a b c d Erlewine n.d . ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008 , p. 541; Chakroff 2003 ^ "The 50 Best Post-Punk Albums" . Paste Magazine . Retrieved June 16, 2025 . ^ a b Moon 2008 , p. 769. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 167. ^ a b Waterman 2011 , p. 168. ^ a b Waterman 2011 , p. 174. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 16. ^ a b Waterman 2011 , p. 162. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 163. ^ Anon. 1989 , p. 46. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 166. ^ a b Bernhard 2011 . ^ Kent 1993a , p. 236. ^ Waterman 2011 , pp. 17, 162. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 161. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 21. ^ Jacobson 2018 , copyright page. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 159. ^ Waterman 2011 , p. 160. ^ Wilcox 2017 ; Anon. 2007a , p. 378; Anon. 1977b , p. 4; Heylin 2005 , p. 269. ^ Martin 2003 , p. 1060. ^ a b c d e Heylin 2005 , p. 270. ^ Heylin 2005 , pp. 270–1. ^ Gammond 1977 , p. 141. ^ Goldman 1977 , p. 39. ^ a b Christgau 1977 . ^ Anon. 1982 , p. 40. ^ Kent 1993a , pp. 234, 235, 239. ^ Goldman 1977 , p. 39; Gammond 1977 , p. 141. ^ Tiven 1977 , p. 90. ^ Downs 1977 , p. 82. ^ Hull 2003 . ^ Tucker 1977 . ^ Anon. 1977a , p. 122. ^ Coppage 1977 , p. 94. ^ Hunter 1977 , p. 237. ^ Anon. 1978 . ^ Christgau 1978 ; Christgau 1979 . ^ Anon. 1977c , pp. 8–9; Anon.(c) n.d. ^ Christgau 1981 . ^ Weingarten 2003 , pp. 94–5. ^ Anon. 2003c , pp. 134–6. ^ Galens 1996 . ^ Dahlen 2013 . ^ a b Aizlewood 2003 , p. 139. ^ a b Sheffield 2003 , p. 90. ^ Weisbard & Marks 1995 . ^ Brown & Newquist 1997 , p. 157; Weingarten 2003 , pp. 94–5 ^ Heylin 2005 , p. 165; Anon. 1989 , p. 46 ^ Dolan, Jon; Fine, Jason ; Fricke, David ; et al. (April 6, 2016). "40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 20, 2024 . ^ Anon. 2002 , p. 143; Larkin 1994 , p. 236; Anon. 2003b , p. 76 ^ Simpson 2013 , p. 32; Anon. 1993 , p. 19; Pitchfork Staff 2004 ^ Anon. 1997 , p. A2; Anon. 2000 ^ Larkin 2000 , p. 59. ^ a b Felt 2003 . ^ Anon. 2003d , pp. 35–42; Anon. 2003e . ^ Anon. 2012 ; Anon. 2020 . ^ "The 50 Best Post-Punk Albums" . Paste Magazine . Retrieved June 16, 2025 . ^ Anon. 2001 . ^ Martin 2003 , p. 1060; Moon 2008 , p. 770 ^ Woodhouse 2012 . ^ Downer 2006 ; Anon. 2007b ^ Moon 2008 , p. 769; Tuffrey 2014 , p. 3; McCutchen 2000 . ^ Kot 2003 . ^ Pattenden 2010 . ^ [1] ^ Hewitt 2010 ; Milner 2004 , p. 44 ^ Adams 2002 , p. 169. ^ Todd 2012 , p. 324. ^ a b c Anon. 2003a . ^ Hegarty & Halliwell 2011 , p. 170. ^ Kent 1993b , p. 306. ^ Anon.(b) n.d . Bibliography Adams, Chris (2002). Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo and the Bunnymen . Soft Skull Press . ISBN 1-887128-89-1 . Aizlewood, John (November 2003). "Review: Marquee Moon". Q (208). London. Anon. (February 1977). "Pop/Rock". High Fidelity . Anon. (February 9, 1977). "Review: Marquee Moon". NME . London. Anon. (December 24, 1977). "The Sounds 1977 Albums of the Year". Sounds . London. Anon. (January 23, 1978). "The 1977 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll" . The Village Voice . New York. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Anon. (December 1982). "Record Reviews". Down Beat . Vol. 49. Anon. (April 1989). "The 25 Greatest Albums of All Time" . Spin . Vol. 5, no. 1. New York. p. 46 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 – via Google Books . Anon. (September 1992). "Review: Marquee Moon". Select . London. Anon. (September 18, 1993). "The Greatest Albums Of The '70s". NME . London. Anon. (September 19, 1997). "100 Best Albums Ever". The Guardian . London. Anon. (2000). "All Time Top 100 Albums". Melody Maker . London. Anon. (March 9, 2001). "Home entertainment: Mark and Lard" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Anon. (May 2002). "100 Best Punk Albums". Q . London. Anon. (2003). Marquee Moon (CD reissue booklet). Television . Elektra Records , Rhino Records . R2 73920. Anon. (March 2003). "Top 50 Punk Albums". Mojo . London. Anon. (March 8, 2003). "NME's 100 Best Albums of All Time!". NME . London. Anon. (November 2003). "Review: Marquee Moon". Mojo . London. Anon. (November 1, 2003). "128) Marquee Moon" . Rolling Stone . New York. Archived from the original on March 31, 2006 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Anon. (2007). "Marquee Moon". In Irvin, Jim ; McLear, Colin (eds.). The Mojo Collection (4th ed.). Canongate Books . ISBN 978-1-84767-643-6 . Anon. (November 21, 2007). "1000 albums to hear before you die: Artists beginning with T" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 30, 2013 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Anon. (May 31, 2012). "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 18, 2019 . Anon. (2015). "Read an Excerpt From Robert Christgau's Memoir 'Going Into the City' " . Rolling Stone . New York. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015 . Retrieved February 22, 2015 . Anon. (September 22, 2020). "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 9, 2020 . Anon. (n.d.). "swedishcharts.com – Television – Marquee Moon" . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014 . Retrieved May 1, 2014 . Anon. (n.d.). "Albums and Tracks of the Year for 1977" . NME . London. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Anon. (n.d.). "Elevation by Television" . Rolling Stone . New York. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Bernhard, Brendan (August 3, 2011). "Five Questions With — Bryan Waterman, Author of 'Marquee Moon' " . The Local East Village . Archived from the original on May 5, 2014 . Retrieved May 5, 2014 . Brown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. (1997). Eiche, Jon F. (ed.). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 0-7935-4042-9 . Chakroff, Evan (August 1, 2003). "Television – Marquee Moon – On Second Thought" . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on May 10, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Christgau, Robert (March 21, 1977). "Christgau's Consumer Guide" . The Village Voice . New York. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Christgau, Robert (January 23, 1978). "Pazz & Jop 1977: Dean's List" . The Village Voice . New York. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Christgau, Robert (December 17, 1979). "Decade Personal Best: '70s" . The Village Voice . New York. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014 . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: T" . Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies . Ticknor & Fields . ISBN 089919026X . Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. Coppage, Noel (March 1977). "Television: Marquee Moon". Stereo Review . Vol. 38, no. 3. Dahlen, Chris (December 9, 2013). "Television / Adventure: Marquee Moon / Adventure" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on November 30, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Downer, Adam (September 29, 2006). "Review: Television – Marquee Moon" . Sputnikmusic. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Downs, Joan (April 11, 1977). "Television: Marquee Moon". Time . Vol. 109. New York. Music section. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (n.d.). "Marquee Moon – Television" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on December 15, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Fletcher, Tony (2009). All Hopped Up and Ready to Go: Music from the Streets of New York 1927–77 . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-33483-8 . Felt, Hunter (September 22, 2003). "Television: Marquee Moon [remastered edition]" . PopMatters . Archived from the original on November 9, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Galens, Dave (1996). "Television". In Graff, Gary (ed.). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 0787610372 . Gammond, Peter (March 1977). "Records of the Month". Hi-Fi News & Record Review . Vol. 22, no. 3. Goldman, Vivien (March 12, 1977). "Review: Marquee Moon". Sounds . London. Hegarty, Paul ; Halliwell, Martin (2011). Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978-1441114808 . Heller, Jason (March 9, 2011). "1977" . The A.V. Club . Chicago. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Hewitt, Ben (December 7, 2010). "Bakers Dozen: Joy Division & New Order's Stephen Morris On His Top 13 Albums" . The Quietus . Archived from the original on July 18, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Heylin, Clinton (2005). From the Velvets to the Voidoids: The Birth of American Punk Rock . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 1-55652-575-3 . Hoskyns, Barney (January 2004). "Television: Marquee Moon (Expanded); Adventure (Expanded) (Rhino)". Uncut . London. Hull, Tom (October 8, 2003). "October 2003 Notebook" . Tom Hull – on the Web . Retrieved August 17, 2020 . Hunter, Nigel (July 1977). "Rock Albums". Gramophone . Vol. 55, no. 650. London. Jacobson, Abbi (2018). I Might Regret This: Essays, Drawings, Vulnerabilities, and Other Stuff . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978-1538713280 . Kent, David (1993b). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . Kent, Nick (1993a). "I Have Seen the Future ...". In Heylin, Clinton (ed.). The Da Capo Book of Rock & Roll Writing . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0-306-80920-6 . Kot, Greg (October 5, 2003). "Television Marquee Moon Adventure (Elektra/Rhino ..." Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on April 27, 2014 . Retrieved April 27, 2014 . Larkin, Colin (1994). Guinness Book of Top 1000 Albums (1st ed.). Gullane Children's Books. ISBN 978-0-85112-786-6 . Larkin, Colin, ed. (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books . ISBN 0-7535-0493-6 . Martin, Mike (2003). "Television". In Buckley, Peter (ed.). The Rough Guide to Rock (2nd ed.). Rough Guides . ISBN 1-85828-457-0 . McCutchen, Andrew (2000). "Sonic Youth: An interview with Thurston Moore" . Spike Magazine . Archived from the original on April 17, 2017 . Retrieved January 21, 2018 . Milner, Greg (March 2004). "Michael Stipe" . Spin . New York . Retrieved April 22, 2014 – via Google Books. Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . Workman Publishing . ISBN 978-0-7611-3963-8 . Pattenden, Mike (January 2, 2010). "The Edge on guitarists, Glasbonbury and musicals" . The Times . London . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . (subscription required) Pitchfork Staff (June 23, 2004). "Staff Lists: Top 100 Albums of the 1970s" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on November 13, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2008). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends who Changed Music Forever . Greenwood Icons. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-313-33847-2 . Sheffield, Rob (October 16, 2003). "Review: Marquee Moon". Rolling Stone . New York. Simpson, Dave (November 17, 2013). "Television – review" . The Guardian . London. Main section. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014 . Retrieved April 27, 2014 . Tiven, Jon (March 1977). "Record Reviews". Audio . Todd, David (2012). Feeding Back . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978-1-61374-062-0 . Tucker, Ken (April 7, 1977). "Marquee Moon" . Rolling Stone . New York. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Tuffrey, Laurie (2014). "Planets Of Sound: Joey Santiago Of Pixies' Favourite Albums" . The Quietus . Archived from the original on May 28, 2024 . Retrieved January 21, 2018 . Waterman, Bryan (2011). Television's Marquee Moon . 33⅓ . Vol. 83. Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 978-1-4411-8605-8 . Weingarten, Mark (September 26, 2003). "Adventure; Marquee Moon Review". Entertainment Weekly . No. 730. New York. Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig, eds. (1995). "Television". Spin Alternative Record Guide . New York: Vintage Books . ISBN 0-679-75574-8 . Wilcox, Tyler (2017). "Television's Punk Epic 'Marquee Moon,' 40 Years Later" . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . Woodhouse, Alan (August 3, 2012). "Most Important Albums Of NME's Lifetime – Television, 'Marquee Moon' " . NME . London. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . Further reading Chamy, Michael (2003). "Review: Marquee Moon, Adventure, Live at the Old Waldorf, San Francisco, 6 / 29 / 78" . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 28, 2014 . Retrieved April 27, 2014 . Christgau, Robert (June 19, 1978). "Television's Principles" . The Village Voice . New York. Christgau, Robert (January 2004). "Television: Marquee Moon/Adventure/Live at the Old Waldorf" . Tracks . St Leonards, New South Wales. Olliver, Alex (September 20, 2017). "The New York punk albums you need in your record collection" . Louder . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 22, 2020 . Pierre, Jean (2003). "Television – Marquee Moon; Adventure" . Tiny Mix Tapes . External links Marquee Moon at Discogs (list of releases) Marquee Moon at MusicBrainz (list of releases) Marquee Moon at Myspace (streamed copy where licensed) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Television v t e Tom Verlaine Richard Lloyd Richard Hell Fred Smith Billy Ficca Jimmy Rip Tom Verlaine Richard Lloyd Richard Hell Fred Smith Billy Ficca Jimmy Rip Albums Marquee Moon Adventure Television Marquee Moon Adventure Television Live albums The Blow-Up Live at the Old Waldorf The Blow-Up Live at the Old Waldorf Singles " Marquee Moon " " Prove It " " Marquee Moon " " Prove It " Related articles Neon Boys Richard Hell and the Voidoids Neon Boys Richard Hell and the Voidoids Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 1977 debut albums Albums produced by Andy Johns Elektra Records albums Television (band) albums Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use American English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2024 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription-only content MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links This page was last edited on 8 January 2026, at 10:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Moon
|
Ihu m̀bụ Nzọr ogbako Màkà Mgbanwe ọhụrụ Peeji n'enweghị usoro Enyemaka Nye onyinye Mepee akaụntụ Banye Nye onyinye Mepee akaụntụ Banye Ndịna Mmalite 1 Nnọọ na Wikipedia Chọba ndịnisiokwu Nnọọ na Wikipedia 1.1 Site na isiokwu mbuụzọ a na-ahụkarị taa 1.2 Ị maara ... ??? 1.3 Nke dị n'akụkọ ụwa 1.4 N'ụbọchị a 1.5 Foto mbuụzọ a na-ahụkarị taa 1.6 Akụkụ Wikipedia Ndị Ọzọ 1.7 Ọrụ ụmụnne Wikipedia Ndị Ọzọ 1.8 Asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia 1.1 Site na isiokwu mbuụzọ a na-ahụkarị taa 1.2 Ị maara ... ??? 1.3 Nke dị n'akụkọ ụwa 1.4 N'ụbọchị a 1.5 Foto mbuụzọ a na-ahụkarị taa 1.6 Akụkụ Wikipedia Ndị Ọzọ 1.7 Ọrụ ụmụnne Wikipedia Ndị Ọzọ 1.8 Asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia Ihu m̀bụ Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ibé Ńkàtá Gụ̀ọ Lee ebeosi Lèe onye rụrụ ọrụ a Gụ̀ọ Lee ebeosi Lèe onye rụrụ ọrụ a Kedu ihe jikọrọ ebe a Mgbanwe gbasara ya Tịnyé ihe na nsónùsòrò Njikọ ndịgide Ozi ibe Députà ihüa Nweta URL dị mkpụmkpụ Budata koodu QR Mmepụta akwukwọ Budata ya dika PDF Ụdi a pụrụ ibipụta Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikikwuótu Wiktionary Wikidata ihe Nnọọ na Wikipedia Site na isiokwu mbuụzọ a na-ahụkarị taa Ị maara ... ??? ... na yabasị Bermuda (nke e sere gosi) nwere njikọ chiri anya ya na Bermuda ruo ógó nke na ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ ghọrọ ndị a maara dị ka "yabasị"? ... na ụgbọelu ndị agha mmiri (Navy) nke mba America nke Michael Wettlaufer na-akwọ fanyere n'elu elu nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi TV na Florida mgbe ọ na-aga ọzụzụ, nke manyere ya ịpụ n'ikuku ruo ihe fọrọ ntakịrị ka ọ ruo afọ ịse. ... na a họpụtara onye ọ̀lụ́ agha Chris Tanasale dị ka onye isi obodo Ambon , Indonesia, iji gbochie ịkpapụ n'akụkụ nke ndị Kraịst nọ n'ógbè ahụ. ... na onye so guzobe YouTube bụ Jawed Karim emelitela nkọwa nke vidiyo ya bụ "Mụ ebe m nọ n'ụlọ nchekwa ụmụ anụmanụ" n'ọtụtụ oge iji katọọ mkpebi azụmahịa nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ. ... na ndị Nazi gburu ihe karịrị ụmụ amaala Dutch iri ise n'ịbọ ọ́bọ̀ maka ogbugbu Hendrik Seyffardt na Hermannus Reydon site n'aka ndị Dutch. ... na ndị egwuregwu iri na ise aha ha ga-adị na Pro Football Hall of Fame n'ọdịniihu ka Detroit Lions deturula ? ... na a kpọrọ egwu pop-punk nke Fall Out Boy gụrụ n'afọ 2007 aha egwu Michael Jackson bụ Thriller ma malite n'okwu nke onye na-eti egwu Jay-Z kwuru. ... na ụgbọ ngwá ahịa bụ "nnwale kachasị elu ịmata ma mmadụ onwere ike ịchị onwe ya", dị ka echiche ụgbọ ngwáahịa si kwuo. ... na a machibidoro akwụkwọ edere gbasara mmachibido akwụkwọ? Nke dị n'akụkọ ụwa Na Bolivia, ndị agha nke Juan José Zúñiga du wakporo obí onye isi ala na Mgbalị iwereghachị ọchịchị n'ike (dịka egosiri na ihe osise). A tọhapụrụ onye guzobere WikiLeaks bụ Julian Assange n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta arịrịọ US. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe wakporo ụlọ omebe iwu dị na Nairobi , Kenya, nke gburu mmadụ iri na itoolu ebe ndị mmadụ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ otu narị na iri isii merụrụ ahụ. Ọkụ gbara n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta batrị lithium dị n'obodo Hwaseong nke South Korea gburu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ọrụ si China kwatara na mba ahụ. Na-aga n'ihu ugbu a: Agha Israel-Hamas oge omume ya oge omume ya Mwakpo Russia wakporo Ukraine oge omume ya oge omume ya Agha obodo Sudan oge omume ya oge omume ya Ndi nwụrụ n'oge n'adịbeghị anya Margarita Voites Lothar Gall Romay Davis Howard Bernstein Joshua Wade George M. Woodwell N'ụbọchị a 1764 - otu n'ime óké ifufe kachasị njọ merela n'ụwa (dịka e sere na Foto ) wakporo Woldegk n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Germany nke oge a, gbuo otu onye. 1864 - Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-ebu ndị njem si n'elu àkwà mmiri na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ndapụ wee dapụ, dabanye n' Osimiri Richelieu dị nso n'ebe a maara ugbua dịka Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec , na-egbu ihe ruru mmadụ iri itoolu na itoolu ma merụọ otu narị ndị ọzọ ahụ n' Ihe mberede ụgbọ okporo ígwè kachasị njọ nke merela na Canada . 1889 - Hyde Park na ọtụtụ obodo Illinois ndị ọzọ mere ntụli aka ka Chicago sonye na ha, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ obodo kachasị ukwuu site na mbara ala nakwa nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mba United States. 1927 - Ụgbọelu United States Army Air Corps bụ Bird of Paradise dara na Wheeler Field na agwaetiti Hawaii bụ Oahu iji mezue ụgbọ elu mbụ gafere Pacific. 1995 - Atlantis ghọrọ Ụgbọ mbara igwe US mbụ na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ mbara igwe Russia Mir dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme Shuttle-Mir. Foto mbuụzọ a na-ahụkarị taa Akụkụ Wikipedia Ndị Ọzọ Ọrụ ụmụnne Wikipedia Ndị Ọzọ Wiktionari Ndetu mkpurụ edemede na omárí ya Wikiákwúkwó Akwukwo owere na omúmú ngwà ȯrü Wikipedia Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ Wikinkpurụ Librari owere Wikiudi I mụta màkà ùdì anumanu Wikiakíkóohúrù Akíkó uwà nke onyóbulạ Wiki-Nso Odozi Wikimedia Nkịtị Midia hé kèrè Wikidum Imụta ihe Asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia Oge ikpeazu edeziri ihuakwụkwọ a bụ 7 Julaị 2024, na 05:21 Ihe e dere nọ n'okpuru Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; usoro mgbakwunye nkwenye dị kwa Lee Usoro iji mee ihe maka ihe ọzọ Í kwesiri ima. Amụma nzuzo Maka Wikipedia Ozi ntimkpu Usoro akparamagwa Ndị ọrụnkwalite Statistiks Ṅkwupụta kuki nlegharị anya nke ekwenti
|
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_m%CC%80b%E1%BB%A5
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Dimensions and planes of existence Toggle Dimensions and planes of existence subsection 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 2 Theoretical joint points Toggle Theoretical joint points subsection 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 3 The "problem of psychology" Toggle The "problem of psychology" subsection 3.1 Solution 3.1 Solution 4 Consciousness and human behavior 5 Toward the integration of human knowledge 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Tree of knowledge system العربية Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The tree of knowledge ( ToK ) system is a new [ when? ] map of Big History that traces cosmic evolution across four different planes of existence, identified as Matter, Life, Mind and Culture that are mapped respectively by the physical, biological, psychological and social domains of science. The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System was developed by Gregg Henriques , who is a professor and core faculty member in the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University . [ 1 ] The ToK System is part of a larger Unified Theory of Knowledge that Henriques describes as a consilient scientific humanistic philosophy for the 21st Century. The official Unified Theory of Knowledge website describes the ToK System as: [ 2 ] [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. The outline of the ToK System was first published in 2003 in Review of General Psychology . [ 3 ] Two special issues of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in December 2004 [ 4 ] and January 2005 [ 5 ] were devoted to the elaboration and evaluation of the model. In 2008, a special issue of Theory & Psychology [ 6 ] was devoted to the ToK System. In 2011, Henriques published A New Unified Theory of Psychology . That same year he also launched the blog Theory of Knowledge: A Unified Approach to Psychology and Philosophy on Psychology Today , which remains active. There is also a Theory Of Knowledge Society and discussion listserve that is devoted to discussing Henriques' work and other big picture viewpoints. In some ways, the ToK System reflects a fairly common hierarchy of nature and of the sciences that has been represented in one way or another since the time of Auguste Comte , who in the 19th century used a hierarchical conception of nature to argue for the existence of sociology. It also has clear parallels with Aristotle's conception of the scales of nature and the first four levels of the Great Chain of Being . Despite some overlap with a number of traditional schemes, the ToK System is properly thought of as a new theory of both ontic reality and our scientific knowledge of that reality. One of the most important and salient features of the Tree of Knowledge is how it represents reality as consisting of four different planes of existence. The theory is that, following Matter, Life, Mind and Culture each represent complex adaptive landscapes that are organized and mediated by novel emergent information processing and communication systems. Specifically, DNA/RNA store information that is processed by cells which then engage in intercellular communication to create the plane of existence called Life. Similarly, the brain and nervous system store and process information in animals which then engage in communication networks on the complex adaptive plane called Mind. Finally, linguistic storage and processing and communication between human beings generates the emergence of the Culture-Person plane of existence. The separable planes of existence or dimension of complexity argument is one of the most crucial aspects of the system. Many have argued nature is hierarchically leveled; for example, a list of such levels might be subatomic particles , atoms , molecules , cells , organ structures, multi-celled organisms, consciousness , and society is common. The ToK System embraces a view of nature as levels, but adds the notion that there are also separable dimensions of complexity . The difference becomes particularly clear in the extension of the ToK System into the Periodic Table of Behavior . The Periodic Table of Behavior (PTB) shows that natural science can be arranged in terms of the four fundamental dimensions (i.e., matter, life, mind, and culture) and three fundamental levels of analysis (i.e., part, whole, group). The PTB also demonstrates that behavior is a central concept in science. Epistemologically, natural scientists view the world via a third person behavioral lens. Ontologically, science is about mapping different kinds of behaviors that take place in nature at various levels and dimensions of analysis. The second central insight of the ToK System is that it shows how natural science is a particular kind of justification system that emerges out of Culture based on novel methods and specific epistemological commitments and assumptions (i.e., an exterior view point, quantification and experimentation). This epistemology and methodology functions to justify scientific ontology, which in turn maps the ontic reality. Specifically, the domains of the physical, biological, (basic) psychological and social sciences map the ontic dimensions of matter, life, mind and culture. The Periodic Table of Behavior further shows how science is a justification system that is arranged to map behavioral frequencies at different dimensions of complexity and levels of analysis. Dimensions and planes of existence This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Matter/Object — Physical sciences The dimension of matter refers to the set of material objects and their behaviors through time. In accordance with modern cosmology , matter is theorized to have emerged from a pure energy singularity at the Big Bang . Space and time were also born at such a point. Nonliving material objects range in complexity from subatomic particles to large organic molecules. The physical sciences (i.e., physics , chemistry , geology, astronomy ) describe the behavior of material objects. [ 3 ] Life/Organism — Biological sciences The dimension of life refers to organisms and their behaviors through time. Living objects are considered a unique subset of material objects. Just as quantum particles form the fundamental units of material complexity, genes are the fundamental units of living information. Although many questions about the emergence of life remain unanswered, in accordance with modern biology, the ToK posits that natural selection operating on genetic combinations through time is the unified theory of biology and forms the foundational understanding for the emergence of organic complexity. [ 3 ] Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences Mind/cognition in the ToK system refers to the set of mental behaviors. Mental behaviors are behaviors of animals mediated by the nervous system that produce a functional effect on the animal-environment relationship. As such, Mind/cognition is essentially synonymous with what behavioral psychologists have meant when they use the term behavior. Thus, a fly avoiding a fly swatter, a rat pushing a bar or a human getting a drink of water are all mental behaviors. Mind is not synonymous with sentience or the capacity for mental experience, although such processes are presumed to emerge in the mental/cognitive dimension. Cognition , in the broad sense of the term is meaning bodily-neuro-social information processing, as in EEEE Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, Extended. While cognitive science stands for naturalist study of mind, psychology is an approach grounded in the tradition of humanities, especially philosophy. Thus, by defining mind as mental behavior, Henriques argues that the ToK System provides a way to bridge the epistemological differences between cognitive and behavioral science . [ 3 ] Henriques argues that comparative psychology , ethology, and (animal) cognitive behavioral neuroscience should all be thought of as parts of the discipline that maps the animal-mental domain. Culture/Person — Human social sciences Culture in the ToK system refers to the set of sociolinguistic behaviors, which range from large scale nation states to individual human justifications for particular actions. Just as genetic information processing is associated with the Life dimension and neuronal information processing associated with the Mind dimension, symbolic information processing emerges with the Cultural dimension. [ 3 ] Henriques argues that human cognitive science, human psychology and the social sciences (i.e., anthropology, sociology, political science, and economics) work to map this domain. Theoretical joint points Quantum gravity Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are quantum mechanics , the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and general relativity , the science of the macroscopic (e.g., galaxies ). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical Theory of Everything , yet progress is being made, most notably through string theory , loop quantum gravity , black hole thermodynamics and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe. The modern synthesis The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with natural selection which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well-substantiated joint point. Behavioral investment theory Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of behaviorism with the information science of cognitive neuroscience that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and ontogenetically through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of phylogeny and ontogeny . A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain-behavior paradigms: (1) cognitive science ; (2) behavioral science ; (3) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4) neuroscience; and (5) cybernetics / systems theory . David C. Geary noted the similarities between his "motive-to-control" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model "seem[ed] to fill in many of the proximate mechanisms and evolutionary pressures that define the life-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind-culture joint point." [ 7 ] Justification systems theory The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the "question-answer" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others. JUST consists of three key postulates: The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1) analytically true and what is (2) good for the group and (3) good for the individual. The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1) experiential; (2) private narrator; and (3) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains. The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems. The "problem of psychology" The ToK System emerged as a consequence of Henriques wrestling with what he calls "the problem of psychology". Henriques argues that the most difficult problem in psychology as a discipline is that while there is incredible diversity offered by different approaches to psychology, and there is no consensus model of what psychology actually is. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Specifically, Henriques argues that the field lacks a clear definition, an agreed upon subject matter, and a coherent conceptual framework . The problem has been long standing, identified as the "crisis" by Lev Vygotsky in the mid 1920s. Henriques further argues that the patent tendency of psychology has been toward theoretical and substantial fragmentation and increasing insularity among the "specialties." In other words, the discipline has fragmented into different schools of thought and methodology, with no overall framework to interpret and integrate the research of different areas. At its best, the different approaches are a strength of psychology; different approaches lead to novel ideas, and prevent psychologists from clinging to a paradigm that fails to explain a phenomenon. At its worst, adherents of one particular school cling to their beliefs concerning the relative importance of their research and disregard or are ignorant of different approaches. In most cases, individual psychologists have to determine for themselves which elements of which perspective to apply, and how to integrate them into their overall understanding. Henriques argues that the problem of psychology is a central feature of modern knowledge systems. In A New Unified Theory of Psychology , he described it as follows: The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The reason for psychology's fragmentation, according to the ToK System, is that there has been no meta-theoretical frame that allows scholars to agree on the basic questions that need to be addressed. As such, the different schools of thought in psychology are like the blind men who each grab a part of the elephant and proclaim they have discovered its true nature. With its novel depiction of evolving dimensions of complexity, the ToK allows scholars finally to see the elephant. In his 2003 Review of General Psychology paper, [ 8 ] Henriques used the ToK System with the attempt to clarify and align the views of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud . These luminaries were chosen because when one considers their influence and historical opposition, it can readily be argued that they represent two schools of thought that are the most difficult to integrate. Henriques used the meta-perspective offered by the ToK to argue how one can retain the key insights from each school of thought, identify errors and points of confusion, and integrate the insights into a coherent whole. Cultural and personality psychologist, Michael Katzko, [ 10 ] however critiques Henriques' position on "the problem of psychology": There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] Solution The problem of psychology, according to the ToK, is its conceptual incoherence, which Henriques identifies by the following: When the various conceptions of psychology (e.g., behavioral, humanistic, cognitive) are viewed through the lens of the ToK System, psychology spans two different dimensions of complexity: the mental and the cultural. In other words, the discipline has historically spanned two fundamentally separate problems: If, as previously thought, nature simply consisted of levels of complexity, psychology would not be crisply defined in relationship to biology or the social sciences. And, indeed, it is frequently suggested that psychology exists in an amorphous space between biology and the social sciences. However, with its dimension of complexity depiction, the ToK System suggests that psychology can be crisply defined as the science of mind, which is the third dimension of complexity. Furthermore, because human behavior exists in the fourth dimension, psychology must be divided into two broad scientific domains of Psychological formalism is defined as the science of mind and corresponds to the behavior of animal objects. Human psychology is considered to be a unique subset of psychological formalism that deals with human behavior at the level of the individual. Because human behavior is immersed in the larger socio-cultural context (level four in the ToK System), human psychology is considered a hybrid discipline that merges the pure science of psychology with the social sciences. It is important to point out that there are other disciplines the ToK System would classify as “hybrids.” Molecular genetics, for example, is a hybrid between chemistry and biology and neuroscience is a hybrid between biology and psychology. As with Henriques' proposed conception of human psychology, both of these disciplines adopt an object level perspective (molecular and cellular, respectively) on phenomena that simultaneously exist as part of meta-level system processes (life and mind, respectively). [ 9 ] Though David A. F. Haaga "congratulate[d] Dr. Henriques' ambitious, scholarly, provocative paper", and "found the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy, the theoretical joint points, the evolutionary history, and the levels of emergent properties highly illuminating", he asks the rhetorical questions, If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] In a similar vein, Scott O. Lilienfeld, who described Henriques' effort as "thoughtful", contended that psychology is "an inherently fuzzy concept that resists precise definition" and that "attempts to define psychology [would be] likely to hamper rather than foster consilience across disciplines". Lilienfield went on further to suggest that the scientist-practitioner gap in psychology lies not in definitional issues, but in different "epistemic attitudes" between these two groups. He stated that scientists have an epistemic attitude of empiricism , (where questions regarding human nature are settled by scientific evidence), and that practitioners have an epistemic attitude of romanticism , (where questions of human nature are settled by intuition). Lilienfeld suggested that the solution to the scientist-practitioner gulf isn't definitional, but in "train[ing] future clinical scientists to appreciate the proper places of romanticism and empiricism within science". [ 13 ] Consciousness and human behavior A frequent question and point of confusion in the ToK System is the definition and meaning of consciousness . As mentioned above, mind is not synonymous with consciousness. And, to understand consciousness from a ToK vantage point, it is crucial to recognize that the term is often ambiguous in its meaning. Two primary meanings are sentience , which is the capacity for mental experience and self-awareness , which is the capacity to be aware of one's awareness. Sentience is conceptualized as a "level 3" phenomenon, possessed by many animals other than humans and is defined as a "perceived" electro-neuro-chemical representation of animal-environment relations. The ingredient of neurological behavior that allows for the emergence of mental experience is considered the "hard" problem of consciousness and the ToK System does not address this question explicitly. In contrast, through the Justification Hypothesis (see below), the ToK System involves a very direct analysis of the other issue of consciousness, that of self-awareness . Another frequent question that is raised is "Where does individual human behavior fall on the ToK?" To analyze human behavior from the context of the ToK, one uses the ToK like a prism to separate the dimensions of behavior into physiochemical, biogenetic, neuropsychological and sociolinguistic. Thus if we imagine a conversation between a husband and wife as follows: Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” The words represent the sociolinguistic dimension and are understood as a function of justification. Justification systems are seen both at the level of individual, micro-social and societal (i.e., the context of justification in which men work and women stay at home). The actions of the husband and wife in terms of facial expression , body movement, etc. are seen as the mental dimension and are understood as a function of behavioral investment. The physiological make up of the organ systems and cells of each body is seen as the biogenetic dimension. Finally, the position, temperature, molecular make up is seen as the physiochemical dimension. Each of the more basic dimensions represent conditions of possibility that allow for the emergence of the higher dimension of process. Thus, insufficient oxygen disrupts organic processes which in turn renders neuropsychological and sociolinguistic processes impossible. Toward the integration of human knowledge As stated above, the ToK System proposes a new epistemology with the goal of moving academic knowledge toward what E.O. Wilson termed consilience . Consilience is the interlocking of fact and theory into a coherent, holistic view of knowledge. Henriques argues that the ToK affords new perspectives on how knowledge is obtained because it depicts how science emerges from culture and that the four dimensions of complexity correspond to four broad classes of science: the physical, biological, psychological and social sciences. Henriques further argues that developing such a system for integrating knowledge is not just an academic enterprise. He suggests that in an increasingly complex world, the fragmented state of knowledge can be seen as one of the most pressing social problems of our time. Henriques also believes that history seems to attest that the absence of a collective worldview ostensibly condemns humanity to an endless series of conflicts that inevitably stem from incompatible, partially correct, locally situated justification systems. Thus, from Henriques' perspective, there are good reasons for believing that if there was a shared, general background of explanation, humanity might be able to achieve much greater levels of harmonious relations. In a 2008 article on the ToK, [ 14 ] Henriques cites Oliver Reiser 's 1958 call for unifying scientific knowledge that Henriques implies is similar in theme to the ToK: With its depiction of the dimensions of complexity and interlocking theoretical joint points, Henriques' believes that his ToK System offers new avenues that might allow scholars to meet Reiser’s call for academic synthesis. Henriques, like Reiser, believes that with a shared sense of purpose and a common background of explanation, people might yet be able to integrate bodies of knowledge into a unified interpretation of humanity, with humanity's place in nature and its potentialities for creating the good society. See also Tree of knowledge (philosophy) by René Descartes Tinbergen's four questions Behavioral repertoire Consilience Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Descriptive psychology General System Theory Psychological behaviorism Social meaning-making The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution – 1959 book by C. P. Snow Unified theory of cognition Unity of science Metasystem transition References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " "About Me" section of the ToK System website" . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . ^ " "The Tree of Knowledge System" section of the 8 key ideas in the Unified Theory of Knowledge website" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ a b c d e Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 1): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 60, No 12" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 2): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 61, No 1" . Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Theory & Psychology - Volume 18, Number 6, Dec 01, 2008" . Sage Journals . ^ Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2003). The tree of knowledge system and the theoretical unification of psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. ^ Homepage of Michael Katzko ^ Katzko, M. W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology , 18, 817–828. Abstract ^ Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. ^ Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. ^ Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Final draft ^ Reiser, O.L. (1958). The integration of human knowledge. Boston: Porter Sargent. Bibliography Anchin, J.C. (2008). The critical role of the dialectic in viable metatheory: A commentary on Henriques' Tree of Knowledge System for integrating human knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 801–816. Full text Calhoun, L.G. (2004). The unification of psychology: A noble quest. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60, 1283–1289. Abstract Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. Full text Gilbert, P. (2004). A much needed macro level view: A commentary on Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1223–1226. Full text Goertzen, J.R. (2008). On the possibility of unification: The reality and nature of the crisis in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18, 829–852. Full text Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. Full text Hayes, S.C. (2004). Taxonomy as a contextualist views it. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1231–1236. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). A new vision for the field: Introduction to the second special issue on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61, 3–6. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). Toward a useful mass movement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 121–139. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. Full text Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Henriques, G.R. (2004). The development of the unified theory and the future of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 39, 16–21. Final draft Henriques, G.R., & Cobb, H.C. (2004). Introduction to the special issues on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1203–1205. Full text Henriques, G.R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Unified professional psychology: Implications for combined-integrated doctoral training programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1051–1063. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. Full text Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Henriques, G.R. (2002). The harmful dysfunction analysis and the differentiation between mental disorder and disease. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 1, 157–173. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2000). Depression: Disease or behavioral shutdown mechanism? Journal of Science and Health Policy, 1, 152–165. Full text Jones, R. (2005). From that dirty little science grows a Tree of Knowledge. The Madison, 1, 36–45. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 817–828. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2004). Psychology's dilemma: An institutional neurosis? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1237–1242. Full text Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Unity within psychology, and unity between science and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1243–1247. Full text Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. Full text Mayer, J.D. (2004). How does psychotherapy influence personality? A theoretical integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1291–1315. Full text Presbury, J. (2004). Rooting the tree of knowledge: A response to Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1255–1258. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2008). Theoretical unification as a practical project: Kant and the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 757–777. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2005). Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 67–80. Full text Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rand, K.L., & Ilardi, S.S. (2005). Toward a consilient science of psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 7–20. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2008). Religion as a large-scale justification system: Does the Justification Hypothesis explain animistic attribution? Theory & Psychology, 18, 779–799. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2006). Durkheim's aphorism, the Justification Hypothesis, and the nature of social facts. Sociological Viewpoints, fall issue, 57–70. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2005). From mirror self-recognition to the looking glass self: Exploring the justification hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 47–65 . Full text Shealy, C.N. (2005). Justifying the justification hypothesis: Scientific-humanism, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 81–106. Full text Slife, B. (2005). Testing the limits of Henriques' proposal: Wittgensteinian lessons and hermenuetic dialogue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 107–120. Full text Stam, H.J. (2004). Unifying psychology: Epistemological act or disciplinary maneuver? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1259–1262. Full text Stanovich, K.E. (2004). Metarepresentation and the great cognitive divide: A commentary on Henriques' "Psychology Defined". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1263–1266. Full text Stricker, G. (2004). The unification of psychology and psychological organizations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1267–1269. Full text Vazire, S., & Robins, R.W. (2004). Beyond the Justification Hypothesis: A Broader Theory of the Evolution of Self-Consciousness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1271–1273. Full text Viney, W. (2004). Pluralism in the sciences is not easily dismissed. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1275–1278. Full text Yanchar, S.C. (2004). Some discontents with theoretical unification. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1279–1281. Full text External links The Official Tree of Knowledge Website Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques at the Psychology Wiki This page uses content from the English-language version of Psychology Wiki . The original article was at Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . The text of both The Psychology Wiki and Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License . Science studies Systems Systems theory Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2020 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2022 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2023 Articles needing additional references from April 2024 All articles needing additional references This page was last edited on 5 November 2025, at 05:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_system#External_links
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and family 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 1981–1988: Early work and breakthrough 2.2 1989–1994: Career slump 2.3 1995–2003: Critical success and action star 2.4 2004–2011: Franchise films 2.5 2012–2017: Career setbacks 2.6 2018–present: Critical resurgence 2.1 1981–1988: Early work and breakthrough 2.2 1989–1994: Career slump 2.3 1995–2003: Critical success and action star 2.4 2004–2011: Franchise films 2.5 2012–2017: Career setbacks 2.6 2018–present: Critical resurgence 3 Acting style and reception Toggle Acting style and reception subsection 3.1 Nouveau Shamanic 3.2 Reception 3.1 Nouveau Shamanic 3.2 Reception 4 Acting credits and accolades 5 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 5.1 Relationships and family 5.2 Political views and religious beliefs 5.3 Charitable activities 5.4 Interests 5.5 Saturn Films 5.6 Real estate and tax problems 5.7 Legal issues 5.1 Relationships and family 5.2 Political views and religious beliefs 5.3 Charitable activities 5.4 Interests 5.5 Saturn Films 5.6 Real estate and tax problems 5.7 Legal issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Nicolas Cage Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Tshivenda Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Betawi Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Nicolas Cage Cage in 2011 Born Nicolas Kim Coppola ( 1964-01-07 ) January 7, 1964 (age 62) Long Beach, California , U.S. Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actor film producer Actor film producer Years active 1981–present Works Full list Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Patricia Arquette ( m. 1995; div. 2001) Lisa Marie Presley ( m. 2002; div. 2004) Alice Kim ( m. 2004; div. 2016) Erika Koike ( m. 2019; ann. 2019) Riko Shibata ( m. 2021) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Patricia Arquette ( m. 1995; div. 2001) Lisa Marie Presley ( m. 2002; div. 2004) Alice Kim ( m. 2004; div. 2016) Erika Koike ( m. 2019; ann. 2019) Riko Shibata ( m. 2021) Children 3 Father August Coppola Family Coppola family Awards Full list Nicolas Kim Coppola (born January 7, 1964), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] known professionally as Nicolas Cage , is an American actor and film producer. He is the recipient of various accolades , including an Academy Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Golden Globe Award as well as nominations for two BAFTA Awards . Known for his versatility as an actor, Cage's work across diverse film genres has gained him a significant cult following . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Films in which he has appeared have grossed over $6.4 billion worldwide. [ 6 ] Born into the Coppola family , Cage began his career in films such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982) and Valley Girl (1983), as well as various films by his uncle Francis Ford Coppola such as Rumble Fish (1983), The Cotton Club (1984), and Peggy Sue Got Married (1986). He received critical success for his roles in Moonstruck and Raising Arizona (both 1987), before earning an Academy Award for Best Actor for the dramatic film Leaving Las Vegas (1995). He was Oscar-nominated for playing twins Charlie and Donald Kaufman in the comedy-drama film Adaptation (2002). Cage established himself in mainstream action films, such as The Rock (1996), Con Air (1997), Face/Off (1997), Gone in 60 Seconds (2000), the National Treasure film series (2004–2007), the Ghost Rider film series (2007–2011), and Kick-Ass (2010). He also took on dramatic roles in City of Angels (1998), Bringing Out the Dead (1999), The Family Man (2000), Matchstick Men (2003), and The Wicker Man (2006), voiced characters in The Ant Bully (2006), Astro Boy (2009), The Croods film series (2013–2020), Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018), and played Spider-Man Noir in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), Spider-Noir (2026), and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2027). He earned renewed critical recognition for his starring roles in Mandy (2018), Pig (2021), The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent (2022), Dream Scenario (2023) and Longlegs (2024). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Cage owns the production company Saturn Films and has produced films such as Shadow of the Vampire (2000) and The Life of David Gale (2003), and has directed Sonny (2002). For his contributions to the film industry, he was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998. He was ranked No. 40 in Empire magazine's The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time list in 2007 and was placed No. 37 in Premiere ' s 100 Most Powerful People in Hollywood in 2008. Nicolas Cage was also voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a 2022 readers' poll by Empire magazine. [ 10 ] Early life and family Cage was born in Long Beach, California , to August Coppola , a professor of literature, and Joy Vogelsang, a dancer and choreographer. He was raised in a Catholic family. His father was of Italian descent and his mother was of mainly German and Polish descent with some English and Scottish ancestry on her father's side. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] His paternal grandparents were composer Carmine Coppola and actress Italia Pennino , and his paternal great-grandparents were immigrants from Bernalda , Basilicata. [ 14 ] Through his father, he is a nephew of both director Francis Ford Coppola and actress Talia Shire , and a cousin of directors Roman Coppola and Sofia Coppola , film producer Gian-Carlo Coppola , and actors Robert and Jason Schwartzman . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Cage is the youngest of three sons. His two brothers are New York radio personality Marc "The Cope" Coppola and director Christopher Coppola . He attended Beverly Hills High School , [ 17 ] which is known for its many alumni who became entertainers. He aspired to act from an early age and also attended UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television . His first non-cinematic acting experience was in a school production of Golden Boy . [ 18 ] He said he started acting because he "wanted to be James Dean . I saw him in Rebel Without a Cause , East of Eden . Nothing affected me—no rock song, no classical music—the way Dean affected me in Eden . It blew my mind. I was like, 'That's what I want to do'." [ 19 ] At age 15, he tried to convince his uncle, Francis Ford Coppola, to give him a screen test , telling him "I'll show you acting." His outburst was met with "silence in the car." [ 20 ] By this stage of his career, Coppola had already directed Marlon Brando , Al Pacino , Gene Hackman and Robert De Niro . Although early in his career Cage appeared in some of his uncle's films, he changed his name to Nicolas Cage to avoid the appearance of nepotism as Coppola's nephew. His choice of name was inspired by the Marvel Comics superhero Luke Cage and composer John Cage . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Career 1981–1988: Early work and breakthrough Cage made his acting debut in the 1981 television pilot The Best of Times , which was never picked up by ABC . [ 23 ] His film debut followed in 1982, with a minor role as an unnamed co-worker of Judge Reinhold 's character in the coming-of-age film Fast Times at Ridgemont High , having originally auditioned for Reinhold's part. [ 24 ] His experience on the film was marred by cast members endlessly quoting his uncle's films, which inspired him to change his name. [ 24 ] Cage's first starring role came opposite Deborah Foreman in the romantic comedy Valley Girl (1983), in which he played a punk who falls in love with the titular valley girl , a plot loosely inspired by Romeo and Juliet . [ 25 ] The film was a modest box office success and has been branded a cult classic . [ 26 ] He auditioned for the role of Dallas Winston in his uncle's film The Outsiders , based on S.E. Hinton 's novel , but lost to Matt Dillon . [ 27 ] Cage, however, would co-star in Coppola's adaptation of another Hinton novel, Rumble Fish , in that year. [ 28 ] In 1984, Cage appeared in three period films, none of which fared well at the box office. In the drama, Racing with the Moon (1984), Cage featured opposite Sean Penn as friends who are awaiting deployment to the United States Marine Corps . [ 29 ] In Coppola's crime drama The Cotton Club he portrayed a fictionalized version of mob hitman Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll , earning praise from critic Paul Attanasio for "artfully [using] his few moments to sketch a brawny, violent thug." [ 30 ] His final release of the year was Alan Parker 's drama Birdy , in which he starred with Matthew Modine . Cage lost weight for the role and had two of his front teeth pulled out to appear disfigured. [ 31 ] Despite massively underperforming at the box office, the film, and Cage and Modine's performances, received positive reviews, with The New York Times critic Janet Maslin writing, "Mr. Cage very sympathetically captures Al's urgency and frustration. Together, these actors work miracles with what might have been unplayable." [ 32 ] In 1986, Cage starred in the little-seen Canadian sports drama The Boy in Blue and his uncle's fantasy comedy Peggy Sue Got Married (1986) as the husband to Kathleen Turner 's character. [ 5 ] [ 33 ] He then starred in the Coen brothers ' crime comedy Raising Arizona (1987) as a dim-witted ex-con. [ 34 ] Cage's biggest breakthrough came in 1987 with the romantic comedy Moonstruck , in which he starred alongside Cher as a hot-tempered baker. [ 22 ] The film was a hit with critics and audiences alike, earning Cage a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy [ 35 ] In his retrospective review, Roger Ebert wrote that he felt Cage's performance was worthy of an Oscar . [ 36 ] 1989–1994: Career slump In 1989, Cage starred in the black comedy Vampire's Kiss as a man who falls in love with a vampire and soon begins to believe himself as a vampire. The film was a major box office flop but has developed a cult following largely due to Cage's surrealistic and over-the-top performance appearing in internet memes . Critic Vincent Canby felt the film was "dominated and destroyed by Mr. Cage's chaotic, self-indulgent performance." [ 37 ] After filming the Italian drama Time to Kill (1989) in Zimbabwe , he starred in David Lynch 's romantic crime film Wild at Heart (1990) with Laura Dern . Cage was drawn to the project because he was "always attracted to those passionate, almost unbridled romantic characters" and it allowed him to impersonate one of his heroes, Elvis Presley , in scenes in which he sang. [ 22 ] [ 38 ] Wild at Heart received mixed reviews upon release, despite controversially winning the Palme d'Or at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival . [ 39 ] Cage would reunite with Lynch and Dern for the avant-garde concert performance Industrial Symphony No. 1 . [ 40 ] Also in 1990, he starred as a helicopter pilot in the action film Fire Birds , which was panned by critics and negatively compared to Top Gun (1986). [ 41 ] Cage's next film, the erotic thriller Zandalee (1991), was released direct-to-video in the United States, where it did not receive a theatrical release. [ 42 ] His "goofy ' everyman '" performance in the romantic comedy Honeymoon in Vegas (1992) garnered some positive critical notices, [ 43 ] including from Roger Ebert, who defended Cage amidst some critics finding his acting "excessive" and earned Cage his second Golden Globe nomination. [ 44 ] [ 35 ] He hosted an episode of the variety show Saturday Night Live to promote the film, his only time hosting the show. [ 45 ] None of Cage's three films in 1993— Deadfall (directed by his brother Christopher ), Amos & Andrew and Red Rock West —performed well at the box office. [ 46 ] The comedy Guarding Tess (1994) paired Cage with Shirley MacLaine as a Secret Service agent protecting a former First Lady ; however, it was dismissed as being derivative by some critics. [ 47 ] He next starred alongside Bridget Fonda in the romantic comedy It Could Happen to You as a cash-strapped police officer who offers to share his lottery winnings with a waitress and then the much-criticized box office flop Christmas comedy Trapped in Paradise with the Saturday Night Live actors Jon Lovitz and Dana Carvey . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] According to Lovitz, Cage directed portions of the film because its director, George Gallo , offered little direction. [ 50 ] 1995–2003: Critical success and action star Cage's performance as a psychopathic criminal kingpin in the crime film Kiss of Death (1995) was seen by many critics as the film's strong point, [ 51 ] but his most acclaimed performance yet came in the drama Leaving Las Vegas as an alcoholic screenwriter who falls in love with a prostitute in Las Vegas . [ 52 ] The role won Cage the Academy Award for Best Actor and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama . To prepare for the part, Cage binge drank for two weeks and studied footage of himself. [ 53 ] In 1996, he starred alongside Sean Connery and Ed Harris in Michael Bay 's The Rock , the first of a string of action films for Cage. In the film, he played an FBI chemical weapons specialist breaking into Alcatraz federal prison. The Rock was a box office and critical success, with journalist Alexander Larman stating the film "launched Cage into an unexpected vocation as an offbeat action star." [ 54 ] Next, he starred in Con Air and Face/Off , two commercially successful action thrillers that were both released in June 1997. In Con Air , Cage led an ensemble cast along with John Cusack and John Malkovich . Jerry Bruckheimer , Con Air 's producer, offered the role to Cage after being impressed with his performances in Leaving Las Vegas and The Rock . Cage accepted despite disappointment at not being offered the villain role. [ 55 ] Ebert felt Cage "[made] the wrong choice... by playing Cameron Poe as a slow-witted Elvis type who is very, very earnest and approaches every task with tunnel vision; it would have been more fun if he'd been less of a hayseed." [ 56 ] John Woo's Face/Off saw Cage and John Travolta star in dual roles as sworn enemies—a terrorist and an FBI agent —who both undergo face transplants to impersonate each other, requiring Cage and Travolta to switch characters. Both performances were praised by critics, with the BBC writing in their review "Travolta and Cage invest their dual roles with physical subtleties that reflect the other actor's character." [ 57 ] After starring in these action films back-to-back, Cage decided to "return to more serious fare" in the romantic fantasy film City of Angels (1998), a loose remake of the German film Wings of Desire (1987). Critics were split on the film and Cage's performance, with reviews ranging from describing him as "endlessly resourceful" to "[resembling] a serial killer more than an angel." [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Brian De Palma 's thriller Snake Eyes , his second film of 1998, starred Cage as a corrupt detective. [ 60 ] The film was met with mixed reviews, which were largely critical of its screenplay. [ 61 ] Cage starred in Martin Scorsese 's 1999 New York City paramedic drama Bringing Out the Dead . [ 22 ] Most of Cage's movies that have achieved financial success were in the action/adventure genre. These include The Rock , [ 62 ] Con Air , [ 63 ] Face/Off , [ 63 ] and Gone in 60 Seconds (2000), with Cage as a retired car thief. [ 64 ] He took the lead role in the 2000 romantic comedy film The Family Man , in which he played a man forced to deal with an alternate life that had a plot similar to the Christmas movie It's a Wonderful Life (1946), [ 65 ] and the 2001 war film Captain Corelli's Mandolin where he learned to play the mandolin from scratch for the part. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In 2002, he was again nominated for Oscar and Golden Globe best actor awards for his portrayal of real-life screenwriter Charlie Kaufman and Kaufman's fictional twin Donald in Adaptation. [ 68 ] Cage made his directorial debut in 2002 with Sonny , a low-budget drama starring James Franco as a male prostitute whose mother ( Brenda Blethyn ) serves as his pimp. Cage had a small role in the film, which received poor reviews and a short run in a limited number of theaters. [ 22 ] [ 69 ] Cage's producing career includes Shadow of the Vampire (2000), the first effort from Saturn Films. [ 70 ] He starred in Ridley Scott 's 2003 black comedy crime film Matchstick Men , in which he played a con artist with obsessive–compulsive disorder . [ 71 ] 2004–2011: Franchise films In his second-highest-grossing film to date, National Treasure (2004), Cage played an eccentric historian who goes on a dangerous adventure to find treasure hidden by the Founding Fathers of the United States . [ 72 ] In 2005, two films he headlined, Lord of War and The Weather Man , [ 73 ] failed to find a significant audience despite nationwide releases and good reviews for his performances. [ 74 ] The 2006 remake of The Wicker Man was very poorly reviewed, and failed to make back its $40-million budget. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In early December 2006, Cage announced at the Bahamas International Film Festival that he planned to curtail his future acting endeavors to pursue other interests. On The Dresden Files for the Sci-Fi Channel , Cage is listed as the executive producer. [ 77 ] The much-criticized Ghost Rider (2007), based on the Marvel Comics character , fared better, earning more than $45 million (the top earner) during its opening weekend and over $208 million worldwide through the weekend ending on March 25, 2007. [ 78 ] Also in 2007, he had a small but notable role as the Chinese criminal mastermind Dr. Fu Manchu in Rob Zombie 's fake trailer Werewolf Women of the S.S. from the B-movie double feature Grindhouse , [ 79 ] starred in Next , which shared the concept of a glimpse into an alternate timeline with Cage's previous film, The Family Man , [ 80 ] and reprised his role as a treasure hunter in National Treasure: Book of Secrets . [ 81 ] In November 2007, Cage was spotted backstage at a Ring of Honor wrestling show in New York City researching for the lead role for The Wrestler . However, Cage dropped out of production shortly afterward because he felt that he did not have enough time to prepare for the role and director Darren Aronofsky preferred Mickey Rourke for the lead role. Rourke would go on to receive an Academy Award nomination for his performance. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] In an interview with /Film, Aronofsky said of Cage's decision to leave the film that "Nic was a complete gentleman, and he understood that my heart was with Mickey and he stepped aside. I have so much respect for Nic Cage as an actor and I think it really could have worked with Nic but ... you know, Nic was incredibly supportive of Mickey and he is old friends with Mickey and really wanted to help with this opportunity, so he pulled himself out of the race." [ 84 ] In 2008, Cage appeared as Joe, a contract killer who undergoes a change of heart while on a work outing in Bangkok, in the film Bangkok Dangerous . The film is shot by the Pang Brothers and has a distinctly South-East Asian flavor. [ 85 ] In 2009, Cage starred in the science fiction thriller Knowing , directed by Alex Proyas . In the film, he plays an MIT professor who examines the contents of a time capsule unearthed at his son's elementary school. Startling predictions found inside the capsule that have already come true lead him to believe that the world is going to end at the close of the week and that he and his son are somehow involved in the destruction. [ 86 ] The film received mixed reviews but was the box office winner on its opening weekend. [ 87 ] Also in 2009, Cage starred in the film Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans , directed by acclaimed German director Werner Herzog . [ 88 ] He portrayed a corrupt police officer with gambling, drug and alcohol addictions. The film was very well received by critics, holding a rating of 87% positive reviews on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . [ 89 ] Cage was lauded for his performance, with Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune writing "Herzog has found his ideal interpreter, a performer whose truth lies deep in the artifice of performance: ladies and gentlemen, Nicolas Cage, at his finest." [ 90 ] This film reunited Cage with Eva Mendes , who played his love interest in Ghost Rider . [ 91 ] In 2010, Cage starred in The Sorcerer's Apprentice , in which he played the sorcerer, and the next year, headlined the period piece Season of the Witch , as a 14th-century knight transporting a woman accused of causing the Black Plague to a monastery. [ 92 ] In 2011, Cage reprised his role in Ghost Rider's sequel Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance . [ 93 ] 2012–2017: Career setbacks In 2013, Cage was involved in many projects. Notable films including animated film The Croods , in which he voiced a character named Grug Crood. The Croods received positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success grossing $585 million against a budget of $135 million. [ 94 ] He starred as main character in The Frozen Ground , a thriller crime drama film directed and written by Scott Walker in his directorial debut , based on the crimes of real-life Alaskan serial killer Robert Hansen . [ 95 ] The film, reunited him with Cusack, depicts an Alaskan State Trooper, played by Cage, seeking to apprehend Hansen, played by Cusack, by partnering with a young woman who escaped from Hansen's clutches. The film has received mixed reviews though Cage's performance was cited as a highlight and solid. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He also starred in Joe , an independent crime drama film directed and co-produced by David Gordon Green , adaptation from Larry Brown 's 1991 novel of the same name. In this film Nicolas Cage is a tormented man who hires a 15-year-old boy (played by Tye Sheridan ) and protects him from his abusive father. The film premiered at the 70th Venice International Film Festival on August 30, 2013, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] with a subsequent screening at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . [ 100 ] It was a box office flop , grossing only $2.36 million from a $4 million budget, but received critical acclaim from critics, who praised Cage's performance and Green's direction. The 2016 black comedy Dog Eat Dog , Cage's second film with Paul Schrader , reunited him with Willem Dafoe (after Wild at Heart ) as a pair of ex-convicts hired to kidnap a baby. [ 101 ] The film had its premiere as the closing entry for the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2016. [ 102 ] It was released on November 4, 2016, in the United States. [ 103 ] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film four out of five stars, writing, "It's the right director for the right project and the result is Schrader's best for years: a lairy, nasty, tasty crime thriller built on black-comic chaos." [ 104 ] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "A rare film to have been shot in Cleveland, Dog Eat Dog definitely looks like it was shot on the cheap but puts what it needs to up on the screen with vigor and wit." [ 105 ] Cage starred alongside Selma Blair and Anne Winters in Brian Taylor 's horror comedy film , Mom and Dad , [ 106 ] which premiered in the Midnight Madness section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . It was released in theaters on January 19, 2018, [ 107 ] [ 108 ] and received positive reviews from critics, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes defining his performance as "over-the-top." [ 109 ] Director John Waters appreciated the film, naming Mom and Dad as one of the best movies of 2018, placing it fourth on his personal top list. [ 110 ] 2018–present: Critical resurgence In 2018, Cage starred in the action thriller film Mandy , [ 111 ] which premiered on January 19 at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival . [ 112 ] Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com praised the movie, writing that "for all of the endless feral performances that Cage has given, in movies good, bad and forgettable, Cosmatos' style-driven, '80s-tastic passion for weird worlds and characters takes full advantage of Cage's greatness, and then some." [ 113 ] In October, Mandy ' s producer Elijah Wood announced his intention to size up an Oscar campaign for Nicolas Cage and for composer Jóhann Jóhannsson (who died in February of that year) [ 114 ] but the film was disqualified because it was also released on Video On Demand on September 14. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Later that year, Cage voiced Clark Kent / Superman in the animated film Teen Titans Go! To the Movies . He had originally been slated to portray Superman in Tim Burton 's canceled Superman film, Superman Lives , in the 1990s. [ 119 ] He voiced an alternate monochromatic 1930s universe version of Peter Parker / Spider-Man Noir in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018). Cage based his vocal performance on films of Humphrey Bogart , James Cagney , and Edward G. Robinson . [ 120 ] On January 28, 2019, Viktor and Irina Yelchin premiered a documentary about their son Anton Yelchin , Love, Antosha , at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival . [ 121 ] The documentary was directed by Garret Price and contains various interviews with some of Anton's friends and collaborators such as Kristen Stewart , J. J. Abrams , Chris Pine , Jennifer Lawrence , Jodie Foster , John Cho and Martin Landau . Cage starred as the Narrator of the film, reading various writings by Yelchin. [ 122 ] In December 2018, it was announced that Cage had signed to play the lead role for Richard Stanley 's Color Out of Space , based on the short story " The Colour Out of Space " by H. P. Lovecraft . [ 123 ] This was Stanley's first feature film directed since his firing from The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996). [ 124 ] Color Out of Space premiered on September 7, 2019, in the Midnight Madness portion of the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival , where Cage was awarded for his role with the Creative Coalition's Spotlight Initiative Award. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Following select preview screenings on January 22, the film was released in 81 theaters in the United States on January 24, 2020. [ 127 ] In December 2018, it was announced that Sion Sono was working on his first overseas production and English-language debut, Prisoners of the Ghostland , starring Nicolas Cage. Cage said the film "might be the wildest movie I've ever made." [ 128 ] Its plot revolves around a notorious criminal, Hero (played by Cage), who is sent to rescue the governor's adopted granddaughter, who has disappeared into a dark region called Ghostland. [ 129 ] The film had its world premiere at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 31, 2021. [ 130 ] In May 2020, it was announced that Cage would be playing the role of Joe Exotic in a scripted eight-episode Tiger King series, written and executive produced by Dan Lagana . [ 131 ] It was announced that the project was scrapped in July 2021. [ 132 ] In 2013, it was confirmed that Nicolas Cage would reprise his role as Grug in The Croods: A New Age , which was released in 2020. [ 133 ] Cage produced and starred in the 2021 film Pig , where he plays Robin "Rob" Feld, a former chef turned reclusive truffle -forager who must return to his past in Portland in search of his beloved foraging pig after she is kidnapped. Cage received critical acclaim for his performance and earned a second nomination for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor . [ 134 ] He gained further acclaim for portraying a fictionalized version of himself in the 2022 action comedy film The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent as well as for his portrayal of Paul, a professor who begins appearing in the dreams of others, in the 2023 Dream Scenario , resulting in his fifth Golden Globe nomination. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] In the 2023 horror comedy film Renfield , inspired by the 1897 Bram Stoker novel Dracula , Cage portrays Dracula opposite Nicholas Hoult 's Renfield . [ 137 ] Also in 2023, Cage was included as a playable character in the horror video game Dead by Daylight . [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Cage reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2023 film The Flash in a cameo appearance as an alternate version of the superhero. [ 140 ] Cage shot his scenes through volumetric capture and CGI was used to de-age him. [ 141 ] In July 2024, Cage starred as the titular serial killer in the horror thriller film Longlegs , which he produced. [ 142 ] In August, Cage signed on to play legendary gridiron football coach and broadcaster John Madden in the Amazon MGM Studios film Madden . [ 143 ] Cage will headline the 2026 television series Spider-Noir for MGM+ and Amazon Prime Video , portraying a live-action version of Spider-Man Noir , named Ben Reilly , in an alternate 1930s New York City. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Acting style and reception Nouveau Shamanic The fine, ever-elusive art of Nouveau Shamanic — Will Ashton, CinemaBlend [ 146 ] Nouveau Shamanic is a style of acting Cage developed. He has said it is to increase one's imagination without restraint, in avoidance of experiencing the sense of being ingenuous. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] The process itself is about: How do you augment your imagination in a healthy way? So that you can believe you're these characters... You don't feel like you're acting, you feel like you're being. The process itself is about: How do you augment your imagination in a healthy way? So that you can believe you're these characters... You don't feel like you're acting, you feel like you're being. — Nicolas Cage In the film Vampire's Kiss Cage moved from method acting to "Nouveau Shamanic". The scene where Cage recites the alphabet to his psychiatrist was a result of acting out of impulse. [ 148 ] Raising Arizona showcased the physicality of Nouveau Shamanic. [ 148 ] Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance is a display of how the method leads to impulse decisions fueled by an energy one could only garner naturally. [ 149 ] Cage was asked if any of his numerous pets influence his acting, to which he replied "The cobras, definitely. They would try to hypnotize you by going side to side, and when I did Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance , that's something my character does before he attacks. Animals are fun places to get inspiration." [ 148 ] Reception In Cage's hands, cartoonish moments are imbued with real emotion and real emotions become cartoons. Everything – from individual scenes down to single lines of dialogue – feel like they have been embraced as opportunities for creation. Cage is usually interesting even when his films are not. He is erratic and unpredictable; he is captivating and he is capricious. He is a performer. He is a troubadour. He is a jazz musician. In Cage's hands, cartoonish moments are imbued with real emotion and real emotions become cartoons. Everything – from individual scenes down to single lines of dialogue – feel like they have been embraced as opportunities for creation. Cage is usually interesting even when his films are not. He is erratic and unpredictable; he is captivating and he is capricious. He is a performer. He is a troubadour. He is a jazz musician. According to The Guardian film critic Luke Buckmaster, "any casual observer can see that Cage is entertaining, charismatic and wildly flamboyant." Attributing it partly to the "well-cultured" background of Cage's family, Buckmaster said the actor "is clearly attracted to grotesque characters and is celebrated for his wild and unhinged approach to them. He has the presence of a leading man, and the eccentricities of a character actor." Actor Ethan Hawke stated in 2013 that Cage is "the only actor since Marlon Brando that's actually done anything new with the art", crediting him for taking film audiences "away from an obsession with naturalism into a kind of presentation style of acting that I imagine was popular with the old troubadours." [ 151 ] Film director David Lynch described him as "the jazz musician of American acting." [ 150 ] Many critics have accused Cage of overacting . [ 150 ] Others, including Cage himself, have described his intentionally extreme performances as "mega-acting". [ 33 ] [ 152 ] After the actor's series of mainstream-marketed thriller films during the late 1990s, Sean Penn told The New York Times in 1999 that Cage was "no longer an actor" but "more like a performer." [ 153 ] Despite this, in his speech after winning the Oscar for his performance in Mystic River , Penn described Cage's performance in Matchstick Men as one of the best of 2003. [ 154 ] During the 2010s, a growing number of critics described Cage as one of the most underrated actors of his generation. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Acting credits and accolades For his contributions to the film industry , Cage was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998 with a motion pictures star located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] In May 2001, Cage was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts by California State University, Fullerton . He spoke at the commencement ceremony. [ 160 ] Cage has also been nominated for an Academy Award twice. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the film Leaving Las Vegas in 1995. He was nominated for a second one for his role in the film Adaptation in 2002. [ 161 ] He also won a Golden Globe award , Screen Actors Guild award , and many more awards for Leaving Las Vegas . He has received nominations by the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, and BAFTA for his films Adaptation , Honeymoon in Vegas , and Moonstruck. [ 162 ] He has also won and been nominated for many other awards . Personal life Relationships and family In 1988, Cage began dating actress Christina Fulton , with whom he has a son, Weston Coppola Cage (born in December 26, 1990). Weston has been the vocalist of two symphonic black metal bands, Eyes of Noctrum and Arsh Anubis. Weston also appeared in his father's film Lord of War as a helicopter mechanic, and in the 2014 film Rage as Nicolas' character's younger self. Through Weston, Cage has two grandsons born in 2014 and 2016. [ 163 ] In July 2024, Weston was arrested for assaulting numerous people with a deadly weapon, including his mother; he was released on a $150,000 bond. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Cage's first wife was actress Patricia Arquette , whom he married in April 1995 and divorced in 2001. [ 166 ] His second marriage was to singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley , daughter of Elvis and Priscilla Presley . (Cage, an Elvis fan, used Elvis as the inspiration for his performance in Wild at Heart .) They married in Kamuela, Hawaii , on August 10, 2002, and filed for divorce 107 days later on November 25, 2002. The divorce was finalized on May 24, 2004. [ 167 ] Cage's third wife was Alice Kim. They were married at a private ranch in northern California on July 30, 2004. [ 168 ] She gave birth to their son Kal-El in October 3, 2005. [ 169 ] They divorced in January 2016. [ 170 ] In March 2019, Cage married Erika Koike in Las Vegas, only to file for annulment four days later, [ 171 ] stating he was too intoxicated to understand his own actions and that Koike failed to disclose "the full nature and extent of her relationship with another person." [ 172 ] [ 173 ] He was granted a divorce from Koike three months later. [ 174 ] On February 16, 2021, Cage married Riko Shibata. [ 175 ] Their daughter August was born in September 7, 2022. [ 176 ] Political views and religious beliefs Cage grew up in a family of Catholic background, but he does not talk about religion publicly and refuses to answer religion-connected questions in his interviews. [ 12 ] When asked about whether he could relate to his character's lack of religious belief in Knowing , Cage replied, "You know, any of my personal beliefs or opinions run the risk of impinging on your own relationship with the movie. I think movies are best left enigmatic. Left raising more questions than answers. I don't want to ever preach, so that's what you get from a movie; that's far more interesting than anything I could offer." [ 177 ] During his visit to University of California, Santa Cruz , he stated that he is not a politically active actor and that he can do it in his work as he learned "more about nuclear power from the movie The China Syndrome ." [ 178 ] Cage endorsed Andrew Yang for president during the 2020 election . [ 179 ] At one point in his life, Cage had decided that he wanted to develop the philosophical aspect of his nature, and he went on a quest to find the Holy Grail . Cage traveled to England to look for it, but also looked at some areas of the United States. [ 148 ] [ 180 ] Charitable activities Cage has been called one of the most generous stars in Hollywood. [ 181 ] He donated $2 million to Amnesty International for them to use to offer rehabilitation shelters, medical services and psychological and reintegration services to some of the 300,000 children forced to fight in conflicts across the world. [ 182 ] He has also donated $1 million to the victims of Hurricane Katrina . [ 183 ] He became the first artist to support ArtWorks, an artist engagement program to raise awareness of fundamental rights at work, including freedom from slavery and from child labor. [ 184 ] During 2023, while filming The Surfer in Western Australia , Cage personally phoned in an AU$ 5,000 donation to the Channel Seven Perth Telethon . [ 185 ] Cage has also been honored with a Humanitarian award from the United Nations for his works and appointed as a UN ambassador for Global Justice in 2009 and again in 2013. [ 186 ] He led a campaign around the film Lord of War to raise awareness about international arms control, supported "Heal the Bay", the United Negro College Fund efforts, and the Royal United Hospital 's Forever Friends Appeal to build intensive care units for babies. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Interests Cage, an avid comic book fan, auctioned a collection of 400 vintage comics through Heritage Auctions for over $1.6 million in 2002. [ 189 ] In 2007, he created a comic book with his son Weston, called Voodoo Child , which was published by Virgin Comics . [ 190 ] Cage is a fan and collector of painter and underground comic artist Robert Williams . He has written introductions for Juxtapoz magazine and purchased the painting Death on the Boards . [ 191 ] Saturn Films Saturn Films is a production company referred to by one source as "the production shingle of Nicolas Cage" and often referred to as "Cage's Saturn Films". [ 192 ] Michael Nilon has been referred to as Cage's "producing partner through" Saturn Films. [ 193 ] Norm Golightly was president of the firm for twelve years, ending in 2009. [ 192 ] In 2001, Saturn was referred to as "Intermedia-based", [ 194 ] suggesting it was part of Intermedia , which was defunct as of 2006. Real estate and tax problems Cage was once considered one of Hollywood's highest-paid actors, earning $40 million in 2009 according to Forbes , although he failed to make Forbes' Top 10 List in 2014. [ 195 ] [ 196 ] In 2004 he bought a property on Paradise Island , Bahamas. In May 2006, he bought a 40-acre (16 ha) island in the Exuma archipelago, some 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Nassau and close to a similar island owned by Faith Hill and Tim McGraw . [ 197 ] He bought the medieval castle Schloss Neidstein in the Oberpfalz region in Germany in 2006 and sold it in 2009 for $2.5 million. His grandmother was German, living in Cochem an der Mosel . [ 198 ] In August 2007, Cage purchased "Grey Craig", a 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m 2 ) brick-and-stone country manor in Middletown, Rhode Island . With an estate occupying 26 acres (11 ha), the home has 12 bedrooms and 10 full bathrooms and overlooks the Atlantic Ocean. It borders the Norman Bird Sanctuary to the west. The sale ranked among the state of Rhode Island's most expensive residential purchases. [ 199 ] [ 200 ] Also in 2007, Cage purchased Midford Castle in Somerset, England. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Shortly after selling his German castle, Cage also put his homes in Rhode Island, Louisiana , Nevada , and California, as well as a $7-million island in the Bahamas , on the market. [ 203 ] On July 14, 2009, the Internal Revenue Service filed documents in New Orleans in connection with a federal tax lien against property owned by Cage in Louisiana, concerning unpaid federal taxes. The IRS alleged that Cage failed to pay over $6.2 million in federal income tax for the year 2007. [ 204 ] In addition, the Internal Revenue Service had another lien for more than $350,000 in unpaid taxes dating from 2002 to 2004. [ 205 ] Cage filed a $20-million lawsuit on October 16, 2009, against his business manager, Samuel J. Levin, alleging negligence and fraud. [ 206 ] The lawsuit stated that Levin "had failed to pay taxes when they were due and had placed [Cage] in speculative and risky real estate investments 'resulting in (the actor) suffering catastrophic losses. ' " [ 206 ] Cage also faced separate lawsuits from East West Bank [ 207 ] and Red Curb Investments for unpaid, multi-million dollar loans. Samuel Levin filed a counter-complaint and responded to the lawsuit in a filing stating that he warned Cage that he was living beyond his means and urged him to spend less. Levin's filing states that "instead of listening to Levin, cross-defendant Cage (Coppola) spent most of his free time shopping for high ticket purchases, and wound up with 15 personal residences." Levin's complaint continued: "Likewise, Levin advised Coppola against buying a Gulfstream jet, against buying and owning a flotilla of yachts, against buying and owning a squadron of Rolls Royces, against buying millions of dollars in jewelry and art." [ 208 ] In his filing, Levin said that in 2007, Cage's "shopping spree entailed the purchase of three additional residences at a total cost of more than $33 million; the purchase of 22 automobiles (including 9 Rolls Royces), 12 purchases of expensive jewelry, and 47 purchases of artwork and exotic items." [ 208 ] One of those items was a dinosaur skull of a Tarbosaurus . After discovering that it was stolen , he returned it to the Mongolian authorities. [ 209 ] According to Cage, he owned the "Most Haunted House in America", a home located in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. [ 210 ] Known as "The LaLaurie House" after its former owner Delphine LaLaurie , the house was foreclosed and sold at auction on November 12, 2009, along with another New Orleans property for a total of $5.5 million, in the wake of Cage's financial problems. [ 211 ] His Bel Air home, which had six loans totaling $18 million on it, failed to sell at an April 2010 foreclosure auction despite an opening offer of $10.4 million, substantially less than the $35 million that Cage had originally tried to sell it for. The home, built in 1940 for $110,000 (equivalent to about $1.9 million in 2024), had been owned at different times by Dean Martin and singer Tom Jones . [ 195 ] The home eventually sold in November 2010 for $10.5 million. [ 212 ] Another home in Nevada also faced foreclosure auction. [ 211 ] In November 2011, Cage sold his Action Comics #1 in an online auction managed by Heritage Auctions for a record-breaking $2.16 million (the previous record being $1.5 million), to assist paying his tax liens and other debts. Cage purchased the comic in 1997 for $110,000. [ 213 ] The comic had been stolen from him in 2000, and Cage had received an insurance payment on the item. In March 2011, it was found in a storage locker in the San Fernando Valley and was verified by ComicConnect.com to be the copy sold to Cage previously. [ 214 ] Worth around $25 million by May 2017, Cage was reportedly "taking [film] roles left and right" in order to pay off his remaining debts. [ 215 ] By 2022, Cage confirmed that he had finally paid off his debts and intended to be more selective with his film roles. [ 216 ] Legal issues Kathleen Turner wrote in her 2008 memoir, Send Your Roses , that Cage had stolen a chihuahua and was arrested twice for driving drunk while they filmed Peggy Sue Got Married . [ 217 ] Later she admitted Cage did not steal a chihuahua and she was sorry. [ 218 ] [ 219 ] Cage won a libel action against Turner, her publisher Headline Publishing Group , and Associated Newspapers (whose publication the Daily Mail had repeated the allegations when they published an excerpt from the book). [ 220 ] Christina Fulton sued Cage in December 2009 for $13 million and for the house in which she was living. The suit was in response to an order that she leave the dwelling; the order resulted from Cage's financial difficulties. [ 221 ] The case was settled in June 2011. [ 222 ] Cage was arrested in New Orleans' French Quarter district on April 15, 2011, for suspicion of domestic abuse battery , disturbing the peace and public intoxication. A police officer was flagged down by onlookers after Cage allegedly grabbed his wife's upper arm while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol. [ 223 ] Cage was held in police custody until a bail of $11,000 was posted by Duane "Dog" Chapman . [ 224 ] He was later ordered to appear in court on May 31, 2011. [ 225 ] The New Orleans District Attorney announced that the charges against Cage had been dropped on May 5, 2011. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] See also Film portal Coppola family tree List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "UPI Almanac for Monday, Jan, 7, 2019" . United Press International . January 7, 2019. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . actor Nicolas Cage in 1964 (age 55) ^ Naden, Corinne J.; Blue, Rose (2003). Nicolas Cage . Lucent Books. ISBN 978-1590181362 . nicolas kim coppola. ^ Sell, Paul R. (April 21, 2022). "To celebrate an unforgettable career, here are the 10 essential Nicolas Cage movies | The Spokesman-Review" . www.spokesman.com . Archived from the original on December 12, 2023 . Retrieved December 1, 2023 . ^ Rose, Steve (October 2, 2018). "Put the bunny back in the box: is Nicolas Cage the best actor since Marlon Brando?" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021 . Retrieved September 6, 2021 . ^ a b Tafoya, Scout (May 25, 2021). "The Whole Parade: On the Incomparable Career of Nicolas Cage" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on June 21, 2021 . Retrieved June 24, 2021 . ^ "Nicolas Cage" . the-numbers.com . Retrieved October 31, 2025 . ^ Nguyen, Terry (August 7, 2019). "The enduring strangeness of Nicolas Cage" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 23, 2020 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ Kinnucan, Trent (January 10, 2021). "A Tribute to Nicolas Cage: The Rise, Journey & Latest 'Adaptation' of Our 'Kick-Ass' 'National Treasure' " . Hollywood Insider . Archived from the original on January 11, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ Hibberd, James (December 4, 2023). "Nicolas Cage Says He's Almost Finished: "Three or Four More Movies Left" " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 4, 2023 . Retrieved December 4, 2023 . ^ "Empire's 50 Greatest Actors Of All Time List, Revealed" . Empire . December 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 25, 2024 . ^ Ellwood, Mark (March 15, 2009). "Nicolas Cage is back with digit-al thriller 'Knowing' " . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 17, 2023 . Retrieved August 17, 2023 . ^ a b Fennell, Hilary (May 21, 2011). "This much I know: Karen Koster" . Irish Examiner . Archived from the original on November 30, 2012 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Anhalt, Karen Nickel (April 1, 2009). "Nicolas Cage Sells His Castle" . People . Archived from the original on April 16, 2016 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 . ^ Cowie, Peter (August 22, 1994). Coppola: a biography . Da Capo Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0306805981 . ^ Markovitz, Adam (December 14, 2007). "Coppola Family Flow" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27, 2011 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Francis Ford Coppola's Hollywood family tree" . CNN . July 15, 2009. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Hal Erickson (2014). "Nicolas Cage Full Biography" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ "Nicolas Cage – Details" . cinema.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Selby, Jenn (March 11, 2014). "Nicolas Cage on the rise of the celebutard" . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2014 . ^ Hill, Logan (November 16, 2009). "The Wild, Wild Ways of Nicolas Cage" (PDF) . New York . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2018 . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . ^ Pall, Ellen (July 24, 1994). "Nicholas Cage, The Sunshine Man" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 26, 2021 . Retrieved March 21, 2022 . ^ a b c d e "Nicolas Cage Biography" . biography.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Coffel, Chris (December 16, 2016). "The Tao of Nicolas Cage: The Best of Times" . Film School Rejects . Archived from the original on December 28, 2021 . Retrieved April 15, 2022 . ^ a b Schutte, Lauren (February 14, 2012). "Nicolas Cage on Turning Down 'Dumb & Dumber,' Winning Another Oscar and the Movie that Made Him Change His Name" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1, 2012 . Retrieved August 24, 2012 . ^ Spencer, Ashley (May 11, 2020). "When 'Valley Girl' (and Nicolas Cage) Shook Up Hollywood" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 15, 2022 . Retrieved April 15, 2022 . ^ Sollosi, Mary (May 8, 2020). " Valley Girl is, like, a totally ironic nostalgia trip: Review" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 5, 2021 . Retrieved April 15, 2022 . ^ Mell, Elia (August 30, 2013). Casting Might-Have-Beens . McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-1476609768 . Archived from the original on April 1, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Leigh, Danny (January 2, 2009). "The view: The lost pleasures of Rumble Fish" . The Guardian . Manchester. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Racing with the Moon" . Variety . December 31, 1983. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ Attanasio, Paul (December 14, 1984). " 'Cotton Club': Coppola's Triumph" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 9, 2020 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ Dargis, Manohla (June 1995). "The method and madness of Nicolas Cage" . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on August 26, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ Maslin, Janet (December 21, 1984). "The Screen: Alan Parker's 'Birdy' " . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ a b Billson, Anne (July 3, 2013). "The wonderfully mad world of Nicolas Cage" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Westbrook, Caroline (January 1, 2000). "Raising Arizona Review" . Empire . Archived from the original on December 28, 2021 . Retrieved April 18, 2022 . ^ a b "Nicolas Cage" . Golden Globe Awards . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved June 24, 2021 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 22, 2003). "Moonstruck" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on April 9, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2022 . ^ James, Caryn (June 2, 1989). "Review/Film; The Woman He Adores, It Turns Out, Is a Vampire" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 24, 2021 . ^ Whipp, Glenn (January 26, 2022). "Nicolas Cage meditates on movies, music and what makes him happy" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 13, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2022 . ^ "Festival de Cannes: Wild at Heart" . festival-cannes.com . Archived from the original on January 19, 2012 . Retrieved August 7, 2009 . ^ "Industrial Symphony No. 1" . Chicago Reader . April 25, 2017. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021 . Retrieved June 24, 2021 . ^ Wilmington, Michael (May 25, 1990). "MOVIE REVIEW : 'Fire Birds' Aiming to Be 'Top Gun' With Helicopters" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 28, 2020 . Retrieved April 19, 2022 . ^ Rabin, Nathan (August 5, 2019). "Nicolas Cagetastic Case File #143: Zandalee " . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 21, 2021 . Retrieved June 24, 2021 . ^ McBride, Joseph (August 20, 1992). "Honeymoon in Vegas" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 16, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2022 . ^ Ebert, Roger (August 28, 1992). "Honeymoon in Vegas" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on March 29, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2022 . ^ Baylis, Sheila Cosgrove (February 17, 2015). "Fans Petition for Nicolas Cage to Host Saturday Night Live " . People . Archived from the original on June 21, 2021 . Retrieved June 24, 2021 . ^ "Red Rock West" . Rotten Tomatoes . June 16, 1993. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2022 . ^ Howe, Desson (March 11, 1994). " 'Guarding Tess' " . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 24, 2020 . Retrieved April 20, 2022 . ^ Mark, Lois Alter (July 29, 1994). "Based on a True Story" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 23, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2022 . ^ Hicks, Chris (December 6, 1994). "Film review: Trapped in Paradise" . Deseret News . Archived from the original on October 10, 2020 . Retrieved April 20, 2022 . ^ Rabin, Nathan (October 12, 2020). "My World of Flops Christmas Catastrophe Case File #169/The Travolta/Cage Project #42 Trapped in Paradise (1994)" . NathanRabin.com . Archived from the original on December 26, 2020 . Retrieved April 20, 2022 . ^ Hinson, Hal (April 21, 2022). " 'Kiss of Death' (R)" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 21, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2022 . ^ "Nicolas Cage wins best actor Oscar" . United Press International . March 26, 1996 . Retrieved September 27, 2023 . ^ "Cage Did Serious Research For Alcoholic Role" . World Entertainment News Network . August 9, 2000. Archived from the original on July 5, 2004 . Retrieved December 9, 2006 . ^ Larman, Alexander (June 2, 2021). "First Alcatraz, then Iraq: how The Rock became Michael Bay's weapon of mass destruction" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on June 3, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2023 . ^ Larman, Alexander (June 15, 2022). " 'Nothing was too insane': is Con Air the strangest action film ever made?" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 12, 2022 . Retrieved October 10, 2023 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 6, 1997). "Con Air" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on April 28, 2023 . Retrieved October 10, 2023 . ^ Glanville, Martyn (December 10, 2000). "Face/Off (1997)" . BBC . Archived from the original on May 27, 2023 . Retrieved October 10, 2023 . ^ Levy, Emanuel (April 6, 1998). "City of Angels" . Variety . Archived from the original on May 11, 2023 . Retrieved October 13, 2023 . ^ Holden, Stephen (April 10, 1998). "Film Review; Heaven, He's From Heaven, But His Heart Beats So . . " . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 8, 2017 . Retrieved July 10, 2017 . ^ McCarthy, Todd (August 5, 1998). "Snake Eyes" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 19, 2021 . Retrieved October 17, 2023 . ^ "Snake Eyes" . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 15, 2023 . Retrieved October 17, 2023 . ^ "The Rock" . Rolling Stone . June 7, 1996. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ a b "Nicolas Cage: 'Ghost Rider' star's top 10 insane movie roles" . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ "Gone in 60 Seconds" . The Guardian . August 3, 2000. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . ^ Ebert, Roger. "The Family man" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Captain Corelli's Mandolin : Interview With Nicolas Cage" . cinema.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on May 9, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Adaptation" . CBS Sunday Morning . April 6, 2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Agger, Michael (December 23, 2002). "Nic Cage's unfortunate Sonny incident" . Slate . Archived from the original on October 20, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Shepard, Jim (September 10, 2000). "FILM; Again, Nosferatu, the Vampire Who Will Not Die" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Ebert, Roger (September 12, 2003). "Matchstick Men" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Cage Uncaged: A Nicolas Cage Retrospective" . University of Chicago . Archived from the original on October 30, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Mercer, Benjamin (March 4, 2011). " 'The Weather Man': Nicolas Cage's Last Good Movie" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on February 12, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Heritage, Stuart (February 26, 2007). "Ghost Rider Wigs Out Weekend Box Office For Second Week" . Heckler Spray . Archived from the original on October 20, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Clarke, Donald. "50 years, 50 films: The Wicker Man (1973)" . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on February 13, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Monson, Leigh (September 1, 2016). " 'The Wicker Man' remake is just as ridiculous even 10 years later" . Substream Magazine . Archived from the original on February 25, 2020 . Retrieved February 25, 2020 . ^ "The Dresden Files" . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 25, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Ghost Rider" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 29, 2019 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Miska, Brad (May 15, 2014). "Nicolas Cage to 'Pay the Ghost' During Halloween Parade" . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on February 12, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2017 . ^ Dargis, Manohla (April 27, 2007). "Glimpsing the Future (and a Babe)" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ " 'National Treasure 2' Shooting Update" . Worst Previews . Archived from the original on October 11, 2012 . Retrieved June 12, 2011 . ^ Bruno, Mike (November 12, 2007). "Mickey Rourke Starring in 'The Wrestler' " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 25, 2009 . Retrieved August 15, 2010 . ^ "Nicolas Cage: I Wasn't 'Dropped' From 'The Wrestler' " . Access Hollywood . March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Sciretta, Peter. "Interview: Darren Aronofsky – Part 1" . /Film . Archived from the original on June 30, 2012 . Retrieved August 15, 2010 . ^ Bradshaw, Peter (September 4, 2008). "Bangkok Dangerous" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Ebert, Roger (March 18, 2009). "Knowing" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Travers, Peter (March 23, 2009). " "Knowing" and Other Nicolas Cage Box-Office Winners That Don't Deserve to Be Hits" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 12, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ "Bad Lieutenant: Port Of Call New Orleans" . cinemablend.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ " 'Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans' – 3 1/2 stars" . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 16, 2010 . Retrieved August 15, 2010 . ^ "Talking Pictures: 'Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans' – 3 1/2 stars" . Chicago Tribune . November 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010 . Retrieved August 15, 2010 . ^ "Ghost Rider Movie Blog: Casting Eva Mendes" . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 21, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ "MTV" . MTV. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009 . Retrieved February 14, 2010 . ^ " 'Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance' Review" . Screen Rant . February 17, 2012. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ "The Croods" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 3, 2013 . Retrieved October 4, 2013 . ^ Dima Alzayat (October 20, 2011). "On Location: 'The Frozen Ground' heats up filming in Alaska" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 9, 2015 . Retrieved August 29, 2015 . ^ " The Frozen Ground " . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . August 23, 2013. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017 . Retrieved March 20, 2018 . ^ " The Frozen Ground " . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 21, 2013 . Retrieved April 10, 2013 . ^ "Venezia 70" . labiennale . Archived from the original on September 26, 2015 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Venice film festival 2013: the full line-up" . The Guardian . London. July 25, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Toronto film festival 2013: the full line-up" . The Guardian . London. July 23, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017 . Retrieved July 24, 2013 . ^ Debruge, Peter (May 20, 2016). "Cannes Film Review: 'Dog Eat Dog' " . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 14, 2016). "Willem Dafoe's Loose Cannon Crook in Paul Schrader's 'Dog Eat Dog' – Cannes Video" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 16, 2019 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 . ^ Erbland, Kate (September 26, 2016). " 'Dog Eat Dog' Trailer: Nicolas Cage and Willem Dafoe Go Wild In Paul Schrader's Crazy Heist Thriller—Watch" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 16, 2019 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 . ^ Bradshaw, Peter (May 20, 2016). "Dog Eat Dog review – Willem Dafoe is magnificently needy in Paul Schrader's tasty thriller" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 . ^ McCarthy, Todd (May 20, 2016). " 'Dog Eat Dog': Cannes Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18, 2021 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 . ^ Roxborough, Scott (February 12, 2016). "Berlin: Nicolas Cage Boards Horror Thriller 'Mom and Dad' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4, 2017 . Retrieved April 4, 2017 . ^ Miska, Brad (November 9, 2017). " 'Mom and Dad' Turns Nicolas Cage and Selma Blair into Maniacs" . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017 . Retrieved January 7, 2018 . ^ Wilner, Norman (August 1, 2017). "TIFF 2017's Midnight Madness, documentary slates are announced" . Now . NOW Communications. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017 . Retrieved August 2, 2017 . ^ "Mom and Dad (2018)" . Rotten Tomatoes . January 19, 2018. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018 . Retrieved September 19, 2018 . ^ Nordine, Michael (December 1, 2018). "John Waters' Favorite Movies of 2018 Are as Eclectic and Offbeat as He Is" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on December 2, 2018 . Retrieved January 16, 2019 . ^ Lodderhose, Diana (June 7, 2017). "Nicolas Cage To Star in Action Thriller 'Mandy' From SpectreVision, XYZ Films & Umedia" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 18, 2019 . Retrieved January 21, 2017 . ^ Collis, Clark (January 16, 2018). "Nicolas Cage is seeking vengeance on exclusive poster for Sundance film Mandy" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 20, 2018 . Retrieved January 21, 2017 . ^ Allen, Nick (January 20, 2018). "Sundance 2018: Mandy" . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018 . Retrieved June 28, 2018 . ^ Debruge, Peter (February 10, 2018). "How Composer Jóhann Jóhannsson Helped Change the Genre Cinema Soundscape" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11, 2018 . Retrieved March 6, 2018 . ^ "Mandy (2018) – Daily Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo" . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on January 21, 2019 . Retrieved January 22, 2019 . ^ Pearson, Ben (August 17, 2018). " 'Mandy' Advance Screenings Coming to 226 Theaters, Featuring Conversation with Nicolas Cage and Director Panos Cosmatos" . /Film . Archived from the original on September 6, 2018 . Retrieved August 18, 2018 . ^ Boucher, Geoff (October 1, 2018). " 'Mandy' Producer Elijah Wood: Nicolas Cage Back In Oscar-Level Form With Revenge Film's Surprise Success" . Archived from the original on January 23, 2019 . Retrieved January 22, 2019 . ^ O'Brien, Becky (January 16, 2019). " 'Mandy' is Disqualified From the Oscars" . cinelinx.com . Archived from the original on January 23, 2019 . Retrieved January 22, 2019 . ^ Truitt, Brian (March 12, 2018). "Exclusive: Nicolas Cage plays Superman, Halsey is Wonder Woman in 'Teen Titans GO!' " . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 7, 2018 . Retrieved August 21, 2018 . ^ Goldberg, Matt (July 5, 2018). " 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse': Nicolas Cage Confirmed to Play Another Spider-Man" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 6, 2018 . Retrieved July 6, 2018 . ^ Kaufman, Amy (January 24, 2019). "Still grieving, Anton Yelchin's parents try to move forward with new documentary" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 25, 2019 . Retrieved January 30, 2019 . ^ Barker, Andrew (January 30, 2019). "Sundance Film Review: 'Love, Antosha' " . Archived from the original on August 5, 2019 . Retrieved January 30, 2019 . ^ Naderzad, Ali (January 23, 2019). "Richard Stanley is back in the saddle again, will direct 'Color out of space,' starring Nicolas Cage" . Screen Comment. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved February 7, 2020 . ^ Vlessing, Etan (January 25, 2019). "Nicolas Cage Nabs Lead in Sci-Fi Thriller 'Color Out of Space' " . The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved February 7, 2020 . ^ "Toronto unveils Midnight Madness, Discovery, TIFF Docs, Cinematheque" Archived August 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine . Screen Daily , August 8, 2019. ^ Tsirbas, Christos (September 8, 2019). "Toronto: Nicolas Cage Tells Spotlight Initiative Awards Art Is "Healthiest Medicine" " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5, 2022 . Retrieved February 5, 2022 . ^ Erbland, Kate (November 8, 2019). " 'Color Out of Space' Trailer: Nicolas Cage Tackles H.P. Lovecraft in Trippy Alien Invasion Thriller" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 8, 2019 . Retrieved November 22, 2019 . ^ Nordine, Michael (December 14, 2018). "Nicolas Cage Calls 'Prisoners of the Ghostland' 'The Wildest Movie I've Ever Made' " . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9, 2021 . Retrieved November 15, 2020 . ^ Squires, John (December 14, 2020). "Your New Nic Cage Obsession May End Up Being Sion Sono's Action-Horror Movie 'Prisoners of the Ghostland' " . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 . ^ Debruge, Peter (December 15, 2020). "Sundance Film Festival Lineup Features 38 First-Time Directors, Including Rebecca Hall and Robin Wright" . Variety . Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 . ^ Lee, Benjamin (May 4, 2020). "Nicolas Cage to play Joe Exotic in Tiger King miniseries" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved July 10, 2020 . ^ "Nicolas Cage's Tiger King TV drama scrapped by Amazon" . BBC News . July 14, 2021. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021 . Retrieved December 4, 2021 . ^ Lesnick, Silas (September 9, 2013). "Nicolas Cage, Ryan Reynolds and Emma Stone Confirmed for The Croods 2" . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on April 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 5, 2022 . ^ Roeper, Richard (July 14, 2021). " 'Pig': Nicolas Cage skips the hamminess in an elegant story of pain and purpose" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2021 . ^ "Nicolas Cage's 'Unbearable Weight' Gets Rare Perfect Rotten Tomatoes Score" . Maxim . March 16, 2022. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022 . Retrieved April 23, 2022 . ^ McArdle, Tommy (January 7, 2024). "Nicolas Cage Celebrates His 'Surrealist' Birthday with Wife Riko Shibata at the 2024 Golden Globes" . Peoplemag . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ Thompson, Simon (April 14, 2023). "Nicolas Cage Really Sunk His Teeth Into Dracula In 'Renfield' " . Forbes . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ Bankhurst, Adam (May 17, 2023). "Nicolas Cage Is Playing Himself in Dead by Daylight" . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9, 2024 . Retrieved January 10, 2024 . ^ McWhertor, Michael (July 5, 2023). "Dead by Daylight adds Nicolas Cage as a playable Survivor" . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 22, 2023 . Retrieved January 10, 2024 . ^ Sharf, Zack (May 24, 2023). " 'The Flash' Director Just Announced the Movie's Most Shocking Cameo That's Decades in the Making" . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24, 2023 . Retrieved May 24, 2023 . ^ Polowy, Kevin (November 1, 2023). "Nicolas Cage says his Superman cameo in 'The Flash' looked nothing like what he filmed, calls AI 'inhumane' " . Yahoo Entertainment . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ Lattanzio, Ryan (June 24, 2024). " 'Longlegs' Director Oz Perkins Says the Wild Marketing Campaign Is All Neon: 'I Would Be a Jackass to Take Too Much Credit' " . IndieWire . Retrieved July 12, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 15, 2024). "Amazon MGM Sets Nicolas Cage To Play John Madden In David O. Russell-Directed 'Madden' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 17, 2025 . ^ O'Rourke, Ryan (December 3, 2025). "First Spider-Noir Poster Confirms Nicolas Cage Isn't Playing Peter Parker" . Collider . Archived from the original on December 3, 2025 . Retrieved December 3, 2025 . ^ Moreau, Jordan (May 12, 2025). " Spider-Noir First Look: Nicolas Cage Suits Up as Live-Action Spider-Verse Hero in Prime Video Series" . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13, 2025 . Retrieved May 13, 2025 . ^ "Upcoming Nicolas Cage Movies And TV Shows: Joe Exotic, Willy's Wonderland, And More" . CinemaBlend . October 18, 2020 . Retrieved March 9, 2021 . ^ Whalen, Andres (August 7, 2019). "Nicolas Cage had different 'Wicker Man' ending in mind, offers 'nouveau shamanic' acting tips in new interview" . Newsweek . Retrieved March 7, 2021 . ^ a b c d e Marchese, David (August 7, 2019). "Nicolas Cage on his legacy, his philosophy of acting and his metaphorical — and literal — search for the Holy Grail" . The New York Times Magazine . Archived from the original on August 11, 2019 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Trussell, Jacob (July 3, 2018). "Nouveau Shamanic: The Enigmatic Style of Nicolas Cage" . Film School Rejects . Retrieved March 8, 2021 . ^ a b c Buckmaster, Luke (August 13, 2018). "I watched Nicolas Cage movies for 14 hours straight, and I'm sold" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021 . Retrieved August 15, 2018 . ^ Hawke, Ethan (June 5, 2013). "I Am Ethan Hawke – AMAA" . Reddit . Archived from the original on March 19, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2021 . ^ Whittaker, Richard (January 31, 2017). "Nicolas Cage Takes Over the Alamo: Watch the mega-acting star perform Edgar Allan Poe" . Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved March 14, 2019 . Yet what came out most was how Cage, whose reputation is for what has been dubbed mega-acting, takes his work incredibly seriously. ^ Anon. (April 5, 1999). "Scoop" . People . Archived from the original on August 15, 2018 . Retrieved August 15, 2018 . ^ "Oscar acceptance speech of Sean Penn" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 29, 2004. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014 . Retrieved May 14, 2014 . ^ Peterson, Alex (October 16, 2013). "Criminally Underrated: Nicolas Cage" . Spectrum Culture . Archived from the original on March 23, 2019 . Retrieved March 23, 2019 . ^ Flood, Alex (March 18, 2018). "In defence of Nicolas Cage" . NME . Archived from the original on March 23, 2019 . Retrieved March 23, 2019 . ^ Palmer, Frank (January 7, 2018). "Why Nicolas Cage Is Secretly the Greatest Actor Ever" . ScreenGeek.net. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019 . Retrieved March 23, 2019 . ^ "Nicolas Cage" . Walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . ^ "Nicolas Cage" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 1, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . ^ "CSU Newsline" . Calstate.edu. April 16, 2001. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010 . Retrieved February 14, 2010 . ^ Miller, Julie (February 14, 2012). "Nicolas Cage Explains His Recent Oscar-Shunning Career Choices in Most Confusing, Cage-ian Way Possible" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ "Nicolas Cage" . Golden Globe Awards . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ "Nicolas Cage's Son Weston Cage Welcomes Baby Boy Lucian Augustus With Wife Danielle" . Us Weekly . July 3, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Juneau, Jen (July 11, 2024). "Nicolas Cage's Son Weston Arrested on Charges of Assault with a Deadly Weapon After Incident with Mom Christina Fulton" . People . Retrieved July 11, 2024 . ^ "Nicolas Cage's Son Weston Arrested on Charges of Assault with a Deadly Weapon After Incident with Mom Christina Fulton" . TMZ. July 11, 2024 . Retrieved July 11, 2024 . ^ "Nicolas Cage's divorce from Patricia Arquette" . Hello! . Archived from the original on May 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Cage and Presley divorce made final" . Today . May 26, 2004. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ^ "Nicolas Cage and Alice Kim Marriage Profile" . About.com . Archived from the original on September 16, 2004 . Retrieved October 14, 2012 . ^ "Baby boy for actor Cage and wife" . BBC News . October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved August 8, 2010 . ^ Kimble, Lindsey (June 24, 2016). "Nicolas Cage and Wife Alice Kim Are Separated, Rep Confirms" . People . Archived from the original on August 28, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Seemayer, Zach (March 28, 2019). "Nicolas Cage Files for Annulment With New Wife 4 Days After Getting Married" . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on May 6, 2019 . Retrieved March 29, 2019 . ^ Yasharoff, Hannah (August 7, 2019). "Nicolas Cage on split after 4-day marriage to Erika Koike: 'I was pretty upset' " . USA Today . Retrieved July 9, 2024 . ^ "Annulment documents reveal why Nicolas Cage is splitting with wife Erika Koike after four days" . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved July 9, 2024 . ^ Seemayer, Zach (June 3, 2019). "Nicolas Cage Officially Divorced From Ex-Wife After 4-Day Marriage" . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 7, 2022 . Retrieved August 13, 2018 . ^ Napoli, Jessica (March 5, 2021). "Nicolas Cage marries Riko Shibata, his fifth wife, in Las Vegas ceremony: 'We are very happy' " . Fox News . Archived from the original on June 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 8, 2022 . ^ Andaloro, Angela; Leon, Anya (September 7, 2022). "Nicolas Cage and Wife Riko Welcome First Baby Together, Daughter August Francesca" . People . Archived from the original on September 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 9, 2022 . ^ Byrne, Paul (March 27, 2009). "Cage without a key" . Irish Independent . Archived from the original on November 1, 2023 . Retrieved October 17, 2023 . ^ Rappaport, Scott (May 26, 2003). "Nicolas Cage visits UCSC" . UC Santa Cruz Currents . Archived from the original on November 30, 2012 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Bort, Ryan (March 20, 2019). "What Is Going on With Andrew Yang's Candidacy?" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 9, 2019 . Retrieved June 11, 2019 . ^ "Nicolas Cage Lived National Treasure by Searching for the Holy Grail" . Vanity Fair . August 7, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ "Generous Celebs" . Forbes . May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ "Nicolas Cage Donate $2 million to Amnesty" . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved August 25, 2013 . ^ "Cage donates 1 Million to Katrina's Victims" . Softpedia . September 2, 2005. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved May 14, 2014 . ^ "ILO launches artists programme, Nicolas Cage calls for an end to child labour" . International Labour Organization . October 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved August 25, 2013 . ^ Van Aken, Elise (October 22, 2023). "Nicolas Cage donates $5000 to Telethon while in WA filming upcoming Hollywood blockbuster The Surfer" . PerthNow. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023 . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ "Nicolas Cage wins United Nations humanitarian award" . BBC News . December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013 . Retrieved August 25, 2013 . ^ "Nicolas Cage Appointed UNODC Goodwill Ambassador for Global Justice" (Press release). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ "UNODC Goodwill Ambassador Nicolas Cage renews his appointment" (Press release). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. November 5, 2013. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Susman, Gary (October 1, 2002). "Book Value" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved August 4, 2010 . ^ Bowles, Scott (July 3, 2007). "Cage and son work comic 'Voodoo' " . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 28, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "ISSUU" . Archived from the original on October 2, 2012 . Retrieved February 14, 2010 . ^ a b Kit, Borys (August 8, 2009). "Saturn's Golightly exits after 12 years". The Hollywood Reporter . Vol. 410, no. 48. Gale A206392609 . ^ "Nicolas Cage's longtime agent says people don't realize how funny he is". Business Insider . March 21, 2024. Gale A787822684 . ^ "Film Notes". The Record . July 18, 2001. Gale A76619653 . ^ a b Beale, Lauren (April 8, 2010). "Foreclosure auction of Nicolas Cage's mansion is a flop" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 . Retrieved April 11, 2010 . ^ Pomerantz, Dorothy (2014). "The Highest Paid Actors – 2014" . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 13, 2015 . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (May 19, 2006). "Nicolas Cage Buys Private Island" . People . Archived from the original on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ Werner, Frank (August 10, 2006). "Liebeserklärung ans neue Heim" [Declaration of love for a new home]. Onetz (in German). Archived from the original on February 15, 2008 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ "Actor Nicolas Cage reportedly buys a 24,664-square-foot mansion in Middletown, Rhode Island for $15.7M" . Berg Properties. August 2, 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ "Nicolas Cage Sells Gray Craig Estate – SOLD" . Pricey Pads.com. December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . ^ Hodgson, Martin (July 30, 2007). "Nicolas Cage joins Britain's castle-owning classes" . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007 . Retrieved January 15, 2008 . ^ Chittenden, Maurice (July 29, 2007). "Another day, another castle: Cage adds to his empire" . The Times . London. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009 . Retrieved January 15, 2008 . ^ Miller, Daniel (July 26, 2012). "Who in Hollywood Owns a Private Island" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 27, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ "Nicolas Cage hit with $6.2 million tax bill" . Houston Chronicle . August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009 . Retrieved April 16, 2020 . ^ Rodriguez, Brenda (November 1, 2009). "Nicolas Cage Blames Advisor for Financial Ruin" . People . Archived from the original on November 4, 2009 . Retrieved November 4, 2009 . ^ a b Serjeant, Jill (October 16, 2009). "Nicolas Cage sues ex-manager for "financial ruin" . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 21, 2009 . Retrieved November 4, 2009 . ^ "Nicolas Cage sued for $2 million" . The Economic Times . October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009 . Retrieved August 15, 2010 . ^ a b "Nic Cage spent too much: Ex-manager says" . CNN. November 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010 . Retrieved May 20, 2010 . ^ "Actor Nicolas Cage returns stolen dinosaur skull he bought" . Reuters . December 22, 2015. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017 . Retrieved July 1, 2017 . ^ Nicolas Cage interview – "Late Show with David Letterman", September 2, 2008 ^ a b Yousuf, Hibah (November 13, 2009). "Nicolas Cage: Movie star, foreclosure victim" . CNN. Archived from the original on November 17, 2009 . Retrieved November 14, 2009 . ^ Beale, Lauren (November 11, 2010). "Nicolas Cage's Bel-Air home goes to new owner for just $10.5 million" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 17, 2011 . Retrieved December 25, 2010 . ^ "Super price for Superman comic" . CNN. December 2, 2011. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014 . Retrieved December 2, 2011 . ^ Harris, Mike (April 10, 2011). "Simi man helps recover $1 million comic book stolen from Nicolas Cage" . Ventura County Star . Archived from the original on February 6, 2012 . Retrieved June 14, 2011 . ^ Martin, Emmie. "How Nicolas Cage blew $150 million on mansions, a private island—and a real dinosaur skull" Archived October 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , CNBC , published May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017. ^ Paiella, Gabriella (March 22, 2022). "Nicolas Cage Can Explain It All" . GQ . Retrieved May 25, 2024 . ^ Thomson, Katherine (December 4, 2008). "Nicolas Cage Wins Apology And Damages From Kathleen Turner" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on October 20, 2009 . Retrieved May 25, 2011 . ^ Chivers, Tom (April 4, 2008). "Nicolas Cage 'didn't steal a chihuahua,' admits former co-star Kathleen Turner" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Pierce, Andrew (April 5, 2008). "Kathleen Turner sorry for labelling Nicolas Cage a dog-napper" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Holmwood, Leigh (April 4, 2008). "Cage wins libel battle over 'stolen dog' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 16, 2018 . Retrieved August 15, 2018 . ^ Detroit Free Press , December 10, 2009, page 12D ^ Duke, Alan (June 15, 2011). "Nicolas Cage settles lawsuit with his son's mother" . CNN . Archived from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved April 18, 2022 . ^ "Actor Nicolas Cage arrested in New Orleans" . Reuters . April 16, 2011. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021 . Retrieved July 10, 2021 . ^ Vilensky, Mike (April 16, 2011). "Nicolas Cage Arrested in New Orleans (Updated)" . New York . Archived from the original on January 24, 2012 . Retrieved February 19, 2020 . ^ "Nicolas Cage arrested in New Orleans" . MSN. April 16, 2011. Archived from the original on April 18, 2011 . Retrieved April 18, 2011 . ^ Ernest, Eugene (May 9, 2011). "Court Cleared all Allegations on Nicolas Cage" . Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. ^ "Nicolas Cage no longer facing domestic violence charge for alleged drunken argument with wife" . Daily News . New York. Reuters. May 6, 2011. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018 . Retrieved April 8, 2018 . External links Nicolas Cage at the American Film Institute Catalog Nicolas Cage at IMDb Nicolas Cage at the TCM Movie Database Awards for Nicolas Cage .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Award for Best Actor 1928–1975 Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott 1 (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando 1 (1972) Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) 1 refused award that year v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Dustin Hoffman (1982) Eric Roberts (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Albert Brooks (1987) Daniel Day-Lewis (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Daniel Day-Lewis (1993) Albert Finney (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Al Pacino (1997) Brendan Gleeson (1998) Jim Carrey (1999) Colin Farrell (2000) Brian Cox / Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Frank Langella (2007) Sean Penn / Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Paul Dano / Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) John C. Reilly (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Hidetoshi Nishijima (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Ethan Hawke (2025) v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Jeremy Irons (1988) Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Liam Neeson (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Billy Bob Thornton (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Gene Hackman (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Timothée Chalamet (2025) v t e Critics' Choice Super Award for Best Actor in a Horror Movie Vince Vaughn (2021) Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (2022) Ralph Fiennes (2023) Nicolas Cage (2024) Michael B. Jordan (2025) v t e Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) James Franco (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Christian Bale (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Ralph Fiennes (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama 1943–1975 Paul Lukas (1943) Alexander Knox (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Gregory Peck (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Fredric March (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) Spencer Tracy (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Anthony Franciosa (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Peter O'Toole (1964) Omar Sharif (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Peter O'Toole (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando (1972) Al Pacino (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–2000 Peter Finch (1976) Richard Burton (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) Jon Voight (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey (1998) Denzel Washington (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) 2001–present Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Leonardo DiCaprio (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Will Smith (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor 1975–2000 Al Pacino (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) John Travolta (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Michael Douglas (2000) 2001–2021 Denzel Washington (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Liam Neeson (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Fassbender (2011) Joaquin Phoenix (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Michael Fassbender (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Simon Rex (2021) v t e MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Duo Best On-Screen Duo (1992–2000) Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995) Chris Farley & David Spade (1996) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000) Best On-Screen Team (2001–2006) Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006) Best Cast (2012) Best On-Screen Duo (2013–2015) Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014) Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015) Ensemble Cast (2016) Best Duo (2017) Pitch Perfect 2 Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017) Best On-Screen Team (2018) Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Martell , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018) Best Team (2022) Best Duo (2023) Tom Hiddleston , Sophia Di Martino & Owen Wilson (2022) Pedro Pascal & Bella Ramsey (2023) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actor 1945–1975 Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) Michael Redgrave (1947) Walter Huston (1948) Ralph Richardson (1949) Alec Guinness (1950) Richard Basehart (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) James Mason (1953) Bing Crosby (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Spencer Tracy (1958) Victor Sjöström (1959) Robert Mitchum (1960) Albert Finney (1961) Jason Robards (1962) Rex Harrison (1963) Anthony Quinn (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Peter Finch (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) Peter O'Toole (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Peter O'Toole (1972) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan (1973) Gene Hackman (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present David Carradine (1976) John Travolta (1977) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier (1978) Peter Sellers (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Tom Conti (1983) Victor Banerjee (1984) William Hurt / Raul Julia (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Gene Hackman (1988) Morgan Freeman (1989) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams (1990) Warren Beatty (1991) Jack Lemmon (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Tom Cruise (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) Billy Bob Thornton (2001) Campbell Scott (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) George Clooney (2007) Clint Eastwood (2008) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) George Clooney (2011) Bradley Cooper (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac (2014) Matt Damon (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Tom Hanks (2017) Viggo Mortensen (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Will Smith (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Daniel Craig (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor 1935–1975 Charles Laughton (1935) Walter Huston (1936) Paul Muni (1937) James Cagney (1938) James Stewart (1939) Charlie Chaplin (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Barry Fitzgerald (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) William Powell (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) Gregory Peck (1950) Arthur Kennedy (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) Burt Lancaster (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) James Stewart (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) No Award (1962) Albert Finney (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Oskar Werner (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Alan Arkin (1968) Jon Voight (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Laurence Olivier (1972) Marlon Brando (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present Robert De Niro (1976) John Gielgud (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) Steve Martin (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Jeremy Irons (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Robert De Niro (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Paul Newman (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Nick Nolte (1998) Richard Farnsworth (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Tom Wilkinson (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Robert Redford (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Michael Keaton (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Delroy Lindo (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Franz Rogowski (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Kenneth Branagh (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Guy Pearce (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2003) Jim Carrey (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Ken Takakura (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Colin Firth (2009) Colin Farrell (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Jake Gyllenhaal (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) James McAvoy (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver / Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Jeffrey Wright (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Michael B. Jordan (2025) v t e Saturn Award for Best Actor James Caan / Don Johnson (1974/75) David Bowie (1976) George Burns (1977) Warren Beatty (1978) George Hamilton (1979) Mark Hamill (1980) Harrison Ford (1981) William Shatner (1982) Mark Hamill (1983) Jeff Bridges (1984) Michael J. Fox (1985) Jeff Goldblum (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Jeff Daniels (1989/90) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Gary Oldman (1992) Robert Downey Jr. (1993) Martin Landau (1994) George Clooney (1995) Eddie Murphy (1996) Pierce Brosnan (1997) James Woods (1998) Tim Allen (1999) Hugh Jackman (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Robin Williams (2002) Elijah Wood (2003) Tobey Maguire (2004) Christian Bale (2005) Brandon Routh (2006) Will Smith (2007) Robert Downey Jr. (2008) Sam Worthington (2009) Jeff Bridges (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Robert Downey Jr. (2013) Chris Pratt (2014) Harrison Ford (2015) Ryan Reynolds (2016) Mark Hamill (2017) Robert Downey Jr. (2018/19) John David Washington (2019/20) Tom Cruise (2021/22) Harrison Ford (2022/23) Nicolas Cage (2023/24) v t e Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman (1974/75) Jay Robinson (1976) Alec Guinness (1977) Burgess Meredith (1978) Arte Johnson (1979) Scatman Crothers (1980) Burgess Meredith (1981) Richard Lynch (1982) John Lithgow (1983) Tracey Walter (1984) Roddy McDowall (1985) Bill Paxton (1986) Richard Dawson (1987) Robert Loggia (1988) Thomas F. Wilson (1989/90) William Sadler (1991) Robin Williams (1992) Lance Henriksen (1993) Gary Sinise (1994) Brad Pitt (1995) Brent Spiner (1996) Vincent D'Onofrio (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Michael Clarke Duncan (1999) Willem Dafoe (2000) Ian McKellen (2001) Andy Serkis (2002) Sean Astin (2003) David Carradine (2004) Mickey Rourke (2005) Ben Affleck (2006) Javier Bardem (2007) Heath Ledger (2008) Stephen Lang (2009) Andrew Garfield (2010) Andy Serkis (2011) Clark Gregg (2012) Ben Kingsley (2013) Richard Armitage (2014) Adam Driver (2015) John Goodman (2016) Patrick Stewart (2017) Josh Brolin (2018/19) Bill Hader (2019/20) Ke Huy Quan (2021/22) Nicolas Cage (2022/23) Hugh Jackman (2023/24) v t e Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Johnny Depp (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Denzel Washington (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Timothée Chalamet (2024) v t e Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Day-Lewis (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Jeffrey Wright (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e Silver Shell for Best Actor Francisco Rabal (1953) Enrique Diosdado (1954) No Award (1955) Otto Eduard Hasse / Alberto Closas (1956) Charles Vanel (1957) Kirk Douglas / James Stewart (1958) Adolfo Marsillach (1959) Richard Attenborough / Bryan Forbes / Jack Hawkins / Roger Livesey / Nigel Patrick (1960) Gert Fröbe (1961) Peter Sellers (1962) Jack Lemmon (1963) Richard Attenborough / Maurice Biraud (1964) Marcello Mastroianni (1965) Frank Finlay (1966) John Mills / Maurice Ronet (1967) Sidney Poitier / Claude Rich (1968) Nicol Williamson (1969) Zoltán Latinovits / Innokenti Smoktounovsky (1970) Vittorio Gassman (1971) Fernando Rey / Topol (1972) Giancarlo Giannini / Lino Ventura (1973) Martin Sheen (1974) Al Pacino (1975) Zdzisław Kozień (1976) Héctor Alterio (1977) José Sacristán (1978) Nelson Villagra (1979) No Award (1980–1984) Piotr Siwkiewicz (1985) Ernesto Gómez Cruz (1986) Imanol Arias (1987) Fernando Rey (1988) Ari Bery (1989) Mulie Jarju (1990) Silu Seppälä (1991) Roberto Sosa (1992) Juan Echanove (1993) Javier Bardem (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Michael Caine (1996) Federico Luppi (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Jacques Dufilho (1999) Gianfranco Brero (2000) Düzgün Ayhan (2001) Liu Peiqi (2002) Luis Tosar (2003) Ulrich Thomsen (2004) Juan José Ballesta (2005) Juan Diego (2006) Henry O (2007) Oscar Martínez (2008) Pablo Pineda (2009) Conor McCarron (2010) Antonis Kafetzopoulos (2011) José Sacristán (2012) Jim Broadbent (2013) Javier Gutiérrez (2014) Javier Cámara / Ricardo Darín (2015) Eduard Fernández (2016) Bogdan Dumitrache (2017) Darío Grandinetti (2018) Bukassa Kabengele (2019) Thomas Bo Larsen / Magnus Millang / Mads Mikkelsen / Lars Ranthe (2020) v t e St. Louis Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Jamie Foxx (2004) Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Jake Gyllenhaal (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Ian Holm (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Ed Harris (2001) Nicolas Cage (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen (2006) Viggo Mortensen (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Nicolas Cage (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Denis Lavant (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Tom Hardy (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Daniel Day-Lewis (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Denzel Washington (2021) Paul Mescal (2022) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Award for Best Actor v t e 1928–1975 Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott 1 (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando 1 (1972) Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March / Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott 1 (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando 1 (1972) Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) 1 refused award that year v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor v t e Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Dustin Hoffman (1982) Eric Roberts (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Albert Brooks (1987) Daniel Day-Lewis (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Daniel Day-Lewis (1993) Albert Finney (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Al Pacino (1997) Brendan Gleeson (1998) Jim Carrey (1999) Colin Farrell (2000) Brian Cox / Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Frank Langella (2007) Sean Penn / Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Paul Dano / Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) John C. Reilly (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Hidetoshi Nishijima (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Ethan Hawke (2025) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Dustin Hoffman (1982) Eric Roberts (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Albert Brooks (1987) Daniel Day-Lewis (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Daniel Day-Lewis (1993) Albert Finney (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Al Pacino (1997) Brendan Gleeson (1998) Jim Carrey (1999) Colin Farrell (2000) Brian Cox / Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Frank Langella (2007) Sean Penn / Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Paul Dano / Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) John C. Reilly (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Anthony Hopkins (2020) Hidetoshi Nishijima (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Ethan Hawke (2025) v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor v t e Jeremy Irons (1988) Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Liam Neeson (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Billy Bob Thornton (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Gene Hackman (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Timothée Chalamet (2025) Jeremy Irons (1988) Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Liam Neeson (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Billy Bob Thornton (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Gene Hackman (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Timothée Chalamet (2025) v t e Critics' Choice Super Award for Best Actor in a Horror Movie v t e Vince Vaughn (2021) Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (2022) Ralph Fiennes (2023) Nicolas Cage (2024) Michael B. Jordan (2025) Vince Vaughn (2021) Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (2022) Ralph Fiennes (2023) Nicolas Cage (2024) Michael B. Jordan (2025) v t e Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor v t e Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) James Franco (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Christian Bale (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Ralph Fiennes (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) James Franco (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Michael Keaton (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Christian Bale (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Ralph Fiennes (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama v t e 1943–1975 Paul Lukas (1943) Alexander Knox (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Gregory Peck (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Fredric March (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) Spencer Tracy (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Anthony Franciosa (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Peter O'Toole (1964) Omar Sharif (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Peter O'Toole (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando (1972) Al Pacino (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Paul Lukas (1943) Alexander Knox (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Gregory Peck (1946) Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer (1950) Fredric March (1951) Gary Cooper (1952) Spencer Tracy (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) Anthony Franciosa (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier (1963) Peter O'Toole (1964) Omar Sharif (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Peter O'Toole (1968) John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando (1972) Al Pacino (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–2000 Peter Finch (1976) Richard Burton (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) Jon Voight (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey (1998) Denzel Washington (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Peter Finch (1976) Richard Burton (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay (1983) F. Murray Abraham (1984) Jon Voight (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman (1988) Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey (1998) Denzel Washington (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) 2001–present Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Leonardo DiCaprio (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Will Smith (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Leonardo DiCaprio (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Will Smith (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor v t e 1975–2000 Al Pacino (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) John Travolta (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Michael Douglas (2000) Al Pacino (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) John Travolta (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Michael Douglas (2000) 2001–2021 Denzel Washington (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Liam Neeson (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Fassbender (2011) Joaquin Phoenix (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Michael Fassbender (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Simon Rex (2021) Denzel Washington (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis / Jack Nicholson (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Liam Neeson (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Michael Fassbender (2011) Joaquin Phoenix (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Michael Fassbender (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Simon Rex (2021) v t e MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Duo v t e Best On-Screen Duo (1992–2000) Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995) Chris Farley & David Spade (1996) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000) Best On-Screen Duo (1992–2000) Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995) Chris Farley & David Spade (1996) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000) Best On-Screen Duo (1992–2000) Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995) Chris Farley & David Spade (1996) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000) Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995) Chris Farley & David Spade (1996) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000) Best On-Screen Team (2001–2006) Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006) Best On-Screen Team (2001–2006) Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006) Best On-Screen Team (2001–2006) Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006) Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006) Best Cast (2012) Best On-Screen Duo (2013–2015) Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014) Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015) Best Cast (2012) Best On-Screen Duo (2013–2015) Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014) Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015) Best Cast (2012) Best On-Screen Duo (2013–2015) Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012) Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014) Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014) Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015) Ensemble Cast (2016) Best Duo (2017) Pitch Perfect 2 Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017) Ensemble Cast (2016) Best Duo (2017) Pitch Perfect 2 Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017) Ensemble Cast (2016) Best Duo (2017) Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch Perfect 2 Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017) Best On-Screen Team (2018) Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Martell , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018) Best On-Screen Team (2018) Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Martell , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018) Best On-Screen Team (2018) Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Martell , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018) Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Martell , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018) Best Team (2022) Best Duo (2023) Tom Hiddleston , Sophia Di Martino & Owen Wilson (2022) Pedro Pascal & Bella Ramsey (2023) Best Team (2022) Best Duo (2023) Tom Hiddleston , Sophia Di Martino & Owen Wilson (2022) Pedro Pascal & Bella Ramsey (2023) Best Team (2022) Best Duo (2023) Tom Hiddleston , Sophia Di Martino & Owen Wilson (2022) Tom Hiddleston , Sophia Di Martino & Owen Wilson (2022) Pedro Pascal & Bella Ramsey (2023) Pedro Pascal & Bella Ramsey (2023) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actor v t e 1945–1975 Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) Michael Redgrave (1947) Walter Huston (1948) Ralph Richardson (1949) Alec Guinness (1950) Richard Basehart (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) James Mason (1953) Bing Crosby (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Spencer Tracy (1958) Victor Sjöström (1959) Robert Mitchum (1960) Albert Finney (1961) Jason Robards (1962) Rex Harrison (1963) Anthony Quinn (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Peter Finch (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) Peter O'Toole (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Peter O'Toole (1972) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan (1973) Gene Hackman (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) Michael Redgrave (1947) Walter Huston (1948) Ralph Richardson (1949) Alec Guinness (1950) Richard Basehart (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) James Mason (1953) Bing Crosby (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) Spencer Tracy (1958) Victor Sjöström (1959) Robert Mitchum (1960) Albert Finney (1961) Jason Robards (1962) Rex Harrison (1963) Anthony Quinn (1964) Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Peter Finch (1967) Cliff Robertson (1968) Peter O'Toole (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Peter O'Toole (1972) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan (1973) Gene Hackman (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present David Carradine (1976) John Travolta (1977) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier (1978) Peter Sellers (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Tom Conti (1983) Victor Banerjee (1984) William Hurt / Raul Julia (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Gene Hackman (1988) Morgan Freeman (1989) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams (1990) Warren Beatty (1991) Jack Lemmon (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Tom Cruise (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) Billy Bob Thornton (2001) Campbell Scott (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) George Clooney (2007) Clint Eastwood (2008) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) George Clooney (2011) Bradley Cooper (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac (2014) Matt Damon (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Tom Hanks (2017) Viggo Mortensen (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Will Smith (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Daniel Craig (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) David Carradine (1976) John Travolta (1977) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier (1978) Peter Sellers (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Tom Conti (1983) Victor Banerjee (1984) William Hurt / Raul Julia (1985) Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas (1987) Gene Hackman (1988) Morgan Freeman (1989) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams (1990) Warren Beatty (1991) Jack Lemmon (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Tom Cruise (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) Billy Bob Thornton (2001) Campbell Scott (2002) Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) George Clooney (2007) Clint Eastwood (2008) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) George Clooney (2011) Bradley Cooper (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac (2014) Matt Damon (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Tom Hanks (2017) Viggo Mortensen (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Will Smith (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Paul Giamatti (2023) Daniel Craig (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor v t e 1935–1975 Charles Laughton (1935) Walter Huston (1936) Paul Muni (1937) James Cagney (1938) James Stewart (1939) Charlie Chaplin (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Barry Fitzgerald (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) William Powell (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) Gregory Peck (1950) Arthur Kennedy (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) Burt Lancaster (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) James Stewart (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) No Award (1962) Albert Finney (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Oskar Werner (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Alan Arkin (1968) Jon Voight (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Laurence Olivier (1972) Marlon Brando (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Charles Laughton (1935) Walter Huston (1936) Paul Muni (1937) James Cagney (1938) James Stewart (1939) Charlie Chaplin (1940) Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas (1943) Barry Fitzgerald (1944) Ray Milland (1945) Laurence Olivier (1946) William Powell (1947) Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford (1949) Gregory Peck (1950) Arthur Kennedy (1951) Ralph Richardson (1952) Burt Lancaster (1953) Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven (1958) James Stewart (1959) Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell (1961) No Award (1962) Albert Finney (1963) Rex Harrison (1964) Oskar Werner (1965) Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Alan Arkin (1968) Jon Voight (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman (1971) Laurence Olivier (1972) Marlon Brando (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) 1976–present Robert De Niro (1976) John Gielgud (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) Steve Martin (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Jeremy Irons (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Robert De Niro (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Paul Newman (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Nick Nolte (1998) Richard Farnsworth (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Tom Wilkinson (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Robert Redford (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Michael Keaton (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Delroy Lindo (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Franz Rogowski (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) Robert De Niro (1976) John Gielgud (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall (1983) Steve Martin (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Jeremy Irons (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Robert De Niro (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Denzel Washington (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Paul Newman (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda (1997) Nick Nolte (1998) Richard Farnsworth (1999) Tom Hanks (2000) Tom Wilkinson (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Robert Redford (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Michael Keaton (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Timothée Chalamet (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Delroy Lindo (2020) Benedict Cumberbatch (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Franz Rogowski (2023) Adrien Brody (2024) Wagner Moura (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor v t e Kenneth Branagh (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Guy Pearce (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2003) Jim Carrey (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Ken Takakura (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Colin Firth (2009) Colin Farrell (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Jake Gyllenhaal (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) James McAvoy (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver / Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Jeffrey Wright (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Michael B. Jordan (2025) Kenneth Branagh (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe (2000) Guy Pearce (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2003) Jim Carrey (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Ken Takakura (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Colin Firth (2009) Colin Farrell (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Jake Gyllenhaal (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) James McAvoy (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver / Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Jeffrey Wright (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Michael B. Jordan (2025) v t e Saturn Award for Best Actor v t e James Caan / Don Johnson (1974/75) David Bowie (1976) George Burns (1977) Warren Beatty (1978) George Hamilton (1979) Mark Hamill (1980) Harrison Ford (1981) William Shatner (1982) Mark Hamill (1983) Jeff Bridges (1984) Michael J. Fox (1985) Jeff Goldblum (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Jeff Daniels (1989/90) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Gary Oldman (1992) Robert Downey Jr. (1993) Martin Landau (1994) George Clooney (1995) Eddie Murphy (1996) Pierce Brosnan (1997) James Woods (1998) Tim Allen (1999) Hugh Jackman (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Robin Williams (2002) Elijah Wood (2003) Tobey Maguire (2004) Christian Bale (2005) Brandon Routh (2006) Will Smith (2007) Robert Downey Jr. (2008) Sam Worthington (2009) Jeff Bridges (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Robert Downey Jr. (2013) Chris Pratt (2014) Harrison Ford (2015) Ryan Reynolds (2016) Mark Hamill (2017) Robert Downey Jr. (2018/19) John David Washington (2019/20) Tom Cruise (2021/22) Harrison Ford (2022/23) Nicolas Cage (2023/24) James Caan / Don Johnson (1974/75) David Bowie (1976) George Burns (1977) Warren Beatty (1978) George Hamilton (1979) Mark Hamill (1980) Harrison Ford (1981) William Shatner (1982) Mark Hamill (1983) Jeff Bridges (1984) Michael J. Fox (1985) Jeff Goldblum (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Jeff Daniels (1989/90) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Gary Oldman (1992) Robert Downey Jr. (1993) Martin Landau (1994) George Clooney (1995) Eddie Murphy (1996) Pierce Brosnan (1997) James Woods (1998) Tim Allen (1999) Hugh Jackman (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Robin Williams (2002) Elijah Wood (2003) Tobey Maguire (2004) Christian Bale (2005) Brandon Routh (2006) Will Smith (2007) Robert Downey Jr. (2008) Sam Worthington (2009) Jeff Bridges (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Robert Downey Jr. (2013) Chris Pratt (2014) Harrison Ford (2015) Ryan Reynolds (2016) Mark Hamill (2017) Robert Downey Jr. (2018/19) John David Washington (2019/20) Tom Cruise (2021/22) Harrison Ford (2022/23) Nicolas Cage (2023/24) v t e Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor v t e Marty Feldman (1974/75) Jay Robinson (1976) Alec Guinness (1977) Burgess Meredith (1978) Arte Johnson (1979) Scatman Crothers (1980) Burgess Meredith (1981) Richard Lynch (1982) John Lithgow (1983) Tracey Walter (1984) Roddy McDowall (1985) Bill Paxton (1986) Richard Dawson (1987) Robert Loggia (1988) Thomas F. Wilson (1989/90) William Sadler (1991) Robin Williams (1992) Lance Henriksen (1993) Gary Sinise (1994) Brad Pitt (1995) Brent Spiner (1996) Vincent D'Onofrio (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Michael Clarke Duncan (1999) Willem Dafoe (2000) Ian McKellen (2001) Andy Serkis (2002) Sean Astin (2003) David Carradine (2004) Mickey Rourke (2005) Ben Affleck (2006) Javier Bardem (2007) Heath Ledger (2008) Stephen Lang (2009) Andrew Garfield (2010) Andy Serkis (2011) Clark Gregg (2012) Ben Kingsley (2013) Richard Armitage (2014) Adam Driver (2015) John Goodman (2016) Patrick Stewart (2017) Josh Brolin (2018/19) Bill Hader (2019/20) Ke Huy Quan (2021/22) Nicolas Cage (2022/23) Hugh Jackman (2023/24) Marty Feldman (1974/75) Jay Robinson (1976) Alec Guinness (1977) Burgess Meredith (1978) Arte Johnson (1979) Scatman Crothers (1980) Burgess Meredith (1981) Richard Lynch (1982) John Lithgow (1983) Tracey Walter (1984) Roddy McDowall (1985) Bill Paxton (1986) Richard Dawson (1987) Robert Loggia (1988) Thomas F. Wilson (1989/90) William Sadler (1991) Robin Williams (1992) Lance Henriksen (1993) Gary Sinise (1994) Brad Pitt (1995) Brent Spiner (1996) Vincent D'Onofrio (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Michael Clarke Duncan (1999) Willem Dafoe (2000) Ian McKellen (2001) Andy Serkis (2002) Sean Astin (2003) David Carradine (2004) Mickey Rourke (2005) Ben Affleck (2006) Javier Bardem (2007) Heath Ledger (2008) Stephen Lang (2009) Andrew Garfield (2010) Andy Serkis (2011) Clark Gregg (2012) Ben Kingsley (2013) Richard Armitage (2014) Adam Driver (2015) John Goodman (2016) Patrick Stewart (2017) Josh Brolin (2018/19) Bill Hader (2019/20) Ke Huy Quan (2021/22) Nicolas Cage (2022/23) Hugh Jackman (2023/24) v t e Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role v t e Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Johnny Depp (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Denzel Washington (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Timothée Chalamet (2024) Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Russell Crowe (2001) Daniel Day-Lewis (2002) Johnny Depp (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Denzel Washington (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Rami Malek (2018) Joaquin Phoenix (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Will Smith (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Timothée Chalamet (2024) v t e Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor v t e Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Day-Lewis (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Jeffrey Wright (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Day-Lewis (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Jeffrey Wright (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e Silver Shell for Best Actor v t e Francisco Rabal (1953) Enrique Diosdado (1954) No Award (1955) Otto Eduard Hasse / Alberto Closas (1956) Charles Vanel (1957) Kirk Douglas / James Stewart (1958) Adolfo Marsillach (1959) Richard Attenborough / Bryan Forbes / Jack Hawkins / Roger Livesey / Nigel Patrick (1960) Gert Fröbe (1961) Peter Sellers (1962) Jack Lemmon (1963) Richard Attenborough / Maurice Biraud (1964) Marcello Mastroianni (1965) Frank Finlay (1966) John Mills / Maurice Ronet (1967) Sidney Poitier / Claude Rich (1968) Nicol Williamson (1969) Zoltán Latinovits / Innokenti Smoktounovsky (1970) Vittorio Gassman (1971) Fernando Rey / Topol (1972) Giancarlo Giannini / Lino Ventura (1973) Martin Sheen (1974) Al Pacino (1975) Zdzisław Kozień (1976) Héctor Alterio (1977) José Sacristán (1978) Nelson Villagra (1979) No Award (1980–1984) Piotr Siwkiewicz (1985) Ernesto Gómez Cruz (1986) Imanol Arias (1987) Fernando Rey (1988) Ari Bery (1989) Mulie Jarju (1990) Silu Seppälä (1991) Roberto Sosa (1992) Juan Echanove (1993) Javier Bardem (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Michael Caine (1996) Federico Luppi (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Jacques Dufilho (1999) Gianfranco Brero (2000) Düzgün Ayhan (2001) Liu Peiqi (2002) Luis Tosar (2003) Ulrich Thomsen (2004) Juan José Ballesta (2005) Juan Diego (2006) Henry O (2007) Oscar Martínez (2008) Pablo Pineda (2009) Conor McCarron (2010) Antonis Kafetzopoulos (2011) José Sacristán (2012) Jim Broadbent (2013) Javier Gutiérrez (2014) Javier Cámara / Ricardo Darín (2015) Eduard Fernández (2016) Bogdan Dumitrache (2017) Darío Grandinetti (2018) Bukassa Kabengele (2019) Thomas Bo Larsen / Magnus Millang / Mads Mikkelsen / Lars Ranthe (2020) Francisco Rabal (1953) Enrique Diosdado (1954) No Award (1955) Otto Eduard Hasse / Alberto Closas (1956) Charles Vanel (1957) Kirk Douglas / James Stewart (1958) Adolfo Marsillach (1959) Richard Attenborough / Bryan Forbes / Jack Hawkins / Roger Livesey / Nigel Patrick (1960) Gert Fröbe (1961) Peter Sellers (1962) Jack Lemmon (1963) Richard Attenborough / Maurice Biraud (1964) Marcello Mastroianni (1965) Frank Finlay (1966) John Mills / Maurice Ronet (1967) Sidney Poitier / Claude Rich (1968) Nicol Williamson (1969) Zoltán Latinovits / Innokenti Smoktounovsky (1970) Vittorio Gassman (1971) Fernando Rey / Topol (1972) Giancarlo Giannini / Lino Ventura (1973) Martin Sheen (1974) Al Pacino (1975) Zdzisław Kozień (1976) Héctor Alterio (1977) José Sacristán (1978) Nelson Villagra (1979) No Award (1980–1984) Piotr Siwkiewicz (1985) Ernesto Gómez Cruz (1986) Imanol Arias (1987) Fernando Rey (1988) Ari Bery (1989) Mulie Jarju (1990) Silu Seppälä (1991) Roberto Sosa (1992) Juan Echanove (1993) Javier Bardem (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Michael Caine (1996) Federico Luppi (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Jacques Dufilho (1999) Gianfranco Brero (2000) Düzgün Ayhan (2001) Liu Peiqi (2002) Luis Tosar (2003) Ulrich Thomsen (2004) Juan José Ballesta (2005) Juan Diego (2006) Henry O (2007) Oscar Martínez (2008) Pablo Pineda (2009) Conor McCarron (2010) Antonis Kafetzopoulos (2011) José Sacristán (2012) Jim Broadbent (2013) Javier Gutiérrez (2014) Javier Cámara / Ricardo Darín (2015) Eduard Fernández (2016) Bogdan Dumitrache (2017) Darío Grandinetti (2018) Bukassa Kabengele (2019) Thomas Bo Larsen / Magnus Millang / Mads Mikkelsen / Lars Ranthe (2020) v t e St. Louis Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor v t e Jamie Foxx (2004) Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Jake Gyllenhaal (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) Jamie Foxx (2004) Heath Ledger (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) George Clooney (2009) Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2013) Jake Gyllenhaal (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Sandler (2019) Chadwick Boseman (2020) Nicolas Cage (2021) Brendan Fraser (2022) Cillian Murphy (2023) Colman Domingo (2024) Leonardo DiCaprio (2025) v t e Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor v t e Ian Holm (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Ed Harris (2001) Nicolas Cage (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen (2006) Viggo Mortensen (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Nicolas Cage (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Denis Lavant (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Tom Hardy (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Daniel Day-Lewis (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Denzel Washington (2021) Paul Mescal (2022) Ian Holm (1997) Ian McKellen (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999) Benicio del Toro (2000) Ed Harris (2001) Nicolas Cage (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Paul Giamatti (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Sacha Baron Cohen (2006) Viggo Mortensen (2007) Mickey Rourke (2008) Nicolas Cage (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Denis Lavant (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Tom Hardy (2014) Tom Hardy (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Daniel Day-Lewis (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Adam Driver (2019) Riz Ahmed (2020) Denzel Washington (2021) Paul Mescal (2022) v t e Coppola family v t e 1st generation Carmine Coppola Anton Coppola Italia Coppola Carmine Coppola Anton Coppola Italia Coppola 2nd generation August Coppola Francis Ford Coppola Talia Shire Eleanor Coppola Jack Schwartzman August Coppola Francis Ford Coppola Talia Shire Eleanor Coppola Jack Schwartzman 3rd generation Nicolas Cage Jason Schwartzman Robert Coppola Schwartzman Sofia Coppola Roman Coppola Gian-Carlo Coppola Marc Coppola Christopher Coppola Nicolas Cage Jason Schwartzman Robert Coppola Schwartzman Sofia Coppola Roman Coppola Gian-Carlo Coppola Marc Coppola Christopher Coppola 4th generation Gia Coppola Romy Mars Gia Coppola Romy Mars See also Palazzo Margherita (Bernalda) John Schwartzman Palazzo Margherita (Bernalda) John Schwartzman Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii Artists MusicBrainz MusicBrainz People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1964 births 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American comic collectors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Beverly Hills High School alumni Coppola family Film directors from Los Angeles Film producers from Los Angeles Living people Male actors from Las Vegas Male actors from Long Beach, California Method actors Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use American English from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2025 Articles with hCards Commons category link is on Wikidata TCMDb name template using non-numeric ID from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 63 results for author: Parker, D Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LO Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.17637 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.FL cs.LO About Time: Model-free Reinforcement Learning with Timed Reward Machines Authors: Anirban Majumdar , Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : Reward specification plays a central role in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding the agent's behavior. To express non-Markovian rewards, formalisms such as reward machines have been introduced to capture dependencies on histories. However, traditional reward machines lack the ability to model precise timing constraints, limiting their use in time-sensitive applications. In this paper, we propose… ▽ More Reward specification plays a central role in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding the agent's behavior. To express non-Markovian rewards, formalisms such as reward machines have been introduced to capture dependencies on histories. However, traditional reward machines lack the ability to model precise timing constraints, limiting their use in time-sensitive applications. In this paper, we propose timed reward machines (TRMs), which are an extension of reward machines that incorporate timing constraints into the reward structure. TRMs enable more expressive specifications with tunable reward logic, for example, imposing costs for delays and granting rewards for timely actions. We study model-free RL frameworks (i.e., tabular Q-learning) for learning optimal policies with TRMs under digital and real-time semantics. Our algorithms integrate the TRM into learning via abstractions of timed automata, and employ counterfactual-imagining heuristics that exploit the structure of the TRM to improve the search. Experimentally, we demonstrate that our algorithm learns policies that achieve high rewards while satisfying the timing constraints specified by the TRM on popular RL benchmarks. Moreover, we conduct comparative studies of performance under different TRM semantics, along with ablations that highlight the benefits of counterfactual-imagining. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17637 [ pdf , ps , other ] About Time: Model-free Reinforcement Learning with Timed Reward Machines Authors: Anirban Majumdar , Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : Reward specification plays a central role in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding the agent's behavior. To express non-Markovian rewards, formalisms such as reward machines have been introduced to capture dependencies on histories. However, traditional reward machines lack the ability to model precise timing constraints, limiting their use in time-sensitive applications. In this paper, we propose… ▽ More Reward specification plays a central role in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding the agent's behavior. To express non-Markovian rewards, formalisms such as reward machines have been introduced to capture dependencies on histories. However, traditional reward machines lack the ability to model precise timing constraints, limiting their use in time-sensitive applications. In this paper, we propose timed reward machines (TRMs), which are an extension of reward machines that incorporate timing constraints into the reward structure. TRMs enable more expressive specifications with tunable reward logic, for example, imposing costs for delays and granting rewards for timely actions. We study model-free RL frameworks (i.e., tabular Q-learning) for learning optimal policies with TRMs under digital and real-time semantics. Our algorithms integrate the TRM into learning via abstractions of timed automata, and employ counterfactual-imagining heuristics that exploit the structure of the TRM to improve the search. Experimentally, we demonstrate that our algorithm learns policies that achieve high rewards while satisfying the timing constraints specified by the TRM on popular RL benchmarks. Moreover, we conduct comparative studies of performance under different TRM semantics, along with ablations that highlight the benefits of counterfactual-imagining. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2510.03481 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO eess.SY Robust Permissive Controller Synthesis for Interval MDPs Authors: Khang Vo Huynh , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : We address the problem of robust permissive controller synthesis for robots operating under uncertain dynamics, modeled as Interval Markov Decision Processes (IMDPs). IMDPs generalize standard MDPs by allowing transition probabilities to vary within intervals, capturing epistemic uncertainty from sensing noise, actuation imprecision, and coarse system abstractions-common in robotics. Traditional c… ▽ More We address the problem of robust permissive controller synthesis for robots operating under uncertain dynamics, modeled as Interval Markov Decision Processes (IMDPs). IMDPs generalize standard MDPs by allowing transition probabilities to vary within intervals, capturing epistemic uncertainty from sensing noise, actuation imprecision, and coarse system abstractions-common in robotics. Traditional controller synthesis typically yields a single deterministic strategy, limiting adaptability. In contrast, permissive controllers (multi-strategies) allow multiple actions per state, enabling runtime flexibility and resilience. However, prior work on permissive controller synthesis generally assumes exact transition probabilities, which is unrealistic in many robotic applications. We present the first framework for robust permissive controller synthesis on IMDPs, guaranteeing that all strategies compliant with the synthesized multi-strategy satisfy reachability or reward-based specifications under all admissible transitions. We formulate the problem as mixed-integer linear programs (MILPs) and propose two encodings: a baseline vertex-enumeration method and a scalable duality-based method that avoids explicit enumeration. Experiments on four benchmark domains show that both methods synthesize robust, maximally permissive controllers and scale to large IMDPs with up to hundreds of thousands of states. △ Less Submitted 3 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.03481 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Permissive Controller Synthesis for Interval MDPs Authors: Khang Vo Huynh , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : We address the problem of robust permissive controller synthesis for robots operating under uncertain dynamics, modeled as Interval Markov Decision Processes (IMDPs). IMDPs generalize standard MDPs by allowing transition probabilities to vary within intervals, capturing epistemic uncertainty from sensing noise, actuation imprecision, and coarse system abstractions-common in robotics. Traditional c… ▽ More We address the problem of robust permissive controller synthesis for robots operating under uncertain dynamics, modeled as Interval Markov Decision Processes (IMDPs). IMDPs generalize standard MDPs by allowing transition probabilities to vary within intervals, capturing epistemic uncertainty from sensing noise, actuation imprecision, and coarse system abstractions-common in robotics. Traditional controller synthesis typically yields a single deterministic strategy, limiting adaptability. In contrast, permissive controllers (multi-strategies) allow multiple actions per state, enabling runtime flexibility and resilience. However, prior work on permissive controller synthesis generally assumes exact transition probabilities, which is unrealistic in many robotic applications. We present the first framework for robust permissive controller synthesis on IMDPs, guaranteeing that all strategies compliant with the synthesized multi-strategy satisfy reachability or reward-based specifications under all admissible transitions. We formulate the problem as mixed-integer linear programs (MILPs) and propose two encodings: a baseline vertex-enumeration method and a scalable duality-based method that avoids explicit enumeration. Experiments on four benchmark domains show that both methods synthesize robust, maximally permissive controllers and scale to large IMDPs with up to hundreds of thousands of states. △ Less Submitted 3 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.12968 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO Probabilistic Model Checking: Applications and Trends Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker Abstract : Probabilistic model checking is an approach to the formal modelling and analysis of stochastic systems. Over the past twenty five years, the number of different formalisms and techniques developed in this field has grown considerably, as has the range of problems to which it has been applied. In this paper, we identify the main application domains in which probabilistic model checking has proved v… ▽ More Probabilistic model checking is an approach to the formal modelling and analysis of stochastic systems. Over the past twenty five years, the number of different formalisms and techniques developed in this field has grown considerably, as has the range of problems to which it has been applied. In this paper, we identify the main application domains in which probabilistic model checking has proved valuable and discuss how these have evolved over time. We summarise the key strands of the underlying theory and technologies that have contributed to these advances, and highlight examples which illustrate the benefits that probabilistic model checking can bring. The aim is to inform potential users of these techniques and to guide future developments in the field. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.12968 [ pdf , ps , other ] Probabilistic Model Checking: Applications and Trends Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker Abstract : Probabilistic model checking is an approach to the formal modelling and analysis of stochastic systems. Over the past twenty five years, the number of different formalisms and techniques developed in this field has grown considerably, as has the range of problems to which it has been applied. In this paper, we identify the main application domains in which probabilistic model checking has proved v… ▽ More Probabilistic model checking is an approach to the formal modelling and analysis of stochastic systems. Over the past twenty five years, the number of different formalisms and techniques developed in this field has grown considerably, as has the range of problems to which it has been applied. In this paper, we identify the main application domains in which probabilistic model checking has proved valuable and discuss how these have evolved over time. We summarise the key strands of the underlying theory and technologies that have contributed to these advances, and highlight examples which illustrate the benefits that probabilistic model checking can bring. The aim is to inform potential users of these techniques and to guide future developments in the field. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2508.11694 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.SD eess.AS Music and Artificial Intelligence: Artistic Trends Authors: Jordi Pons , Zack Zukowski , Julian D. Parker , CJ Carr , Josiah Taylor , Zach Evans Abstract : We study how musicians use artificial intelligence (AI) across formats like singles, albums, performances, installations, voices, ballets, operas, or soundtracks. We collect 337 music artworks and categorize them based on AI usage: AI composition, co-composition, sound design, lyrics generation, and translation. We find that AI is employed as a co-creative tool, as an artistic medium, and in live… ▽ More We study how musicians use artificial intelligence (AI) across formats like singles, albums, performances, installations, voices, ballets, operas, or soundtracks. We collect 337 music artworks and categorize them based on AI usage: AI composition, co-composition, sound design, lyrics generation, and translation. We find that AI is employed as a co-creative tool, as an artistic medium, and in live performances and installations. Innovative uses of AI include exploring uncanny aesthetics, multilingual and multigenre song releases, and new formats such as online installations. This research provides a comprehensive overview of current AI music practices, offering insights into emerging artistic trends and the challenges faced by AI musicians. △ Less Submitted 12 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.11694 [ pdf , ps , other ] Music and Artificial Intelligence: Artistic Trends Authors: Jordi Pons , Zack Zukowski , Julian D. Parker , CJ Carr , Josiah Taylor , Zach Evans Abstract : We study how musicians use artificial intelligence (AI) across formats like singles, albums, performances, installations, voices, ballets, operas, or soundtracks. We collect 337 music artworks and categorize them based on AI usage: AI composition, co-composition, sound design, lyrics generation, and translation. We find that AI is employed as a co-creative tool, as an artistic medium, and in live… ▽ More We study how musicians use artificial intelligence (AI) across formats like singles, albums, performances, installations, voices, ballets, operas, or soundtracks. We collect 337 music artworks and categorize them based on AI usage: AI composition, co-composition, sound design, lyrics generation, and translation. We find that AI is employed as a co-creative tool, as an artistic medium, and in live performances and installations. Innovative uses of AI include exploring uncanny aesthetics, multilingual and multigenre song releases, and new formats such as online installations. This research provides a comprehensive overview of current AI music practices, offering insights into emerging artistic trends and the challenges faced by AI musicians. △ Less Submitted 12 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.00707 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Efficient Solution and Learning of Robust Factored MDPs Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based… ▽ More Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based on factored state-space representations that leverage the independence between model uncertainty across system components. Although policy synthesis for factored r-MDPs leads to hard, non-convex optimisation problems, we show how to reformulate these into tractable linear programs. Building on these, we also propose methods to learn factored model representations directly. Our experimental results show that exploiting factored structure can yield dimensional gains in sample efficiency, producing more effective robust policies with tighter performance guarantees than state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.00707 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient Solution and Learning of Robust Factored MDPs Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based… ▽ More Robust Markov decision processes (r-MDPs) extend MDPs by explicitly modelling epistemic uncertainty about transition dynamics. Learning r-MDPs from interactions with an unknown environment enables the synthesis of robust policies with provable (PAC) guarantees on performance, but this can require a large number of sample interactions. We propose novel methods for solving and learning r-MDPs based on factored state-space representations that leverage the independence between model uncertainty across system components. Although policy synthesis for factored r-MDPs leads to hard, non-convex optimisation problems, we show how to reformulate these into tractable linear programs. Building on these, we also propose methods to learn factored model representations directly. Our experimental results show that exploiting factored structure can yield dimensional gains in sample efficiency, producing more effective robust policies with tighter performance guarantees than state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2505.15290 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO cs.FL Robust Probabilistic Bisimilarity for Labelled Markov Chains Authors: Syyeda Zainab Fatmi , Stefan Kiefer , David Parker , Franck van Breugel Abstract : Despite its prevalence, probabilistic bisimilarity suffers from a lack of robustness under minuscule perturbations of the transition probabilities. This can lead to discontinuities in the probabilistic bisimilarity distance function, undermining its reliability in practical applications where transition probabilities are often approximations derived from experimental data. Motivated by this limita… ▽ More Despite its prevalence, probabilistic bisimilarity suffers from a lack of robustness under minuscule perturbations of the transition probabilities. This can lead to discontinuities in the probabilistic bisimilarity distance function, undermining its reliability in practical applications where transition probabilities are often approximations derived from experimental data. Motivated by this limitation, we introduce the notion of robust probabilistic bisimilarity for labelled Markov chains, which ensures the continuity of the probabilistic bisimilarity distance function. We also propose an efficient algorithm for computing robust probabilistic bisimilarity and show that it performs well in practice, as evidenced by our experimental results. △ Less Submitted 21 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted to the 37th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV) 2025 arXiv:2505.15290 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Probabilistic Bisimilarity for Labelled Markov Chains Authors: Syyeda Zainab Fatmi , Stefan Kiefer , David Parker , Franck van Breugel Abstract : Despite its prevalence, probabilistic bisimilarity suffers from a lack of robustness under minuscule perturbations of the transition probabilities. This can lead to discontinuities in the probabilistic bisimilarity distance function, undermining its reliability in practical applications where transition probabilities are often approximations derived from experimental data. Motivated by this limita… ▽ More Despite its prevalence, probabilistic bisimilarity suffers from a lack of robustness under minuscule perturbations of the transition probabilities. This can lead to discontinuities in the probabilistic bisimilarity distance function, undermining its reliability in practical applications where transition probabilities are often approximations derived from experimental data. Motivated by this limitation, we introduce the notion of robust probabilistic bisimilarity for labelled Markov chains, which ensures the continuity of the probabilistic bisimilarity distance function. We also propose an efficient algorithm for computing robust probabilistic bisimilarity and show that it performs well in practice, as evidenced by our experimental results. △ Less Submitted 21 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted to the 37th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV) 2025 arXiv:2505.12107 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.FL Learning Probabilistic Temporal Logic Specifications for Stochastic Systems Authors: Rajarshi Roy , Yash Pote , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : There has been substantial progress in the inference of formal behavioural specifications from sample trajectories, for example, using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). However, these techniques cannot handle specifications that correctly characterise systems with stochastic behaviour, which occur commonly in reinforcement learning and formal verification. We consider the passive learning problem of in… ▽ More There has been substantial progress in the inference of formal behavioural specifications from sample trajectories, for example, using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). However, these techniques cannot handle specifications that correctly characterise systems with stochastic behaviour, which occur commonly in reinforcement learning and formal verification. We consider the passive learning problem of inferring a Boolean combination of probabilistic LTL (PLTL) formulas from a set of Markov chains, classified as either positive or negative. We propose a novel learning algorithm that infers concise PLTL specifications, leveraging grammar-based enumeration, search heuristics, probabilistic model checking and Boolean set-cover procedures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in two use cases: learning from policies induced by RL algorithms and learning from variants of a probabilistic model. In both cases, our method automatically and efficiently extracts PLTL specifications that succinctly characterise the temporal differences between the policies or model variants. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Full version of the paper that appears in IJCAI'25 arXiv:2505.12107 [ pdf , other ] Learning Probabilistic Temporal Logic Specifications for Stochastic Systems Authors: Rajarshi Roy , Yash Pote , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : There has been substantial progress in the inference of formal behavioural specifications from sample trajectories, for example, using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). However, these techniques cannot handle specifications that correctly characterise systems with stochastic behaviour, which occur commonly in reinforcement learning and formal verification. We consider the passive learning problem of in… ▽ More There has been substantial progress in the inference of formal behavioural specifications from sample trajectories, for example, using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). However, these techniques cannot handle specifications that correctly characterise systems with stochastic behaviour, which occur commonly in reinforcement learning and formal verification. We consider the passive learning problem of inferring a Boolean combination of probabilistic LTL (PLTL) formulas from a set of Markov chains, classified as either positive or negative. We propose a novel learning algorithm that infers concise PLTL specifications, leveraging grammar-based enumeration, search heuristics, probabilistic model checking and Boolean set-cover procedures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in two use cases: learning from policies induced by RL algorithms and learning from variants of a probabilistic model. In both cases, our method automatically and efficiently extracts PLTL specifications that succinctly characterise the temporal differences between the policies or model variants. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Full version of the paper that appears in IJCAI'25 arXiv:2502.19603 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO cs.FL Planning with Linear Temporal Logic Specifications: Handling Quantifiable and Unquantifiable Uncertainty Authors: Pian Yu , Yong Li , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : This work studies the planning problem for robotic systems under both quantifiable and unquantifiable uncertainty. The objective is to enable the robotic systems to optimally fulfill high-level tasks specified by Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. To capture both types of uncertainty in a unified modelling framework, we utilise Markov Decision Processes with Set-valued Transitions (MDPSTs). We… ▽ More This work studies the planning problem for robotic systems under both quantifiable and unquantifiable uncertainty. The objective is to enable the robotic systems to optimally fulfill high-level tasks specified by Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. To capture both types of uncertainty in a unified modelling framework, we utilise Markov Decision Processes with Set-valued Transitions (MDPSTs). We introduce a novel solution technique for the optimal robust strategy synthesis of MDPSTs with LTL specifications. To improve efficiency, our work leverages limit-deterministic Büchi automata (LDBAs) as the automaton representation for LTL to take advantage of their efficient constructions. To tackle the inherent nondeterminism in MDPSTs, which presents a significant challenge for reducing the LTL planning problem to a reachability problem, we introduce the concept of a Winning Region (WR) for MDPSTs. Additionally, we propose an algorithm for computing the WR over the product of the MDPST and the LDBA. Finally, a robust value iteration algorithm is invoked to solve the reachability problem. We validate the effectiveness of our approach through a case study involving a mobile robot operating in the hexagonal world, demonstrating promising efficiency gains. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Extended version of an accepted ICRA 2025 paper arXiv:2502.19603 [ pdf , other ] Planning with Linear Temporal Logic Specifications: Handling Quantifiable and Unquantifiable Uncertainty Authors: Pian Yu , Yong Li , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : This work studies the planning problem for robotic systems under both quantifiable and unquantifiable uncertainty. The objective is to enable the robotic systems to optimally fulfill high-level tasks specified by Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. To capture both types of uncertainty in a unified modelling framework, we utilise Markov Decision Processes with Set-valued Transitions (MDPSTs). We… ▽ More This work studies the planning problem for robotic systems under both quantifiable and unquantifiable uncertainty. The objective is to enable the robotic systems to optimally fulfill high-level tasks specified by Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. To capture both types of uncertainty in a unified modelling framework, we utilise Markov Decision Processes with Set-valued Transitions (MDPSTs). We introduce a novel solution technique for the optimal robust strategy synthesis of MDPSTs with LTL specifications. To improve efficiency, our work leverages limit-deterministic Büchi automata (LDBAs) as the automaton representation for LTL to take advantage of their efficient constructions. To tackle the inherent nondeterminism in MDPSTs, which presents a significant challenge for reducing the LTL planning problem to a reachability problem, we introduce the concept of a Winning Region (WR) for MDPSTs. Additionally, we propose an algorithm for computing the WR over the product of the MDPST and the LDBA. Finally, a robust value iteration algorithm is invoked to solve the reachability problem. We validate the effectiveness of our approach through a case study involving a mobile robot operating in the hexagonal world, demonstrating promising efficiency gains. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Extended version of an accepted ICRA 2025 paper arXiv:2411.19842 [ pdf , other ] eess.AS cs.AI cs.LG cs.SD eess.SP Scaling Transformers for Low-Bitrate High-Quality Speech Coding Authors: Julian D Parker , Anton Smirnov , Jordi Pons , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Zach Evans , Xubo Liu Abstract : The tokenization of speech with neural audio codec models is a vital part of modern AI pipelines for the generation or understanding of speech, alone or in a multimodal context. Traditionally such tokenization models have concentrated on low parameter-count architectures using only components with strong inductive biases. In this work we show that by scaling a transformer architecture with large p… ▽ More The tokenization of speech with neural audio codec models is a vital part of modern AI pipelines for the generation or understanding of speech, alone or in a multimodal context. Traditionally such tokenization models have concentrated on low parameter-count architectures using only components with strong inductive biases. In this work we show that by scaling a transformer architecture with large parameter count to this problem, and applying a flexible Finite Scalar Quantization (FSQ) based bottleneck, it is possible to reach state-of-the-art speech quality at extremely low bit-rates of $400$ or $700$ bits-per-second. The trained models strongly out-perform existing baselines in both objective and subjective tests. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.19842 [ pdf , other ] Scaling Transformers for Low-Bitrate High-Quality Speech Coding Authors: Julian D Parker , Anton Smirnov , Jordi Pons , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Zach Evans , Xubo Liu Abstract : The tokenization of speech with neural audio codec models is a vital part of modern AI pipelines for the generation or understanding of speech, alone or in a multimodal context. Traditionally such tokenization models have concentrated on low parameter-count architectures using only components with strong inductive biases. In this work we show that by scaling a transformer architecture with large p… ▽ More The tokenization of speech with neural audio codec models is a vital part of modern AI pipelines for the generation or understanding of speech, alone or in a multimodal context. Traditionally such tokenization models have concentrated on low parameter-count architectures using only components with strong inductive biases. In this work we show that by scaling a transformer architecture with large parameter count to this problem, and applying a flexible Finite Scalar Quantization (FSQ) based bottleneck, it is possible to reach state-of-the-art speech quality at extremely low bit-rates of $400$ or $700$ bits-per-second. The trained models strongly out-perform existing baselines in both objective and subjective tests. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.11451 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI math.OC Robust Markov Decision Processes: A Place Where AI and Formal Methods Meet Authors: Marnix Suilen , Thom Badings , Eline M. Bovy , David Parker , Nils Jansen Abstract : Markov decision processes (MDPs) are a standard model for sequential decision-making problems and are widely used across many scientific areas, including formal methods and artificial intelligence (AI). MDPs do, however, come with the restrictive assumption that the transition probabilities need to be precisely known. Robust MDPs (RMDPs) overcome this assumption by instead defining the transition… ▽ More Markov decision processes (MDPs) are a standard model for sequential decision-making problems and are widely used across many scientific areas, including formal methods and artificial intelligence (AI). MDPs do, however, come with the restrictive assumption that the transition probabilities need to be precisely known. Robust MDPs (RMDPs) overcome this assumption by instead defining the transition probabilities to belong to some uncertainty set. We present a gentle survey on RMDPs, providing a tutorial covering their fundamentals. In particular, we discuss RMDP semantics and how to solve them by extending standard MDP methods such as value iteration and policy iteration. We also discuss how RMDPs relate to other models and how they are used in several contexts, including reinforcement learning and abstraction techniques. We conclude with some challenges for future work on RMDPs. △ Less Submitted 10 December, 2024; v1 submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.11451 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Markov Decision Processes: A Place Where AI and Formal Methods Meet Authors: Marnix Suilen , Thom Badings , Eline M. Bovy , David Parker , Nils Jansen Abstract : Markov decision processes (MDPs) are a standard model for sequential decision-making problems and are widely used across many scientific areas, including formal methods and artificial intelligence (AI). MDPs do, however, come with the restrictive assumption that the transition probabilities need to be precisely known. Robust MDPs (RMDPs) overcome this assumption by instead defining the transition… ▽ More Markov decision processes (MDPs) are a standard model for sequential decision-making problems and are widely used across many scientific areas, including formal methods and artificial intelligence (AI). MDPs do, however, come with the restrictive assumption that the transition probabilities need to be precisely known. Robust MDPs (RMDPs) overcome this assumption by instead defining the transition probabilities to belong to some uncertainty set. We present a gentle survey on RMDPs, providing a tutorial covering their fundamentals. In particular, we discuss RMDP semantics and how to solve them by extending standard MDP methods such as value iteration and policy iteration. We also discuss how RMDPs relate to other models and how they are used in several contexts, including reinforcement learning and abstraction techniques. We conclude with some challenges for future work on RMDPs. △ Less Submitted 10 December, 2024; v1 submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.05599 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT cs.AI cs.MA Expectation vs. Reality: Towards Verification of Psychological Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Game theory provides an effective way to model strategic interactions among rational agents. In the context of formal verification, these ideas can be used to produce guarantees on the correctness of multi-agent systems, with a diverse range of applications from computer security to autonomous driving. Psychological games (PGs) were developed as a way to model and analyse agents with belief-depend… ▽ More Game theory provides an effective way to model strategic interactions among rational agents. In the context of formal verification, these ideas can be used to produce guarantees on the correctness of multi-agent systems, with a diverse range of applications from computer security to autonomous driving. Psychological games (PGs) were developed as a way to model and analyse agents with belief-dependent motivations, opening up the possibility to model how human emotions can influence behaviour. In PGs, players' utilities depend not only on what actually happens (which strategies players choose to adopt), but also on what the players had expected to happen (their belief as to the strategies that would be played). Despite receiving much attention in fields such as economics and psychology, very little consideration has been given to their applicability to problems in computer science, nor to practical algorithms and tool support. In this paper, we start to bridge that gap, proposing methods to solve PGs and implementing them within PRISM-games, a formal verification tool for stochastic games. We discuss how to model these games, highlight specific challenges for their analysis and illustrate the usefulness of our approach on several case studies, including human behaviour in traffic scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.05599 [ pdf , ps , other ] Expectation vs. Reality: Towards Verification of Psychological Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Game theory provides an effective way to model strategic interactions among rational agents. In the context of formal verification, these ideas can be used to produce guarantees on the correctness of multi-agent systems, with a diverse range of applications from computer security to autonomous driving. Psychological games (PGs) were developed as a way to model and analyse agents with belief-depend… ▽ More Game theory provides an effective way to model strategic interactions among rational agents. In the context of formal verification, these ideas can be used to produce guarantees on the correctness of multi-agent systems, with a diverse range of applications from computer security to autonomous driving. Psychological games (PGs) were developed as a way to model and analyse agents with belief-dependent motivations, opening up the possibility to model how human emotions can influence behaviour. In PGs, players' utilities depend not only on what actually happens (which strategies players choose to adopt), but also on what the players had expected to happen (their belief as to the strategies that would be played). Despite receiving much attention in fields such as economics and psychology, very little consideration has been given to their applicability to problems in computer science, nor to practical algorithms and tool support. In this paper, we start to bridge that gap, proposing methods to solve PGs and implementing them within PRISM-games, a formal verification tool for stochastic games. We discuss how to model these games, highlight specific challenges for their analysis and illustrate the usefulness of our approach on several case studies, including human behaviour in traffic scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2410.11064 [ pdf , other ] q-bio.NC cs.AI q-bio.QM Parsing altered brain connectivity in neurodevelopmental disorders by integrating graph-based normative modeling and deep generative networks Authors: Rui Sherry Shen , Yusuf Osmanlıoğlu , Drew Parker , Darien Aunapu , Benjamin E. Yerys , Birkan Tunç , Ragini Verma Abstract : Divergent brain connectivity is thought to underlie the behavioral and cognitive symptoms observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders. Quantifying divergence from neurotypical connectivity patterns offers a promising pathway to inform diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. While advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion MRI (dMRI), have facilitated the mapping of brain's structural c… ▽ More Divergent brain connectivity is thought to underlie the behavioral and cognitive symptoms observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders. Quantifying divergence from neurotypical connectivity patterns offers a promising pathway to inform diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. While advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion MRI (dMRI), have facilitated the mapping of brain's structural connectome, the challenge lies in accurately modeling developmental trajectories within these complex networked structures to create robust neurodivergence markers. In this work, we present the Brain Representation via Individualized Deep Generative Embedding (BRIDGE) framework, which integrates normative modeling with a bio-inspired deep generative model to create a reference trajectory of connectivity transformation as part of neurotypical development. This will enable the assessment of neurodivergence by comparing individuals to the established neurotypical trajectory. BRIDGE provides a global neurodivergence score based on the difference between connectivity-based brain age and chronological age, along with region-wise neurodivergence maps that highlight localized connectivity differences. Application of BRIDGE to a large cohort of children with autism spectrum disorder demonstrates that the global neurodivergence score correlates with clinical assessments in autism, and the regional map offers insights into the heterogeneity at the individual level in neurodevelopmental disorders. Together, the neurodivergence score and map form powerful tools for quantifying developmental divergence in connectivity patterns, advancing the development of imaging markers for personalized diagnosis and intervention in various clinical contexts. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2024; v1 submitted 14 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.11064 [ pdf , other ] Parsing altered brain connectivity in neurodevelopmental disorders by integrating graph-based normative modeling and deep generative networks Authors: Rui Sherry Shen , Yusuf Osmanlıoğlu , Drew Parker , Darien Aunapu , Benjamin E. Yerys , Birkan Tunç , Ragini Verma Abstract : Divergent brain connectivity is thought to underlie the behavioral and cognitive symptoms observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders. Quantifying divergence from neurotypical connectivity patterns offers a promising pathway to inform diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. While advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion MRI (dMRI), have facilitated the mapping of brain's structural c… ▽ More Divergent brain connectivity is thought to underlie the behavioral and cognitive symptoms observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders. Quantifying divergence from neurotypical connectivity patterns offers a promising pathway to inform diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. While advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion MRI (dMRI), have facilitated the mapping of brain's structural connectome, the challenge lies in accurately modeling developmental trajectories within these complex networked structures to create robust neurodivergence markers. In this work, we present the Brain Representation via Individualized Deep Generative Embedding (BRIDGE) framework, which integrates normative modeling with a bio-inspired deep generative model to create a reference trajectory of connectivity transformation as part of neurotypical development. This will enable the assessment of neurodivergence by comparing individuals to the established neurotypical trajectory. BRIDGE provides a global neurodivergence score based on the difference between connectivity-based brain age and chronological age, along with region-wise neurodivergence maps that highlight localized connectivity differences. Application of BRIDGE to a large cohort of children with autism spectrum disorder demonstrates that the global neurodivergence score correlates with clinical assessments in autism, and the regional map offers insights into the heterogeneity at the individual level in neurodevelopmental disorders. Together, the neurodivergence score and map form powerful tools for quantifying developmental divergence in connectivity patterns, advancing the development of imaging markers for personalized diagnosis and intervention in various clinical contexts. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2024; v1 submitted 14 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2408.03093 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI eess.SY Certifiably Robust Policies for Uncertain Parametric Environments Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmenta… ▽ More We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmental parameters underlying the uncertainty. We propose a framework based on parametric Markov decision processes (MDPs) with unknown distributions over parameters. We learn and analyse IMDPs for a set of unknown sample environments induced by parameters. The key challenge is then to produce meaningful performance guarantees that combine the two layers of uncertainty: (1) multiple environments induced by parameters with an unknown distribution; (2) unknown induced environments which are approximated by IMDPs. We present a novel approach based on scenario optimisation that yields a single PAC guarantee quantifying the risk level for which a specified performance level can be assured in unseen environments, plus a means to trade-off risk and performance. We implement and evaluate our framework using multiple robust policy generation methods on a range of benchmarks. We show that our approach produces tight bounds on a policy's performance with high confidence. △ Less Submitted 23 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. arXiv:2408.03093 [ pdf , other ] Certifiably Robust Policies for Uncertain Parametric Environments Authors: Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker Abstract : We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmenta… ▽ More We present a data-driven approach for producing policies that are provably robust across unknown stochastic environments. Existing approaches can learn models of a single environment as an interval Markov decision processes (IMDP) and produce a robust policy with a probably approximately correct (PAC) guarantee on its performance. However these are unable to reason about the impact of environmental parameters underlying the uncertainty. We propose a framework based on parametric Markov decision processes (MDPs) with unknown distributions over parameters. We learn and analyse IMDPs for a set of unknown sample environments induced by parameters. The key challenge is then to produce meaningful performance guarantees that combine the two layers of uncertainty: (1) multiple environments induced by parameters with an unknown distribution; (2) unknown induced environments which are approximated by IMDPs. We present a novel approach based on scenario optimisation that yields a single PAC guarantee quantifying the risk level for which a specified performance level can be assured in unseen environments, plus a means to trade-off risk and performance. We implement and evaluate our framework using multiple robust policy generation methods on a range of benchmarks. We show that our approach produces tight bounds on a policy's performance with high confidence. △ Less Submitted 23 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. arXiv:2407.14358 [ pdf , other ] cs.SD cs.AI eess.AS Stable Audio Open Authors: Zach Evans , Julian D. Parker , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Josiah Taylor , Jordi Pons Abstract : Open generative models are vitally important for the community, allowing for fine-tunes and serving as baselines when presenting new models. However, most current text-to-audio models are private and not accessible for artists and researchers to build upon. Here we describe the architecture and training process of a new open-weights text-to-audio model trained with Creative Commons data. Our evalu… ▽ More Open generative models are vitally important for the community, allowing for fine-tunes and serving as baselines when presenting new models. However, most current text-to-audio models are private and not accessible for artists and researchers to build upon. Here we describe the architecture and training process of a new open-weights text-to-audio model trained with Creative Commons data. Our evaluation shows that the model's performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art across various metrics. Notably, the reported FDopenl3 results (measuring the realism of the generations) showcase its potential for high-quality stereo sound synthesis at 44.1kHz. △ Less Submitted 31 July, 2024; v1 submitted 19 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: Demo: Weights: Code: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2404.10301 arXiv:2407.14358 [ pdf , other ] Stable Audio Open Authors: Zach Evans , Julian D. Parker , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Josiah Taylor , Jordi Pons Abstract : Open generative models are vitally important for the community, allowing for fine-tunes and serving as baselines when presenting new models. However, most current text-to-audio models are private and not accessible for artists and researchers to build upon. Here we describe the architecture and training process of a new open-weights text-to-audio model trained with Creative Commons data. Our evalu… ▽ More Open generative models are vitally important for the community, allowing for fine-tunes and serving as baselines when presenting new models. However, most current text-to-audio models are private and not accessible for artists and researchers to build upon. Here we describe the architecture and training process of a new open-weights text-to-audio model trained with Creative Commons data. Our evaluation shows that the model's performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art across various metrics. Notably, the reported FDopenl3 results (measuring the realism of the generations) showcase its potential for high-quality stereo sound synthesis at 44.1kHz. △ Less Submitted 31 July, 2024; v1 submitted 19 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: Demo: Weights: Code: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2404.10301 arXiv:2405.13583 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO Tools at the Frontiers of Quantitative Verification Authors: Roman Andriushchenko , Alexander Bork , Carlos E. Budde , Milan Češka , Kush Grover , Ernst Moritz Hahn , Arnd Hartmanns , Bryant Israelsen , Nils Jansen , Joshua Jeppson , Sebastian Junges , Maximilian A. Köhl , Bettina Könighofer , Jan Křetínský , Tobias Meggendorfer , David Parker , Stefan Pranger , Tim Quatmann , Enno Ruijters , Landon Taylor , Matthias Volk , Maximilian Weininger , Zhen Zhang Abstract : The analysis of formal models that include quantitative aspects such as timing or probabilistic choices is performed by quantitative verification tools. Broad and mature tool support is available for computing basic properties such as expected rewards on basic models such as Markov chains. Previous editions of QComp, the comparison of tools for the analysis of quantitative formal models, focused o… ▽ More The analysis of formal models that include quantitative aspects such as timing or probabilistic choices is performed by quantitative verification tools. Broad and mature tool support is available for computing basic properties such as expected rewards on basic models such as Markov chains. Previous editions of QComp, the comparison of tools for the analysis of quantitative formal models, focused on this setting. Many application scenarios, however, require more advanced property types such as LTL and parameter synthesis queries as well as advanced models like stochastic games and partially observable MDPs. For these, tool support is in its infancy today. This paper presents the outcomes of QComp 2023: a survey of the state of the art in quantitative verification tool support for advanced property types and models. With tools ranging from first research prototypes to well-supported integrations into established toolsets, this report highlights today's active areas and tomorrow's challenges in tool-focused research for quantitative verification. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.13583 [ pdf , other ] Tools at the Frontiers of Quantitative Verification Authors: Roman Andriushchenko , Alexander Bork , Carlos E. Budde , Milan Češka , Kush Grover , Ernst Moritz Hahn , Arnd Hartmanns , Bryant Israelsen , Nils Jansen , Joshua Jeppson , Sebastian Junges , Maximilian A. Köhl , Bettina Könighofer , Jan Křetínský , Tobias Meggendorfer , David Parker , Stefan Pranger , Tim Quatmann , Enno Ruijters , Landon Taylor , Matthias Volk , Maximilian Weininger , Zhen Zhang Abstract : The analysis of formal models that include quantitative aspects such as timing or probabilistic choices is performed by quantitative verification tools. Broad and mature tool support is available for computing basic properties such as expected rewards on basic models such as Markov chains. Previous editions of QComp, the comparison of tools for the analysis of quantitative formal models, focused o… ▽ More The analysis of formal models that include quantitative aspects such as timing or probabilistic choices is performed by quantitative verification tools. Broad and mature tool support is available for computing basic properties such as expected rewards on basic models such as Markov chains. Previous editions of QComp, the comparison of tools for the analysis of quantitative formal models, focused on this setting. Many application scenarios, however, require more advanced property types such as LTL and parameter synthesis queries as well as advanced models like stochastic games and partially observable MDPs. For these, tool support is in its infancy today. This paper presents the outcomes of QComp 2023: a survey of the state of the art in quantitative verification tool support for advanced property types and models. With tools ranging from first research prototypes to well-supported integrations into established toolsets, this report highlights today's active areas and tomorrow's challenges in tool-focused research for quantitative verification. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2404.15557 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO Safe POMDP Online Planning among Dynamic Agents via Adaptive Conformal Prediction Authors: Shili Sheng , Pian Yu , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska , Lu Feng Abstract : Online planning for partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provides efficient techniques for robot decision-making under uncertainty. However, existing methods fall short of preventing safety violations in dynamic environments. This work presents a novel safe POMDP online planning approach that maximizes expected returns while providing probabilistic safety guarantees amidst envir… ▽ More Online planning for partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provides efficient techniques for robot decision-making under uncertainty. However, existing methods fall short of preventing safety violations in dynamic environments. This work presents a novel safe POMDP online planning approach that maximizes expected returns while providing probabilistic safety guarantees amidst environments populated by multiple dynamic agents. Our approach utilizes data-driven trajectory prediction models of dynamic agents and applies Adaptive Conformal Prediction (ACP) to quantify the uncertainties in these predictions. Leveraging the obtained ACP-based trajectory predictions, our approach constructs safety shields on-the-fly to prevent unsafe actions within POMDP online planning. Through experimental evaluation in various dynamic environments using real-world pedestrian trajectory data, the proposed approach has been shown to effectively maintain probabilistic safety guarantees while accommodating up to hundreds of dynamic agents. △ Less Submitted 6 September, 2024; v1 submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. arXiv:2404.15557 [ pdf , other ] Safe POMDP Online Planning among Dynamic Agents via Adaptive Conformal Prediction Authors: Shili Sheng , Pian Yu , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska , Lu Feng Abstract : Online planning for partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provides efficient techniques for robot decision-making under uncertainty. However, existing methods fall short of preventing safety violations in dynamic environments. This work presents a novel safe POMDP online planning approach that maximizes expected returns while providing probabilistic safety guarantees amidst envir… ▽ More Online planning for partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provides efficient techniques for robot decision-making under uncertainty. However, existing methods fall short of preventing safety violations in dynamic environments. This work presents a novel safe POMDP online planning approach that maximizes expected returns while providing probabilistic safety guarantees amidst environments populated by multiple dynamic agents. Our approach utilizes data-driven trajectory prediction models of dynamic agents and applies Adaptive Conformal Prediction (ACP) to quantify the uncertainties in these predictions. Leveraging the obtained ACP-based trajectory predictions, our approach constructs safety shields on-the-fly to prevent unsafe actions within POMDP online planning. Through experimental evaluation in various dynamic environments using real-world pedestrian trajectory data, the proposed approach has been shown to effectively maintain probabilistic safety guarantees while accommodating up to hundreds of dynamic agents. △ Less Submitted 6 September, 2024; v1 submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. arXiv:2404.10679 [ pdf , other ] cs.GT cs.AI HSVI-based Online Minimax Strategies for Partially Observable Stochastic Games with Neural Perception Mechanisms Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : We consider a variant of continuous-state partially-observable stochastic games with neural perception mechanisms and an asymmetric information structure. One agent has partial information, with the observation function implemented as a neural network, while the other agent is assumed to have full knowledge of the state. We present, for the first time, an efficient online method to compute an… ▽ More We consider a variant of continuous-state partially-observable stochastic games with neural perception mechanisms and an asymmetric information structure. One agent has partial information, with the observation function implemented as a neural network, while the other agent is assumed to have full knowledge of the state. We present, for the first time, an efficient online method to compute an $\varepsilon$-minimax strategy profile, which requires only one linear program to be solved for each agent at every stage, instead of a complex estimation of opponent counterfactual values. For the partially-informed agent, we propose a continual resolving approach which uses lower bounds, pre-computed offline with heuristic search value iteration (HSVI), instead of opponent counterfactual values. This inherits the soundness of continual resolving at the cost of pre-computing the bound. For the fully-informed agent, we propose an inferred-belief strategy, where the agent maintains an inferred belief about the belief of the partially-informed agent based on (offline) upper bounds from HSVI, guaranteeing $\varepsilon$-distance to the value of the game at the initial belief known to both agents. △ Less Submitted 16 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2404.10679 [ pdf , other ] HSVI-based Online Minimax Strategies for Partially Observable Stochastic Games with Neural Perception Mechanisms Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : We consider a variant of continuous-state partially-observable stochastic games with neural perception mechanisms and an asymmetric information structure. One agent has partial information, with the observation function implemented as a neural network, while the other agent is assumed to have full knowledge of the state. We present, for the first time, an efficient online method to compute an… ▽ More We consider a variant of continuous-state partially-observable stochastic games with neural perception mechanisms and an asymmetric information structure. One agent has partial information, with the observation function implemented as a neural network, while the other agent is assumed to have full knowledge of the state. We present, for the first time, an efficient online method to compute an $\varepsilon$-minimax strategy profile, which requires only one linear program to be solved for each agent at every stage, instead of a complex estimation of opponent counterfactual values. For the partially-informed agent, we propose a continual resolving approach which uses lower bounds, pre-computed offline with heuristic search value iteration (HSVI), instead of opponent counterfactual values. This inherits the soundness of continual resolving at the cost of pre-computing the bound. For the fully-informed agent, we propose an inferred-belief strategy, where the agent maintains an inferred belief about the belief of the partially-informed agent based on (offline) upper bounds from HSVI, guaranteeing $\varepsilon$-distance to the value of the game at the initial belief known to both agents. △ Less Submitted 16 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2404.10301 [ pdf , other ] cs.SD cs.LG eess.AS Long-form music generation with latent diffusion Authors: Zach Evans , Julian D. Parker , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Josiah Taylor , Jordi Pons Abstract : Audio-based generative models for music have seen great strides recently, but so far have not managed to produce full-length music tracks with coherent musical structure from text prompts. We show that by training a generative model on long temporal contexts it is possible to produce long-form music of up to 4m45s. Our model consists of a diffusion-transformer operating on a highly downsampled con… ▽ More Audio-based generative models for music have seen great strides recently, but so far have not managed to produce full-length music tracks with coherent musical structure from text prompts. We show that by training a generative model on long temporal contexts it is possible to produce long-form music of up to 4m45s. Our model consists of a diffusion-transformer operating on a highly downsampled continuous latent representation (latent rate of 21.5Hz). It obtains state-of-the-art generations according to metrics on audio quality and prompt alignment, and subjective tests reveal that it produces full-length music with coherent structure. △ Less Submitted 29 July, 2024; v1 submitted 16 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. arXiv:2404.10301 [ pdf , other ] Long-form music generation with latent diffusion Authors: Zach Evans , Julian D. Parker , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Josiah Taylor , Jordi Pons Abstract : Audio-based generative models for music have seen great strides recently, but so far have not managed to produce full-length music tracks with coherent musical structure from text prompts. We show that by training a generative model on long temporal contexts it is possible to produce long-form music of up to 4m45s. Our model consists of a diffusion-transformer operating on a highly downsampled con… ▽ More Audio-based generative models for music have seen great strides recently, but so far have not managed to produce full-length music tracks with coherent musical structure from text prompts. We show that by training a generative model on long temporal contexts it is possible to produce long-form music of up to 4m45s. Our model consists of a diffusion-transformer operating on a highly downsampled continuous latent representation (latent rate of 21.5Hz). It obtains state-of-the-art generations according to metrics on audio quality and prompt alignment, and subjective tests reveal that it produces full-length music with coherent structure. △ Less Submitted 29 July, 2024; v1 submitted 16 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. arXiv:2403.09184 [ pdf , other ] eess.SY cs.AI cs.LO doi 10.46298/theoretics.25.10 Learning Algorithms for Verification of Markov Decision Processes Authors: Tomáš Brázdil , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Martin Chmelik , Vojtěch Forejt , Jan Křetínský , Marta Kwiatkowska , Tobias Meggendorfer , David Parker , Mateusz Ujma Abstract : We present a general framework for applying learning algorithms and heuristical guidance to the verification of Markov decision processes (MDPs). The primary goal of our techniques is to improve performance by avoiding an exhaustive exploration of the state space, instead focussing on particularly relevant areas of the system, guided by heuristics. Our work builds on the previous results of Br{á}z… ▽ More We present a general framework for applying learning algorithms and heuristical guidance to the verification of Markov decision processes (MDPs). The primary goal of our techniques is to improve performance by avoiding an exhaustive exploration of the state space, instead focussing on particularly relevant areas of the system, guided by heuristics. Our work builds on the previous results of Br{á}zdil et al., significantly extending it as well as refining several details and fixing errors. The presented framework focuses on probabilistic reachability, which is a core problem in verification, and is instantiated in two distinct scenarios. The first assumes that full knowledge of the MDP is available, in particular precise transition probabilities. It performs a heuristic-driven partial exploration of the model, yielding precise lower and upper bounds on the required probability. The second tackles the case where we may only sample the MDP without knowing the exact transition dynamics. Here, we obtain probabilistic guarantees, again in terms of both the lower and upper bounds, which provides efficient stopping criteria for the approximation. In particular, the latter is an extension of statistical model-checking (SMC) for unbounded properties in MDPs. In contrast to other related approaches, we do not restrict our attention to time-bounded (finite-horizon) or discounted properties, nor assume any particular structural properties of the MDP. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2025; v1 submitted 14 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: 82 pages. This is the TheoretiCS journal version Journal ref: TheoretiCS, Volume 4 (April 1, 2025) theoretics:13268 arXiv:2403.09184 [ pdf , other ] Learning Algorithms for Verification of Markov Decision Processes Authors: Tomáš Brázdil , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Martin Chmelik , Vojtěch Forejt , Jan Křetínský , Marta Kwiatkowska , Tobias Meggendorfer , David Parker , Mateusz Ujma Abstract : We present a general framework for applying learning algorithms and heuristical guidance to the verification of Markov decision processes (MDPs). The primary goal of our techniques is to improve performance by avoiding an exhaustive exploration of the state space, instead focussing on particularly relevant areas of the system, guided by heuristics. Our work builds on the previous results of Br{á}z… ▽ More We present a general framework for applying learning algorithms and heuristical guidance to the verification of Markov decision processes (MDPs). The primary goal of our techniques is to improve performance by avoiding an exhaustive exploration of the state space, instead focussing on particularly relevant areas of the system, guided by heuristics. Our work builds on the previous results of Br{á}zdil et al., significantly extending it as well as refining several details and fixing errors. The presented framework focuses on probabilistic reachability, which is a core problem in verification, and is instantiated in two distinct scenarios. The first assumes that full knowledge of the MDP is available, in particular precise transition probabilities. It performs a heuristic-driven partial exploration of the model, yielding precise lower and upper bounds on the required probability. The second tackles the case where we may only sample the MDP without knowing the exact transition dynamics. Here, we obtain probabilistic guarantees, again in terms of both the lower and upper bounds, which provides efficient stopping criteria for the approximation. In particular, the latter is an extension of statistical model-checking (SMC) for unbounded properties in MDPs. In contrast to other related approaches, we do not restrict our attention to time-bounded (finite-horizon) or discounted properties, nor assume any particular structural properties of the MDP. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2025; v1 submitted 14 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: 82 pages. This is the TheoretiCS journal version Journal ref: TheoretiCS, Volume 4 (April 1, 2025) theoretics:13268 arXiv:2312.08723 [ pdf , other ] cs.SD cs.LG eess.AS StemGen: A music generation model that listens Authors: Julian D. Parker , Janne Spijkervet , Katerina Kosta , Furkan Yesiler , Boris Kuznetsov , Ju-Chiang Wang , Matt Avent , Jitong Chen , Duc Le Abstract : End-to-end generation of musical audio using deep learning techniques has seen an explosion of activity recently. However, most models concentrate on generating fully mixed music in response to abstract conditioning information. In this work, we present an alternative paradigm for producing music generation models that can listen and respond to musical context. We describe how such a model can be… ▽ More End-to-end generation of musical audio using deep learning techniques has seen an explosion of activity recently. However, most models concentrate on generating fully mixed music in response to abstract conditioning information. In this work, we present an alternative paradigm for producing music generation models that can listen and respond to musical context. We describe how such a model can be constructed using a non-autoregressive, transformer-based model architecture and present a number of novel architectural and sampling improvements. We train the described architecture on both an open-source and a proprietary dataset. We evaluate the produced models using standard quality metrics and a new approach based on music information retrieval descriptors. The resulting model reaches the audio quality of state-of-the-art text-conditioned models, as well as exhibiting strong musical coherence with its context. △ Less Submitted 16 January, 2024; v1 submitted 14 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023. Comments: Accepted for publication at ICASSP 2024 arXiv:2312.08723 [ pdf , other ] StemGen: A music generation model that listens Authors: Julian D. Parker , Janne Spijkervet , Katerina Kosta , Furkan Yesiler , Boris Kuznetsov , Ju-Chiang Wang , Matt Avent , Jitong Chen , Duc Le Abstract : End-to-end generation of musical audio using deep learning techniques has seen an explosion of activity recently. However, most models concentrate on generating fully mixed music in response to abstract conditioning information. In this work, we present an alternative paradigm for producing music generation models that can listen and respond to musical context. We describe how such a model can be… ▽ More End-to-end generation of musical audio using deep learning techniques has seen an explosion of activity recently. However, most models concentrate on generating fully mixed music in response to abstract conditioning information. In this work, we present an alternative paradigm for producing music generation models that can listen and respond to musical context. We describe how such a model can be constructed using a non-autoregressive, transformer-based model architecture and present a number of novel architectural and sampling improvements. We train the described architecture on both an open-source and a proprietary dataset. We evaluate the produced models using standard quality metrics and a new approach based on music information retrieval descriptors. The resulting model reaches the audio quality of state-of-the-art text-conditioned models, as well as exhibiting strong musical coherence with its context. △ Less Submitted 16 January, 2024; v1 submitted 14 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023. Comments: Accepted for publication at ICASSP 2024 arXiv:2310.11566 [ pdf , other ] cs.GT cs.LG Partially Observable Stochastic Games with Neural Perception Mechanisms Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : Stochastic games are a well established model for multi-agent sequential decision making under uncertainty. In practical applications, though, agents often have only partial observability of their environment. Furthermore, agents increasingly perceive their environment using data-driven approaches such as neural networks trained on continuous data. We propose the model of neuro-symbolic partially-… ▽ More Stochastic games are a well established model for multi-agent sequential decision making under uncertainty. In practical applications, though, agents often have only partial observability of their environment. Furthermore, agents increasingly perceive their environment using data-driven approaches such as neural networks trained on continuous data. We propose the model of neuro-symbolic partially-observable stochastic games (NS-POSGs), a variant of continuous-space concurrent stochastic games that explicitly incorporates neural perception mechanisms. We focus on a one-sided setting with a partially-informed agent using discrete, data-driven observations and another, fully-informed agent. We present a new method, called one-sided NS-HSVI, for approximate solution of one-sided NS-POSGs, which exploits the piecewise constant structure of the model. Using neural network pre-image analysis to construct finite polyhedral representations and particle-based representations for beliefs, we implement our approach and illustrate its practical applicability to the analysis of pedestrian-vehicle and pursuit-evasion scenarios. △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: 42 pages, 6 figures. Extended version of paper to be published in FM 2024 arXiv:2310.11566 [ pdf , other ] Partially Observable Stochastic Games with Neural Perception Mechanisms Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : Stochastic games are a well established model for multi-agent sequential decision making under uncertainty. In practical applications, though, agents often have only partial observability of their environment. Furthermore, agents increasingly perceive their environment using data-driven approaches such as neural networks trained on continuous data. We propose the model of neuro-symbolic partially-… ▽ More Stochastic games are a well established model for multi-agent sequential decision making under uncertainty. In practical applications, though, agents often have only partial observability of their environment. Furthermore, agents increasingly perceive their environment using data-driven approaches such as neural networks trained on continuous data. We propose the model of neuro-symbolic partially-observable stochastic games (NS-POSGs), a variant of continuous-space concurrent stochastic games that explicitly incorporates neural perception mechanisms. We focus on a one-sided setting with a partially-informed agent using discrete, data-driven observations and another, fully-informed agent. We present a new method, called one-sided NS-HSVI, for approximate solution of one-sided NS-POSGs, which exploits the piecewise constant structure of the model. Using neural network pre-image analysis to construct finite polyhedral representations and particle-based representations for beliefs, we implement our approach and illustrate its practical applicability to the analysis of pedestrian-vehicle and pursuit-evasion scenarios. △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: 42 pages, 6 figures. Extended version of paper to be published in FM 2024 arXiv:2309.10216 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI Safe POMDP Online Planning via Shielding Authors: Shili Sheng , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) have been widely used in many robotic applications for sequential decision-making under uncertainty. POMDP online planning algorithms such as Partially Observable Monte-Carlo Planning (POMCP) can solve very large POMDPs with the goal of maximizing the expected return. But the resulting policies cannot provide safety guarantees which are imper… ▽ More Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) have been widely used in many robotic applications for sequential decision-making under uncertainty. POMDP online planning algorithms such as Partially Observable Monte-Carlo Planning (POMCP) can solve very large POMDPs with the goal of maximizing the expected return. But the resulting policies cannot provide safety guarantees which are imperative for real-world safety-critical tasks (e.g., autonomous driving). In this work, we consider safety requirements represented as almost-sure reach-avoid specifications (i.e., the probability to reach a set of goal states is one and the probability to reach a set of unsafe states is zero). We compute shields that restrict unsafe actions which would violate the almost-sure reach-avoid specifications. We then integrate these shields into the POMCP algorithm for safe POMDP online planning. We propose four distinct shielding methods, differing in how the shields are computed and integrated, including factored variants designed to improve scalability. Experimental results on a set of benchmark domains demonstrate that the proposed shielding methods successfully guarantee safety (unlike the baseline POMCP without shielding) on large POMDPs, with negligible impact on the runtime for online planning. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2024; v1 submitted 18 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. arXiv:2309.10216 [ pdf , other ] Safe POMDP Online Planning via Shielding Authors: Shili Sheng , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) have been widely used in many robotic applications for sequential decision-making under uncertainty. POMDP online planning algorithms such as Partially Observable Monte-Carlo Planning (POMCP) can solve very large POMDPs with the goal of maximizing the expected return. But the resulting policies cannot provide safety guarantees which are imper… ▽ More Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) have been widely used in many robotic applications for sequential decision-making under uncertainty. POMDP online planning algorithms such as Partially Observable Monte-Carlo Planning (POMCP) can solve very large POMDPs with the goal of maximizing the expected return. But the resulting policies cannot provide safety guarantees which are imperative for real-world safety-critical tasks (e.g., autonomous driving). In this work, we consider safety requirements represented as almost-sure reach-avoid specifications (i.e., the probability to reach a set of goal states is one and the probability to reach a set of unsafe states is zero). We compute shields that restrict unsafe actions which would violate the almost-sure reach-avoid specifications. We then integrate these shields into the POMCP algorithm for safe POMDP online planning. We propose four distinct shielding methods, differing in how the shields are computed and integrated, including factored variants designed to improve scalability. Experimental results on a set of benchmark domains demonstrate that the proposed shielding methods successfully guarantee safety (unlike the baseline POMCP without shielding) on large POMDPs, with negligible impact on the runtime for online planning. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2024; v1 submitted 18 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. arXiv:2309.06359 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG Using Reed-Muller Codes for Classification with Rejection and Recovery Authors: Daniel Fentham , David Parker , Mark Ryan Abstract : When deploying classifiers in the real world, users expect them to respond to inputs appropriately. However, traditional classifiers are not equipped to handle inputs which lie far from the distribution they were trained on. Malicious actors can exploit this defect by making adversarial perturbations designed to cause the classifier to give an incorrect output. Classification-with-rejection method… ▽ More When deploying classifiers in the real world, users expect them to respond to inputs appropriately. However, traditional classifiers are not equipped to handle inputs which lie far from the distribution they were trained on. Malicious actors can exploit this defect by making adversarial perturbations designed to cause the classifier to give an incorrect output. Classification-with-rejection methods attempt to solve this problem by allowing networks to refuse to classify an input in which they have low confidence. This works well for strongly adversarial examples, but also leads to the rejection of weakly perturbed images, which intuitively could be correctly classified. To address these issues, we propose Reed-Muller Aggregation Networks (RMAggNet), a classifier inspired by Reed-Muller error-correction codes which can correct and reject inputs. This paper shows that RMAggNet can minimise incorrectness while maintaining good correctness over multiple adversarial attacks at different perturbation budgets by leveraging the ability to correct errors in the classification process. This provides an alternative classification-with-rejection method which can reduce the amount of additional processing in situations where a small number of incorrect classifications are permissible. △ Less Submitted 12 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. Comments: 38 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2309.06359 [ pdf , other ] Using Reed-Muller Codes for Classification with Rejection and Recovery Authors: Daniel Fentham , David Parker , Mark Ryan Abstract : When deploying classifiers in the real world, users expect them to respond to inputs appropriately. However, traditional classifiers are not equipped to handle inputs which lie far from the distribution they were trained on. Malicious actors can exploit this defect by making adversarial perturbations designed to cause the classifier to give an incorrect output. Classification-with-rejection method… ▽ More When deploying classifiers in the real world, users expect them to respond to inputs appropriately. However, traditional classifiers are not equipped to handle inputs which lie far from the distribution they were trained on. Malicious actors can exploit this defect by making adversarial perturbations designed to cause the classifier to give an incorrect output. Classification-with-rejection methods attempt to solve this problem by allowing networks to refuse to classify an input in which they have low confidence. This works well for strongly adversarial examples, but also leads to the rejection of weakly perturbed images, which intuitively could be correctly classified. To address these issues, we propose Reed-Muller Aggregation Networks (RMAggNet), a classifier inspired by Reed-Muller error-correction codes which can correct and reject inputs. This paper shows that RMAggNet can minimise incorrectness while maintaining good correctness over multiple adversarial attacks at different perturbation budgets by leveraging the ability to correct errors in the classification process. This provides an alternative classification-with-rejection method which can reduce the amount of additional processing in situations where a small number of incorrect classifications are permissible. △ Less Submitted 12 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. Comments: 38 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2309.05584 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO Distributional Probabilistic Model Checking Authors: Ingy Elsayed-Aly , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Probabilistic model checking can provide formal guarantees on the behavior of stochastic models relating to a wide range of quantitative properties, such as runtime, energy consumption or cost. But decision making is typically with respect to the expected value of these quantities, which can mask important aspects of the full probability distribution such as the possibility of high-risk, low-proba… ▽ More Probabilistic model checking can provide formal guarantees on the behavior of stochastic models relating to a wide range of quantitative properties, such as runtime, energy consumption or cost. But decision making is typically with respect to the expected value of these quantities, which can mask important aspects of the full probability distribution such as the possibility of high-risk, low-probability events or multimodalities. We propose a distributional extension of probabilistic model checking, applicable to discrete-time Markov chains (DTMCs) and Markov decision processes (MDPs). We formulate distributional queries, which can reason about a variety of distributional measures, such as variance, value-at-risk or conditional value-at-risk, for the accumulation of reward until a co-safe linear temporal logic formula is satisfied. For DTMCs, we propose a method to compute the full distribution to an arbitrary level of precision, based on a graph analysis and forward analysis of the model. For MDPs, we approximate the optimal policy with respect to expected value or conditional value-at-risk using distributional value iteration. We implement our techniques and investigate their performance and scalability across a range of benchmark models. Experimental results demonstrate that our techniques can be successfully applied to check various distributional properties of large probabilistic models. △ Less Submitted 15 March, 2024; v1 submitted 11 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. Comments: 21 pages, 2 pages appendix, 4 figures. In proceedings Nasa Formal Methods Symposium 2024. For associated Github repository, see arXiv:2309.05584 [ pdf , other ] Distributional Probabilistic Model Checking Authors: Ingy Elsayed-Aly , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Probabilistic model checking can provide formal guarantees on the behavior of stochastic models relating to a wide range of quantitative properties, such as runtime, energy consumption or cost. But decision making is typically with respect to the expected value of these quantities, which can mask important aspects of the full probability distribution such as the possibility of high-risk, low-proba… ▽ More Probabilistic model checking can provide formal guarantees on the behavior of stochastic models relating to a wide range of quantitative properties, such as runtime, energy consumption or cost. But decision making is typically with respect to the expected value of these quantities, which can mask important aspects of the full probability distribution such as the possibility of high-risk, low-probability events or multimodalities. We propose a distributional extension of probabilistic model checking, applicable to discrete-time Markov chains (DTMCs) and Markov decision processes (MDPs). We formulate distributional queries, which can reason about a variety of distributional measures, such as variance, value-at-risk or conditional value-at-risk, for the accumulation of reward until a co-safe linear temporal logic formula is satisfied. For DTMCs, we propose a method to compute the full distribution to an arbitrary level of precision, based on a graph analysis and forward analysis of the model. For MDPs, we approximate the optimal policy with respect to expected value or conditional value-at-risk using distributional value iteration. We implement our techniques and investigate their performance and scalability across a range of benchmark models. Experimental results demonstrate that our techniques can be successfully applied to check various distributional properties of large probabilistic models. △ Less Submitted 15 March, 2024; v1 submitted 11 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. Comments: 21 pages, 2 pages appendix, 4 figures. In proceedings Nasa Formal Methods Symposium 2024. For associated Github repository, see arXiv:2308.02829 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO cs.AI Multi-Agent Verification and Control with Probabilistic Model Checking Authors: David Parker Abstract : Probabilistic model checking is a technique for formal automated reasoning about software or hardware systems that operate in the context of uncertainty or stochasticity. It builds upon ideas and techniques from a diverse range of fields, from logic, automata and graph theory, to optimisation, numerical methods and control. In recent years, probabilistic model checking has also been extended to in… ▽ More Probabilistic model checking is a technique for formal automated reasoning about software or hardware systems that operate in the context of uncertainty or stochasticity. It builds upon ideas and techniques from a diverse range of fields, from logic, automata and graph theory, to optimisation, numerical methods and control. In recent years, probabilistic model checking has also been extended to integrate ideas from game theory, notably using models such as stochastic games and solution concepts such as equilibria, to formally verify the interaction of multiple rational agents with distinct objectives. This provides a means to reason flexibly about agents acting in either an adversarial or a collaborative fashion, and opens up opportunities to tackle new problems within, for example, artificial intelligence, robotics and autonomous systems. In this paper, we summarise some of the advances in this area, and highlight applications for which they have already been used. We discuss how the strengths of probabilistic model checking apply, or have the potential to apply, to the multi-agent setting and outline some of the key challenges required to make further progress in this field. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. arXiv:2308.02829 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Agent Verification and Control with Probabilistic Model Checking Authors: David Parker Abstract : Probabilistic model checking is a technique for formal automated reasoning about software or hardware systems that operate in the context of uncertainty or stochasticity. It builds upon ideas and techniques from a diverse range of fields, from logic, automata and graph theory, to optimisation, numerical methods and control. In recent years, probabilistic model checking has also been extended to in… ▽ More Probabilistic model checking is a technique for formal automated reasoning about software or hardware systems that operate in the context of uncertainty or stochasticity. It builds upon ideas and techniques from a diverse range of fields, from logic, automata and graph theory, to optimisation, numerical methods and control. In recent years, probabilistic model checking has also been extended to integrate ideas from game theory, notably using models such as stochastic games and solution concepts such as equilibria, to formally verify the interaction of multiple rational agents with distinct objectives. This provides a means to reason flexibly about agents acting in either an adversarial or a collaborative fashion, and opens up opportunities to tackle new problems within, for example, artificial intelligence, robotics and autonomous systems. In this paper, we summarise some of the advances in this area, and highlight applications for which they have already been used. We discuss how the strengths of probabilistic model checking apply, or have the potential to apply, to the multi-agent setting and outline some of the key challenges required to make further progress in this field. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. arXiv:2306.17639 [ pdf , other ] eess.SY cs.AI Point-Based Value Iteration for POMDPs with Neural Perception Mechanisms Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : The increasing trend to integrate neural networks and conventional software components in safety-critical settings calls for methodologies for their formal modelling, verification and correct-by-construction policy synthesis. We introduce neuro-symbolic partially observable Markov decision processes (NS-POMDPs), a variant of continuous-state POMDPs with discrete observations and actions, in which… ▽ More The increasing trend to integrate neural networks and conventional software components in safety-critical settings calls for methodologies for their formal modelling, verification and correct-by-construction policy synthesis. We introduce neuro-symbolic partially observable Markov decision processes (NS-POMDPs), a variant of continuous-state POMDPs with discrete observations and actions, in which the agent perceives a continuous-state environment using a neural {\revise perception mechanism} and makes decisions symbolically. The perception mechanism classifies inputs such as images and sensor values into symbolic percepts, which are used in decision making. We study the problem of optimising discounted cumulative rewards for NS-POMDPs. Working directly with the continuous state space, we exploit the underlying structure of the model and the neural perception mechanism to propose a novel piecewise linear and convex representation (P-PWLC) in terms of polyhedra covering the state space and value vectors, and extend Bellman backups to this representation. We prove the convexity and continuity of value functions and present two value iteration algorithms that ensure finite representability. The first is a classical (exact) value iteration algorithm extending the $α$-functions of Porta {\em et al} (2006) to the P-PWLC representation for continuous-state spaces. The second is a point-based (approximate) method called NS-HSVI, which uses the P-PWLC representation and belief-value induced functions to approximate value functions from below and above for two types of beliefs, particle-based and region-based. Using a prototype implementation, we show the practical applicability of our approach on two case studies that employ (trained) ReLU neural networks as perception functions, by synthesising (approximately) optimal strategies. △ Less Submitted 7 August, 2024; v1 submitted 30 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: 65 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2306.17639 [ pdf , other ] Point-Based Value Iteration for POMDPs with Neural Perception Mechanisms Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : The increasing trend to integrate neural networks and conventional software components in safety-critical settings calls for methodologies for their formal modelling, verification and correct-by-construction policy synthesis. We introduce neuro-symbolic partially observable Markov decision processes (NS-POMDPs), a variant of continuous-state POMDPs with discrete observations and actions, in which… ▽ More The increasing trend to integrate neural networks and conventional software components in safety-critical settings calls for methodologies for their formal modelling, verification and correct-by-construction policy synthesis. We introduce neuro-symbolic partially observable Markov decision processes (NS-POMDPs), a variant of continuous-state POMDPs with discrete observations and actions, in which the agent perceives a continuous-state environment using a neural {\revise perception mechanism} and makes decisions symbolically. The perception mechanism classifies inputs such as images and sensor values into symbolic percepts, which are used in decision making. We study the problem of optimising discounted cumulative rewards for NS-POMDPs. Working directly with the continuous state space, we exploit the underlying structure of the model and the neural perception mechanism to propose a novel piecewise linear and convex representation (P-PWLC) in terms of polyhedra covering the state space and value vectors, and extend Bellman backups to this representation. We prove the convexity and continuity of value functions and present two value iteration algorithms that ensure finite representability. The first is a classical (exact) value iteration algorithm extending the $α$-functions of Porta {\em et al} (2006) to the P-PWLC representation for continuous-state spaces. The second is a point-based (approximate) method called NS-HSVI, which uses the P-PWLC representation and belief-value induced functions to approximate value functions from below and above for two types of beliefs, particle-based and region-based. Using a prototype implementation, we show the practical applicability of our approach on two case studies that employ (trained) ReLU neural networks as perception functions, by synthesising (approximately) optimal strategies. △ Less Submitted 7 August, 2024; v1 submitted 30 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: 65 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2306.00860 [ pdf , other ] cs.SD eess.AS Differentiable Allpass Filters for Phase Response Estimation and Automatic Signal Alignment Authors: Anders R. Bargum , Stefania Serafin , Cumhur Erkut , Julian D. Parker Abstract : Virtual analog (VA) audio effects are increasingly based on neural networks and deep learning frameworks. Due to the underlying black-box methodology, a successful model will learn to approximate the data it is presented, including potential errors such as latency and audio dropouts as well as non-linear characteristics and frequency-dependent phase shifts produced by the hardware. The latter is o… ▽ More Virtual analog (VA) audio effects are increasingly based on neural networks and deep learning frameworks. Due to the underlying black-box methodology, a successful model will learn to approximate the data it is presented, including potential errors such as latency and audio dropouts as well as non-linear characteristics and frequency-dependent phase shifts produced by the hardware. The latter is of particular interest as the learned phase-response might cause unwanted audible artifacts when the effect is used for creative processing techniques such as dry-wet mixing or parallel compression. To overcome these artifacts we propose differentiable signal processing tools and deep optimization structures for automatically tuning all-pass filters to predict the phase response of different VA simulations, and align processed signals that are out of phase. The approaches are assessed using objective metrics while listening tests evaluate their ability to enhance the quality of parallel path processing techniques. Ultimately, an over-parameterized, BiasNet-based, all-pass model is proposed for the optimization problem under consideration, resulting in models that can estimate all-pass filter coefficients to align a dry signal with its affected, wet, equivalent. △ Less Submitted 2 June, 2023; v1 submitted 1 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: Collaboration done while interning/employed at Native Instruments. Accepted for publication in Proc. DAFX'23, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2023. Sound examples at v2: 10 pages, LaTeX; figures resized, pdf optimized arXiv:2306.00860 [ pdf , other ] Differentiable Allpass Filters for Phase Response Estimation and Automatic Signal Alignment Authors: Anders R. Bargum , Stefania Serafin , Cumhur Erkut , Julian D. Parker Abstract : Virtual analog (VA) audio effects are increasingly based on neural networks and deep learning frameworks. Due to the underlying black-box methodology, a successful model will learn to approximate the data it is presented, including potential errors such as latency and audio dropouts as well as non-linear characteristics and frequency-dependent phase shifts produced by the hardware. The latter is o… ▽ More Virtual analog (VA) audio effects are increasingly based on neural networks and deep learning frameworks. Due to the underlying black-box methodology, a successful model will learn to approximate the data it is presented, including potential errors such as latency and audio dropouts as well as non-linear characteristics and frequency-dependent phase shifts produced by the hardware. The latter is of particular interest as the learned phase-response might cause unwanted audible artifacts when the effect is used for creative processing techniques such as dry-wet mixing or parallel compression. To overcome these artifacts we propose differentiable signal processing tools and deep optimization structures for automatically tuning all-pass filters to predict the phase response of different VA simulations, and align processed signals that are out of phase. The approaches are assessed using objective metrics while listening tests evaluate their ability to enhance the quality of parallel path processing techniques. Ultimately, an over-parameterized, BiasNet-based, all-pass model is proposed for the optimization problem under consideration, resulting in models that can estimate all-pass filter coefficients to align a dry signal with its affected, wet, equivalent. △ Less Submitted 2 June, 2023; v1 submitted 1 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: Collaboration done while interning/employed at Native Instruments. Accepted for publication in Proc. DAFX'23, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2023. Sound examples at v2: 10 pages, LaTeX; figures resized, pdf optimized arXiv:2301.01526 [ pdf , other ] eess.SY cs.AI doi 10.1613/jair.1.14253 Robust Control for Dynamical Systems With Non-Gaussian Noise via Formal Abstractions Authors: Thom Badings , Licio Romao , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Hasan A. Poonawala , Marielle Stoelinga , Nils Jansen Abstract : Controllers for dynamical systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modeled as process noise in a dynamical system, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distri… ▽ More Controllers for dynamical systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modeled as process noise in a dynamical system, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distribution. We present a novel controller synthesis method that does not rely on any explicit representation of the noise distributions. In particular, we address the problem of computing a controller that provides probabilistic guarantees on safely reaching a target, while also avoiding unsafe regions of the state space. First, we abstract the continuous control system into a finite-state model that captures noise by probabilistic transitions between discrete states. As a key contribution, we adapt tools from the scenario approach to compute probably approximately correct (PAC) bounds on these transition probabilities, based on a finite number of samples of the noise. We capture these bounds in the transition probability intervals of a so-called interval Markov decision process (iMDP). This iMDP is, with a user-specified confidence probability, robust against uncertainty in the transition probabilities, and the tightness of the probability intervals can be controlled through the number of samples. We use state-of-the-art verification techniques to provide guarantees on the iMDP and compute a controller for which these guarantees carry over to the original control system. In addition, we develop a tailored computational scheme that reduces the complexity of the synthesis of these guarantees on the iMDP. Benchmarks on realistic control systems show the practical applicability of our method, even when the iMDP has hundreds of millions of transitions. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023. Comments: To appear in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2110.12662 Journal ref: Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR) 76 (2023) 341-391 arXiv:2301.01526 [ pdf , other ] Robust Control for Dynamical Systems With Non-Gaussian Noise via Formal Abstractions Authors: Thom Badings , Licio Romao , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Hasan A. Poonawala , Marielle Stoelinga , Nils Jansen Abstract : Controllers for dynamical systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modeled as process noise in a dynamical system, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distri… ▽ More Controllers for dynamical systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modeled as process noise in a dynamical system, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distribution. We present a novel controller synthesis method that does not rely on any explicit representation of the noise distributions. In particular, we address the problem of computing a controller that provides probabilistic guarantees on safely reaching a target, while also avoiding unsafe regions of the state space. First, we abstract the continuous control system into a finite-state model that captures noise by probabilistic transitions between discrete states. As a key contribution, we adapt tools from the scenario approach to compute probably approximately correct (PAC) bounds on these transition probabilities, based on a finite number of samples of the noise. We capture these bounds in the transition probability intervals of a so-called interval Markov decision process (iMDP). This iMDP is, with a user-specified confidence probability, robust against uncertainty in the transition probabilities, and the tightness of the probability intervals can be controlled through the number of samples. We use state-of-the-art verification techniques to provide guarantees on the iMDP and compute a controller for which these guarantees carry over to the original control system. In addition, we develop a tailored computational scheme that reduces the complexity of the synthesis of these guarantees on the iMDP. Benchmarks on realistic control systems show the practical applicability of our method, even when the iMDP has hundreds of millions of transitions. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023. Comments: To appear in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2110.12662 Journal ref: Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR) 76 (2023) 341-391 arXiv:2211.06141 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO Symbolic Verification and Strategy Synthesis for Turn-based Stochastic Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Stochastic games are a convenient formalism for modelling systems that comprise rational agents competing or collaborating within uncertain environments. Probabilistic model checking techniques for this class of models allow us to formally specify quantitative specifications of either collective or individual behaviour and then automatically synthesise strategies for the agents under which these s… ▽ More Stochastic games are a convenient formalism for modelling systems that comprise rational agents competing or collaborating within uncertain environments. Probabilistic model checking techniques for this class of models allow us to formally specify quantitative specifications of either collective or individual behaviour and then automatically synthesise strategies for the agents under which these specifications are guaranteed to be satisfied. Although good progress has been made on algorithms and tool support, efficiency and scalability remain a challenge. In this paper, we investigate a symbolic implementation based on multi-terminal binary decision diagrams. We describe how to build and verify turn-based stochastic games against either zero-sum or Nash equilibrium based temporal logic specifications. We collate a set of benchmarks for this class of games, and evaluate the performance of our approach, showing that it is superior in a number of cases and that strategies synthesised in a symbolic fashion can be considerably more compact. △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022. arXiv:2211.06141 [ pdf , ps , other ] Symbolic Verification and Strategy Synthesis for Turn-based Stochastic Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Stochastic games are a convenient formalism for modelling systems that comprise rational agents competing or collaborating within uncertain environments. Probabilistic model checking techniques for this class of models allow us to formally specify quantitative specifications of either collective or individual behaviour and then automatically synthesise strategies for the agents under which these s… ▽ More Stochastic games are a convenient formalism for modelling systems that comprise rational agents competing or collaborating within uncertain environments. Probabilistic model checking techniques for this class of models allow us to formally specify quantitative specifications of either collective or individual behaviour and then automatically synthesise strategies for the agents under which these specifications are guaranteed to be satisfied. Although good progress has been made on algorithms and tool support, efficiency and scalability remain a challenge. In this paper, we investigate a symbolic implementation based on multi-terminal binary decision diagrams. We describe how to build and verify turn-based stochastic games against either zero-sum or Nash equilibrium based temporal logic specifications. We collate a set of benchmarks for this class of games, and evaluate the performance of our approach, showing that it is superior in a number of cases and that strategies synthesised in a symbolic fashion can be considerably more compact. △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022. arXiv:2211.01508 [ pdf , other ] cs.CR cs.FL Partially-Observable Security Games for Automating Attack-Defense Analysis Authors: Narges Khakpour , David Parker Abstract : Network systems often contain vulnerabilities that remain unfixed in a network for various reasons, such as the lack of a patch or knowledge to fix them. With the presence of such residual vulnerabilities, the network administrator should properly react to the malicious activities or proactively prevent them, by applying suitable countermeasures that minimize the likelihood of an attack by the att… ▽ More Network systems often contain vulnerabilities that remain unfixed in a network for various reasons, such as the lack of a patch or knowledge to fix them. With the presence of such residual vulnerabilities, the network administrator should properly react to the malicious activities or proactively prevent them, by applying suitable countermeasures that minimize the likelihood of an attack by the attacker. In this paper, we propose a stochastic game-theoretic approach for analyzing network security and synthesizing defense strategies to protect a network. To support analysis under partial observation, where some of the attacker's activities are unobservable or undetectable by the defender, we construct a one-sided partially observable security game and transform it into a perfect game for further analysis. We prove that this transformation is sound for a sub-class of security games and a subset of properties specified in the logic rPATL. We implement a prototype that fully automates our approach, and evaluate it by conducting experiments on a real-life network. △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022. arXiv:2211.01508 [ pdf , other ] Partially-Observable Security Games for Automating Attack-Defense Analysis Authors: Narges Khakpour , David Parker Abstract : Network systems often contain vulnerabilities that remain unfixed in a network for various reasons, such as the lack of a patch or knowledge to fix them. With the presence of such residual vulnerabilities, the network administrator should properly react to the malicious activities or proactively prevent them, by applying suitable countermeasures that minimize the likelihood of an attack by the att… ▽ More Network systems often contain vulnerabilities that remain unfixed in a network for various reasons, such as the lack of a patch or knowledge to fix them. With the presence of such residual vulnerabilities, the network administrator should properly react to the malicious activities or proactively prevent them, by applying suitable countermeasures that minimize the likelihood of an attack by the attacker. In this paper, we propose a stochastic game-theoretic approach for analyzing network security and synthesizing defense strategies to protect a network. To support analysis under partial observation, where some of the attacker's activities are unobservable or undetectable by the defender, we construct a one-sided partially observable security game and transform it into a perfect game for further analysis. We prove that this transformation is sound for a sub-class of security games and a subset of properties specified in the logic rPATL. We implement a prototype that fully automates our approach, and evaluate it by conducting experiments on a real-life network. △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022. arXiv:2210.07087 [ pdf , other ] physics.med-ph cs.CE svMorph: Interactive geometry-editing tools for virtual patient-specific vascular anatomies Authors: Jonathan Pham , Sofia Wyetzner , Martin R. Pfaller , David W. Parker , Doug L. James , Alison L. Marsden Abstract : We propose svMorph, a framework for interactive virtual sculpting of patient-specific vascular anatomic models. Our framework includes three tools for the creation of tortuosity, aneurysms, and stenoses in tubular vascular geometries. These shape edits are performed via geometric operations on the surface mesh and vessel centerline curves of the input model. The tortuosity tool also uses the physi… ▽ More We propose svMorph, a framework for interactive virtual sculpting of patient-specific vascular anatomic models. Our framework includes three tools for the creation of tortuosity, aneurysms, and stenoses in tubular vascular geometries. These shape edits are performed via geometric operations on the surface mesh and vessel centerline curves of the input model. The tortuosity tool also uses the physics-based Oriented Particles method, coupled with linear blend skinning, to achieve smooth, elastic-like deformations. Our tools can be applied separately or in combination to produce simulation-suitable morphed models. They are also compatible with popular vascular modeling software, such as SimVascular. To illustrate our tools, we morph several image-based, patient-specific models to create a range of shape changes and simulate the resulting hemodynamics via three-dimensional, computational fluid dynamics. We also demonstrate the ability to quickly estimate the hemodynamic effects of the shape changes via automated generation of associated zero-dimensional lumped-parameter models. △ Less Submitted 12 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. arXiv:2210.07087 [ pdf , other ] svMorph: Interactive geometry-editing tools for virtual patient-specific vascular anatomies Authors: Jonathan Pham , Sofia Wyetzner , Martin R. Pfaller , David W. Parker , Doug L. James , Alison L. Marsden Abstract : We propose svMorph, a framework for interactive virtual sculpting of patient-specific vascular anatomic models. Our framework includes three tools for the creation of tortuosity, aneurysms, and stenoses in tubular vascular geometries. These shape edits are performed via geometric operations on the surface mesh and vessel centerline curves of the input model. The tortuosity tool also uses the physi… ▽ More We propose svMorph, a framework for interactive virtual sculpting of patient-specific vascular anatomic models. Our framework includes three tools for the creation of tortuosity, aneurysms, and stenoses in tubular vascular geometries. These shape edits are performed via geometric operations on the surface mesh and vessel centerline curves of the input model. The tortuosity tool also uses the physics-based Oriented Particles method, coupled with linear blend skinning, to achieve smooth, elastic-like deformations. Our tools can be applied separately or in combination to produce simulation-suitable morphed models. They are also compatible with popular vascular modeling software, such as SimVascular. To illustrate our tools, we morph several image-based, patient-specific models to create a range of shape changes and simulate the resulting hemodynamics via three-dimensional, computational fluid dynamics. We also demonstrate the ability to quickly estimate the hemodynamic effects of the shape changes via automated generation of associated zero-dimensional lumped-parameter models. △ Less Submitted 12 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. arXiv:2208.14445 [ pdf ] q-bio.QM cs.CV eess.IV Artificial intelligence-based locoregional markers of brain peritumoral microenvironment Authors: Zahra Riahi Samani , Drew Parker , Hamed Akbari , Spyridon Bakas , Ronald L. Wolf , Steven Brem , Ragini Verma Abstract : In malignant primary brain tumors, cancer cells infiltrate into the peritumoral brain structures which results in inevitable recurrence. Quantitative assessment of infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral region, the area where biopsy or resection can be hazardous, is important for clinical decision making. Previous work on characterizing the infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral regi… ▽ More In malignant primary brain tumors, cancer cells infiltrate into the peritumoral brain structures which results in inevitable recurrence. Quantitative assessment of infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral region, the area where biopsy or resection can be hazardous, is important for clinical decision making. Previous work on characterizing the infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral region used various imaging modalities, but information of extracellular free water movement restriction has been limitedly explored. Here, we derive a unique set of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based markers capturing the heterogeneity of tumor infiltration, by characterizing free water movement restriction in the peritumoral region using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-based free water volume fraction maps. A novel voxel-wise deep learning-based peritumoral microenvironment index (PMI) is first extracted by leveraging the widely different water diffusivity properties of glioblastomas and brain metastases as regions with and without infiltrations in the peritumoral tissue. Descriptive characteristics of locoregional hubs of uniformly high PMI values are extracted as AI-based markers to capture distinct aspects of infiltrative heterogeneity. The proposed markers are applied to two clinical use cases on an independent population of 275 adult-type diffuse gliomas (CNS WHO grade 4), analyzing the duration of survival among Isocitrate-Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)-wildtypes and the differences with IDH1-mutants. Our findings provide a panel of markers as surrogates of infiltration that captures unique insight about underlying biology of peritumoral microstructural heterogeneity, establishing them as biomarkers of prognosis pertaining to survival and molecular stratification, with potential applicability in clinical decision making. △ Less Submitted 29 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.14445 [ pdf ] Artificial intelligence-based locoregional markers of brain peritumoral microenvironment Authors: Zahra Riahi Samani , Drew Parker , Hamed Akbari , Spyridon Bakas , Ronald L. Wolf , Steven Brem , Ragini Verma Abstract : In malignant primary brain tumors, cancer cells infiltrate into the peritumoral brain structures which results in inevitable recurrence. Quantitative assessment of infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral region, the area where biopsy or resection can be hazardous, is important for clinical decision making. Previous work on characterizing the infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral regi… ▽ More In malignant primary brain tumors, cancer cells infiltrate into the peritumoral brain structures which results in inevitable recurrence. Quantitative assessment of infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral region, the area where biopsy or resection can be hazardous, is important for clinical decision making. Previous work on characterizing the infiltrative heterogeneity in the peritumoral region used various imaging modalities, but information of extracellular free water movement restriction has been limitedly explored. Here, we derive a unique set of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based markers capturing the heterogeneity of tumor infiltration, by characterizing free water movement restriction in the peritumoral region using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-based free water volume fraction maps. A novel voxel-wise deep learning-based peritumoral microenvironment index (PMI) is first extracted by leveraging the widely different water diffusivity properties of glioblastomas and brain metastases as regions with and without infiltrations in the peritumoral tissue. Descriptive characteristics of locoregional hubs of uniformly high PMI values are extracted as AI-based markers to capture distinct aspects of infiltrative heterogeneity. The proposed markers are applied to two clinical use cases on an independent population of 275 adult-type diffuse gliomas (CNS WHO grade 4), analyzing the duration of survival among Isocitrate-Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)-wildtypes and the differences with IDH1-mutants. Our findings provide a panel of markers as surrogates of infiltration that captures unique insight about underlying biology of peritumoral microstructural heterogeneity, establishing them as biomarkers of prognosis pertaining to survival and molecular stratification, with potential applicability in clinical decision making. △ Less Submitted 29 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2206.15148 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL cs.GT Probabilistic Model Checking for Strategic Equilibria-based Decision Making: Advances and Challenges Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos , Rui Yan Abstract : Game-theoretic concepts have been extensively studied in economics to provide insight into competitive behaviour and strategic decision making. As computing systems increasingly involve concurrently acting autonomous agents, game-theoretic approaches are becoming widespread in computer science as a faithful modelling abstraction. These techniques can be used to reason about the competitive or coll… ▽ More Game-theoretic concepts have been extensively studied in economics to provide insight into competitive behaviour and strategic decision making. As computing systems increasingly involve concurrently acting autonomous agents, game-theoretic approaches are becoming widespread in computer science as a faithful modelling abstraction. These techniques can be used to reason about the competitive or collaborative behaviour of multiple rational agents with distinct goals or objectives. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in developing a modelling, verification and strategy synthesis framework for concurrent stochastic games implemented in the probabilistic model checker PRISM-games. This is based on a temporal logic that supports finite- and infinite-horizon temporal properties in both a zero-sum and nonzero-sum setting, the latter using Nash and correlated equilibria with respect to two optimality criteria, social welfare and social fairness. We summarise the key concepts, logics and algorithms and the currently available tool support. Future challenges and recent progress in adapting the framework and algorithmic solutions to continuous environments and neural networks are also outlined. △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2206.15148 [ pdf , other ] Probabilistic Model Checking for Strategic Equilibria-based Decision Making: Advances and Challenges Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos , Rui Yan Abstract : Game-theoretic concepts have been extensively studied in economics to provide insight into competitive behaviour and strategic decision making. As computing systems increasingly involve concurrently acting autonomous agents, game-theoretic approaches are becoming widespread in computer science as a faithful modelling abstraction. These techniques can be used to reason about the competitive or coll… ▽ More Game-theoretic concepts have been extensively studied in economics to provide insight into competitive behaviour and strategic decision making. As computing systems increasingly involve concurrently acting autonomous agents, game-theoretic approaches are becoming widespread in computer science as a faithful modelling abstraction. These techniques can be used to reason about the competitive or collaborative behaviour of multiple rational agents with distinct goals or objectives. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in developing a modelling, verification and strategy synthesis framework for concurrent stochastic games implemented in the probabilistic model checker PRISM-games. This is based on a temporal logic that supports finite- and infinite-horizon temporal properties in both a zero-sum and nonzero-sum setting, the latter using Nash and correlated equilibria with respect to two optimality criteria, social welfare and social fairness. We summarise the key concepts, logics and algorithms and the currently available tool support. Future challenges and recent progress in adapting the framework and algorithmic solutions to continuous environments and neural networks are also outlined. △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2205.15827 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Robust Anytime Learning of Markov Decision Processes Authors: Marnix Suilen , Thiago D. Simão , David Parker , Nils Jansen Abstract : Markov decision processes (MDPs) are formal models commonly used in sequential decision-making. MDPs capture the stochasticity that may arise, for instance, from imprecise actuators via probabilities in the transition function. However, in data-driven applications, deriving precise probabilities from (limited) data introduces statistical errors that may lead to unexpected or undesirable outcomes.… ▽ More Markov decision processes (MDPs) are formal models commonly used in sequential decision-making. MDPs capture the stochasticity that may arise, for instance, from imprecise actuators via probabilities in the transition function. However, in data-driven applications, deriving precise probabilities from (limited) data introduces statistical errors that may lead to unexpected or undesirable outcomes. Uncertain MDPs (uMDPs) do not require precise probabilities but instead use so-called uncertainty sets in the transitions, accounting for such limited data. Tools from the formal verification community efficiently compute robust policies that provably adhere to formal specifications, like safety constraints, under the worst-case instance in the uncertainty set. We continuously learn the transition probabilities of an MDP in a robust anytime-learning approach that combines a dedicated Bayesian inference scheme with the computation of robust policies. In particular, our method (1) approximates probabilities as intervals, (2) adapts to new data that may be inconsistent with an intermediate model, and (3) may be stopped at any time to compute a robust policy on the uMDP that faithfully captures the data so far. Furthermore, our method is capable of adapting to changes in the environment. We show the effectiveness of our approach and compare it to robust policies computed on uMDPs learned by the UCRL2 reinforcement learning algorithm in an experimental evaluation on several benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2023; v1 submitted 31 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: Accepted at NeurIPS 2022 arXiv:2205.15827 [ pdf , other ] Robust Anytime Learning of Markov Decision Processes Authors: Marnix Suilen , Thiago D. Simão , David Parker , Nils Jansen Abstract : Markov decision processes (MDPs) are formal models commonly used in sequential decision-making. MDPs capture the stochasticity that may arise, for instance, from imprecise actuators via probabilities in the transition function. However, in data-driven applications, deriving precise probabilities from (limited) data introduces statistical errors that may lead to unexpected or undesirable outcomes.… ▽ More Markov decision processes (MDPs) are formal models commonly used in sequential decision-making. MDPs capture the stochasticity that may arise, for instance, from imprecise actuators via probabilities in the transition function. However, in data-driven applications, deriving precise probabilities from (limited) data introduces statistical errors that may lead to unexpected or undesirable outcomes. Uncertain MDPs (uMDPs) do not require precise probabilities but instead use so-called uncertainty sets in the transitions, accounting for such limited data. Tools from the formal verification community efficiently compute robust policies that provably adhere to formal specifications, like safety constraints, under the worst-case instance in the uncertainty set. We continuously learn the transition probabilities of an MDP in a robust anytime-learning approach that combines a dedicated Bayesian inference scheme with the computation of robust policies. In particular, our method (1) approximates probabilities as intervals, (2) adapts to new data that may be inconsistent with an intermediate model, and (3) may be stopped at any time to compute a robust policy on the uMDP that faithfully captures the data so far. Furthermore, our method is capable of adapting to changes in the environment. We show the effectiveness of our approach and compare it to robust policies computed on uMDPs learned by the UCRL2 reinforcement learning algorithm in an experimental evaluation on several benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2023; v1 submitted 31 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: Accepted at NeurIPS 2022 arXiv:2205.07546 [ pdf , other ] cs.GT cs.LO Finite-horizon Equilibria for Neuro-symbolic Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Xiaoming Duan , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : We present novel techniques for neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games, a recently proposed modelling formalism to represent a set of probabilistic agents operating in a continuous-space environment using a combination of neural network based perception mechanisms and traditional symbolic methods. To date, only zero-sum variants of the model were studied, which is too restrictive when agents h… ▽ More We present novel techniques for neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games, a recently proposed modelling formalism to represent a set of probabilistic agents operating in a continuous-space environment using a combination of neural network based perception mechanisms and traditional symbolic methods. To date, only zero-sum variants of the model were studied, which is too restrictive when agents have distinct objectives. We formalise notions of equilibria for these models and present algorithms to synthesise them. Focusing on the finite-horizon setting, and (global) social welfare subgame-perfect optimality, we consider two distinct types: Nash equilibria and correlated equilibria. We first show that an exact solution based on backward induction may yield arbitrarily bad equilibria. We then propose an approximation algorithm called frozen subgame improvement, which proceeds through iterative solution of nonlinear programs. We develop a prototype implementation and demonstrate the benefits of our approach on two case studies: an automated car-parking system and an aircraft collision avoidance system. △ Less Submitted 18 June, 2022; v1 submitted 16 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures Journal ref: Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI2022) arXiv:2205.07546 [ pdf , other ] Finite-horizon Equilibria for Neuro-symbolic Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Xiaoming Duan , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : We present novel techniques for neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games, a recently proposed modelling formalism to represent a set of probabilistic agents operating in a continuous-space environment using a combination of neural network based perception mechanisms and traditional symbolic methods. To date, only zero-sum variants of the model were studied, which is too restrictive when agents h… ▽ More We present novel techniques for neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games, a recently proposed modelling formalism to represent a set of probabilistic agents operating in a continuous-space environment using a combination of neural network based perception mechanisms and traditional symbolic methods. To date, only zero-sum variants of the model were studied, which is too restrictive when agents have distinct objectives. We formalise notions of equilibria for these models and present algorithms to synthesise them. Focusing on the finite-horizon setting, and (global) social welfare subgame-perfect optimality, we consider two distinct types: Nash equilibria and correlated equilibria. We first show that an exact solution based on backward induction may yield arbitrarily bad equilibria. We then propose an approximation algorithm called frozen subgame improvement, which proceeds through iterative solution of nonlinear programs. We develop a prototype implementation and demonstrate the benefits of our approach on two case studies: an automated car-parking system and an aircraft collision avoidance system. △ Less Submitted 18 June, 2022; v1 submitted 16 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures Journal ref: Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI2022) arXiv:2204.10125 [ pdf , other ] cs.SD cs.LG eess.AS physics.comp-ph Physical Modeling using Recurrent Neural Networks with Fast Convolutional Layers Authors: Julian D. Parker , Sebastian J. Schlecht , Rudolf Rabenstein , Maximilian Schäfer Abstract : Discrete-time modeling of acoustic, mechanical and electrical systems is a prominent topic in the musical signal processing literature. Such models are mostly derived by discretizing a mathematical model, given in terms of ordinary or partial differential equations, using established techniques. Recent work has applied the techniques of machine-learning to construct such models automatically from… ▽ More Discrete-time modeling of acoustic, mechanical and electrical systems is a prominent topic in the musical signal processing literature. Such models are mostly derived by discretizing a mathematical model, given in terms of ordinary or partial differential equations, using established techniques. Recent work has applied the techniques of machine-learning to construct such models automatically from data for the case of systems which have lumped states described by scalar values, such as electrical circuits. In this work, we examine how similar techniques are able to construct models of systems which have spatially distributed rather than lumped states. We describe several novel recurrent neural network structures, and show how they can be thought of as an extension of modal techniques. As a proof of concept, we generate synthetic data for three physical systems and show that the proposed network structures can be trained with this data to reproduce the behavior of these systems. △ Less Submitted 1 June, 2022; v1 submitted 21 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. Comments: Accepted to DAFx2022 arXiv:2204.10125 [ pdf , other ] Physical Modeling using Recurrent Neural Networks with Fast Convolutional Layers Authors: Julian D. Parker , Sebastian J. Schlecht , Rudolf Rabenstein , Maximilian Schäfer Abstract : Discrete-time modeling of acoustic, mechanical and electrical systems is a prominent topic in the musical signal processing literature. Such models are mostly derived by discretizing a mathematical model, given in terms of ordinary or partial differential equations, using established techniques. Recent work has applied the techniques of machine-learning to construct such models automatically from… ▽ More Discrete-time modeling of acoustic, mechanical and electrical systems is a prominent topic in the musical signal processing literature. Such models are mostly derived by discretizing a mathematical model, given in terms of ordinary or partial differential equations, using established techniques. Recent work has applied the techniques of machine-learning to construct such models automatically from data for the case of systems which have lumped states described by scalar values, such as electrical circuits. In this work, we examine how similar techniques are able to construct models of systems which have spatially distributed rather than lumped states. We describe several novel recurrent neural network structures, and show how they can be thought of as an extension of modal techniques. As a proof of concept, we generate synthetic data for three physical systems and show that the proposed network structures can be trained with this data to reproduce the behavior of these systems. △ Less Submitted 1 June, 2022; v1 submitted 21 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. Comments: Accepted to DAFx2022 arXiv:2202.06255 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.GT cs.LO Strategy Synthesis for Zero-Sum Neuro-Symbolic Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : Neuro-symbolic approaches to artificial intelligence, which combine neural networks with classical symbolic techniques, are growing in prominence, necessitating formal approaches to reason about their correctness. We propose a novel modelling formalism called neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games (NS-CSGs), which comprise two probabilistic finite-state agents interacting in a shared continuou… ▽ More Neuro-symbolic approaches to artificial intelligence, which combine neural networks with classical symbolic techniques, are growing in prominence, necessitating formal approaches to reason about their correctness. We propose a novel modelling formalism called neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games (NS-CSGs), which comprise two probabilistic finite-state agents interacting in a shared continuous-state environment. Each agent observes the environment using a neural perception mechanism, which converts inputs such as images into symbolic percepts, and makes decisions symbolically. We focus on the class of NS-CSGs with Borel state spaces and prove the existence and measurability of the value function for zero-sum discounted cumulative rewards under piecewise-constant restrictions on the components of this class of models. To compute values and synthesise strategies, we present, for the first time, practical value iteration (VI) and policy iteration (PI) algorithms to solve this new subclass of continuous-state CSGs. These require a finite decomposition of the environment induced by the neural perception mechanisms of the agents and rely on finite abstract representations of value functions and strategies closed under VI or PI. First, we introduce a Borel measurable piecewise-constant (B-PWC) representation of value functions, extend minimax backups to this representation and propose a value iteration algorithm called B-PWC VI. Second, we introduce two novel representations for the value functions and strategies, constant-piecewise-linear (CON-PWL) and constant-piecewise-constant (CON-PWC) respectively, and propose Minimax-action-free PI by extending a recent PI method based on alternating player choices for finite state spaces to Borel state spaces, which does not require normal-form games to be solved. △ Less Submitted 11 July, 2024; v1 submitted 13 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: 58 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2202.06255 [ pdf , other ] Strategy Synthesis for Zero-Sum Neuro-Symbolic Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Rui Yan , Gabriel Santos , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska Abstract : Neuro-symbolic approaches to artificial intelligence, which combine neural networks with classical symbolic techniques, are growing in prominence, necessitating formal approaches to reason about their correctness. We propose a novel modelling formalism called neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games (NS-CSGs), which comprise two probabilistic finite-state agents interacting in a shared continuou… ▽ More Neuro-symbolic approaches to artificial intelligence, which combine neural networks with classical symbolic techniques, are growing in prominence, necessitating formal approaches to reason about their correctness. We propose a novel modelling formalism called neuro-symbolic concurrent stochastic games (NS-CSGs), which comprise two probabilistic finite-state agents interacting in a shared continuous-state environment. Each agent observes the environment using a neural perception mechanism, which converts inputs such as images into symbolic percepts, and makes decisions symbolically. We focus on the class of NS-CSGs with Borel state spaces and prove the existence and measurability of the value function for zero-sum discounted cumulative rewards under piecewise-constant restrictions on the components of this class of models. To compute values and synthesise strategies, we present, for the first time, practical value iteration (VI) and policy iteration (PI) algorithms to solve this new subclass of continuous-state CSGs. These require a finite decomposition of the environment induced by the neural perception mechanisms of the agents and rely on finite abstract representations of value functions and strategies closed under VI or PI. First, we introduce a Borel measurable piecewise-constant (B-PWC) representation of value functions, extend minimax backups to this representation and propose a value iteration algorithm called B-PWC VI. Second, we introduce two novel representations for the value functions and strategies, constant-piecewise-linear (CON-PWL) and constant-piecewise-constant (CON-PWC) respectively, and propose Minimax-action-free PI by extending a recent PI method based on alternating player choices for finite state spaces to Borel state spaces, which does not require normal-form games to be solved. △ Less Submitted 11 July, 2024; v1 submitted 13 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: 58 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2201.09702 [ pdf , other ] cs.GT cs.LO Correlated Equilibria and Fairness in Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Game-theoretic techniques and equilibria analysis facilitate the design and verification of competitive systems. While algorithmic complexity of equilibria computation has been extensively studied, practical implementation and application of game-theoretic methods is more recent. Tools such as PRISM-games support automated verification and synthesis of zero-sum and (epsilon-optimal subgame-perfect… ▽ More Game-theoretic techniques and equilibria analysis facilitate the design and verification of competitive systems. While algorithmic complexity of equilibria computation has been extensively studied, practical implementation and application of game-theoretic methods is more recent. Tools such as PRISM-games support automated verification and synthesis of zero-sum and (epsilon-optimal subgame-perfect) social welfare Nash equilibria properties for concurrent stochastic games. However, these methods become inefficient as the number of agents grows and may also generate equilibria that yield significant variations in the outcomes for individual agents. Instead, we consider correlated equilibria, in which players can coordinate through public signals, and introduce an alternative optimality criterion of social fairness, which can be applied to both Nash and correlated equilibria. We show that correlated equilibria are easier to compute, are more equitable, and can also improve joint outcomes. We implement algorithms for both normal form games and the more complex case of multi-player concurrent stochastic games with temporal logic specifications. △ Less Submitted 1 February, 2022; v1 submitted 24 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. arXiv:2201.09702 [ pdf , other ] Correlated Equilibria and Fairness in Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Game-theoretic techniques and equilibria analysis facilitate the design and verification of competitive systems. While algorithmic complexity of equilibria computation has been extensively studied, practical implementation and application of game-theoretic methods is more recent. Tools such as PRISM-games support automated verification and synthesis of zero-sum and (epsilon-optimal subgame-perfect… ▽ More Game-theoretic techniques and equilibria analysis facilitate the design and verification of competitive systems. While algorithmic complexity of equilibria computation has been extensively studied, practical implementation and application of game-theoretic methods is more recent. Tools such as PRISM-games support automated verification and synthesis of zero-sum and (epsilon-optimal subgame-perfect) social welfare Nash equilibria properties for concurrent stochastic games. However, these methods become inefficient as the number of agents grows and may also generate equilibria that yield significant variations in the outcomes for individual agents. Instead, we consider correlated equilibria, in which players can coordinate through public signals, and introduce an alternative optimality criterion of social fairness, which can be applied to both Nash and correlated equilibria. We show that correlated equilibria are easier to compute, are more equitable, and can also improve joint outcomes. We implement algorithms for both normal form games and the more complex case of multi-player concurrent stochastic games with temporal logic specifications. △ Less Submitted 1 February, 2022; v1 submitted 24 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. arXiv:2201.03698 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LG cs.LO Verified Probabilistic Policies for Deep Reinforcement Learning Authors: Edoardo Bacci , David Parker Abstract : Deep reinforcement learning is an increasingly popular technique for synthesising policies to control an agent's interaction with its environment. There is also growing interest in formally verifying that such policies are correct and execute safely. Progress has been made in this area by building on existing work for verification of deep neural networks and of continuous-state dynamical systems.… ▽ More Deep reinforcement learning is an increasingly popular technique for synthesising policies to control an agent's interaction with its environment. There is also growing interest in formally verifying that such policies are correct and execute safely. Progress has been made in this area by building on existing work for verification of deep neural networks and of continuous-state dynamical systems. In this paper, we tackle the problem of verifying probabilistic policies for deep reinforcement learning, which are used to, for example, tackle adversarial environments, break symmetries and manage trade-offs. We propose an abstraction approach, based on interval Markov decision processes, that yields probabilistic guarantees on a policy's execution, and present techniques to build and solve these models using abstract interpretation, mixed-integer linear programming, entropy-based refinement and probabilistic model checking. We implement our approach and illustrate its effectiveness on a selection of reinforcement learning benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 1 June, 2022; v1 submitted 10 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. Comments: NFM 2022 arXiv:2201.03698 [ pdf , other ] Verified Probabilistic Policies for Deep Reinforcement Learning Authors: Edoardo Bacci , David Parker Abstract : Deep reinforcement learning is an increasingly popular technique for synthesising policies to control an agent's interaction with its environment. There is also growing interest in formally verifying that such policies are correct and execute safely. Progress has been made in this area by building on existing work for verification of deep neural networks and of continuous-state dynamical systems.… ▽ More Deep reinforcement learning is an increasingly popular technique for synthesising policies to control an agent's interaction with its environment. There is also growing interest in formally verifying that such policies are correct and execute safely. Progress has been made in this area by building on existing work for verification of deep neural networks and of continuous-state dynamical systems. In this paper, we tackle the problem of verifying probabilistic policies for deep reinforcement learning, which are used to, for example, tackle adversarial environments, break symmetries and manage trade-offs. We propose an abstraction approach, based on interval Markov decision processes, that yields probabilistic guarantees on a policy's execution, and present techniques to build and solve these models using abstract interpretation, mixed-integer linear programming, entropy-based refinement and probabilistic model checking. We implement our approach and illustrate its effectiveness on a selection of reinforcement learning benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 1 June, 2022; v1 submitted 10 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. Comments: NFM 2022 arXiv:2111.10630 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO Probabilistic Model Checking and Autonomy Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker Abstract : Design and control of autonomous systems that operate in uncertain or adversarial environments can be facilitated by formal modelling and analysis. Probabilistic model checking is a technique to automatically verify, for a given temporal logic specification, that a system model satisfies the specification, as well as to synthesise an optimal strategy for its control. This method has recently been… ▽ More Design and control of autonomous systems that operate in uncertain or adversarial environments can be facilitated by formal modelling and analysis. Probabilistic model checking is a technique to automatically verify, for a given temporal logic specification, that a system model satisfies the specification, as well as to synthesise an optimal strategy for its control. This method has recently been extended to multi-agent systems that exhibit competitive or cooperative behaviour modelled via stochastic games and synthesis of equilibria strategies. In this paper, we provide an overview of probabilistic model checking, focusing on models supported by the PRISM and PRISM-games model checkers. This includes fully observable and partially observable Markov decision processes, as well as turn-based and concurrent stochastic games, together with associated probabilistic temporal logics. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework through illustrative examples from autonomous systems. Finally, we highlight research challenges and suggest directions for future work in this area. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. arXiv:2111.10630 [ pdf , other ] Probabilistic Model Checking and Autonomy Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker Abstract : Design and control of autonomous systems that operate in uncertain or adversarial environments can be facilitated by formal modelling and analysis. Probabilistic model checking is a technique to automatically verify, for a given temporal logic specification, that a system model satisfies the specification, as well as to synthesise an optimal strategy for its control. This method has recently been… ▽ More Design and control of autonomous systems that operate in uncertain or adversarial environments can be facilitated by formal modelling and analysis. Probabilistic model checking is a technique to automatically verify, for a given temporal logic specification, that a system model satisfies the specification, as well as to synthesise an optimal strategy for its control. This method has recently been extended to multi-agent systems that exhibit competitive or cooperative behaviour modelled via stochastic games and synthesis of equilibria strategies. In this paper, we provide an overview of probabilistic model checking, focusing on models supported by the PRISM and PRISM-games model checkers. This includes fully observable and partially observable Markov decision processes, as well as turn-based and concurrent stochastic games, together with associated probabilistic temporal logics. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework through illustrative examples from autonomous systems. Finally, we highlight research challenges and suggest directions for future work in this area. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. arXiv:2111.04878 [ pdf , other ] cs.CE doi 10.1002/cnm.3639 Automated generation of 0D and 1D reduced-order models of patient-specific blood flow Authors: Martin R. Pfaller , Jonathan Pham , Aekaansh Verma , Luca Pegolotti , Nathan M. Wilson , David W. Parker , Weiguang Yang , Alison L. Marsden Abstract : Three-dimensional (3D) cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require hours to days of computing time on a high-performance computing cluster. One-dimensional (1D) and lumped-parameter zero-dimensional (0D) models show great promise for accurately predicting blood bulk flow and pressure waveforms with only a fraction of the cost. They can also accelerate uncertainty quantification, op… ▽ More Three-dimensional (3D) cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require hours to days of computing time on a high-performance computing cluster. One-dimensional (1D) and lumped-parameter zero-dimensional (0D) models show great promise for accurately predicting blood bulk flow and pressure waveforms with only a fraction of the cost. They can also accelerate uncertainty quantification, optimization, and design parameterization studies. Despite several prior studies generating 1D and 0D models and comparing them to 3D solutions, these were typically limited to either 1D or 0D and a singular category of vascular anatomies. This work proposes a fully automated and openly available framework to generate and simulate 1D and 0D models from 3D patient-specific geometries, automatically detecting vessel junctions and stenosis segments. Our only input is the 3D geometry; we do not use any prior knowledge from 3D simulations. All computational tools presented in this work are implemented in the open-source software platform SimVascular. We demonstrate the reduced-order approximation quality against rigid-wall 3D solutions in a comprehensive comparison with N=72 publicly available models from various anatomies, vessel types, and disease conditions. Relative average approximation errors of flows and pressures typically ranged from 1% to 10% for both 1D and 0D models, measured at the outlets of terminal vessel branches. In general, 0D model errors were only slightly higher than 1D model errors despite requiring only a third of the 1D runtime. Automatically generated ROMs can significantly speed up model development and shift the computational load from high-performance machines to personal computers. △ Less Submitted 14 June, 2022; v1 submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. arXiv:2111.04878 [ pdf , other ] Automated generation of 0D and 1D reduced-order models of patient-specific blood flow Authors: Martin R. Pfaller , Jonathan Pham , Aekaansh Verma , Luca Pegolotti , Nathan M. Wilson , David W. Parker , Weiguang Yang , Alison L. Marsden Abstract : Three-dimensional (3D) cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require hours to days of computing time on a high-performance computing cluster. One-dimensional (1D) and lumped-parameter zero-dimensional (0D) models show great promise for accurately predicting blood bulk flow and pressure waveforms with only a fraction of the cost. They can also accelerate uncertainty quantification, op… ▽ More Three-dimensional (3D) cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require hours to days of computing time on a high-performance computing cluster. One-dimensional (1D) and lumped-parameter zero-dimensional (0D) models show great promise for accurately predicting blood bulk flow and pressure waveforms with only a fraction of the cost. They can also accelerate uncertainty quantification, optimization, and design parameterization studies. Despite several prior studies generating 1D and 0D models and comparing them to 3D solutions, these were typically limited to either 1D or 0D and a singular category of vascular anatomies. This work proposes a fully automated and openly available framework to generate and simulate 1D and 0D models from 3D patient-specific geometries, automatically detecting vessel junctions and stenosis segments. Our only input is the 3D geometry; we do not use any prior knowledge from 3D simulations. All computational tools presented in this work are implemented in the open-source software platform SimVascular. We demonstrate the reduced-order approximation quality against rigid-wall 3D solutions in a comprehensive comparison with N=72 publicly available models from various anatomies, vessel types, and disease conditions. Relative average approximation errors of flows and pressures typically ranged from 1% to 10% for both 1D and 0D models, measured at the outlets of terminal vessel branches. In general, 0D model errors were only slightly higher than 1D model errors despite requiring only a third of the 1D runtime. Automatically generated ROMs can significantly speed up model development and shift the computational load from high-performance machines to personal computers. △ Less Submitted 14 June, 2022; v1 submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. arXiv:2110.12662 [ pdf , other ] eess.SY cs.AI cs.RO doi 10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21201 Sampling-Based Robust Control of Autonomous Systems with Non-Gaussian Noise Authors: Thom S. Badings , Alessandro Abate , Nils Jansen , David Parker , Hasan A. Poonawala , Marielle Stoelinga Abstract : Controllers for autonomous systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modelled as process noise, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distribution. We present a… ▽ More Controllers for autonomous systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modelled as process noise, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distribution. We present a novel planning method that does not rely on any explicit representation of the noise distributions. In particular, we address the problem of computing a controller that provides probabilistic guarantees on safely reaching a target. First, we abstract the continuous system into a discrete-state model that captures noise by probabilistic transitions between states. As a key contribution, we adapt tools from the scenario approach to compute probably approximately correct (PAC) bounds on these transition probabilities, based on a finite number of samples of the noise. We capture these bounds in the transition probability intervals of a so-called interval Markov decision process (iMDP). This iMDP is robust against uncertainty in the transition probabilities, and the tightness of the probability intervals can be controlled through the number of samples. We use state-of-the-art verification techniques to provide guarantees on the iMDP, and compute a controller for which these guarantees carry over to the autonomous system. Realistic benchmarks show the practical applicability of our method, even when the iMDP has millions of states or transitions. △ Less Submitted 13 December, 2021; v1 submitted 25 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. Journal ref: AAAI 2022 (distinguished paper) arXiv:2110.12662 [ pdf , other ] Sampling-Based Robust Control of Autonomous Systems with Non-Gaussian Noise Authors: Thom S. Badings , Alessandro Abate , Nils Jansen , David Parker , Hasan A. Poonawala , Marielle Stoelinga Abstract : Controllers for autonomous systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modelled as process noise, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distribution. We present a… ▽ More Controllers for autonomous systems that operate in safety-critical settings must account for stochastic disturbances. Such disturbances are often modelled as process noise, and common assumptions are that the underlying distributions are known and/or Gaussian. In practice, however, these assumptions may be unrealistic and can lead to poor approximations of the true noise distribution. We present a novel planning method that does not rely on any explicit representation of the noise distributions. In particular, we address the problem of computing a controller that provides probabilistic guarantees on safely reaching a target. First, we abstract the continuous system into a discrete-state model that captures noise by probabilistic transitions between states. As a key contribution, we adapt tools from the scenario approach to compute probably approximately correct (PAC) bounds on these transition probabilities, based on a finite number of samples of the noise. We capture these bounds in the transition probability intervals of a so-called interval Markov decision process (iMDP). This iMDP is robust against uncertainty in the transition probabilities, and the tightness of the probability intervals can be controlled through the number of samples. We use state-of-the-art verification techniques to provide guarantees on the iMDP, and compute a controller for which these guarantees carry over to the autonomous system. Realistic benchmarks show the practical applicability of our method, even when the iMDP has millions of states or transitions. △ Less Submitted 13 December, 2021; v1 submitted 25 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. Journal ref: AAAI 2022 (distinguished paper) arXiv:2108.12266 [ pdf ] physics.med-ph cs.RO doi 10.1038/s44172-022-00001-y MRI-compatible electromagnetic servomotors for image-guided robotic procedures Authors: Lorne W. Hofstetter , Rock Hadley , Robb Merrill , Huy Pham , Gabriel C. Fine , Dennis L. Parker Abstract : Combining the unmatched soft-tissue imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high precision robotics has the potential to improve the accuracy, precision, and safety of a wide range of image-guided medical procedures. However, the goal of highly functional MRI-compatible robotic systems has not yet been realized because conventional electromagnetic servomotors used by medical… ▽ More Combining the unmatched soft-tissue imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high precision robotics has the potential to improve the accuracy, precision, and safety of a wide range of image-guided medical procedures. However, the goal of highly functional MRI-compatible robotic systems has not yet been realized because conventional electromagnetic servomotors used by medical robots can become dangerous projectiles near the strong magnetic field of an MRI scanner. Here we report a novel electromagnetic servomotor design that is constructed from non-magnetic components and can operate within the patient area of clinical scanners. We show that this design enables high-torque and precisely controlled rotary actuation during imaging. Using this servomotor design, an MRI-compatible robot was constructed and tested. The robot demonstrated that the linear forces required to manipulate large diameter surgical instruments in tissues could be achieved during simultaneous imaging with MRI. This work presents the first fully functional electromagnetic servomotor that can be safely operated (while imaging) in the patient area of a 3 Tesla clinical MRI scanner. △ Less Submitted 16 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021. Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures, 1 table Journal ref: Commun Eng 1, 4 (2022) arXiv:2108.12266 [ pdf ] MRI-compatible electromagnetic servomotors for image-guided robotic procedures Authors: Lorne W. Hofstetter , Rock Hadley , Robb Merrill , Huy Pham , Gabriel C. Fine , Dennis L. Parker Abstract : Combining the unmatched soft-tissue imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high precision robotics has the potential to improve the accuracy, precision, and safety of a wide range of image-guided medical procedures. However, the goal of highly functional MRI-compatible robotic systems has not yet been realized because conventional electromagnetic servomotors used by medical… ▽ More Combining the unmatched soft-tissue imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high precision robotics has the potential to improve the accuracy, precision, and safety of a wide range of image-guided medical procedures. However, the goal of highly functional MRI-compatible robotic systems has not yet been realized because conventional electromagnetic servomotors used by medical robots can become dangerous projectiles near the strong magnetic field of an MRI scanner. Here we report a novel electromagnetic servomotor design that is constructed from non-magnetic components and can operate within the patient area of clinical scanners. We show that this design enables high-torque and precisely controlled rotary actuation during imaging. Using this servomotor design, an MRI-compatible robot was constructed and tested. The robot demonstrated that the linear forces required to manipulate large diameter surgical instruments in tissues could be achieved during simultaneous imaging with MRI. This work presents the first fully functional electromagnetic servomotor that can be safely operated (while imaging) in the patient area of a 3 Tesla clinical MRI scanner. △ Less Submitted 16 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021. Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures, 1 table Journal ref: Commun Eng 1, 4 (2022) arXiv:2105.04662 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.FL Multi-Objective Controller Synthesis with Uncertain Human Preferences Authors: Shenghui Chen , Kayla Boggess , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Complex real-world applications of cyber-physical systems give rise to the need for multi-objective controller synthesis, which concerns the problem of computing an optimal controller subject to multiple (possibly conflicting) criteria. The relative importance of objectives is often specified by human decision-makers. However, there is inherent uncertainty in human preferences (e.g., due to artifa… ▽ More Complex real-world applications of cyber-physical systems give rise to the need for multi-objective controller synthesis, which concerns the problem of computing an optimal controller subject to multiple (possibly conflicting) criteria. The relative importance of objectives is often specified by human decision-makers. However, there is inherent uncertainty in human preferences (e.g., due to artifacts resulting from different preference elicitation methods). In this paper, we formalize the notion of uncertain human preferences and present a novel approach that accounts for this uncertainty in the context of multi-objective controller synthesis for Markov decision processes (MDPs). Our approach is based on mixed-integer linear programming and synthesizes an optimally permissive multi-strategy that satisfies uncertain human preferences with respect to a multi-objective property. Experimental results on a range of large case studies show that the proposed approach is feasible and scalable across varying MDP model sizes and uncertainty levels of human preferences. Evaluation via an online user study also demonstrates the quality and benefits of the synthesized controllers. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2022; v1 submitted 10 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021. Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures, 1 table arXiv:2105.04662 [ pdf , other ] Multi-Objective Controller Synthesis with Uncertain Human Preferences Authors: Shenghui Chen , Kayla Boggess , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Complex real-world applications of cyber-physical systems give rise to the need for multi-objective controller synthesis, which concerns the problem of computing an optimal controller subject to multiple (possibly conflicting) criteria. The relative importance of objectives is often specified by human decision-makers. However, there is inherent uncertainty in human preferences (e.g., due to artifa… ▽ More Complex real-world applications of cyber-physical systems give rise to the need for multi-objective controller synthesis, which concerns the problem of computing an optimal controller subject to multiple (possibly conflicting) criteria. The relative importance of objectives is often specified by human decision-makers. However, there is inherent uncertainty in human preferences (e.g., due to artifacts resulting from different preference elicitation methods). In this paper, we formalize the notion of uncertain human preferences and present a novel approach that accounts for this uncertainty in the context of multi-objective controller synthesis for Markov decision processes (MDPs). Our approach is based on mixed-integer linear programming and synthesizes an optimally permissive multi-strategy that satisfies uncertain human preferences with respect to a multi-objective property. Experimental results on a range of large case studies show that the proposed approach is feasible and scalable across varying MDP model sizes and uncertainty levels of human preferences. Evaluation via an online user study also demonstrates the quality and benefits of the synthesized controllers. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2022; v1 submitted 10 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021. Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures, 1 table arXiv:2103.05285 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.CV 3D-QCNet -- A Pipeline for Automated Artifact Detection in Diffusion MRI images Authors: Adnan Ahmad , Drew Parker , Zahra Riahi Samani , Ragini Verma Abstract : Artifacts are a common occurrence in Diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans. Identifying and removing them is essential to ensure the accuracy and viability of any post processing carried out on these scans. This makes QC (quality control) a crucial first step prior to any analysis of dMRI data. Several QC methods for artifact detection exist, however they suffer from problems like requiring manual interventi… ▽ More Artifacts are a common occurrence in Diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans. Identifying and removing them is essential to ensure the accuracy and viability of any post processing carried out on these scans. This makes QC (quality control) a crucial first step prior to any analysis of dMRI data. Several QC methods for artifact detection exist, however they suffer from problems like requiring manual intervention and the inability to generalize across different artifacts and datasets. In this paper, we propose an automated deep learning (DL) pipeline that utilizes a 3D-Densenet architecture to train a model on diffusion volumes for automatic artifact detection. Our method is applied on a vast dataset consisting of 9000 volumes sourced from 7 large clinical datasets. These datasets comprise scans from multiple scanners with different gradient directions, high and low b values, single shell and multi shell acquisitions. Additionally, they represent diverse subject demographics like the presence or absence of pathologies. Our QC method is found to accurately generalize across this heterogenous data by correctly detecting 92% artifacts on average across our test set. This consistent performance over diverse datasets underlines the generalizability of our method, which currently is a significant barrier hindering the widespread adoption of automated QC techniques. For these reasons, we believe that 3D-QCNet can be integrated in diffusion pipelines to effectively automate the arduous and time-intensive process of artifact detection. △ Less Submitted 9 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. arXiv:2103.05285 [ pdf ] 3D-QCNet -- A Pipeline for Automated Artifact Detection in Diffusion MRI images Authors: Adnan Ahmad , Drew Parker , Zahra Riahi Samani , Ragini Verma Abstract : Artifacts are a common occurrence in Diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans. Identifying and removing them is essential to ensure the accuracy and viability of any post processing carried out on these scans. This makes QC (quality control) a crucial first step prior to any analysis of dMRI data. Several QC methods for artifact detection exist, however they suffer from problems like requiring manual interventi… ▽ More Artifacts are a common occurrence in Diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans. Identifying and removing them is essential to ensure the accuracy and viability of any post processing carried out on these scans. This makes QC (quality control) a crucial first step prior to any analysis of dMRI data. Several QC methods for artifact detection exist, however they suffer from problems like requiring manual intervention and the inability to generalize across different artifacts and datasets. In this paper, we propose an automated deep learning (DL) pipeline that utilizes a 3D-Densenet architecture to train a model on diffusion volumes for automatic artifact detection. Our method is applied on a vast dataset consisting of 9000 volumes sourced from 7 large clinical datasets. These datasets comprise scans from multiple scanners with different gradient directions, high and low b values, single shell and multi shell acquisitions. Additionally, they represent diverse subject demographics like the presence or absence of pathologies. Our QC method is found to accurately generalize across this heterogenous data by correctly detecting 92% artifacts on average across our test set. This consistent performance over diverse datasets underlines the generalizability of our method, which currently is a significant barrier hindering the widespread adoption of automated QC techniques. For these reasons, we believe that 3D-QCNet can be integrated in diffusion pipelines to effectively automate the arduous and time-intensive process of artifact detection. △ Less Submitted 9 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. arXiv:2102.00107 [ pdf , other ] cs.CE physics.med-ph doi 10.1007/s10439-021-02796-x On the periodicity of cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations Authors: Martin R. Pfaller , Jonathan Pham , Nathan M. Wilson , David W. Parker , Alison L. Marsden Abstract : Three-dimensional cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require computation of several cardiac cycles before they reach a periodic solution, rendering them computationally expensive. Furthermore, there is currently no standardized method to determine whether a simulation has yet reached that periodic state. In this work, we propose use of the asymptotic error measure to quantify the… ▽ More Three-dimensional cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require computation of several cardiac cycles before they reach a periodic solution, rendering them computationally expensive. Furthermore, there is currently no standardized method to determine whether a simulation has yet reached that periodic state. In this work, we propose use of the asymptotic error measure to quantify the difference between simulation results and their ideal periodic state using lumped-parameter modeling. We further show that initial conditions are crucial in reducing computational time and develop an automated framework to generate appropriate initial conditions from a one-dimensional model of blood flow. We demonstrate the performance of our initialization method using six patient-specific models from the Vascular Model Repository. In our examples, our initialization protocol achieves periodic convergence within one or two cardiac cycles, leading to a significant reduction in computational cost compared to standard methods. All computational tools used in this work are implemented in the open-source software platform SimVascular. Automatically generated initial conditions have the potential to significantly reduce computation time in cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations. △ Less Submitted 29 January, 2021; originally announced February 2021. arXiv:2102.00107 [ pdf , other ] On the periodicity of cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations Authors: Martin R. Pfaller , Jonathan Pham , Nathan M. Wilson , David W. Parker , Alison L. Marsden Abstract : Three-dimensional cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require computation of several cardiac cycles before they reach a periodic solution, rendering them computationally expensive. Furthermore, there is currently no standardized method to determine whether a simulation has yet reached that periodic state. In this work, we propose use of the asymptotic error measure to quantify the… ▽ More Three-dimensional cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations typically require computation of several cardiac cycles before they reach a periodic solution, rendering them computationally expensive. Furthermore, there is currently no standardized method to determine whether a simulation has yet reached that periodic state. In this work, we propose use of the asymptotic error measure to quantify the difference between simulation results and their ideal periodic state using lumped-parameter modeling. We further show that initial conditions are crucial in reducing computational time and develop an automated framework to generate appropriate initial conditions from a one-dimensional model of blood flow. We demonstrate the performance of our initialization method using six patient-specific models from the Vascular Model Repository. In our examples, our initialization protocol achieves periodic convergence within one or two cardiac cycles, leading to a significant reduction in computational cost compared to standard methods. All computational tools used in this work are implemented in the open-source software platform SimVascular. Automatically generated initial conditions have the potential to significantly reduce computation time in cardiovascular fluid dynamics simulations. △ Less Submitted 29 January, 2021; originally announced February 2021. arXiv:2101.03267 [ pdf , other ] cs.HC Planning for Automated Vehicles with Human Trust Authors: Shili Sheng , Erfan Pakdamanian , Kyungtae Han , Ziran Wang , John Lenneman , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Recent work has considered personalized route planning based on user profiles, but none of it accounts for human trust. We argue that human trust is an important factor to consider when planning routes for automated vehicles. This paper presents a trust-based route planning approach for automated vehicles. We formalize the human-vehicle interaction as a partially observable Markov decision process… ▽ More Recent work has considered personalized route planning based on user profiles, but none of it accounts for human trust. We argue that human trust is an important factor to consider when planning routes for automated vehicles. This paper presents a trust-based route planning approach for automated vehicles. We formalize the human-vehicle interaction as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) and model trust as a partially observable state variable of the POMDP, representing the human's hidden mental state. We build data-driven models of human trust dynamics and takeover decisions, which are incorporated in the POMDP framework, using data collected from an online user study with 100 participants on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. We compute optimal routes for automated vehicles by solving optimal policies in the POMDP planning, and evaluate the resulting routes via human subject experiments with 22 participants on a driving simulator. The experimental results show that participants taking the trust-based route generally reported more positive responses in the after-driving survey than those taking the baseline (trust-free) route. In addition, we analyze the trade-offs between multiple planning objectives (e.g., trust, distance, energy consumption) via multi-objective optimization of the POMDP. We also identify a set of open issues and implications for real-world deployment of the proposed approach in automated vehicles. △ Less Submitted 18 August, 2022; v1 submitted 8 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. arXiv:2101.03267 [ pdf , other ] Planning for Automated Vehicles with Human Trust Authors: Shili Sheng , Erfan Pakdamanian , Kyungtae Han , Ziran Wang , John Lenneman , David Parker , Lu Feng Abstract : Recent work has considered personalized route planning based on user profiles, but none of it accounts for human trust. We argue that human trust is an important factor to consider when planning routes for automated vehicles. This paper presents a trust-based route planning approach for automated vehicles. We formalize the human-vehicle interaction as a partially observable Markov decision process… ▽ More Recent work has considered personalized route planning based on user profiles, but none of it accounts for human trust. We argue that human trust is an important factor to consider when planning routes for automated vehicles. This paper presents a trust-based route planning approach for automated vehicles. We formalize the human-vehicle interaction as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) and model trust as a partially observable state variable of the POMDP, representing the human's hidden mental state. We build data-driven models of human trust dynamics and takeover decisions, which are incorporated in the POMDP framework, using data collected from an online user study with 100 participants on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. We compute optimal routes for automated vehicles by solving optimal policies in the POMDP planning, and evaluate the resulting routes via human subject experiments with 22 participants on a driving simulator. The experimental results show that participants taking the trust-based route generally reported more positive responses in the after-driving survey than those taking the baseline (trust-free) route. In addition, we analyze the trade-offs between multiple planning objectives (e.g., trust, distance, energy consumption) via multi-objective optimization of the POMDP. We also identify a set of open issues and implications for real-world deployment of the proposed approach in automated vehicles. △ Less Submitted 18 August, 2022; v1 submitted 8 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. arXiv:2008.04613 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO Automatic Verification of Concurrent Stochastic Systems Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Automated verification techniques for stochastic games allow formal reasoning about systems that feature competitive or collaborative behaviour among rational agents in uncertain or probabilistic settings. Existing tools and techniques focus on turn-based games, where each state of the game is controlled by a single player, and on zero-sum properties, where two players or coalitions have directly… ▽ More Automated verification techniques for stochastic games allow formal reasoning about systems that feature competitive or collaborative behaviour among rational agents in uncertain or probabilistic settings. Existing tools and techniques focus on turn-based games, where each state of the game is controlled by a single player, and on zero-sum properties, where two players or coalitions have directly opposing objectives. In this paper, we present automated verification techniques for concurrent stochastic games (CSGs), which provide a more natural model of concurrent decision making and interaction. We also consider (social welfare) Nash equilibria, to formally identify scenarios where two players or coalitions with distinct goals can collaborate to optimise their joint performance. We propose an extension of the temporal logic rPATL for specifying quantitative properties in this setting and present corresponding algorithms for verification and strategy synthesis for a variant of stopping games. For finite-horizon properties the computation is exact, while for infinite-horizon it is approximate using value iteration. For zero-sum properties it requires solving matrix games via linear programming, and for equilibria-based properties we find social welfare or social cost Nash equilibria of bimatrix games via the method of labelled polytopes through an SMT encoding. We implement this approach in PRISM-games, which required extending the tool's modelling language for CSGs, and apply it to case studies from domains including robotics, computer security and computer networks, explicitly demonstrating the benefits of both CSGs and equilibria-based properties. △ Less Submitted 29 August, 2020; v1 submitted 11 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. arXiv:2008.04613 [ pdf , ps , other ] Automatic Verification of Concurrent Stochastic Systems Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Automated verification techniques for stochastic games allow formal reasoning about systems that feature competitive or collaborative behaviour among rational agents in uncertain or probabilistic settings. Existing tools and techniques focus on turn-based games, where each state of the game is controlled by a single player, and on zero-sum properties, where two players or coalitions have directly… ▽ More Automated verification techniques for stochastic games allow formal reasoning about systems that feature competitive or collaborative behaviour among rational agents in uncertain or probabilistic settings. Existing tools and techniques focus on turn-based games, where each state of the game is controlled by a single player, and on zero-sum properties, where two players or coalitions have directly opposing objectives. In this paper, we present automated verification techniques for concurrent stochastic games (CSGs), which provide a more natural model of concurrent decision making and interaction. We also consider (social welfare) Nash equilibria, to formally identify scenarios where two players or coalitions with distinct goals can collaborate to optimise their joint performance. We propose an extension of the temporal logic rPATL for specifying quantitative properties in this setting and present corresponding algorithms for verification and strategy synthesis for a variant of stopping games. For finite-horizon properties the computation is exact, while for infinite-horizon it is approximate using value iteration. For zero-sum properties it requires solving matrix games via linear programming, and for equilibria-based properties we find social welfare or social cost Nash equilibria of bimatrix games via the method of labelled polytopes through an SMT encoding. We implement this approach in PRISM-games, which required extending the tool's modelling language for CSGs, and apply it to case studies from domains including robotics, computer security and computer networks, explicitly demonstrating the benefits of both CSGs and equilibria-based properties. △ Less Submitted 29 August, 2020; v1 submitted 11 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. arXiv:2007.03365 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO Multi-player Equilibria Verification for Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Concurrent stochastic games (CSGs) are an ideal formalism for modelling probabilistic systems that feature multiple players or components with distinct objectives making concurrent, rational decisions. Examples include communication or security protocols and multi-robot navigation. Verification methods for CSGs exist but are limited to scenarios where agents or players are grouped into two coaliti… ▽ More Concurrent stochastic games (CSGs) are an ideal formalism for modelling probabilistic systems that feature multiple players or components with distinct objectives making concurrent, rational decisions. Examples include communication or security protocols and multi-robot navigation. Verification methods for CSGs exist but are limited to scenarios where agents or players are grouped into two coalitions, with those in the same coalition sharing an identical objective. In this paper, we propose multi-coalitional verification techniques for CSGs. We use subgame-perfect social welfare (or social cost) optimal Nash equilibria, which are strategies where there is no incentive for any coalition to unilaterally change its strategy in any game state, and where the total combined objectives are maximised (or minimised). We present an extension of the temporal logic rPATL (probabilistic alternating-time temporal logic with rewards) to specify equilibria-based properties for any number of distinct coalitions, and a corresponding model checking algorithm for a variant of stopping games. We implement our techniques in the PRISM-games tool and apply them to several case studies, including a secret sharing protocol and a public good game. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2020; v1 submitted 7 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. arXiv:2007.03365 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-player Equilibria Verification for Concurrent Stochastic Games Authors: Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos Abstract : Concurrent stochastic games (CSGs) are an ideal formalism for modelling probabilistic systems that feature multiple players or components with distinct objectives making concurrent, rational decisions. Examples include communication or security protocols and multi-robot navigation. Verification methods for CSGs exist but are limited to scenarios where agents or players are grouped into two coaliti… ▽ More Concurrent stochastic games (CSGs) are an ideal formalism for modelling probabilistic systems that feature multiple players or components with distinct objectives making concurrent, rational decisions. Examples include communication or security protocols and multi-robot navigation. Verification methods for CSGs exist but are limited to scenarios where agents or players are grouped into two coalitions, with those in the same coalition sharing an identical objective. In this paper, we propose multi-coalitional verification techniques for CSGs. We use subgame-perfect social welfare (or social cost) optimal Nash equilibria, which are strategies where there is no incentive for any coalition to unilaterally change its strategy in any game state, and where the total combined objectives are maximised (or minimised). We present an extension of the temporal logic rPATL (probabilistic alternating-time temporal logic with rewards) to specify equilibria-based properties for any number of distinct coalitions, and a corresponding model checking algorithm for a variant of stopping games. We implement our techniques in the PRISM-games tool and apply them to several case studies, including a secret sharing protocol and a public good game. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2020; v1 submitted 7 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. 1 2 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Parker,+D
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 9,659 results for author: Wang, J Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10422 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Placement Delivery Array for Cache-Aided MIMO Systems Authors: Yifei Huang , Kai Wan , Minquan Cheng , Jinyan Wang , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : We consider a $(G,L,K,M,N)$ cache-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network, where a server equipped with $L$ antennas and a library of $N$ equal-size files communicates with $K$ users, each equipped with $G$ antennas and a cache of size $M$ files, over a wireless interference channel. Each user requests an arbitrary file from the library. The goal is to design coded caching schemes that… ▽ More We consider a $(G,L,K,M,N)$ cache-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network, where a server equipped with $L$ antennas and a library of $N$ equal-size files communicates with $K$ users, each equipped with $G$ antennas and a cache of size $M$ files, over a wireless interference channel. Each user requests an arbitrary file from the library. The goal is to design coded caching schemes that simultaneously achieve the maximum sum degrees of freedom (sum-DoF) and low subpacketization. In this paper, we first introduce a unified combinatorial structure, termed the MIMO placement delivery array (MIMO-PDA), which characterizes uncoded placement and one-shot zero-forcing delivery. By analyzing the combinatorial properties of MIMO-PDAs, we derive a sum-DoF upper bound of $\min\{KG, Gt+G\lceil L/G \rceil\}$, where $t=KM/N$, which coincides with the optimal DoF characterization in prior work by Tehrani \emph{et al.}. Based on this upper bound, we present two novel constructions of MIMO-PDAs that achieve the maximum sum-DoF. The first construction achieves linear subpacketization under stringent parameter constraints, while the second achieves ordered exponential subpacketization under substantially milder constraints. Theoretical analysis and numerical comparisons demonstrate that the second construction exponentially reduces subpacketization compared to existing schemes while preserving the maximum sum-DoF. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10422 [ pdf , ps , other ] Placement Delivery Array for Cache-Aided MIMO Systems Authors: Yifei Huang , Kai Wan , Minquan Cheng , Jinyan Wang , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : We consider a $(G,L,K,M,N)$ cache-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network, where a server equipped with $L$ antennas and a library of $N$ equal-size files communicates with $K$ users, each equipped with $G$ antennas and a cache of size $M$ files, over a wireless interference channel. Each user requests an arbitrary file from the library. The goal is to design coded caching schemes that… ▽ More We consider a $(G,L,K,M,N)$ cache-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network, where a server equipped with $L$ antennas and a library of $N$ equal-size files communicates with $K$ users, each equipped with $G$ antennas and a cache of size $M$ files, over a wireless interference channel. Each user requests an arbitrary file from the library. The goal is to design coded caching schemes that simultaneously achieve the maximum sum degrees of freedom (sum-DoF) and low subpacketization. In this paper, we first introduce a unified combinatorial structure, termed the MIMO placement delivery array (MIMO-PDA), which characterizes uncoded placement and one-shot zero-forcing delivery. By analyzing the combinatorial properties of MIMO-PDAs, we derive a sum-DoF upper bound of $\min\{KG, Gt+G\lceil L/G \rceil\}$, where $t=KM/N$, which coincides with the optimal DoF characterization in prior work by Tehrani \emph{et al.}. Based on this upper bound, we present two novel constructions of MIMO-PDAs that achieve the maximum sum-DoF. The first construction achieves linear subpacketization under stringent parameter constraints, while the second achieves ordered exponential subpacketization under substantially milder constraints. Theoretical analysis and numerical comparisons demonstrate that the second construction exponentially reduces subpacketization compared to existing schemes while preserving the maximum sum-DoF. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10384 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD RSA-Bench: Benchmarking Audio Large Models in Real-World Acoustic Scenarios Authors: Yibo Zhang , Liang Lin , Kaiwen Luo , Shilinlu Yan , Jin Wang , Yaoqi Guo , Yitian Chen , Yalan Qin , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun Abstract : While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecolo… ▽ More While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecological gap, we introduce \textbf{RSA-Bench}, a comprehensive robustness benchmark designed to stress-test ALLMs through high-fidelity auditory scene simulations. Unlike traditional methods, we construct evaluation samples by naturally superimposing diverse environmental soundscapes -- spanning \textit{Pasture}, \textit{Extreme Weather}, \textit{Classroom}, and \textit{Outdoors} -- onto clean speech signals across a spectrum of interference intensities. By evaluating models on six core tasks ranging from fundamental perception to complex reasoning, our study unveils three macro-level insights: \textbf{(I) The Perception-Cognition Gap:} Models maintain relative resilience in low-level recognition but suffer a \textbf{functional collapse} in high-order reasoning tasks under stress; \textbf{(II) Scenario Sensitivity:} ``Vocal-like'' interference (e.g., background laughter) proves significantly more destructive than mechanical noise, challenging the model's auditory attention mechanisms; and \textbf{(III) The Denoising Paradox:} Standard speech enhancement often exacerbates performance degradation, as ALLMs prove highly sensitive to the semantic distortions introduced by denoising artifacts. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10384 [ pdf , ps , other ] RSA-Bench: Benchmarking Audio Large Models in Real-World Acoustic Scenarios Authors: Yibo Zhang , Liang Lin , Kaiwen Luo , Shilinlu Yan , Jin Wang , Yaoqi Guo , Yitian Chen , Yalan Qin , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun Abstract : While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecolo… ▽ More While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecological gap, we introduce \textbf{RSA-Bench}, a comprehensive robustness benchmark designed to stress-test ALLMs through high-fidelity auditory scene simulations. Unlike traditional methods, we construct evaluation samples by naturally superimposing diverse environmental soundscapes -- spanning \textit{Pasture}, \textit{Extreme Weather}, \textit{Classroom}, and \textit{Outdoors} -- onto clean speech signals across a spectrum of interference intensities. By evaluating models on six core tasks ranging from fundamental perception to complex reasoning, our study unveils three macro-level insights: \textbf{(I) The Perception-Cognition Gap:} Models maintain relative resilience in low-level recognition but suffer a \textbf{functional collapse} in high-order reasoning tasks under stress; \textbf{(II) Scenario Sensitivity:} ``Vocal-like'' interference (e.g., background laughter) proves significantly more destructive than mechanical noise, challenging the model's auditory attention mechanisms; and \textbf{(III) The Denoising Paradox:} Standard speech enhancement often exacerbates performance degradation, as ALLMs prove highly sensitive to the semantic distortions introduced by denoising artifacts. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10373 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.MM Towards Efficient Low-rate Image Compression with Frequency-aware Diffusion Prior Refinement Authors: Yichong Xia , Yimin Zhou , Jinpeng Wang , Bin Chen Abstract : Recent advancements in diffusion-based generative priors have enabled visually plausible image compression at extremely low bit rates. However, existing approaches suffer from slow sampling processes and suboptimal bit allocation due to fragmented training paradigms. In this work, we propose Accelerate \textbf{Diff}usion-based Image Compression via \textbf{C}onsistency Prior \textbf{R}efinement (D… ▽ More Recent advancements in diffusion-based generative priors have enabled visually plausible image compression at extremely low bit rates. However, existing approaches suffer from slow sampling processes and suboptimal bit allocation due to fragmented training paradigms. In this work, we propose Accelerate \textbf{Diff}usion-based Image Compression via \textbf{C}onsistency Prior \textbf{R}efinement (DiffCR), a novel compression framework for efficient and high-fidelity image reconstruction. At the heart of DiffCR is a Frequency-aware Skip Estimation (FaSE) module that refines the $ε$-prediction prior from a pre-trained latent diffusion model and aligns it with compressed latents at different timesteps via Frequency Decoupling Attention (FDA). Furthermore, a lightweight consistency estimator enables fast \textbf{two-step decoding} by preserving the semantic trajectory of diffusion sampling. Without updating the backbone diffusion model, DiffCR achieves substantial bitrate savings (27.2\% BD-rate (LPIPS) and 65.1\% BD-rate (PSNR)) and over $10\times$ speed-up compared to SOTA diffusion-based compression baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10373 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Efficient Low-rate Image Compression with Frequency-aware Diffusion Prior Refinement Authors: Yichong Xia , Yimin Zhou , Jinpeng Wang , Bin Chen Abstract : Recent advancements in diffusion-based generative priors have enabled visually plausible image compression at extremely low bit rates. However, existing approaches suffer from slow sampling processes and suboptimal bit allocation due to fragmented training paradigms. In this work, we propose Accelerate \textbf{Diff}usion-based Image Compression via \textbf{C}onsistency Prior \textbf{R}efinement (D… ▽ More Recent advancements in diffusion-based generative priors have enabled visually plausible image compression at extremely low bit rates. However, existing approaches suffer from slow sampling processes and suboptimal bit allocation due to fragmented training paradigms. In this work, we propose Accelerate \textbf{Diff}usion-based Image Compression via \textbf{C}onsistency Prior \textbf{R}efinement (DiffCR), a novel compression framework for efficient and high-fidelity image reconstruction. At the heart of DiffCR is a Frequency-aware Skip Estimation (FaSE) module that refines the $ε$-prediction prior from a pre-trained latent diffusion model and aligns it with compressed latents at different timesteps via Frequency Decoupling Attention (FDA). Furthermore, a lightweight consistency estimator enables fast \textbf{two-step decoding} by preserving the semantic trajectory of diffusion sampling. Without updating the backbone diffusion model, DiffCR achieves substantial bitrate savings (27.2\% BD-rate (LPIPS) and 65.1\% BD-rate (PSNR)) and over $10\times$ speed-up compared to SOTA diffusion-based compression baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10355 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Unlocking Implicit Experience: Synthesizing Tool-Use Trajectories from Text Authors: Zhihao Xu , Rumei Li , Jiahuan Li , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Xiting Wang Abstract : Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, whic… ▽ More Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, which can serve as an untapped, scalable, and authentic data source for multi-turn tool-use tasks. Based on this insight, we introduce GEM, a data synthesis pipeline that enables the generation and extraction of multi-turn tool-use trajectories from text corpora through a four-stage process: relevance filtering, workflow & tool extraction, trajectory grounding, and complexity refinement. To reduce the computational cost, we further train a specialized Trajectory Synthesizer via supervised fine-tuning. This model distills the complex generation pipeline into an efficient, end-to-end trajectory generator. Experiments demonstrate that our GEM-32B achieve a 16.5% improvement on the BFCL V3 Multi-turn benchmark. Our models partially surpass the performance of models trained on τ - bench (Airline and Retail) in-domain data, highlighting the superior generalization capability derived from our text-based synthesis paradigm. Notably, our Trajectory Synthesizer matches the quality of the full pipeline while significantly reducing inference latency and costs. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10355 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unlocking Implicit Experience: Synthesizing Tool-Use Trajectories from Text Authors: Zhihao Xu , Rumei Li , Jiahuan Li , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Xiting Wang Abstract : Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, whic… ▽ More Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, which can serve as an untapped, scalable, and authentic data source for multi-turn tool-use tasks. Based on this insight, we introduce GEM, a data synthesis pipeline that enables the generation and extraction of multi-turn tool-use trajectories from text corpora through a four-stage process: relevance filtering, workflow & tool extraction, trajectory grounding, and complexity refinement. To reduce the computational cost, we further train a specialized Trajectory Synthesizer via supervised fine-tuning. This model distills the complex generation pipeline into an efficient, end-to-end trajectory generator. Experiments demonstrate that our GEM-32B achieve a 16.5% improvement on the BFCL V3 Multi-turn benchmark. Our models partially surpass the performance of models trained on τ - bench (Airline and Retail) in-domain data, highlighting the superior generalization capability derived from our text-based synthesis paradigm. Notably, our Trajectory Synthesizer matches the quality of the full pipeline while significantly reducing inference latency and costs. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10305 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI DanQing: An Up-to-Date Large-Scale Chinese Vision-Language Pre-training Dataset Authors: Hengyu Shen , Tiancheng Gu , Bin Qin , Lan Wu , Yuling Wu , Shuo Tan , Zelong Sun , Jun Wang , Nan Wu , Xiang An , Weidong Cai , Ziyong Feng , Kaicheng Yang Abstract : Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. H… ▽ More Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. However, the advancement of Chinese vision-language pretraining has substantially lagged behind, due to the scarcity of high-quality Chinese image-text data. To address this gap, we develop a comprehensive pipeline for constructing a high-quality Chinese cross-modal dataset. As a result, we propose DanQing, which contains 100 million image-text pairs collected from Common Crawl. Different from existing datasets, DanQing is curated through a more rigorous selection process, yielding superior data quality. Moreover, DanQing is primarily built from 2024-2025 web data, enabling models to better capture evolving semantic trends and thus offering greater practical utility. We compare DanQing with existing datasets by continual pre-training of the SigLIP2 model. Experimental results show that DanQing consistently achieves superior performance across a range of Chinese downstream tasks, including zero-shot classification, cross-modal retrieval, and LMM-based evaluations. To facilitate further research in Chinese vision-language pre-training, we will open-source the DanQing dataset under the Creative Common CC-BY 4.0 license. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.10305 [ pdf , ps , other ] DanQing: An Up-to-Date Large-Scale Chinese Vision-Language Pre-training Dataset Authors: Hengyu Shen , Tiancheng Gu , Bin Qin , Lan Wu , Yuling Wu , Shuo Tan , Zelong Sun , Jun Wang , Nan Wu , Xiang An , Weidong Cai , Ziyong Feng , Kaicheng Yang Abstract : Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. H… ▽ More Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models demonstrate strong performance across various downstream tasks by learning from large-scale image-text pairs through contrastive pretraining. The release of extensive English image-text datasets (e.g., COYO-700M and LAION-400M) has enabled widespread adoption of models such as CLIP and SigLIP in tasks including cross-modal retrieval and image captioning. However, the advancement of Chinese vision-language pretraining has substantially lagged behind, due to the scarcity of high-quality Chinese image-text data. To address this gap, we develop a comprehensive pipeline for constructing a high-quality Chinese cross-modal dataset. As a result, we propose DanQing, which contains 100 million image-text pairs collected from Common Crawl. Different from existing datasets, DanQing is curated through a more rigorous selection process, yielding superior data quality. Moreover, DanQing is primarily built from 2024-2025 web data, enabling models to better capture evolving semantic trends and thus offering greater practical utility. We compare DanQing with existing datasets by continual pre-training of the SigLIP2 model. Experimental results show that DanQing consistently achieves superior performance across a range of Chinese downstream tasks, including zero-shot classification, cross-modal retrieval, and LMM-based evaluations. To facilitate further research in Chinese vision-language pre-training, we will open-source the DanQing dataset under the Creative Common CC-BY 4.0 license. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.10108 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.MM SIN-Bench: Tracing Native Evidence Chains in Long-Context Multimodal Scientific Interleaved Literature Authors: Yiming Ren , Junjie Wang , Yuxin Meng , Yihang Shi , Zhiqiang Lin , Ruihang Chu , Yiran Xu , Ziming Li , Yunfei Zhao , Zihan Wang , Yu Qiao , Ruiming Tang , Minghao Liu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evide… ▽ More Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10108 [ pdf , ps , other ] SIN-Bench: Tracing Native Evidence Chains in Long-Context Multimodal Scientific Interleaved Literature Authors: Yiming Ren , Junjie Wang , Yuxin Meng , Yihang Shi , Zhiqiang Lin , Ruihang Chu , Yiran Xu , Ziming Li , Yunfei Zhao , Zihan Wang , Yu Qiao , Ruiming Tang , Minghao Liu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evide… ▽ More Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10068 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE S$^2$F: Principled Hybrid Testing With Fuzzing, Symbolic Execution, and Sampling Authors: Lianjing Wang , Yufeng Zhang , Kenli Li , Zhenbang Chen , Xu Zhou , Pengfei Wang , Guangning Song , Ji Wang Abstract : Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to ove… ▽ More Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to over-prune branches, leading to considerable time wasted waiting for seeds from the fuzzer and missing opportunities to discover crashes. Second, existing methods do not apply sampling to the appropriate branches and therefore cannot utilize the full capability of sampling. To address these two limitations, we propose a novel hybrid testing architecture that combines the precision of conventional symbolic execution with the scalability of tailored symbolic execution engines. Based on this architecture, we propose several principles for combining fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling. We implement our method in a hybrid testing tool S$^2$F. To evaluate its effectiveness, we conduct extensive experiments on 15 real-world programs. Experimental results demonstrate that S$^2$F outperforms the SOTA tool, achieving an average improvement of 6.14% in edge coverage and 32.6% in discovered crashes. Notably, our tool uncovers three previously unknown crashes in real-world programs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10068 [ pdf , ps , other ] S$^2$F: Principled Hybrid Testing With Fuzzing, Symbolic Execution, and Sampling Authors: Lianjing Wang , Yufeng Zhang , Kenli Li , Zhenbang Chen , Xu Zhou , Pengfei Wang , Guangning Song , Ji Wang Abstract : Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to ove… ▽ More Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to over-prune branches, leading to considerable time wasted waiting for seeds from the fuzzer and missing opportunities to discover crashes. Second, existing methods do not apply sampling to the appropriate branches and therefore cannot utilize the full capability of sampling. To address these two limitations, we propose a novel hybrid testing architecture that combines the precision of conventional symbolic execution with the scalability of tailored symbolic execution engines. Based on this architecture, we propose several principles for combining fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling. We implement our method in a hybrid testing tool S$^2$F. To evaluate its effectiveness, we conduct extensive experiments on 15 real-world programs. Experimental results demonstrate that S$^2$F outperforms the SOTA tool, achieving an average improvement of 6.14% in edge coverage and 32.6% in discovered crashes. Notably, our tool uncovers three previously unknown crashes in real-world programs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10027 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR STCRank: Spatio-temporal Collaborative Ranking for Interactive Recommender System at Kuaishou E-shop Authors: Boyang Xia , Ruilin Bao , Hanjun Jiang , Jun Wang , Wenwu Ou Abstract : As a popular e-commerce platform, Kuaishou E-shop provides precise personalized product recommendations to tens of millions of users every day. To better respond real-time user feedback, we have deployed an interactive recommender system (IRS) alongside our core homepage recommender system. This IRS is triggered by user click on homepage, and generates a series of highly relevant recommendations b… ▽ More As a popular e-commerce platform, Kuaishou E-shop provides precise personalized product recommendations to tens of millions of users every day. To better respond real-time user feedback, we have deployed an interactive recommender system (IRS) alongside our core homepage recommender system. This IRS is triggered by user click on homepage, and generates a series of highly relevant recommendations based on the clicked item to meet focused browsing demands. Different from traditional e-commerce RecSys, the full-screen UI and immersive swiping down functionality present two distinct challenges for regular ranking system. First, there exists explicit interference (overlap or conflicts) between ranking objectives, i.e., conversion, view and swipe down. This is because there are intrinsic behavioral co-occurrences under the premise of immersive browsing and swiping down functionality. Second, the ranking system is prone to temporal greedy traps in sequential recommendation slot transitions, which is caused by full-screen UI design. To alleviate these challenges, we propose a novel Spatio-temporal collaborative ranking (STCRank) framework to achieve collaboration between multi-objectives within one slot (spatial) and between multiple sequential recommondation slots. In multi-objective collaboration (MOC) module, we push Pareto frontier by mitigating the objective overlaps and conflicts. In multi-slot collaboration (MSC) module, we achieve global optima on overall sequential slots by dual-stage look-ahead ranking mechanism. Extensive experiments demonstrate our proposed method brings about purchase and DAU co-growth. The proposed system has been already deployed at Kuaishou E-shop since 2025.6. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted as an oral paper by WWW26 Human-centered recommender systems (HCRS) workshop ( arXiv:2601.10027 [ pdf , ps , other ] STCRank: Spatio-temporal Collaborative Ranking for Interactive Recommender System at Kuaishou E-shop Authors: Boyang Xia , Ruilin Bao , Hanjun Jiang , Jun Wang , Wenwu Ou Abstract : As a popular e-commerce platform, Kuaishou E-shop provides precise personalized product recommendations to tens of millions of users every day. To better respond real-time user feedback, we have deployed an interactive recommender system (IRS) alongside our core homepage recommender system. This IRS is triggered by user click on homepage, and generates a series of highly relevant recommendations b… ▽ More As a popular e-commerce platform, Kuaishou E-shop provides precise personalized product recommendations to tens of millions of users every day. To better respond real-time user feedback, we have deployed an interactive recommender system (IRS) alongside our core homepage recommender system. This IRS is triggered by user click on homepage, and generates a series of highly relevant recommendations based on the clicked item to meet focused browsing demands. Different from traditional e-commerce RecSys, the full-screen UI and immersive swiping down functionality present two distinct challenges for regular ranking system. First, there exists explicit interference (overlap or conflicts) between ranking objectives, i.e., conversion, view and swipe down. This is because there are intrinsic behavioral co-occurrences under the premise of immersive browsing and swiping down functionality. Second, the ranking system is prone to temporal greedy traps in sequential recommendation slot transitions, which is caused by full-screen UI design. To alleviate these challenges, we propose a novel Spatio-temporal collaborative ranking (STCRank) framework to achieve collaboration between multi-objectives within one slot (spatial) and between multiple sequential recommondation slots. In multi-objective collaboration (MOC) module, we push Pareto frontier by mitigating the objective overlaps and conflicts. In multi-slot collaboration (MSC) module, we achieve global optima on overall sequential slots by dual-stage look-ahead ranking mechanism. Extensive experiments demonstrate our proposed method brings about purchase and DAU co-growth. The proposed system has been already deployed at Kuaishou E-shop since 2025.6. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted as an oral paper by WWW26 Human-centered recommender systems (HCRS) workshop ( arXiv:2601.10025 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Structured Personality Control and Adaptation for LLM Agents Authors: Jinpeng Wang , Xinyu Jia , Wei Wei Heng , Yuquan Li , Binbin Shi , Qianlei Chen , Guannan Chen , Junxia Zhang , Yuyu Yin Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly shaping human-computer interaction (HCI), from personalized assistants to social simulations. Beyond language competence, researchers are exploring whether LLMs can exhibit human-like characteristics that influence engagement, decision-making, and perceived realism. Personality, in particular, is critical, yet existing approaches often struggle to achi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly shaping human-computer interaction (HCI), from personalized assistants to social simulations. Beyond language competence, researchers are exploring whether LLMs can exhibit human-like characteristics that influence engagement, decision-making, and perceived realism. Personality, in particular, is critical, yet existing approaches often struggle to achieve both nuanced and adaptable expression. We present a framework that models LLM personality via Jungian psychological types, integrating three mechanisms: a dominant-auxiliary coordination mechanism for coherent core expression, a reinforcement-compensation mechanism for temporary adaptation to context, and a reflection mechanism that drives long-term personality evolution. This design allows the agent to maintain nuanced traits while dynamically adjusting to interaction demands and gradually updating its underlying structure. Personality alignment is evaluated using Myers-Briggs Type Indicator questionnaires and tested under diverse challenge scenarios as a preliminary structured assessment. Findings suggest that evolving, personality-aware LLMs can support coherent, context-sensitive interactions, enabling naturalistic agent design in HCI. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10025 [ pdf , ps , other ] Structured Personality Control and Adaptation for LLM Agents Authors: Jinpeng Wang , Xinyu Jia , Wei Wei Heng , Yuquan Li , Binbin Shi , Qianlei Chen , Guannan Chen , Junxia Zhang , Yuyu Yin Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly shaping human-computer interaction (HCI), from personalized assistants to social simulations. Beyond language competence, researchers are exploring whether LLMs can exhibit human-like characteristics that influence engagement, decision-making, and perceived realism. Personality, in particular, is critical, yet existing approaches often struggle to achi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly shaping human-computer interaction (HCI), from personalized assistants to social simulations. Beyond language competence, researchers are exploring whether LLMs can exhibit human-like characteristics that influence engagement, decision-making, and perceived realism. Personality, in particular, is critical, yet existing approaches often struggle to achieve both nuanced and adaptable expression. We present a framework that models LLM personality via Jungian psychological types, integrating three mechanisms: a dominant-auxiliary coordination mechanism for coherent core expression, a reinforcement-compensation mechanism for temporary adaptation to context, and a reflection mechanism that drives long-term personality evolution. This design allows the agent to maintain nuanced traits while dynamically adjusting to interaction demands and gradually updating its underlying structure. Personality alignment is evaluated using Myers-Briggs Type Indicator questionnaires and tested under diverse challenge scenarios as a preliminary structured assessment. Findings suggest that evolving, personality-aware LLMs can support coherent, context-sensitive interactions, enabling naturalistic agent design in HCI. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09966 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.HC A Sustainable AI Economy Needs Data Deals That Work for Generators Authors: Ruoxi Jia , Luis Oala , Wenjie Xiong , Suqin Ge , Jiachen T. Wang , Feiyang Kang , Dawn Song Abstract : We argue that the machine learning value chain is structurally unsustainable due to an economic data processing inequality: each state in the data cycle from inputs to model weights to synthetic outputs refines technical signal but strips economic equity from data generators. We show, by analyzing seventy-three public data deals, that the majority of value accrues to aggregators, with documented c… ▽ More We argue that the machine learning value chain is structurally unsustainable due to an economic data processing inequality: each state in the data cycle from inputs to model weights to synthetic outputs refines technical signal but strips economic equity from data generators. We show, by analyzing seventy-three public data deals, that the majority of value accrues to aggregators, with documented creator royalties rounding to zero and widespread opacity of deal terms. This is not just an economic welfare concern: as data and its derivatives become economic assets, the feedback loop that sustains current learning algorithms is at risk. We identify three structural faults - missing provenance, asymmetric bargaining power, and non-dynamic pricing - as the operational machinery of this inequality. In our analysis, we trace these problems along the machine learning value chain and propose an Equitable Data-Value Exchange (EDVEX) Framework to enable a minimal market that benefits all participants. Finally, we outline research directions where our community can make concrete contributions to data deals and contextualize our position with related and orthogonal viewpoints. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published at NeurIPS 2025 ( arXiv:2601.09966 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Sustainable AI Economy Needs Data Deals That Work for Generators Authors: Ruoxi Jia , Luis Oala , Wenjie Xiong , Suqin Ge , Jiachen T. Wang , Feiyang Kang , Dawn Song Abstract : We argue that the machine learning value chain is structurally unsustainable due to an economic data processing inequality: each state in the data cycle from inputs to model weights to synthetic outputs refines technical signal but strips economic equity from data generators. We show, by analyzing seventy-three public data deals, that the majority of value accrues to aggregators, with documented c… ▽ More We argue that the machine learning value chain is structurally unsustainable due to an economic data processing inequality: each state in the data cycle from inputs to model weights to synthetic outputs refines technical signal but strips economic equity from data generators. We show, by analyzing seventy-three public data deals, that the majority of value accrues to aggregators, with documented creator royalties rounding to zero and widespread opacity of deal terms. This is not just an economic welfare concern: as data and its derivatives become economic assets, the feedback loop that sustains current learning algorithms is at risk. We identify three structural faults - missing provenance, asymmetric bargaining power, and non-dynamic pricing - as the operational machinery of this inequality. In our analysis, we trace these problems along the machine learning value chain and propose an Equitable Data-Value Exchange (EDVEX) Framework to enable a minimal market that benefits all participants. Finally, we outline research directions where our community can make concrete contributions to data deals and contextualize our position with related and orthogonal viewpoints. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published at NeurIPS 2025 ( arXiv:2601.09713 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL LLM-Driven Preference Data Synthesis for Proactive Prediction of the Next User Utterance in Human-Machine Dialogue Authors: Jinqiang Wang , Huansheng Ning , Jianguo Ding , Tao Zhu , Liming Chen , Chris Nugent Abstract : Proactively predicting a users next utterance in human-machine dialogue can streamline interaction and improve user experience. Existing commercial API-based solutions are subject to privacy concerns while deploying general-purpose LLMs locally remains computationally expensive. As such, training a compact, task-specific LLM provides a practical alternative. Although user simulator methods can pre… ▽ More Proactively predicting a users next utterance in human-machine dialogue can streamline interaction and improve user experience. Existing commercial API-based solutions are subject to privacy concerns while deploying general-purpose LLMs locally remains computationally expensive. As such, training a compact, task-specific LLM provides a practical alternative. Although user simulator methods can predict a user's next utterance, they mainly imitate their speaking style rather than advancing the dialogue. Preference data synthesis has been investigated to generate data for proactive next utterance prediction and help align LLMs with user preferences. Yet existing methods lack the ability to explicitly model the intent reasoning that leads to the user's next utterance and to define and synthesize preference and non-preference reasoning processes for predicting the user's next utterance.To address these challenges, we propose ProUtt, an LLM-driven preference data synthesis method for proactive next utterance prediction. ProUtt converts dialogue history into an intent tree and explicitly models intent reasoning trajectories by predicting the next plausible path from both exploitation and exploration perspectives. It then constructs preference and non-preference reasoning processes by perturbing or revising intent tree paths at different future turns. Extensive evaluations using LLM-as-a-judge and human judgments demonstrate that ProUtt consistently outperforms existing data synthesis methods, user simulators, and commercial LLM APIs across four benchmark datasets. We release both the code and the synthesized datasets to facilitate future research. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages arXiv:2601.09713 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLM-Driven Preference Data Synthesis for Proactive Prediction of the Next User Utterance in Human-Machine Dialogue Authors: Jinqiang Wang , Huansheng Ning , Jianguo Ding , Tao Zhu , Liming Chen , Chris Nugent Abstract : Proactively predicting a users next utterance in human-machine dialogue can streamline interaction and improve user experience. Existing commercial API-based solutions are subject to privacy concerns while deploying general-purpose LLMs locally remains computationally expensive. As such, training a compact, task-specific LLM provides a practical alternative. Although user simulator methods can pre… ▽ More Proactively predicting a users next utterance in human-machine dialogue can streamline interaction and improve user experience. Existing commercial API-based solutions are subject to privacy concerns while deploying general-purpose LLMs locally remains computationally expensive. As such, training a compact, task-specific LLM provides a practical alternative. Although user simulator methods can predict a user's next utterance, they mainly imitate their speaking style rather than advancing the dialogue. Preference data synthesis has been investigated to generate data for proactive next utterance prediction and help align LLMs with user preferences. Yet existing methods lack the ability to explicitly model the intent reasoning that leads to the user's next utterance and to define and synthesize preference and non-preference reasoning processes for predicting the user's next utterance.To address these challenges, we propose ProUtt, an LLM-driven preference data synthesis method for proactive next utterance prediction. ProUtt converts dialogue history into an intent tree and explicitly models intent reasoning trajectories by predicting the next plausible path from both exploitation and exploration perspectives. It then constructs preference and non-preference reasoning processes by perturbing or revising intent tree paths at different future turns. Extensive evaluations using LLM-as-a-judge and human judgments demonstrate that ProUtt consistently outperforms existing data synthesis methods, user simulators, and commercial LLM APIs across four benchmark datasets. We release both the code and the synthesized datasets to facilitate future research. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09316 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Frequency Error-Guided Under-sampling Optimization for Multi-Contrast MRI Reconstruction Authors: Xinming Fang , Chaoyan Huang , Juncheng Li , Jun Wang , Jun Shi , Guixu Zhang Abstract : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a vital role in clinical diagnostics, yet it remains hindered by long acquisition times and motion artifacts. Multi-contrast MRI reconstruction has emerged as a promising direction by leveraging complementary information from fully-sampled reference scans. However, existing approaches suffer from three major limitations: (1) superficial reference fusion strat… ▽ More Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a vital role in clinical diagnostics, yet it remains hindered by long acquisition times and motion artifacts. Multi-contrast MRI reconstruction has emerged as a promising direction by leveraging complementary information from fully-sampled reference scans. However, existing approaches suffer from three major limitations: (1) superficial reference fusion strategies, such as simple concatenation, (2) insufficient utilization of the complementary information provided by the reference contrast, and (3) fixed under-sampling patterns. We propose an efficient and interpretable frequency error-guided reconstruction framework to tackle these issues. We first employ a conditional diffusion model to learn a Frequency Error Prior (FEP), which is then incorporated into a unified framework for jointly optimizing both the under-sampling pattern and the reconstruction network. The proposed reconstruction model employs a model-driven deep unfolding framework that jointly exploits frequency- and image-domain information. In addition, a spatial alignment module and a reference feature decomposition strategy are incorporated to improve reconstruction quality and bridge model-based optimization with data-driven learning for improved physical interpretability. Comprehensive validation across multiple imaging modalities, acceleration rates (4-30x), and sampling schemes demonstrates consistent superiority over state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative metrics and visual quality. All codes are available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 44 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.09316 [ pdf , ps , other ] Frequency Error-Guided Under-sampling Optimization for Multi-Contrast MRI Reconstruction Authors: Xinming Fang , Chaoyan Huang , Juncheng Li , Jun Wang , Jun Shi , Guixu Zhang Abstract : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a vital role in clinical diagnostics, yet it remains hindered by long acquisition times and motion artifacts. Multi-contrast MRI reconstruction has emerged as a promising direction by leveraging complementary information from fully-sampled reference scans. However, existing approaches suffer from three major limitations: (1) superficial reference fusion strat… ▽ More Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a vital role in clinical diagnostics, yet it remains hindered by long acquisition times and motion artifacts. Multi-contrast MRI reconstruction has emerged as a promising direction by leveraging complementary information from fully-sampled reference scans. However, existing approaches suffer from three major limitations: (1) superficial reference fusion strategies, such as simple concatenation, (2) insufficient utilization of the complementary information provided by the reference contrast, and (3) fixed under-sampling patterns. We propose an efficient and interpretable frequency error-guided reconstruction framework to tackle these issues. We first employ a conditional diffusion model to learn a Frequency Error Prior (FEP), which is then incorporated into a unified framework for jointly optimizing both the under-sampling pattern and the reconstruction network. The proposed reconstruction model employs a model-driven deep unfolding framework that jointly exploits frequency- and image-domain information. In addition, a spatial alignment module and a reference feature decomposition strategy are incorporated to improve reconstruction quality and bridge model-based optimization with data-driven learning for improved physical interpretability. Comprehensive validation across multiple imaging modalities, acceleration rates (4-30x), and sampling schemes demonstrates consistent superiority over state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative metrics and visual quality. All codes are available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 44 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.09263 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV BrainSegNet: A Novel Framework for Whole-Brain MRI Parcellation Enhanced by Large Models Authors: Yucheng Li , Xiaofan Wang , Junyi Wang , Yijie Li , Xi Zhu , Mubai Du , Dian Sheng , Wei Zhang , Fan Zhang Abstract : Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are… ▽ More Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are not tailored for the high precision required in brain parcellation. To address this, we propose BrainSegNet, a novel framework that adapts SAM for accurate whole-brain parcellation into 95 regions. We enhance SAM by integrating U-Net skip connections and specialized modules into its encoder and decoder, enabling fine-grained anatomical precision. Key components include a hybrid encoder combining U-Net skip connections with SAM's transformer blocks, a multi-scale attention decoder with pyramid pooling for varying-sized structures, and a boundary refinement module to sharpen edges. Experimental results on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset demonstrate that BrainSegNet outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in complex, multi-label parcellation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09263 [ pdf , ps , other ] BrainSegNet: A Novel Framework for Whole-Brain MRI Parcellation Enhanced by Large Models Authors: Yucheng Li , Xiaofan Wang , Junyi Wang , Yijie Li , Xi Zhu , Mubai Du , Dian Sheng , Wei Zhang , Fan Zhang Abstract : Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are… ▽ More Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are not tailored for the high precision required in brain parcellation. To address this, we propose BrainSegNet, a novel framework that adapts SAM for accurate whole-brain parcellation into 95 regions. We enhance SAM by integrating U-Net skip connections and specialized modules into its encoder and decoder, enabling fine-grained anatomical precision. Key components include a hybrid encoder combining U-Net skip connections with SAM's transformer blocks, a multi-scale attention decoder with pyramid pooling for varying-sized structures, and a boundary refinement module to sharpen edges. Experimental results on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset demonstrate that BrainSegNet outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in complex, multi-label parcellation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09239 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD DSA-Tokenizer: Disentangled Semantic-Acoustic Tokenization via Flow Matching-based Hierarchical Fusion Authors: Hanlin Zhang , Daxin Tan , Dehua Tao , Xiao Chen , Haochen Tan , Yunhe Li , Yuchen Cao , Jianping Wang , Linqi Song Abstract : Speech tokenizers serve as the cornerstone of discrete Speech Large Language Models (Speech LLMs). Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding, fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably, or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic disentanglement. To achieve better disentanglement, we propose DSA-Tokenizer, which explicitly disentangles speech into discrete semantic and acousti… ▽ More Speech tokenizers serve as the cornerstone of discrete Speech Large Language Models (Speech LLMs). Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding, fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably, or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic disentanglement. To achieve better disentanglement, we propose DSA-Tokenizer, which explicitly disentangles speech into discrete semantic and acoustic tokens via distinct optimization constraints. Specifically, semantic tokens are supervised by ASR to capture linguistic content, while acoustic tokens focus on mel-spectrograms restoration to encode style. To eliminate rigid length constraints between the two sequences, we introduce a hierarchical Flow-Matching decoder that further improve speech generation quality. Furthermore, We employ a joint reconstruction-recombination training strategy to enforce this separation. DSA-Tokenizer enables high fidelity reconstruction and flexible recombination through robust disentanglement, facilitating controllable generation in speech LLMs. Our analysis highlights disentangled tokenization as a pivotal paradigm for future speech modeling. Audio samples are avaialble at The code and model will be made publicly available after the paper has been accepted. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submit to ACL ARR 2026 Jaunary arXiv:2601.09239 [ pdf , ps , other ] DSA-Tokenizer: Disentangled Semantic-Acoustic Tokenization via Flow Matching-based Hierarchical Fusion Authors: Hanlin Zhang , Daxin Tan , Dehua Tao , Xiao Chen , Haochen Tan , Yunhe Li , Yuchen Cao , Jianping Wang , Linqi Song Abstract : Speech tokenizers serve as the cornerstone of discrete Speech Large Language Models (Speech LLMs). Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding, fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably, or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic disentanglement. To achieve better disentanglement, we propose DSA-Tokenizer, which explicitly disentangles speech into discrete semantic and acousti… ▽ More Speech tokenizers serve as the cornerstone of discrete Speech Large Language Models (Speech LLMs). Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding, fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably, or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic disentanglement. To achieve better disentanglement, we propose DSA-Tokenizer, which explicitly disentangles speech into discrete semantic and acoustic tokens via distinct optimization constraints. Specifically, semantic tokens are supervised by ASR to capture linguistic content, while acoustic tokens focus on mel-spectrograms restoration to encode style. To eliminate rigid length constraints between the two sequences, we introduce a hierarchical Flow-Matching decoder that further improve speech generation quality. Furthermore, We employ a joint reconstruction-recombination training strategy to enforce this separation. DSA-Tokenizer enables high fidelity reconstruction and flexible recombination through robust disentanglement, facilitating controllable generation in speech LLMs. Our analysis highlights disentangled tokenization as a pivotal paradigm for future speech modeling. Audio samples are avaialble at The code and model will be made publicly available after the paper has been accepted. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submit to ACL ARR 2026 Jaunary arXiv:2601.09195 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI ProFit: Leveraging High-Value Signals in SFT via Probability-Guided Token Selection Authors: Tao Liu , Taiqiang Wu , Runming Yang , Shaoning Sun , Junjie Wang , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a fundamental post-training strategy to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intent. However, traditional SFT often ignores the one-to-many nature of language by forcing alignment with a single reference answer, leading to the model overfitting to non-core expressions. Although our empirical analysis suggests that introducing multiple reference answers can… ▽ More Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a fundamental post-training strategy to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intent. However, traditional SFT often ignores the one-to-many nature of language by forcing alignment with a single reference answer, leading to the model overfitting to non-core expressions. Although our empirical analysis suggests that introducing multiple reference answers can mitigate this issue, the prohibitive data and computational costs necessitate a strategic shift: prioritizing the mitigation of single-reference overfitting over the costly pursuit of answer diversity. To achieve this, we reveal the intrinsic connection between token probability and semantic importance: high-probability tokens carry the core logical framework, while low-probability tokens are mostly replaceable expressions. Based on this insight, we propose ProFit, which selectively masks low-probability tokens to prevent surface-level overfitting. Extensive experiments confirm that ProFit consistently outperforms traditional SFT baselines on general reasoning and mathematical benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09195 [ pdf , ps , other ] ProFit: Leveraging High-Value Signals in SFT via Probability-Guided Token Selection Authors: Tao Liu , Taiqiang Wu , Runming Yang , Shaoning Sun , Junjie Wang , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a fundamental post-training strategy to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intent. However, traditional SFT often ignores the one-to-many nature of language by forcing alignment with a single reference answer, leading to the model overfitting to non-core expressions. Although our empirical analysis suggests that introducing multiple reference answers can… ▽ More Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a fundamental post-training strategy to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intent. However, traditional SFT often ignores the one-to-many nature of language by forcing alignment with a single reference answer, leading to the model overfitting to non-core expressions. Although our empirical analysis suggests that introducing multiple reference answers can mitigate this issue, the prohibitive data and computational costs necessitate a strategic shift: prioritizing the mitigation of single-reference overfitting over the costly pursuit of answer diversity. To achieve this, we reveal the intrinsic connection between token probability and semantic importance: high-probability tokens carry the core logical framework, while low-probability tokens are mostly replaceable expressions. Based on this insight, we propose ProFit, which selectively masks low-probability tokens to prevent surface-level overfitting. Extensive experiments confirm that ProFit consistently outperforms traditional SFT baselines on general reasoning and mathematical benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09151 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Interpretable Probability Estimation with LLMs via Shapley Reconstruction Authors: Yang Nan , Qihao Wen , Jiahao Wang , Pengfei He , Ravi Tandon , Yong Ge , Han Xu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate potential to estimate the probability of uncertain events, by leveraging their extensive knowledge and reasoning capabilities. This ability can be applied to support intelligent decision-making across diverse fields, such as financial forecasting and preventive healthcare. However, directly prompting LLMs for probability estimation faces significant challen… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate potential to estimate the probability of uncertain events, by leveraging their extensive knowledge and reasoning capabilities. This ability can be applied to support intelligent decision-making across diverse fields, such as financial forecasting and preventive healthcare. However, directly prompting LLMs for probability estimation faces significant challenges: their outputs are often noisy, and the underlying predicting process is opaque. In this paper, we propose PRISM: Probability Reconstruction via Shapley Measures, a framework that brings transparency and precision to LLM-based probability estimation. PRISM decomposes an LLM's prediction by quantifying the marginal contribution of each input factor using Shapley values. These factor-level contributions are then aggregated to reconstruct a calibrated final estimate. In our experiments, we demonstrate PRISM improves predictive accuracy over direct prompting and other baselines, across multiple domains including finance, healthcare, and agriculture. Beyond performance, PRISM provides a transparent prediction pipeline: our case studies visualize how individual factors shape the final estimate, helping build trust in LLM-based decision support systems. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09151 [ pdf , ps , other ] Interpretable Probability Estimation with LLMs via Shapley Reconstruction Authors: Yang Nan , Qihao Wen , Jiahao Wang , Pengfei He , Ravi Tandon , Yong Ge , Han Xu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate potential to estimate the probability of uncertain events, by leveraging their extensive knowledge and reasoning capabilities. This ability can be applied to support intelligent decision-making across diverse fields, such as financial forecasting and preventive healthcare. However, directly prompting LLMs for probability estimation faces significant challen… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate potential to estimate the probability of uncertain events, by leveraging their extensive knowledge and reasoning capabilities. This ability can be applied to support intelligent decision-making across diverse fields, such as financial forecasting and preventive healthcare. However, directly prompting LLMs for probability estimation faces significant challenges: their outputs are often noisy, and the underlying predicting process is opaque. In this paper, we propose PRISM: Probability Reconstruction via Shapley Measures, a framework that brings transparency and precision to LLM-based probability estimation. PRISM decomposes an LLM's prediction by quantifying the marginal contribution of each input factor using Shapley values. These factor-level contributions are then aggregated to reconstruct a calibrated final estimate. In our experiments, we demonstrate PRISM improves predictive accuracy over direct prompting and other baselines, across multiple domains including finance, healthcare, and agriculture. Beyond performance, PRISM provides a transparent prediction pipeline: our case studies visualize how individual factors shape the final estimate, helping build trust in LLM-based decision support systems. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08955 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Imagine-then-Plan: Agent Learning from Adaptive Lookahead with World Models Authors: Youwei Liu , Jian Wang , Hanlin Wang , Beichen Guo , Wenjie Li Abstract : Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via… ▽ More Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via lookahead imagination, where an agent's policy model interacts with the learned world model, yielding multi-step ``imagined'' trajectories. Since the imagination horizon may vary by tasks and stages, we introduce a novel adaptive lookahead mechanism by trading off the ultimate goal and task progress. The resulting imagined trajectories provide rich signals about future consequences, such as achieved progress and potential conflicts, which are fused with current observations, formulating a partially \textit{observable} and \textit{imaginable} Markov decision process to guide policy learning. We instantiate \texttt{ITP} with both training-free and reinforcement-trained variants. Extensive experiments across representative agent benchmarks demonstrate that \texttt{ITP} significantly outperforms competitive baselines. Further analyses validate that our adaptive lookahead largely enhances agents' reasoning capability, providing valuable insights into addressing broader, complex tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08955 [ pdf , ps , other ] Imagine-then-Plan: Agent Learning from Adaptive Lookahead with World Models Authors: Youwei Liu , Jian Wang , Hanlin Wang , Beichen Guo , Wenjie Li Abstract : Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via… ▽ More Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via lookahead imagination, where an agent's policy model interacts with the learned world model, yielding multi-step ``imagined'' trajectories. Since the imagination horizon may vary by tasks and stages, we introduce a novel adaptive lookahead mechanism by trading off the ultimate goal and task progress. The resulting imagined trajectories provide rich signals about future consequences, such as achieved progress and potential conflicts, which are fused with current observations, formulating a partially \textit{observable} and \textit{imaginable} Markov decision process to guide policy learning. We instantiate \texttt{ITP} with both training-free and reinforcement-trained variants. Extensive experiments across representative agent benchmarks demonstrate that \texttt{ITP} significantly outperforms competitive baselines. Further analyses validate that our adaptive lookahead largely enhances agents' reasoning capability, providing valuable insights into addressing broader, complex tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08747 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI To Retrieve or To Think? An Agentic Approach for Context Evolution Authors: Rubing Chen , Jian Wang , Wenjie Li , Xiao-Yong Wei , Qing Li Abstract : Current context augmentation methods, such as retrieval-augmented generation, are essential for solving knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. However, they typically adhere to a rigid, brute-force strategy that executes retrieval at every step. This indiscriminate approach not only incurs unnecessary computational costs but also degrades performance by saturating the context with irrelevant noise.… ▽ More Current context augmentation methods, such as retrieval-augmented generation, are essential for solving knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. However, they typically adhere to a rigid, brute-force strategy that executes retrieval at every step. This indiscriminate approach not only incurs unnecessary computational costs but also degrades performance by saturating the context with irrelevant noise. To address these limitations, we introduce Agentic Context Evolution (ACE), a framework inspired by human metacognition that dynamically determines whether to seek new evidence or reason with existing knowledge. ACE employs a central orchestrator agent to make decisions strategically via majority voting. It aims to alternate between activating a retriever agent for external retrieval and a reasoner agent for internal analysis and refinement. By eliminating redundant retrieval steps, ACE maintains a concise and evolved context. Extensive experiments on challenging multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate that ACE significantly outperforms competitive baselines in accuracy while achieving efficient token consumption. Our work provides valuable insights into advancing context-evolved generation for complex, knowledge-intensive tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08747 [ pdf , ps , other ] To Retrieve or To Think? An Agentic Approach for Context Evolution Authors: Rubing Chen , Jian Wang , Wenjie Li , Xiao-Yong Wei , Qing Li Abstract : Current context augmentation methods, such as retrieval-augmented generation, are essential for solving knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. However, they typically adhere to a rigid, brute-force strategy that executes retrieval at every step. This indiscriminate approach not only incurs unnecessary computational costs but also degrades performance by saturating the context with irrelevant noise.… ▽ More Current context augmentation methods, such as retrieval-augmented generation, are essential for solving knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. However, they typically adhere to a rigid, brute-force strategy that executes retrieval at every step. This indiscriminate approach not only incurs unnecessary computational costs but also degrades performance by saturating the context with irrelevant noise. To address these limitations, we introduce Agentic Context Evolution (ACE), a framework inspired by human metacognition that dynamically determines whether to seek new evidence or reason with existing knowledge. ACE employs a central orchestrator agent to make decisions strategically via majority voting. It aims to alternate between activating a retriever agent for external retrieval and a reasoner agent for internal analysis and refinement. By eliminating redundant retrieval steps, ACE maintains a concise and evolved context. Extensive experiments on challenging multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate that ACE significantly outperforms competitive baselines in accuracy while achieving efficient token consumption. Our work provides valuable insights into advancing context-evolved generation for complex, knowledge-intensive tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08418 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Taxon: Hierarchical Tax Code Prediction with Semantically Aligned LLM Expert Guidance Authors: Jihang Li , Qing Liu , Zulong Chen , Jing Wang , Wei Wang , Chuanfei Xu , Zeyi Wen Abstract : Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guide… ▽ More Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guided framework for hierarchical tax code prediction. Taxon integrates (i) a feature-gating mixture-of-experts architecture that adaptively routes multi-modal features across taxonomy levels, and (ii) a semantic consistency model distilled from large language models acting as domain experts to verify alignment between product titles and official tax definitions. To address noisy supervision in real business records, we design a multi-source training pipeline that combines curated tax databases, invoice validation logs, and merchant registration data to provide both structural and semantic supervision. Extensive experiments on the proprietary TaxCode dataset and public benchmarks demonstrate that Taxon achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming strong baselines. Further, an additional full hierarchical paths reconstruction procedure significantly improves structural consistency, yielding the highest overall F1 scores. Taxon has been deployed in production within Alibaba's tax service system, handling an average of over 500,000 tax code queries per day and reaching peak volumes above five million requests during business event with improved accuracy, interpretability, and robustness. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08418 [ pdf , ps , other ] Taxon: Hierarchical Tax Code Prediction with Semantically Aligned LLM Expert Guidance Authors: Jihang Li , Qing Liu , Zulong Chen , Jing Wang , Wei Wang , Chuanfei Xu , Zeyi Wen Abstract : Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guide… ▽ More Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guided framework for hierarchical tax code prediction. Taxon integrates (i) a feature-gating mixture-of-experts architecture that adaptively routes multi-modal features across taxonomy levels, and (ii) a semantic consistency model distilled from large language models acting as domain experts to verify alignment between product titles and official tax definitions. To address noisy supervision in real business records, we design a multi-source training pipeline that combines curated tax databases, invoice validation logs, and merchant registration data to provide both structural and semantic supervision. Extensive experiments on the proprietary TaxCode dataset and public benchmarks demonstrate that Taxon achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming strong baselines. Further, an additional full hierarchical paths reconstruction procedure significantly improves structural consistency, yielding the highest overall F1 scores. Taxon has been deployed in production within Alibaba's tax service system, handling an average of over 500,000 tax code queries per day and reaching peak volumes above five million requests during business event with improved accuracy, interpretability, and robustness. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08311 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Enhancing Image Quality Assessment Ability of LMMs via Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Kang Fu , Huiyu Duan , Zicheng Zhang , Yucheng Zhu , Jun Zhao , Xiongkuo Min , Jia Wang , Guangtao Zhai Abstract : Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have recently shown remarkable promise in low-level visual perception tasks, particularly in Image Quality Assessment (IQA), demonstrating strong zero-shot capability. However, achieving state-of-the-art performance often requires computationally expensive fine-tuning methods, which aim to align the distribution of quality-related token in output with image quality l… ▽ More Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have recently shown remarkable promise in low-level visual perception tasks, particularly in Image Quality Assessment (IQA), demonstrating strong zero-shot capability. However, achieving state-of-the-art performance often requires computationally expensive fine-tuning methods, which aim to align the distribution of quality-related token in output with image quality levels. Inspired by recent training-free works for LMM, we introduce IQARAG, a novel, training-free framework that enhances LMMs' IQA ability. IQARAG leverages Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to retrieve some semantically similar but quality-variant reference images with corresponding Mean Opinion Scores (MOSs) for input image. These retrieved images and input image are integrated into a specific prompt. Retrieved images provide the LMM with a visual perception anchor for IQA task. IQARAG contains three key phases: Retrieval Feature Extraction, Image Retrieval, and Integration & Quality Score Generation. Extensive experiments across multiple diverse IQA datasets, including KADID, KonIQ, LIVE Challenge, and SPAQ, demonstrate that the proposed IQARAG effectively boosts the IQA performance of LMMs, offering a resource-efficient alternative to fine-tuning for quality assessment. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08311 [ pdf , ps , other ] Enhancing Image Quality Assessment Ability of LMMs via Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Kang Fu , Huiyu Duan , Zicheng Zhang , Yucheng Zhu , Jun Zhao , Xiongkuo Min , Jia Wang , Guangtao Zhai Abstract : Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have recently shown remarkable promise in low-level visual perception tasks, particularly in Image Quality Assessment (IQA), demonstrating strong zero-shot capability. However, achieving state-of-the-art performance often requires computationally expensive fine-tuning methods, which aim to align the distribution of quality-related token in output with image quality l… ▽ More Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have recently shown remarkable promise in low-level visual perception tasks, particularly in Image Quality Assessment (IQA), demonstrating strong zero-shot capability. However, achieving state-of-the-art performance often requires computationally expensive fine-tuning methods, which aim to align the distribution of quality-related token in output with image quality levels. Inspired by recent training-free works for LMM, we introduce IQARAG, a novel, training-free framework that enhances LMMs' IQA ability. IQARAG leverages Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to retrieve some semantically similar but quality-variant reference images with corresponding Mean Opinion Scores (MOSs) for input image. These retrieved images and input image are integrated into a specific prompt. Retrieved images provide the LMM with a visual perception anchor for IQA task. IQARAG contains three key phases: Retrieval Feature Extraction, Image Retrieval, and Integration & Quality Score Generation. Extensive experiments across multiple diverse IQA datasets, including KADID, KonIQ, LIVE Challenge, and SPAQ, demonstrate that the proposed IQARAG effectively boosts the IQA performance of LMMs, offering a resource-efficient alternative to fine-tuning for quality assessment. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08275 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Markovian Pre-Trained Transformer for Next-Item Recommendation Authors: Cong Xu , Guoliang Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang Abstract : We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest int… ▽ More We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest interaction to make predictions, while the historical interactions serve mainly as auxiliary cues for inferring the user's general, non-sequential identity. This characteristic necessitates the capabilities of a universal recommendation model to effectively summarize the user sequence, with particular emphasis on the latest interaction. MPT inherently has the potential to be universal and transferable. On the one hand, when trained to predict the next state of Markov chains, it acquires the capabilities to estimate transition probabilities from the context (one adaptive manner for summarizing sequences) and attend to the last state to ensure accurate state transitions. On the other hand, unlike the heterogeneous interaction data, an unlimited amount of controllable Markov chains is available to boost the model capacity. We conduct extensive experiments on five public datasets from three distinct platforms to validate the superiority of Markovian pre-training over traditional recommendation pre-training and recent language pre-training paradigms. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08275 [ pdf , ps , other ] Markovian Pre-Trained Transformer for Next-Item Recommendation Authors: Cong Xu , Guoliang Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang Abstract : We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest int… ▽ More We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest interaction to make predictions, while the historical interactions serve mainly as auxiliary cues for inferring the user's general, non-sequential identity. This characteristic necessitates the capabilities of a universal recommendation model to effectively summarize the user sequence, with particular emphasis on the latest interaction. MPT inherently has the potential to be universal and transferable. On the one hand, when trained to predict the next state of Markov chains, it acquires the capabilities to estimate transition probabilities from the context (one adaptive manner for summarizing sequences) and attend to the last state to ensure accurate state transitions. On the other hand, unlike the heterogeneous interaction data, an unlimited amount of controllable Markov chains is available to boost the model capacity. We conduct extensive experiments on five public datasets from three distinct platforms to validate the superiority of Markovian pre-training over traditional recommendation pre-training and recent language pre-training paradigms. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08209 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Generation-Augmented Generation: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Private Knowledge Injection in Large Language Models Authors: Rongji Li , Jian Xu , Xueqing Chen , Yisheng Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xingyu Chen , Chunyu Xie , Dawei Leng , Xu-Yao Zhang Abstract : In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual upd… ▽ More In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual updates risk catastrophic forgetting and general-capability regression; retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) keeps the base model intact but is brittle in specialized private corpora due to chunk-induced evidence fragmentation, retrieval drift, and long-context pressure that yields query-dependent prompt inflation. Inspired by how multimodal LLMs align heterogeneous modalities into a shared semantic space, we propose Generation-Augmented Generation (GAG), which treats private expertise as an additional expert modality and injects it via a compact, representation-level interface aligned to the frozen base model, avoiding prompt-time evidence serialization while enabling plug-and-play specialization and scalable multi-domain composition with reliable selective activation. Across two private scientific QA benchmarks (immunology adjuvant and catalytic materials) and mixed-domain evaluations, GAG improves specialist performance over strong RAG baselines by 15.34% and 14.86% on the two benchmarks, respectively, while maintaining performance on six open general benchmarks and enabling near-oracle selective activation for scalable multi-domain deployment. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08209 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generation-Augmented Generation: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Private Knowledge Injection in Large Language Models Authors: Rongji Li , Jian Xu , Xueqing Chen , Yisheng Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xingyu Chen , Chunyu Xie , Dawei Leng , Xu-Yao Zhang Abstract : In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual upd… ▽ More In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual updates risk catastrophic forgetting and general-capability regression; retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) keeps the base model intact but is brittle in specialized private corpora due to chunk-induced evidence fragmentation, retrieval drift, and long-context pressure that yields query-dependent prompt inflation. Inspired by how multimodal LLMs align heterogeneous modalities into a shared semantic space, we propose Generation-Augmented Generation (GAG), which treats private expertise as an additional expert modality and injects it via a compact, representation-level interface aligned to the frozen base model, avoiding prompt-time evidence serialization while enabling plug-and-play specialization and scalable multi-domain composition with reliable selective activation. Across two private scientific QA benchmarks (immunology adjuvant and catalytic materials) and mixed-domain evaluations, GAG improves specialist performance over strong RAG baselines by 15.34% and 14.86% on the two benchmarks, respectively, while maintaining performance on six open general benchmarks and enabling near-oracle selective activation for scalable multi-domain deployment. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07903 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Enhancing Large Language Models for Time-Series Forecasting via Vector-Injected In-Context Learning Authors: Jianqi Zhang , Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Fanjiang Xu , Changwen Zheng Abstract : The World Wide Web needs reliable predictive capabilities to respond to changes in user behavior and usage patterns. Time series forecasting (TSF) is a key means to achieve this goal. In recent years, the large language models (LLMs) for TSF (LLM4TSF) have achieved good performance. However, there is a significant difference between pretraining corpora and time series data, making it hard to guara… ▽ More The World Wide Web needs reliable predictive capabilities to respond to changes in user behavior and usage patterns. Time series forecasting (TSF) is a key means to achieve this goal. In recent years, the large language models (LLMs) for TSF (LLM4TSF) have achieved good performance. However, there is a significant difference between pretraining corpora and time series data, making it hard to guarantee forecasting quality when directly applying LLMs to TSF; fine-tuning LLMs can mitigate this issue, but often incurs substantial computational overhead. Thus, LLM4TSF faces a dual challenge of prediction performance and compute overhead. To address this, we aim to explore a method for improving the forecasting performance of LLM4TSF while freezing all LLM parameters to reduce computational overhead. Inspired by in-context learning (ICL), we propose LVICL. LVICL uses our vector-injected ICL to inject example information into a frozen LLM, eliciting its in-context learning ability and thereby enhancing its performance on the example-related task (i.e., TSF). Specifically, we first use the LLM together with a learnable context vector adapter to extract a context vector from multiple examples adaptively. This vector contains compressed, example-related information. Subsequently, during the forward pass, we inject this vector into every layer of the LLM to improve forecasting performance. Compared with conventional ICL that adds examples into the prompt, our vector-injected ICL does not increase prompt length; moreover, adaptively deriving a context vector from examples suppresses components harmful to forecasting, thereby improving model performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07903 [ pdf , ps , other ] Enhancing Large Language Models for Time-Series Forecasting via Vector-Injected In-Context Learning Authors: Jianqi Zhang , Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Fanjiang Xu , Changwen Zheng Abstract : The World Wide Web needs reliable predictive capabilities to respond to changes in user behavior and usage patterns. Time series forecasting (TSF) is a key means to achieve this goal. In recent years, the large language models (LLMs) for TSF (LLM4TSF) have achieved good performance. However, there is a significant difference between pretraining corpora and time series data, making it hard to guara… ▽ More The World Wide Web needs reliable predictive capabilities to respond to changes in user behavior and usage patterns. Time series forecasting (TSF) is a key means to achieve this goal. In recent years, the large language models (LLMs) for TSF (LLM4TSF) have achieved good performance. However, there is a significant difference between pretraining corpora and time series data, making it hard to guarantee forecasting quality when directly applying LLMs to TSF; fine-tuning LLMs can mitigate this issue, but often incurs substantial computational overhead. Thus, LLM4TSF faces a dual challenge of prediction performance and compute overhead. To address this, we aim to explore a method for improving the forecasting performance of LLM4TSF while freezing all LLM parameters to reduce computational overhead. Inspired by in-context learning (ICL), we propose LVICL. LVICL uses our vector-injected ICL to inject example information into a frozen LLM, eliciting its in-context learning ability and thereby enhancing its performance on the example-related task (i.e., TSF). Specifically, we first use the LLM together with a learnable context vector adapter to extract a context vector from multiple examples adaptively. This vector contains compressed, example-related information. Subsequently, during the forward pass, we inject this vector into every layer of the LLM to improve forecasting performance. Compared with conventional ICL that adds examples into the prompt, our vector-injected ICL does not increase prompt length; moreover, adaptively deriving a context vector from examples suppresses components harmful to forecasting, thereby improving model performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07854 [ pdf , ps , other ] q-bio.OT cs.AI Immunological Density Shapes Recovery Trajectories in Long COVID Authors: Jing Wang , Tong Zhang , Xing Niu , Jie Shen , Yiming Luo , Qiaomin Xie , Amar Sra , Zorina Galis , Jeremy Weiss Abstract : Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) frequently persists for months, yet drivers of clinical remission remain incompletely defined. Here we analyzed 97,564 longitudinal PASC assessments from 13,511 participants with linked vaccination histories to disentangle passive temporal progression from vaccine-associated change. Using a clinically validated threshold (PASC $\geq 12$)… ▽ More Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) frequently persists for months, yet drivers of clinical remission remain incompletely defined. Here we analyzed 97,564 longitudinal PASC assessments from 13,511 participants with linked vaccination histories to disentangle passive temporal progression from vaccine-associated change. Using a clinically validated threshold (PASC $\geq 12$), trajectories separated into three phenotypes: Protected (persistently sub-threshold), Refractory (persistently symptomatic), and Responders (transitioning from symptomatic to recovered). Across the full cohort, symptom severity increased modestly with elapsed time ($r=0.0521$, $P=1.26\times10^{-59}$), whereas cumulative vaccination showed an inverse association with severity ($r=-0.0434$, $P=5.95\times10^{-42}$). In summary, baseline Long COVID severity appears clinically deterministic. In the absence of intervention, symptoms typically persist without spontaneous resolution. Recovery is primarily associated with repeated immunization. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07854 [ pdf , ps , other ] Immunological Density Shapes Recovery Trajectories in Long COVID Authors: Jing Wang , Tong Zhang , Xing Niu , Jie Shen , Yiming Luo , Qiaomin Xie , Amar Sra , Zorina Galis , Jeremy Weiss Abstract : Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) frequently persists for months, yet drivers of clinical remission remain incompletely defined. Here we analyzed 97,564 longitudinal PASC assessments from 13,511 participants with linked vaccination histories to disentangle passive temporal progression from vaccine-associated change. Using a clinically validated threshold (PASC $\geq 12$)… ▽ More Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) frequently persists for months, yet drivers of clinical remission remain incompletely defined. Here we analyzed 97,564 longitudinal PASC assessments from 13,511 participants with linked vaccination histories to disentangle passive temporal progression from vaccine-associated change. Using a clinically validated threshold (PASC $\geq 12$), trajectories separated into three phenotypes: Protected (persistently sub-threshold), Refractory (persistently symptomatic), and Responders (transitioning from symptomatic to recovered). Across the full cohort, symptom severity increased modestly with elapsed time ($r=0.0521$, $P=1.26\times10^{-59}$), whereas cumulative vaccination showed an inverse association with severity ($r=-0.0434$, $P=5.95\times10^{-42}$). In summary, baseline Long COVID severity appears clinically deterministic. In the absence of intervention, symptoms typically persist without spontaneous resolution. Recovery is primarily associated with repeated immunization. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07853 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI FinVault: Benchmarking Financial Agent Safety in Execution-Grounded Environments Authors: Zhi Yang , Runguo Li , Qiqi Qiang , Jiashun Wang , Fangqi Lou , Mengping Li , Dongpo Cheng , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Shuo Zhang , Xiaolong Liang , Xiaoming Huang , Zheng Wei , Zhaowei Liu , Xin Guo , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Liwen Zhang Abstract : Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level conten… ▽ More Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level content compliance or abstract agent settings, failing to capture execution-grounded risks arising from real operational workflows and state-changing actions. To bridge this gap, we propose FinVault, the first execution-grounded security benchmark for financial agents, comprising 31 regulatory case-driven sandbox scenarios with state-writable databases and explicit compliance constraints, together with 107 real-world vulnerabilities and 963 test cases that systematically cover prompt injection, jailbreaking, financially adapted attacks, as well as benign inputs for false-positive evaluation. Experimental results reveal that existing defense mechanisms remain ineffective in realistic financial agent settings, with average attack success rates (ASR) still reaching up to 50.0\% on state-of-the-art models and remaining non-negligible even for the most robust systems (ASR 6.7\%), highlighting the limited transferability of current safety designs and the need for stronger financial-specific defenses. Our code can be found at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07853 [ pdf , ps , other ] FinVault: Benchmarking Financial Agent Safety in Execution-Grounded Environments Authors: Zhi Yang , Runguo Li , Qiqi Qiang , Jiashun Wang , Fangqi Lou , Mengping Li , Dongpo Cheng , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Shuo Zhang , Xiaolong Liang , Xiaoming Huang , Zheng Wei , Zhaowei Liu , Xin Guo , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Liwen Zhang Abstract : Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level conten… ▽ More Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level content compliance or abstract agent settings, failing to capture execution-grounded risks arising from real operational workflows and state-changing actions. To bridge this gap, we propose FinVault, the first execution-grounded security benchmark for financial agents, comprising 31 regulatory case-driven sandbox scenarios with state-writable databases and explicit compliance constraints, together with 107 real-world vulnerabilities and 963 test cases that systematically cover prompt injection, jailbreaking, financially adapted attacks, as well as benign inputs for false-positive evaluation. Experimental results reveal that existing defense mechanisms remain ineffective in realistic financial agent settings, with average attack success rates (ASR) still reaching up to 50.0\% on state-of-the-art models and remaining non-negligible even for the most robust systems (ASR 6.7\%), highlighting the limited transferability of current safety designs and the need for stronger financial-specific defenses. Our code can be found at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07833 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Tuning-free Visual Effect Transfer across Videos Authors: Maxwell Jones , Rameen Abdal , Or Patashnik , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Sergey Tulyakov , Jun-Yan Zhu , Kuan-Chieh Jackson Wang Abstract : We present RefVFX, a new framework that transfers complex temporal effects from a reference video onto a target video or image in a feed-forward manner. While existing methods excel at prompt-based or keyframe-conditioned editing, they struggle with dynamic temporal effects such as dynamic lighting changes or character transformations, which are difficult to describe via text or static conditions.… ▽ More We present RefVFX, a new framework that transfers complex temporal effects from a reference video onto a target video or image in a feed-forward manner. While existing methods excel at prompt-based or keyframe-conditioned editing, they struggle with dynamic temporal effects such as dynamic lighting changes or character transformations, which are difficult to describe via text or static conditions. Transferring a video effect is challenging, as the model must integrate the new temporal dynamics with the input video's existing motion and appearance. % To address this, we introduce a large-scale dataset of triplets, where each triplet consists of a reference effect video, an input image or video, and a corresponding output video depicting the transferred effect. Creating this data is non-trivial, especially the video-to-video effect triplets, which do not exist naturally. To generate these, we propose a scalable automated pipeline that creates high-quality paired videos designed to preserve the input's motion and structure while transforming it based on some fixed, repeatable effect. We then augment this data with image-to-video effects derived from LoRA adapters and code-based temporal effects generated through programmatic composition. Building on our new dataset, we train our reference-conditioned model using recent text-to-video backbones. Experimental results demonstrate that RefVFX produces visually consistent and temporally coherent edits, generalizes across unseen effect categories, and outperforms prompt-only baselines in both quantitative metrics and human preference. See our website at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.07833 [ pdf , ps , other ] Tuning-free Visual Effect Transfer across Videos Authors: Maxwell Jones , Rameen Abdal , Or Patashnik , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Sergey Tulyakov , Jun-Yan Zhu , Kuan-Chieh Jackson Wang Abstract : We present RefVFX, a new framework that transfers complex temporal effects from a reference video onto a target video or image in a feed-forward manner. While existing methods excel at prompt-based or keyframe-conditioned editing, they struggle with dynamic temporal effects such as dynamic lighting changes or character transformations, which are difficult to describe via text or static conditions.… ▽ More We present RefVFX, a new framework that transfers complex temporal effects from a reference video onto a target video or image in a feed-forward manner. While existing methods excel at prompt-based or keyframe-conditioned editing, they struggle with dynamic temporal effects such as dynamic lighting changes or character transformations, which are difficult to describe via text or static conditions. Transferring a video effect is challenging, as the model must integrate the new temporal dynamics with the input video's existing motion and appearance. % To address this, we introduce a large-scale dataset of triplets, where each triplet consists of a reference effect video, an input image or video, and a corresponding output video depicting the transferred effect. Creating this data is non-trivial, especially the video-to-video effect triplets, which do not exist naturally. To generate these, we propose a scalable automated pipeline that creates high-quality paired videos designed to preserve the input's motion and structure while transforming it based on some fixed, repeatable effect. We then augment this data with image-to-video effects derived from LoRA adapters and code-based temporal effects generated through programmatic composition. Building on our new dataset, we train our reference-conditioned model using recent text-to-video backbones. Experimental results demonstrate that RefVFX produces visually consistent and temporally coherent edits, generalizes across unseen effect categories, and outperforms prompt-only baselines in both quantitative metrics and human preference. See our website at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.07767 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL Are LLM Decisions Faithful to Verbal Confidence? Authors: Jiawei Wang , Yanfei Zhou , Siddartha Devic , Deqing Fu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) can produce surprisingly sophisticated estimates of their own uncertainty. However, it remains unclear to what extent this expressed confidence is tied to the reasoning, knowledge, or decision making of the model. To test this, we introduce $\textbf{RiskEval}$: a framework designed to evaluate whether models adjust their abstention policies in response to varying error… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) can produce surprisingly sophisticated estimates of their own uncertainty. However, it remains unclear to what extent this expressed confidence is tied to the reasoning, knowledge, or decision making of the model. To test this, we introduce $\textbf{RiskEval}$: a framework designed to evaluate whether models adjust their abstention policies in response to varying error penalties. Our evaluation of several frontier models reveals a critical dissociation: models are neither cost-aware when articulating their verbal confidence, nor strategically responsive when deciding whether to engage or abstain under high-penalty conditions. Even when extreme penalties render frequent abstention the mathematically optimal strategy, models almost never abstain, resulting in utility collapse. This indicates that calibrated verbal confidence scores may not be sufficient to create trustworthy and interpretable AI systems, as current models lack the strategic agency to convert uncertainty signals into optimal and risk-sensitive decisions. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07767 [ pdf , ps , other ] Are LLM Decisions Faithful to Verbal Confidence? Authors: Jiawei Wang , Yanfei Zhou , Siddartha Devic , Deqing Fu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) can produce surprisingly sophisticated estimates of their own uncertainty. However, it remains unclear to what extent this expressed confidence is tied to the reasoning, knowledge, or decision making of the model. To test this, we introduce $\textbf{RiskEval}$: a framework designed to evaluate whether models adjust their abstention policies in response to varying error… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) can produce surprisingly sophisticated estimates of their own uncertainty. However, it remains unclear to what extent this expressed confidence is tied to the reasoning, knowledge, or decision making of the model. To test this, we introduce $\textbf{RiskEval}$: a framework designed to evaluate whether models adjust their abstention policies in response to varying error penalties. Our evaluation of several frontier models reveals a critical dissociation: models are neither cost-aware when articulating their verbal confidence, nor strategically responsive when deciding whether to engage or abstain under high-penalty conditions. Even when extreme penalties render frequent abstention the mathematically optimal strategy, models almost never abstain, resulting in utility collapse. This indicates that calibrated verbal confidence scores may not be sufficient to create trustworthy and interpretable AI systems, as current models lack the strategic agency to convert uncertainty signals into optimal and risk-sensitive decisions. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07519 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Fast Multi-Stack Slice-to-Volume Reconstruction via Multi-Scale Unrolled Optimization Authors: Margherita Firenze , Sean I. Young , Clinton J. Wang , Hyuk Jin Yun , Elfar Adalsteinsson , Kiho Im , P. Ellen Grant , Polina Golland Abstract : Fully convolutional networks have become the backbone of modern medical imaging due to their ability to learn multi-scale representations and perform end-to-end inference. Yet their potential for slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), the task of jointly estimating 3D anatomy and slice poses from misaligned 2D acquisitions, remains underexplored. We introduce a fast convolutional framework that fus… ▽ More Fully convolutional networks have become the backbone of modern medical imaging due to their ability to learn multi-scale representations and perform end-to-end inference. Yet their potential for slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), the task of jointly estimating 3D anatomy and slice poses from misaligned 2D acquisitions, remains underexplored. We introduce a fast convolutional framework that fuses multiple orthogonal 2D slice stacks to recover coherent 3D structure and refines slice alignment through lightweight model-based optimization. Applied to fetal brain MRI, our approach reconstructs high-quality 3D volumes in under 10s, with 1s slice registration and accuracy on par with state-of-the-art iterative SVR pipelines, offering more than speedup. The framework uses non-rigid displacement fields to represent transformations, generalizing to other SVR problems like fetal body and placental MRI. Additionally, the fast inference time paves the way for real-time, scanner-side volumetric feedback during MRI acquisition. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07519 [ pdf , ps , other ] Fast Multi-Stack Slice-to-Volume Reconstruction via Multi-Scale Unrolled Optimization Authors: Margherita Firenze , Sean I. Young , Clinton J. Wang , Hyuk Jin Yun , Elfar Adalsteinsson , Kiho Im , P. Ellen Grant , Polina Golland Abstract : Fully convolutional networks have become the backbone of modern medical imaging due to their ability to learn multi-scale representations and perform end-to-end inference. Yet their potential for slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), the task of jointly estimating 3D anatomy and slice poses from misaligned 2D acquisitions, remains underexplored. We introduce a fast convolutional framework that fus… ▽ More Fully convolutional networks have become the backbone of modern medical imaging due to their ability to learn multi-scale representations and perform end-to-end inference. Yet their potential for slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), the task of jointly estimating 3D anatomy and slice poses from misaligned 2D acquisitions, remains underexplored. We introduce a fast convolutional framework that fuses multiple orthogonal 2D slice stacks to recover coherent 3D structure and refines slice alignment through lightweight model-based optimization. Applied to fetal brain MRI, our approach reconstructs high-quality 3D volumes in under 10s, with 1s slice registration and accuracy on par with state-of-the-art iterative SVR pipelines, offering more than speedup. The framework uses non-rigid displacement fields to represent transformations, generalizing to other SVR problems like fetal body and placental MRI. Additionally, the fast inference time paves the way for real-time, scanner-side volumetric feedback during MRI acquisition. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07344 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI PulseMind: A Multi-Modal Medical Model for Real-World Clinical Diagnosis Authors: Jiao Xu , Junwei Liu , Jiangwei Lao , Qi Zhu , Yunpeng Zhao , Congyun Jin , Shinan Liu , Zhihong Lu , Lihe Zhang , Xin Chen , Jian Wang , Ping Wang Abstract : Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-moda… ▽ More Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-modal diagnostic models that integrates a systematically curated dataset, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, and a tailored training framework. Specifically, we first construct a diagnostic dataset, MediScope, which comprises 98,000 real-world multi-turn consultations and 601,500 medical images, spanning over 10 major clinical departments and more than 200 sub-specialties. Then, to better reflect the requirements of real-world clinical diagnosis, we develop the PulseMind Benchmark, a multi-turn diagnostic consultation benchmark with a four-dimensional evaluation protocol comprising proactiveness, accuracy, usefulness, and language quality. Finally, we design a training framework tailored for multi-modal clinical diagnostics, centered around a core component named Comparison-based Reinforcement Policy Optimization (CRPO). Compared to absolute score rewards, CRPO uses relative preference signals from multi-dimensional com-parisons to provide stable and human-aligned training guidance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PulseMind achieves competitive performance on both the diagnostic consultation benchmark and public medical benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.07344 [ pdf , ps , other ] PulseMind: A Multi-Modal Medical Model for Real-World Clinical Diagnosis Authors: Jiao Xu , Junwei Liu , Jiangwei Lao , Qi Zhu , Yunpeng Zhao , Congyun Jin , Shinan Liu , Zhihong Lu , Lihe Zhang , Xin Chen , Jian Wang , Ping Wang Abstract : Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-moda… ▽ More Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-modal diagnostic models that integrates a systematically curated dataset, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, and a tailored training framework. Specifically, we first construct a diagnostic dataset, MediScope, which comprises 98,000 real-world multi-turn consultations and 601,500 medical images, spanning over 10 major clinical departments and more than 200 sub-specialties. Then, to better reflect the requirements of real-world clinical diagnosis, we develop the PulseMind Benchmark, a multi-turn diagnostic consultation benchmark with a four-dimensional evaluation protocol comprising proactiveness, accuracy, usefulness, and language quality. Finally, we design a training framework tailored for multi-modal clinical diagnostics, centered around a core component named Comparison-based Reinforcement Policy Optimization (CRPO). Compared to absolute score rewards, CRPO uses relative preference signals from multi-dimensional com-parisons to provide stable and human-aligned training guidance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PulseMind achieves competitive performance on both the diagnostic consultation benchmark and public medical benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.07307 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI Low-Altitude Satellite-AAV Collaborative Joint Mobile Edge Computing and Data Collection via Diffusion-based Deep Reinforcement Learning Authors: Boxiong Wang , Hui Kang , Jiahui Li , Geng Sun , Zemin Sun , Jiacheng Wang , Dusit Niyato , Shiwen Mao Abstract : The integration of satellite and autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV) communications has become essential for the scenarios requiring both wide coverage and rapid deployment, particularly in remote or disaster-stricken areas where the terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable. Furthermore, emerging applications increasingly demand simultaneous mobile edge computing (MEC) and data collection (DC) capabi… ▽ More The integration of satellite and autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV) communications has become essential for the scenarios requiring both wide coverage and rapid deployment, particularly in remote or disaster-stricken areas where the terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable. Furthermore, emerging applications increasingly demand simultaneous mobile edge computing (MEC) and data collection (DC) capabilities within the same aerial network. However, jointly optimizing these operations in heterogeneous satellite-AAV systems presents significant challenges due to limited on-board resources and competing demands under dynamic channel conditions. In this work, we investigate a satellite-AAV-enabled joint MEC-DC system where these platforms collaborate to serve ground devices (GDs). Specifically, we formulate a joint optimization problem to minimize the average MEC end-to-end delay and AAV energy consumption while maximizing the collected data. Since the formulated optimization problem is a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, we propose a Q-weighted variational policy optimization-based joint AAV movement control, GD association, offloading decision, and bandwidth allocation (QAGOB) approach. Specifically, we reformulate the optimization problem as an action space-transformed Markov decision process to adapt the variable action dimensions and hybrid action space. Subsequently, QAGOB leverages the multi-modal generation capacities of diffusion models to optimize policies and can achieve better sample efficiency while controlling the diffusion costs during training. Simulation results show that QAGOB outperforms five other benchmarks, including traditional DRL and diffusion-based DRL algorithms. Furthermore, the MEC-DC joint optimization achieves significant advantages when compared to the separate optimization of MEC and DC. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures, accepted by IEEE TMC arXiv:2601.07307 [ pdf , ps , other ] Low-Altitude Satellite-AAV Collaborative Joint Mobile Edge Computing and Data Collection via Diffusion-based Deep Reinforcement Learning Authors: Boxiong Wang , Hui Kang , Jiahui Li , Geng Sun , Zemin Sun , Jiacheng Wang , Dusit Niyato , Shiwen Mao Abstract : The integration of satellite and autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV) communications has become essential for the scenarios requiring both wide coverage and rapid deployment, particularly in remote or disaster-stricken areas where the terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable. Furthermore, emerging applications increasingly demand simultaneous mobile edge computing (MEC) and data collection (DC) capabi… ▽ More The integration of satellite and autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV) communications has become essential for the scenarios requiring both wide coverage and rapid deployment, particularly in remote or disaster-stricken areas where the terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable. Furthermore, emerging applications increasingly demand simultaneous mobile edge computing (MEC) and data collection (DC) capabilities within the same aerial network. However, jointly optimizing these operations in heterogeneous satellite-AAV systems presents significant challenges due to limited on-board resources and competing demands under dynamic channel conditions. In this work, we investigate a satellite-AAV-enabled joint MEC-DC system where these platforms collaborate to serve ground devices (GDs). Specifically, we formulate a joint optimization problem to minimize the average MEC end-to-end delay and AAV energy consumption while maximizing the collected data. Since the formulated optimization problem is a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, we propose a Q-weighted variational policy optimization-based joint AAV movement control, GD association, offloading decision, and bandwidth allocation (QAGOB) approach. Specifically, we reformulate the optimization problem as an action space-transformed Markov decision process to adapt the variable action dimensions and hybrid action space. Subsequently, QAGOB leverages the multi-modal generation capacities of diffusion models to optimize policies and can achieve better sample efficiency while controlling the diffusion costs during training. Simulation results show that QAGOB outperforms five other benchmarks, including traditional DRL and diffusion-based DRL algorithms. Furthermore, the MEC-DC joint optimization achieves significant advantages when compared to the separate optimization of MEC and DC. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures, accepted by IEEE TMC arXiv:2601.07298 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Mimic Human Cognition, Master Multi-Image Reasoning: A Meta-Action Framework for Enhanced Visual Understanding Authors: Jianghao Yin , Qingbin Li , Kun Sun , Cheng Ding , Jie Wang , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Nan Wang , Changqing Li , Pei Wu , Jian Xu , Zheming Yang , Liang He Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspire… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspired Meta-Action Framework (CINEMA), a novel approach that decomposes multi-image reasoning into five structured meta-actions: Global, Focus, Hint, Think, and Answer which explicitly modeling the sequential cognitive steps humans naturally employ. For cold-start training, we introduce a Retrieval-Based Tree Sampling strategy that generates high-quality meta-action trajectories to bootstrap the model with reasoning patterns. During reinforcement learning, we adopt a two-stage paradigm: an exploration phase with Diversity-Preserving Strategy to avoid entropy collapse, followed by an annealed exploitation phase with DAPO to gradually strengthen exploitation. To train our model, we construct a dataset of 57k cold-start and 58k reinforcement learning instances spanning multi-image, multi-frame, and single-image tasks. We conduct extensive evaluations on multi-image reasoning benchmarks, video understanding benchmarks, and single-image benchmarks, achieving competitive state-of-the-art performance on several key benchmarks. Our model surpasses GPT-4o on the MUIR and MVMath benchmarks and notably outperforms specialized video reasoning models on video understanding benchmarks, demonstrating the effectiveness and generalizability of our human cognition-inspired reasoning framework. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07298 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mimic Human Cognition, Master Multi-Image Reasoning: A Meta-Action Framework for Enhanced Visual Understanding Authors: Jianghao Yin , Qingbin Li , Kun Sun , Cheng Ding , Jie Wang , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Nan Wang , Changqing Li , Pei Wu , Jian Xu , Zheming Yang , Liang He Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspire… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspired Meta-Action Framework (CINEMA), a novel approach that decomposes multi-image reasoning into five structured meta-actions: Global, Focus, Hint, Think, and Answer which explicitly modeling the sequential cognitive steps humans naturally employ. For cold-start training, we introduce a Retrieval-Based Tree Sampling strategy that generates high-quality meta-action trajectories to bootstrap the model with reasoning patterns. During reinforcement learning, we adopt a two-stage paradigm: an exploration phase with Diversity-Preserving Strategy to avoid entropy collapse, followed by an annealed exploitation phase with DAPO to gradually strengthen exploitation. To train our model, we construct a dataset of 57k cold-start and 58k reinforcement learning instances spanning multi-image, multi-frame, and single-image tasks. We conduct extensive evaluations on multi-image reasoning benchmarks, video understanding benchmarks, and single-image benchmarks, achieving competitive state-of-the-art performance on several key benchmarks. Our model surpasses GPT-4o on the MUIR and MVMath benchmarks and notably outperforms specialized video reasoning models on video understanding benchmarks, demonstrating the effectiveness and generalizability of our human cognition-inspired reasoning framework. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07290 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV VideoLoom: A Video Large Language Model for Joint Spatial-Temporal Understanding Authors: Jiapeng Shi , Junke Wang , Zuyao You , Bo He , Zuxuan Wu Abstract : This paper presents VideoLoom, a unified Video Large Language Model (Video LLM) for joint spatial-temporal understanding. To facilitate the development of fine-grained spatial and temporal localization capabilities, we curate LoomData-8.7k, a human-centric video dataset with temporally grounded and spatially localized captions. With this, VideoLoom achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive p… ▽ More This paper presents VideoLoom, a unified Video Large Language Model (Video LLM) for joint spatial-temporal understanding. To facilitate the development of fine-grained spatial and temporal localization capabilities, we curate LoomData-8.7k, a human-centric video dataset with temporally grounded and spatially localized captions. With this, VideoLoom achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive performance across a variety of spatial and temporal benchmarks (e.g., 63.1 J&F on ReVOS for referring video object segmentation, and 48.3 R1@0.7 on Charades-STA for temporal grounding). In addition, we introduce LoomBench, a novel benchmark consisting of temporal, spatial, and compositional video-question pairs, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of Video LLMs from diverse aspects. Collectively, these contributions offer a universal and effective suite for joint spatial-temporal video understanding, setting a new standard in multimodal intelligence. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07290 [ pdf , ps , other ] VideoLoom: A Video Large Language Model for Joint Spatial-Temporal Understanding Authors: Jiapeng Shi , Junke Wang , Zuyao You , Bo He , Zuxuan Wu Abstract : This paper presents VideoLoom, a unified Video Large Language Model (Video LLM) for joint spatial-temporal understanding. To facilitate the development of fine-grained spatial and temporal localization capabilities, we curate LoomData-8.7k, a human-centric video dataset with temporally grounded and spatially localized captions. With this, VideoLoom achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive p… ▽ More This paper presents VideoLoom, a unified Video Large Language Model (Video LLM) for joint spatial-temporal understanding. To facilitate the development of fine-grained spatial and temporal localization capabilities, we curate LoomData-8.7k, a human-centric video dataset with temporally grounded and spatially localized captions. With this, VideoLoom achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive performance across a variety of spatial and temporal benchmarks (e.g., 63.1 J&F on ReVOS for referring video object segmentation, and 48.3 R1@0.7 on Charades-STA for temporal grounding). In addition, we introduce LoomBench, a novel benchmark consisting of temporal, spatial, and compositional video-question pairs, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of Video LLMs from diverse aspects. Collectively, these contributions offer a universal and effective suite for joint spatial-temporal video understanding, setting a new standard in multimodal intelligence. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07264 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL The Confidence Dichotomy: Analyzing and Mitigating Miscalibration in Tool-Use Agents Authors: Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Yunze Xiao , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya Abstract : Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving to handle multi-turn tasks, but ensuring their trustworthiness remains a critical challenge. A fundamental pillar of this trustworthiness is calibration, which refers to an agent's ability to express confidence that reliably reflects its actual performance. While calibration is well-established for static models, its dyna… ▽ More Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving to handle multi-turn tasks, but ensuring their trustworthiness remains a critical challenge. A fundamental pillar of this trustworthiness is calibration, which refers to an agent's ability to express confidence that reliably reflects its actual performance. While calibration is well-established for static models, its dynamics in tool-integrated agentic workflows remain underexplored. In this work, we systematically investigate verbalized calibration in tool-use agents, revealing a fundamental confidence dichotomy driven by tool type. Specifically, our pilot study identifies that evidence tools (e.g., web search) systematically induce severe overconfidence due to inherent noise in retrieved information, while verification tools (e.g., code interpreters) can ground reasoning through deterministic feedback and mitigate miscalibration. To robustly improve calibration across tool types, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning framework that jointly optimizes task accuracy and calibration, supported by a holistic benchmark of reward designs. We demonstrate that our trained agents not only achieve superior calibration but also exhibit robust generalization from local training environments to noisy web settings and to distinct domains such as mathematical reasoning. Our results highlight the necessity of domain-specific calibration strategies for tool-use agents. More broadly, this work establishes a foundation for building self-aware agents that can reliably communicate uncertainty in high-stakes, real-world deployments. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07264 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Confidence Dichotomy: Analyzing and Mitigating Miscalibration in Tool-Use Agents Authors: Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Yunze Xiao , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya Abstract : Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving to handle multi-turn tasks, but ensuring their trustworthiness remains a critical challenge. A fundamental pillar of this trustworthiness is calibration, which refers to an agent's ability to express confidence that reliably reflects its actual performance. While calibration is well-established for static models, its dyna… ▽ More Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving to handle multi-turn tasks, but ensuring their trustworthiness remains a critical challenge. A fundamental pillar of this trustworthiness is calibration, which refers to an agent's ability to express confidence that reliably reflects its actual performance. While calibration is well-established for static models, its dynamics in tool-integrated agentic workflows remain underexplored. In this work, we systematically investigate verbalized calibration in tool-use agents, revealing a fundamental confidence dichotomy driven by tool type. Specifically, our pilot study identifies that evidence tools (e.g., web search) systematically induce severe overconfidence due to inherent noise in retrieved information, while verification tools (e.g., code interpreters) can ground reasoning through deterministic feedback and mitigate miscalibration. To robustly improve calibration across tool types, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning framework that jointly optimizes task accuracy and calibration, supported by a holistic benchmark of reward designs. We demonstrate that our trained agents not only achieve superior calibration but also exhibit robust generalization from local training environments to noisy web settings and to distinct domains such as mathematical reasoning. Our results highlight the necessity of domain-specific calibration strategies for tool-use agents. More broadly, this work establishes a foundation for building self-aware agents that can reliably communicate uncertainty in high-stakes, real-world deployments. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07262 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC ColorBrowserAgent: An Intelligent GUI Agent for Complex Long-Horizon Web Automation Authors: Jiamu Zhou , Jihong Wang , Weiming Zhang , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Xingyu Lou , Weinan Zhang , Huarong Deng , Jun Wang Abstract : The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAge… ▽ More The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAgent, a framework designed for Collaborative Autonomy in complex web tasks. Our approach integrates two human-centred mechanisms: (1) Progressive Progress Summarization, which mimics human short-term memory to maintain coherence over extended interactions; and (2) Human-in-the-Loop Knowledge Adaptation, which bridges the knowledge gap in diverse environments by soliciting expert intervention only when necessary. This symbiotic design allows the agent to learn from human tips without extensive retraining, effectively combining the scalability of AI with the adaptability of human cognition. Evaluated on the WebArena benchmark using GPT-5, ColorBrowserAgent achieves a state-of-the-art success rate of 71.2\%, demonstrating the efficacy of interactive human assistance in robust web automation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07262 [ pdf , ps , other ] ColorBrowserAgent: An Intelligent GUI Agent for Complex Long-Horizon Web Automation Authors: Jiamu Zhou , Jihong Wang , Weiming Zhang , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Xingyu Lou , Weinan Zhang , Huarong Deng , Jun Wang Abstract : The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAge… ▽ More The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAgent, a framework designed for Collaborative Autonomy in complex web tasks. Our approach integrates two human-centred mechanisms: (1) Progressive Progress Summarization, which mimics human short-term memory to maintain coherence over extended interactions; and (2) Human-in-the-Loop Knowledge Adaptation, which bridges the knowledge gap in diverse environments by soliciting expert intervention only when necessary. This symbiotic design allows the agent to learn from human tips without extensive retraining, effectively combining the scalability of AI with the adaptability of human cognition. Evaluated on the WebArena benchmark using GPT-5, ColorBrowserAgent achieves a state-of-the-art success rate of 71.2\%, demonstrating the efficacy of interactive human assistance in robust web automation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07246 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Rate-distortion Theory with Lower Semi-continuous Distortion: A Concentration-compactness Approach Authors: Jiayang Zou , Luyao Fan , Jiayang Gao , Jia Wang Abstract : In this paper, we study rate-distortion theory for general sources with an emphasis on the existence of optimal reconstruction distributions. Classical existence results rely on compactness assumptions with continuous distortion that are often violated in general settings. By introducing the concentration-compactness principle into the analysis of the rate-distortion functional, we establish the e… ▽ More In this paper, we study rate-distortion theory for general sources with an emphasis on the existence of optimal reconstruction distributions. Classical existence results rely on compactness assumptions with continuous distortion that are often violated in general settings. By introducing the concentration-compactness principle into the analysis of the rate-distortion functional, we establish the existence of optimal reconstructions under mild coercivity and lower semi-continuity conditions on the distortion function. Our results provide a unified and transparent existence theorem for rate-distortion problems with lower semi-continuous distortion. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07246 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rate-distortion Theory with Lower Semi-continuous Distortion: A Concentration-compactness Approach Authors: Jiayang Zou , Luyao Fan , Jiayang Gao , Jia Wang Abstract : In this paper, we study rate-distortion theory for general sources with an emphasis on the existence of optimal reconstruction distributions. Classical existence results rely on compactness assumptions with continuous distortion that are often violated in general settings. By introducing the concentration-compactness principle into the analysis of the rate-distortion functional, we establish the e… ▽ More In this paper, we study rate-distortion theory for general sources with an emphasis on the existence of optimal reconstruction distributions. Classical existence results rely on compactness assumptions with continuous distortion that are often violated in general settings. By introducing the concentration-compactness principle into the analysis of the rate-distortion functional, we establish the existence of optimal reconstructions under mild coercivity and lower semi-continuity conditions on the distortion function. Our results provide a unified and transparent existence theorem for rate-distortion problems with lower semi-continuous distortion. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06851 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI A Brain-like Synergistic Core in LLMs Drives Behaviour and Learning Authors: Pedro Urbina-Rodriguez , Zafeirios Fountas , Fernando E. Rosas , Jun Wang , Andrea I. Luppi , Haitham Bou-Ammar , Murray Shanahan , Pedro A. M. Mediano Abstract : The independent evolution of intelligence in biological and artificial systems offers a unique opportunity to identify its fundamental computational principles. Here we show that large language models spontaneously develop synergistic cores -- components where information integration exceeds individual parts -- remarkably similar to those in the human brain. Using principles of information decompo… ▽ More The independent evolution of intelligence in biological and artificial systems offers a unique opportunity to identify its fundamental computational principles. Here we show that large language models spontaneously develop synergistic cores -- components where information integration exceeds individual parts -- remarkably similar to those in the human brain. Using principles of information decomposition across multiple LLM model families and architectures, we find that areas in middle layers exhibit synergistic processing while early and late layers rely on redundancy, mirroring the informational organisation in biological brains. This organisation emerges through learning and is absent in randomly initialised networks. Crucially, ablating synergistic components causes disproportionate behavioural changes and performance loss, aligning with theoretical predictions about the fragility of synergy. Moreover, fine-tuning synergistic regions through reinforcement learning yields significantly greater performance gains than training redundant components, yet supervised fine-tuning shows no such advantage. This convergence suggests that synergistic information processing is a fundamental property of intelligence, providing targets for principled model design and testable predictions for biological intelligence. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06851 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Brain-like Synergistic Core in LLMs Drives Behaviour and Learning Authors: Pedro Urbina-Rodriguez , Zafeirios Fountas , Fernando E. Rosas , Jun Wang , Andrea I. Luppi , Haitham Bou-Ammar , Murray Shanahan , Pedro A. M. Mediano Abstract : The independent evolution of intelligence in biological and artificial systems offers a unique opportunity to identify its fundamental computational principles. Here we show that large language models spontaneously develop synergistic cores -- components where information integration exceeds individual parts -- remarkably similar to those in the human brain. Using principles of information decompo… ▽ More The independent evolution of intelligence in biological and artificial systems offers a unique opportunity to identify its fundamental computational principles. Here we show that large language models spontaneously develop synergistic cores -- components where information integration exceeds individual parts -- remarkably similar to those in the human brain. Using principles of information decomposition across multiple LLM model families and architectures, we find that areas in middle layers exhibit synergistic processing while early and late layers rely on redundancy, mirroring the informational organisation in biological brains. This organisation emerges through learning and is absent in randomly initialised networks. Crucially, ablating synergistic components causes disproportionate behavioural changes and performance loss, aligning with theoretical predictions about the fragility of synergy. Moreover, fine-tuning synergistic regions through reinforcement learning yields significantly greater performance gains than training redundant components, yet supervised fine-tuning shows no such advantage. This convergence suggests that synergistic information processing is a fundamental property of intelligence, providing targets for principled model design and testable predictions for biological intelligence. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06774 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC ImmuniFraug: A Metacognitive Intervention Anti-Fraud Approach to Enhance Undergraduate Students' Cyber Fraud Awareness Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Jiajun Wang , Huanchen Wang , Qian Wan , Siying Hu Abstract : Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simula… ▽ More Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simulations integrating text, voice, and visual avatars across ten prevalent fraud types. Each scenario is designed to replicate real-world persuasion tactics and psychological pressure, while post-interaction debriefs provide grounded feedback in protection motivation theory and reflective prompts to reinforce learning. In a controlled study with 846 Chinese undergraduates, ImmuniFraug was compared to official text-based materials. Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling (LMEM) reveals that the interactive intervention significantly improved fraud awareness (p = 0.026), successfully providing incremental learning value even when controlling for participants' extensive prior exposure to anti-fraud education, alongside high narrative immersion (M = 56.95/77). Thematic analysis of interviews revealed key effectiveness factors: perceived realism, adaptive deception, enforced time pressure, emotional manipulation awareness, and enhanced self-efficacy. Findings demonstrate that by shifting the focus from passive knowledge acquisition to active metacognitive engagement, LLM-based simulations offer a scalable and ecologically valid new paradigm for anti-fraud training and fostering fraud resilience. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06774 [ pdf , ps , other ] ImmuniFraug: A Metacognitive Intervention Anti-Fraud Approach to Enhance Undergraduate Students' Cyber Fraud Awareness Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Jiajun Wang , Huanchen Wang , Qian Wan , Siying Hu Abstract : Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simula… ▽ More Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simulations integrating text, voice, and visual avatars across ten prevalent fraud types. Each scenario is designed to replicate real-world persuasion tactics and psychological pressure, while post-interaction debriefs provide grounded feedback in protection motivation theory and reflective prompts to reinforce learning. In a controlled study with 846 Chinese undergraduates, ImmuniFraug was compared to official text-based materials. Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling (LMEM) reveals that the interactive intervention significantly improved fraud awareness (p = 0.026), successfully providing incremental learning value even when controlling for participants' extensive prior exposure to anti-fraud education, alongside high narrative immersion (M = 56.95/77). Thematic analysis of interviews revealed key effectiveness factors: perceived realism, adaptive deception, enforced time pressure, emotional manipulation awareness, and enhanced self-efficacy. Findings demonstrate that by shifting the focus from passive knowledge acquisition to active metacognitive engagement, LLM-based simulations offer a scalable and ecologically valid new paradigm for anti-fraud training and fostering fraud resilience. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06707 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Evaluating Accounting Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Hai Li , Jie Wang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representati… ▽ More Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representative GLM models. These criteria support systematic study of accounting reasoning and provide benchmarks for performance improvement. Using this framework, we evaluate GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4 on accounting reasoning tasks. Results show that prompt design significantly affects performance, with GPT-4 demonstrating the strongest capability. Despite these gains, current models remain insufficient for real-world enterprise accounting, indicating the need for further optimization to unlock their full practical value. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06707 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating Accounting Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Hai Li , Jie Wang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representati… ▽ More Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representative GLM models. These criteria support systematic study of accounting reasoning and provide benchmarks for performance improvement. Using this framework, we evaluate GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4 on accounting reasoning tasks. Results show that prompt design significantly affects performance, with GPT-4 demonstrating the strongest capability. Despite these gains, current models remain insufficient for real-world enterprise accounting, indicating the need for further optimization to unlock their full practical value. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06642 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Boosting Overlapping Organoid Instance Segmentation Using Pseudo-Label Unmixing and Synthesis-Assisted Learning Authors: Gui Huang , Kangyuan Zheng , Xuan Cai , Jiaqi Wang , Jianjia Zhang , Kaida Ning , Wenbo Wei , Yujuan Zhu , Jiong Zhang , Mengting Liu Abstract : Organoids, sophisticated in vitro models of human tissues, are crucial for medical research due to their ability to simulate organ functions and assess drug responses accurately. Accurate organoid instance segmentation is critical for quantifying their dynamic behaviors, yet remains profoundly limited by high-quality annotated datasets and pervasive overlap in microscopy imaging. While semi-superv… ▽ More Organoids, sophisticated in vitro models of human tissues, are crucial for medical research due to their ability to simulate organ functions and assess drug responses accurately. Accurate organoid instance segmentation is critical for quantifying their dynamic behaviors, yet remains profoundly limited by high-quality annotated datasets and pervasive overlap in microscopy imaging. While semi-supervised learning (SSL) offers a solution to alleviate reliance on scarce labeled data, conventional SSL frameworks suffer from biases induced by noisy pseudo-labels, particularly in overlapping regions. Synthesis-assisted SSL (SA-SSL) has been proposed for mitigating training biases in semi-supervised semantic segmentation. We present the first adaptation of SA-SSL to organoid instance segmentation and reveal that SA-SSL struggles to disentangle intertwined organoids, often misrepresenting overlapping instances as a single entity. To overcome this, we propose Pseudo-Label Unmixing (PLU), which identifies erroneous pseudo-labels for overlapping instances and then regenerates organoid labels through instance decomposition. For image synthesis, we apply a contour-based approach to synthesize organoid instances efficiently, particularly for overlapping cases. Instance-level augmentations (IA) on pseudo-labels before image synthesis further enhances the effect of synthetic data (SD). Rigorous experiments on two organoid datasets demonstrate our method's effectiveness, achieving performance comparable to fully supervised models using only 10% labeled data, and state-of-the-art results. Ablation studies validate the contributions of PLU, contour-based synthesis, and augmentation-aware training. By addressing overlap at both pseudo-label and synthesis levels, our work advances scalable, label-efficient organoid analysis, unlocking new potential for high-throughput applications in precision medicine. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06642 [ pdf , ps , other ] Boosting Overlapping Organoid Instance Segmentation Using Pseudo-Label Unmixing and Synthesis-Assisted Learning Authors: Gui Huang , Kangyuan Zheng , Xuan Cai , Jiaqi Wang , Jianjia Zhang , Kaida Ning , Wenbo Wei , Yujuan Zhu , Jiong Zhang , Mengting Liu Abstract : Organoids, sophisticated in vitro models of human tissues, are crucial for medical research due to their ability to simulate organ functions and assess drug responses accurately. Accurate organoid instance segmentation is critical for quantifying their dynamic behaviors, yet remains profoundly limited by high-quality annotated datasets and pervasive overlap in microscopy imaging. While semi-superv… ▽ More Organoids, sophisticated in vitro models of human tissues, are crucial for medical research due to their ability to simulate organ functions and assess drug responses accurately. Accurate organoid instance segmentation is critical for quantifying their dynamic behaviors, yet remains profoundly limited by high-quality annotated datasets and pervasive overlap in microscopy imaging. While semi-supervised learning (SSL) offers a solution to alleviate reliance on scarce labeled data, conventional SSL frameworks suffer from biases induced by noisy pseudo-labels, particularly in overlapping regions. Synthesis-assisted SSL (SA-SSL) has been proposed for mitigating training biases in semi-supervised semantic segmentation. We present the first adaptation of SA-SSL to organoid instance segmentation and reveal that SA-SSL struggles to disentangle intertwined organoids, often misrepresenting overlapping instances as a single entity. To overcome this, we propose Pseudo-Label Unmixing (PLU), which identifies erroneous pseudo-labels for overlapping instances and then regenerates organoid labels through instance decomposition. For image synthesis, we apply a contour-based approach to synthesize organoid instances efficiently, particularly for overlapping cases. Instance-level augmentations (IA) on pseudo-labels before image synthesis further enhances the effect of synthetic data (SD). Rigorous experiments on two organoid datasets demonstrate our method's effectiveness, achieving performance comparable to fully supervised models using only 10% labeled data, and state-of-the-art results. Ablation studies validate the contributions of PLU, contour-based synthesis, and augmentation-aware training. By addressing overlap at both pseudo-label and synthesis levels, our work advances scalable, label-efficient organoid analysis, unlocking new potential for high-throughput applications in precision medicine. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06573 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.MM QMAVIS: Long Video-Audio Understanding using Fusion of Large Multimodal Models Authors: Zixing Lin , Jiale Wang , Gee Wah Ng , Lee Onn Mak , Chan Zhi Yang Jeriel , Jun Yang Lee , Yaohao Li Abstract : Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) for video-audio understanding have traditionally been evaluated only on shorter videos of a few minutes long. In this paper, we introduce QMAVIS (Q Team-Multimodal Audio Video Intelligent Sensemaking), a novel long video-audio understanding pipeline built through a late fusion of LMMs, Large Language Models, and speech recognition models. QMAVIS addresses the gap in… ▽ More Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) for video-audio understanding have traditionally been evaluated only on shorter videos of a few minutes long. In this paper, we introduce QMAVIS (Q Team-Multimodal Audio Video Intelligent Sensemaking), a novel long video-audio understanding pipeline built through a late fusion of LMMs, Large Language Models, and speech recognition models. QMAVIS addresses the gap in long-form video analytics, particularly for longer videos of a few minutes to beyond an hour long, opening up new potential applications in sensemaking, video content analysis, embodied AI, etc. Quantitative experiments using QMAVIS demonstrated a 38.75% improvement over state-of-the-art video-audio LMMs like VideoLlaMA2 and InternVL2 on the VideoMME (with subtitles) dataset, which comprises long videos with audio information. Evaluations on other challenging video understanding datasets like PerceptionTest and EgoSchema saw up to 2% improvement, indicating competitive performance. Qualitative experiments also showed that QMAVIS is able to extract the nuances of different scenes in a long video audio content while understanding the overarching narrative. Ablation studies were also conducted to ascertain the impact of each component in the fusion pipeline. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06573 [ pdf , ps , other ] QMAVIS: Long Video-Audio Understanding using Fusion of Large Multimodal Models Authors: Zixing Lin , Jiale Wang , Gee Wah Ng , Lee Onn Mak , Chan Zhi Yang Jeriel , Jun Yang Lee , Yaohao Li Abstract : Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) for video-audio understanding have traditionally been evaluated only on shorter videos of a few minutes long. In this paper, we introduce QMAVIS (Q Team-Multimodal Audio Video Intelligent Sensemaking), a novel long video-audio understanding pipeline built through a late fusion of LMMs, Large Language Models, and speech recognition models. QMAVIS addresses the gap in… ▽ More Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) for video-audio understanding have traditionally been evaluated only on shorter videos of a few minutes long. In this paper, we introduce QMAVIS (Q Team-Multimodal Audio Video Intelligent Sensemaking), a novel long video-audio understanding pipeline built through a late fusion of LMMs, Large Language Models, and speech recognition models. QMAVIS addresses the gap in long-form video analytics, particularly for longer videos of a few minutes to beyond an hour long, opening up new potential applications in sensemaking, video content analysis, embodied AI, etc. Quantitative experiments using QMAVIS demonstrated a 38.75% improvement over state-of-the-art video-audio LMMs like VideoLlaMA2 and InternVL2 on the VideoMME (with subtitles) dataset, which comprises long videos with audio information. Evaluations on other challenging video understanding datasets like PerceptionTest and EgoSchema saw up to 2% improvement, indicating competitive performance. Qualitative experiments also showed that QMAVIS is able to extract the nuances of different scenes in a long video audio content while understanding the overarching narrative. Ablation studies were also conducted to ascertain the impact of each component in the fusion pipeline. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06566 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI doi 10.23919/FUSION59988.2024.10706514 QCaption: Video Captioning and Q&A through Fusion of Large Multimodal Models Authors: Jiale Wang , Gee Wah Ng , Lee Onn Mak , Randall Cher , Ng Ding Hei Ryan , Davis Wang Abstract : This paper introduces QCaption, a novel video captioning and Q&A pipeline that enhances video analytics by fusing three models: key frame extraction, a Large Multimodal Model (LMM) for image-text analysis, and a Large Language Model (LLM) for text analysis. This approach enables integrated analysis of text, images, and video, achieving performance improvements over existing video captioning and Q&… ▽ More This paper introduces QCaption, a novel video captioning and Q&A pipeline that enhances video analytics by fusing three models: key frame extraction, a Large Multimodal Model (LMM) for image-text analysis, and a Large Language Model (LLM) for text analysis. This approach enables integrated analysis of text, images, and video, achieving performance improvements over existing video captioning and Q&A models; all while remaining fully self-contained, adept for on-premises deployment. Experimental results using QCaption demonstrated up to 44.2% and 48.9% improvements in video captioning and Q&A tasks, respectively. Ablation studies were also performed to assess the role of LLM on the fusion on the results. Moreover, the paper proposes and evaluates additional video captioning approaches, benchmarking them against QCaption and existing methodologies. QCaption demonstrate the potential of adopting a model fusion approach in advancing video analytics. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), 2024, pp. 1-8 arXiv:2601.06566 [ pdf , ps , other ] QCaption: Video Captioning and Q&A through Fusion of Large Multimodal Models Authors: Jiale Wang , Gee Wah Ng , Lee Onn Mak , Randall Cher , Ng Ding Hei Ryan , Davis Wang Abstract : This paper introduces QCaption, a novel video captioning and Q&A pipeline that enhances video analytics by fusing three models: key frame extraction, a Large Multimodal Model (LMM) for image-text analysis, and a Large Language Model (LLM) for text analysis. This approach enables integrated analysis of text, images, and video, achieving performance improvements over existing video captioning and Q&… ▽ More This paper introduces QCaption, a novel video captioning and Q&A pipeline that enhances video analytics by fusing three models: key frame extraction, a Large Multimodal Model (LMM) for image-text analysis, and a Large Language Model (LLM) for text analysis. This approach enables integrated analysis of text, images, and video, achieving performance improvements over existing video captioning and Q&A models; all while remaining fully self-contained, adept for on-premises deployment. Experimental results using QCaption demonstrated up to 44.2% and 48.9% improvements in video captioning and Q&A tasks, respectively. Ablation studies were also performed to assess the role of LLM on the fusion on the results. Moreover, the paper proposes and evaluates additional video captioning approaches, benchmarking them against QCaption and existing methodologies. QCaption demonstrate the potential of adopting a model fusion approach in advancing video analytics. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), 2024, pp. 1-8 arXiv:2601.06533 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Short-term electricity load forecasting with multi-frequency reconstruction diffusion Authors: Qi Dong , Rubing Huang , Ling Zhou , Dave Towey , Jinyu Tian , Jianzhou Wang Abstract : Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful method in various applications. However, their application to Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting (STELF) -- a typical scenario in energy systems -- remains largely unexplored. Considering the nonlinear and fluctuating characteristics of the load data, effectively utilizing the powerful modeling capabilities of diffusion models to enhance STELF accur… ▽ More Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful method in various applications. However, their application to Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting (STELF) -- a typical scenario in energy systems -- remains largely unexplored. Considering the nonlinear and fluctuating characteristics of the load data, effectively utilizing the powerful modeling capabilities of diffusion models to enhance STELF accuracy remains a challenge. This paper proposes a novel diffusion model with multi-frequency reconstruction for STELF, referred to as the Multi-Frequency-Reconstruction-based Diffusion (MFRD) model. The MFRD model achieves accurate load forecasting through four key steps: (1) The original data is combined with the decomposed multi-frequency modes to form a new data representation; (2) The diffusion model adds noise to the new data, effectively reducing and weakening the noise in the original data; (3) The reverse process adopts a denoising network that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Transformer to enhance noise removal; and (4) The inference process generates the final predictions based on the trained denoising network. To validate the effectiveness of the MFRD model, we conducted experiments on two data platforms: Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) and Independent System Operator of New England (ISO-NE). The experimental results show that our model consistently outperforms the compared models. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06533 [ pdf , ps , other ] Short-term electricity load forecasting with multi-frequency reconstruction diffusion Authors: Qi Dong , Rubing Huang , Ling Zhou , Dave Towey , Jinyu Tian , Jianzhou Wang Abstract : Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful method in various applications. However, their application to Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting (STELF) -- a typical scenario in energy systems -- remains largely unexplored. Considering the nonlinear and fluctuating characteristics of the load data, effectively utilizing the powerful modeling capabilities of diffusion models to enhance STELF accur… ▽ More Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful method in various applications. However, their application to Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting (STELF) -- a typical scenario in energy systems -- remains largely unexplored. Considering the nonlinear and fluctuating characteristics of the load data, effectively utilizing the powerful modeling capabilities of diffusion models to enhance STELF accuracy remains a challenge. This paper proposes a novel diffusion model with multi-frequency reconstruction for STELF, referred to as the Multi-Frequency-Reconstruction-based Diffusion (MFRD) model. The MFRD model achieves accurate load forecasting through four key steps: (1) The original data is combined with the decomposed multi-frequency modes to form a new data representation; (2) The diffusion model adds noise to the new data, effectively reducing and weakening the noise in the original data; (3) The reverse process adopts a denoising network that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Transformer to enhance noise removal; and (4) The inference process generates the final predictions based on the trained denoising network. To validate the effectiveness of the MFRD model, we conducted experiments on two data platforms: Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) and Independent System Operator of New England (ISO-NE). The experimental results show that our model consistently outperforms the compared models. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06474 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI SparseOccVLA: Bridging Occupancy and Vision-Language Models via Sparse Queries for Unified 4D Scene Understanding and Planning Authors: Chenxu Dang , Jie Wang , Guang Li , Zhiwen Hou , Zihan You , Hangjun Ye , Jie Ma , Long Chen , Yan Wang Abstract : In autonomous driving, Vision Language Models (VLMs) excel at high-level reasoning , whereas semantic occupancy provides fine-grained details. Despite significant progress in individual fields, there is still no method that can effectively integrate both paradigms. Conventional VLMs struggle with token explosion and limited spatiotemporal reasoning, while semantic occupancy provides a unified, exp… ▽ More In autonomous driving, Vision Language Models (VLMs) excel at high-level reasoning , whereas semantic occupancy provides fine-grained details. Despite significant progress in individual fields, there is still no method that can effectively integrate both paradigms. Conventional VLMs struggle with token explosion and limited spatiotemporal reasoning, while semantic occupancy provides a unified, explicit spatial representation but is too dense to integrate efficiently with VLMs. To address these challenges and bridge the gap between VLMs and occupancy, we propose SparseOccVLA, a novel vision-language-action model that unifies scene understanding, occupancy forecasting, and trajectory planning powered by sparse occupancy queries. Starting with a lightweight Sparse Occupancy Encoder, SparseOccVLA generates compact yet highly informative sparse occupancy queries that serve as the single bridge between vision and language. These queries are aligned into the language space and reasoned by the LLM for unified scene understanding and future occupancy forecasting. Furthermore, we introduce an LLM-guided Anchor-Diffusion Planner featuring decoupled anchor scoring and denoising, as well as cross-model trajectory-condition fusion. SparseOccVLA achieves a 7% relative improvement in CIDEr over the state-of-the-art on OmniDrive-nuScenes, a 0.5 increase in mIoU score on Occ3D-nuScenes, and sets state-of-the-art open-loop planning metric on nuScenes benchmark, demonstrating its strong holistic capability. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06474 [ pdf , ps , other ] SparseOccVLA: Bridging Occupancy and Vision-Language Models via Sparse Queries for Unified 4D Scene Understanding and Planning Authors: Chenxu Dang , Jie Wang , Guang Li , Zhiwen Hou , Zihan You , Hangjun Ye , Jie Ma , Long Chen , Yan Wang Abstract : In autonomous driving, Vision Language Models (VLMs) excel at high-level reasoning , whereas semantic occupancy provides fine-grained details. Despite significant progress in individual fields, there is still no method that can effectively integrate both paradigms. Conventional VLMs struggle with token explosion and limited spatiotemporal reasoning, while semantic occupancy provides a unified, exp… ▽ More In autonomous driving, Vision Language Models (VLMs) excel at high-level reasoning , whereas semantic occupancy provides fine-grained details. Despite significant progress in individual fields, there is still no method that can effectively integrate both paradigms. Conventional VLMs struggle with token explosion and limited spatiotemporal reasoning, while semantic occupancy provides a unified, explicit spatial representation but is too dense to integrate efficiently with VLMs. To address these challenges and bridge the gap between VLMs and occupancy, we propose SparseOccVLA, a novel vision-language-action model that unifies scene understanding, occupancy forecasting, and trajectory planning powered by sparse occupancy queries. Starting with a lightweight Sparse Occupancy Encoder, SparseOccVLA generates compact yet highly informative sparse occupancy queries that serve as the single bridge between vision and language. These queries are aligned into the language space and reasoned by the LLM for unified scene understanding and future occupancy forecasting. Furthermore, we introduce an LLM-guided Anchor-Diffusion Planner featuring decoupled anchor scoring and denoising, as well as cross-model trajectory-condition fusion. SparseOccVLA achieves a 7% relative improvement in CIDEr over the state-of-the-art on OmniDrive-nuScenes, a 0.5 increase in mIoU score on Occ3D-nuScenes, and sets state-of-the-art open-loop planning metric on nuScenes benchmark, demonstrating its strong holistic capability. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06378 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GR RigMo: Unifying Rig and Motion Learning for Generative Animation Authors: Hao Zhang , Jiahao Luo , Bohui Wan , Yizhou Zhao , Zongrui Li , Michael Vasilkovsky , Chaoyang Wang , Jian Wang , Narendra Ahuja , Bing Zhou Abstract : Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework… ▽ More Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework that jointly learns rig and motion directly from raw mesh sequences, without any human-provided rig annotations. RigMo encodes per-vertex deformations into two compact latent spaces: a rig latent that decodes into explicit Gaussian bones and skinning weights, and a motion latent that produces time-varying SE(3) transformations. Together, these outputs define an animatable mesh with explicit structure and coherent motion, enabling feed-forward rig and motion inference for deformable objects. Beyond unified rig-motion discovery, we introduce a Motion-DiT model operating in RigMo's latent space and demonstrate that these structure-aware latents can naturally support downstream motion generation tasks. Experiments on DeformingThings4D, Objaverse-XL, and TrueBones demonstrate that RigMo learns smooth, interpretable, and physically plausible rigs, while achieving superior reconstruction and category-level generalization compared to existing auto-rigging and deformation baselines. RigMo establishes a new paradigm for unified, structure-aware, and scalable dynamic 3D modeling. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.06378 [ pdf , ps , other ] RigMo: Unifying Rig and Motion Learning for Generative Animation Authors: Hao Zhang , Jiahao Luo , Bohui Wan , Yizhou Zhao , Zongrui Li , Michael Vasilkovsky , Chaoyang Wang , Jian Wang , Narendra Ahuja , Bing Zhou Abstract : Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework… ▽ More Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework that jointly learns rig and motion directly from raw mesh sequences, without any human-provided rig annotations. RigMo encodes per-vertex deformations into two compact latent spaces: a rig latent that decodes into explicit Gaussian bones and skinning weights, and a motion latent that produces time-varying SE(3) transformations. Together, these outputs define an animatable mesh with explicit structure and coherent motion, enabling feed-forward rig and motion inference for deformable objects. Beyond unified rig-motion discovery, we introduce a Motion-DiT model operating in RigMo's latent space and demonstrate that these structure-aware latents can naturally support downstream motion generation tasks. Experiments on DeformingThings4D, Objaverse-XL, and TrueBones demonstrate that RigMo learns smooth, interpretable, and physically plausible rigs, while achieving superior reconstruction and category-level generalization compared to existing auto-rigging and deformation baselines. RigMo establishes a new paradigm for unified, structure-aware, and scalable dynamic 3D modeling. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.06362 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Styles + Persona-plug = Customized LLMs Authors: Yutong Song , Jiang Wu , Shaofan Yuan , Chengze Shen , Jian Wang , Amir Rahmani , Nikil Dutt , Yu Wang Abstract : We discover a previously overlooked challenge in personalized text generation: personalization methods are increasingly applied under explicit style instructions, yet their behavior under such constraints remains poorly understood. To balance implicit personalization and explicit style, we formulate personalization as a distributional residual and propose PsPLUG, a lightweight soft-prompt plug-in… ▽ More We discover a previously overlooked challenge in personalized text generation: personalization methods are increasingly applied under explicit style instructions, yet their behavior under such constraints remains poorly understood. To balance implicit personalization and explicit style, we formulate personalization as a distributional residual and propose PsPLUG, a lightweight soft-prompt plug-in trained with style-conditioned preference contrasts. Across LaMP benchmark, our framework improves persona alignment, maintains stylistic fidelity, and outperforms retrieval-based and soft-prompt baselines with minimal computation. These results show that residual modeling provides a simple and principled foundation for controllable, style-aware LLM personalization. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06362 [ pdf , ps , other ] Styles + Persona-plug = Customized LLMs Authors: Yutong Song , Jiang Wu , Shaofan Yuan , Chengze Shen , Jian Wang , Amir Rahmani , Nikil Dutt , Yu Wang Abstract : We discover a previously overlooked challenge in personalized text generation: personalization methods are increasingly applied under explicit style instructions, yet their behavior under such constraints remains poorly understood. To balance implicit personalization and explicit style, we formulate personalization as a distributional residual and propose PsPLUG, a lightweight soft-prompt plug-in… ▽ More We discover a previously overlooked challenge in personalized text generation: personalization methods are increasingly applied under explicit style instructions, yet their behavior under such constraints remains poorly understood. To balance implicit personalization and explicit style, we formulate personalization as a distributional residual and propose PsPLUG, a lightweight soft-prompt plug-in trained with style-conditioned preference contrasts. Across LaMP benchmark, our framework improves persona alignment, maintains stylistic fidelity, and outperforms retrieval-based and soft-prompt baselines with minimal computation. These results show that residual modeling provides a simple and principled foundation for controllable, style-aware LLM personalization. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06352 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI CARD: Cluster-level Adaptation with Reward-guided Decoding for Personalized Text Generation Authors: Yutong Song , Jiang Wu , Weijia Zhang , Chengze Shen , Shaofan Yuan , Weitao Lu , Jian Wang , Amir Rahmani , Nikil Dutt , Yu Wang Abstract : Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generaliza… ▽ More Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generalization and strong low-resource performance. To capture individual differences within each cluster, we propose an implicit preference learning mechanism that contrasts user-authored text with cluster-level generations, allowing the model to infer user-specific style preferences without manual annotation. At inference time, CARD injects personalization exclusively at decoding via lightweight user preference vectors and low-rank logit corrections, while keeping the base model frozen. Experiments on the LaMP and LongLaMP benchmarks show that CARD achieves competitive or superior generation quality compared to state-of-the-art baselines, while significantly improving efficiency and scalability for practical personalized text generation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06352 [ pdf , ps , other ] CARD: Cluster-level Adaptation with Reward-guided Decoding for Personalized Text Generation Authors: Yutong Song , Jiang Wu , Weijia Zhang , Chengze Shen , Shaofan Yuan , Weitao Lu , Jian Wang , Amir Rahmani , Nikil Dutt , Yu Wang Abstract : Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generaliza… ▽ More Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generalization and strong low-resource performance. To capture individual differences within each cluster, we propose an implicit preference learning mechanism that contrasts user-authored text with cluster-level generations, allowing the model to infer user-specific style preferences without manual annotation. At inference time, CARD injects personalization exclusively at decoding via lightweight user preference vectors and low-rank logit corrections, while keeping the base model frozen. Experiments on the LaMP and LongLaMP benchmarks show that CARD achieves competitive or superior generation quality compared to state-of-the-art baselines, while significantly improving efficiency and scalability for practical personalized text generation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06227 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI When Smaller Wins: Dual-Stage Distillation and Pareto-Guided Compression of Liquid Neural Networks for Edge Battery Prognostics Authors: Dhivya Dharshini Kannan , Wei Li , Wei Zhang , Jianbiao Wang , Zhi Wei Seh , Man-Fai Ng Abstract : Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics… ▽ More Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics for embedded compatibility. It then performs dual-stage knowledge distillation to transfer the teacher model's temporal behavior and recover it after further compression. Pareto-guided selection under joint error-cost objectives retains student models that balance accuracy and efficiency. We evaluate DLNet on a widely used dataset and validate real-device feasibility on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense using int8 deployment. The final deployed student achieves a low error of 0.0066 when predicting battery health over the next 100 cycles, which is 15.4% lower than the teacher model. It reduces the model size from 616 kB to 94 kB with 84.7% reduction and takes 21 ms per inference on the device. These results support a practical smaller wins observation that a small model can match or exceed a large teacher for edge-based prognostics with proper supervision and selection. Beyond batteries, the DLNet framework can extend to other industrial analytics tasks with strict hardware constraints. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2026 arXiv:2601.06227 [ pdf , ps , other ] When Smaller Wins: Dual-Stage Distillation and Pareto-Guided Compression of Liquid Neural Networks for Edge Battery Prognostics Authors: Dhivya Dharshini Kannan , Wei Li , Wei Zhang , Jianbiao Wang , Zhi Wei Seh , Man-Fai Ng Abstract : Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics… ▽ More Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics for embedded compatibility. It then performs dual-stage knowledge distillation to transfer the teacher model's temporal behavior and recover it after further compression. Pareto-guided selection under joint error-cost objectives retains student models that balance accuracy and efficiency. We evaluate DLNet on a widely used dataset and validate real-device feasibility on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense using int8 deployment. The final deployed student achieves a low error of 0.0066 when predicting battery health over the next 100 cycles, which is 15.4% lower than the teacher model. It reduces the model size from 616 kB to 94 kB with 84.7% reduction and takes 21 ms per inference on the device. These results support a practical smaller wins observation that a small model can match or exceed a large teacher for edge-based prognostics with proper supervision and selection. Beyond batteries, the DLNet framework can extend to other industrial analytics tasks with strict hardware constraints. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2026 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Wang,+J
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 8,035 results for author: Wang, H Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10589 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.CL Be Your Own Red Teamer: Safety Alignment via Self-Play and Reflective Experience Replay Authors: Hao Wang , Yanting Wang , Hao Li , Rui Li , Lei Sha Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial ``jailbreak'' attacks designed to bypass safety guardrails. Current safety alignment methods depend heavily on static external red teaming, utilizing fixed defense prompts or pre-collected adversarial datasets. This leads to a rigid defense that overfits known patterns and fails to generalize to… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial ``jailbreak'' attacks designed to bypass safety guardrails. Current safety alignment methods depend heavily on static external red teaming, utilizing fixed defense prompts or pre-collected adversarial datasets. This leads to a rigid defense that overfits known patterns and fails to generalize to novel, sophisticated threats. To address this critical limitation, we propose empowering the model to be its own red teamer, capable of achieving autonomous and evolving adversarial attacks. Specifically, we introduce Safety Self- Play (SSP), a system that utilizes a single LLM to act concurrently as both the Attacker (generating jailbreaks) and the Defender (refusing harmful requests) within a unified Reinforcement Learning (RL) loop, dynamically evolving attack strategies to uncover vulnerabilities while simultaneously strengthening defense mechanisms. To ensure the Defender effectively addresses critical safety issues during the self-play, we introduce an advanced Reflective Experience Replay Mechanism, which uses an experience pool accumulated throughout the process. The mechanism employs a Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) sampling strategy to focus on failure cases with low rewards, helping the model learn from past hard mistakes while balancing exploration and exploitation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our SSP approach autonomously evolves robust defense capabilities, significantly outperforming baselines trained on static adversarial datasets and establishing a new benchmark for proactive safety alignment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10589 [ pdf , ps , other ] Be Your Own Red Teamer: Safety Alignment via Self-Play and Reflective Experience Replay Authors: Hao Wang , Yanting Wang , Hao Li , Rui Li , Lei Sha Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial ``jailbreak'' attacks designed to bypass safety guardrails. Current safety alignment methods depend heavily on static external red teaming, utilizing fixed defense prompts or pre-collected adversarial datasets. This leads to a rigid defense that overfits known patterns and fails to generalize to… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial ``jailbreak'' attacks designed to bypass safety guardrails. Current safety alignment methods depend heavily on static external red teaming, utilizing fixed defense prompts or pre-collected adversarial datasets. This leads to a rigid defense that overfits known patterns and fails to generalize to novel, sophisticated threats. To address this critical limitation, we propose empowering the model to be its own red teamer, capable of achieving autonomous and evolving adversarial attacks. Specifically, we introduce Safety Self- Play (SSP), a system that utilizes a single LLM to act concurrently as both the Attacker (generating jailbreaks) and the Defender (refusing harmful requests) within a unified Reinforcement Learning (RL) loop, dynamically evolving attack strategies to uncover vulnerabilities while simultaneously strengthening defense mechanisms. To ensure the Defender effectively addresses critical safety issues during the self-play, we introduce an advanced Reflective Experience Replay Mechanism, which uses an experience pool accumulated throughout the process. The mechanism employs a Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) sampling strategy to focus on failure cases with low rewards, helping the model learn from past hard mistakes while balancing exploration and exploitation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our SSP approach autonomously evolves robust defense capabilities, significantly outperforming baselines trained on static adversarial datasets and establishing a new benchmark for proactive safety alignment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10547 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD HeartMuLa: A Family of Open Sourced Music Foundation Models Authors: Dongchao Yang , Yuxin Xie , Yuguo Yin , Zheyu Wang , Xiaoyu Yi , Gongxi Zhu , Xiaolong Weng , Zihan Xiong , Yingzhe Ma , Dading Cong , Jingliang Liu , Zihang Huang , Jinghan Ru , Rongjie Huang , Haoran Wan , Peixu Wang , Kuoxi Yu , Helin Wang , Liming Liang , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuanyuan Wang , Haohan Guo , Junjie Cao , Zeqian Ju , Songxiang Liu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 H… ▽ More We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 Hz) yet high-fidelity music codec tokenizer that captures long-range musical structure while preserving fine-grained acoustic details and enabling efficient autoregressive modeling; (4) HeartMuLa, an LLM-based song generation model capable of synthesizing high-fidelity music under rich, user-controllable conditions (e.g., textual style descriptions, lyrics, and reference audio). In addition, it provides two specialized modes: (i) fine-grained musical attribute control, which allows users to specify the style of different song sections (e.g., intro, verse, chorus) using natural language prompts; and (ii) short, engaging music generation, which is suitable as background music for short videos. Lastly, HeartMuLa improves significantly when scaled to 7B parameters. For the first time, we show that a Suno-level, commercial-grade system can be reproduced using academic-scale data and GPU resources. We expect these foundation models to serve as strong baselines for future research and to facilitate practical applications in multimodal content production. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10547 [ pdf , ps , other ] HeartMuLa: A Family of Open Sourced Music Foundation Models Authors: Dongchao Yang , Yuxin Xie , Yuguo Yin , Zheyu Wang , Xiaoyu Yi , Gongxi Zhu , Xiaolong Weng , Zihan Xiong , Yingzhe Ma , Dading Cong , Jingliang Liu , Zihang Huang , Jinghan Ru , Rongjie Huang , Haoran Wan , Peixu Wang , Kuoxi Yu , Helin Wang , Liming Liang , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuanyuan Wang , Haohan Guo , Junjie Cao , Zeqian Ju , Songxiang Liu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 H… ▽ More We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 Hz) yet high-fidelity music codec tokenizer that captures long-range musical structure while preserving fine-grained acoustic details and enabling efficient autoregressive modeling; (4) HeartMuLa, an LLM-based song generation model capable of synthesizing high-fidelity music under rich, user-controllable conditions (e.g., textual style descriptions, lyrics, and reference audio). In addition, it provides two specialized modes: (i) fine-grained musical attribute control, which allows users to specify the style of different song sections (e.g., intro, verse, chorus) using natural language prompts; and (ii) short, engaging music generation, which is suitable as background music for short videos. Lastly, HeartMuLa improves significantly when scaled to 7B parameters. For the first time, we show that a Suno-level, commercial-grade system can be reproduced using academic-scale data and GPU resources. We expect these foundation models to serve as strong baselines for future research and to facilitate practical applications in multimodal content production. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10525 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC Learning from Brain Topography: A Hierarchical Local-Global Graph-Transformer Network for EEG Emotion Recognition Authors: Yijin Zhou , Fu Li , Yi Niu , Boxun Fu , Huaning Wang , Lijian Zhang Abstract : Understanding how local neurophysiological patterns interact with global brain dynamics is essential for decoding human emotions from EEG signals. However, existing deep learning approaches often overlook the brain's intrinsic spatial organization, failing to simultaneously capture local topological relations and global dependencies. To address these challenges, we propose Neuro-HGLN, a Neurologic… ▽ More Understanding how local neurophysiological patterns interact with global brain dynamics is essential for decoding human emotions from EEG signals. However, existing deep learning approaches often overlook the brain's intrinsic spatial organization, failing to simultaneously capture local topological relations and global dependencies. To address these challenges, we propose Neuro-HGLN, a Neurologically-informed Hierarchical Graph-Transformer Learning Network that integrates biologically grounded priors with hierarchical representation learning. Neuro-HGLN first constructs a spatial Euclidean prior graph based on physical electrode distances to serve as an anatomically grounded inductive bias. A learnable global dynamic graph is then introduced to model functional connectivity across the entire brain. In parallel, to capture fine-grained regional dependencies, Neuro-HGLN builds region-level local graphs using a multi-head self-attention mechanism. These graphs are processed synchronously through local-constrained parallel GCN layers to produce region-specific representations. Subsequently, an iTransformer encoder aggregates these features to capture cross-region dependencies under a dimension-as-token formulation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Neuro-HGLN achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple benchmarks, providing enhanced interpretability grounded in neurophysiological structure. These results highlight the efficacy of unifying local topological learning with cross-region dependency modeling for robust EEG emotion recognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10525 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning from Brain Topography: A Hierarchical Local-Global Graph-Transformer Network for EEG Emotion Recognition Authors: Yijin Zhou , Fu Li , Yi Niu , Boxun Fu , Huaning Wang , Lijian Zhang Abstract : Understanding how local neurophysiological patterns interact with global brain dynamics is essential for decoding human emotions from EEG signals. However, existing deep learning approaches often overlook the brain's intrinsic spatial organization, failing to simultaneously capture local topological relations and global dependencies. To address these challenges, we propose Neuro-HGLN, a Neurologic… ▽ More Understanding how local neurophysiological patterns interact with global brain dynamics is essential for decoding human emotions from EEG signals. However, existing deep learning approaches often overlook the brain's intrinsic spatial organization, failing to simultaneously capture local topological relations and global dependencies. To address these challenges, we propose Neuro-HGLN, a Neurologically-informed Hierarchical Graph-Transformer Learning Network that integrates biologically grounded priors with hierarchical representation learning. Neuro-HGLN first constructs a spatial Euclidean prior graph based on physical electrode distances to serve as an anatomically grounded inductive bias. A learnable global dynamic graph is then introduced to model functional connectivity across the entire brain. In parallel, to capture fine-grained regional dependencies, Neuro-HGLN builds region-level local graphs using a multi-head self-attention mechanism. These graphs are processed synchronously through local-constrained parallel GCN layers to produce region-specific representations. Subsequently, an iTransformer encoder aggregates these features to capture cross-region dependencies under a dimension-as-token formulation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Neuro-HGLN achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple benchmarks, providing enhanced interpretability grounded in neurophysiological structure. These results highlight the efficacy of unifying local topological learning with cross-region dependency modeling for robust EEG emotion recognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10094 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.LG V-Zero: Self-Improving Multimodal Reasoning with Zero Annotation Authors: Han Wang , Yi Yang , Jingyuan Hu , Minfeng Zhu , Wei Chen Abstract : Recent advances in multimodal learning have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of vision-language models (VLMs). However, state-of-the-art approaches rely heavily on large-scale human-annotated datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to acquire. To overcome this limitation, we introduce V-Zero, a general post-training framework that facilitates self-improvement using exclusive… ▽ More Recent advances in multimodal learning have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of vision-language models (VLMs). However, state-of-the-art approaches rely heavily on large-scale human-annotated datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to acquire. To overcome this limitation, we introduce V-Zero, a general post-training framework that facilitates self-improvement using exclusively unlabeled images. V-Zero establishes a co-evolutionary loop by instantiating two distinct roles: a Questioner and a Solver. The Questioner learns to synthesize high-quality, challenging questions by leveraging a dual-track reasoning reward that contrasts intuitive guesses with reasoned results. The Solver is optimized using pseudo-labels derived from majority voting over its own sampled responses. Both roles are trained iteratively via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), driving a cycle of mutual enhancement. Remarkably, without a single human annotation, V-Zero achieves consistent performance gains on Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct, improving visual mathematical reasoning by +1.7 and general vision-centric by +2.6, demonstrating the potential of self-improvement in multimodal systems. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10094 [ pdf , ps , other ] V-Zero: Self-Improving Multimodal Reasoning with Zero Annotation Authors: Han Wang , Yi Yang , Jingyuan Hu , Minfeng Zhu , Wei Chen Abstract : Recent advances in multimodal learning have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of vision-language models (VLMs). However, state-of-the-art approaches rely heavily on large-scale human-annotated datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to acquire. To overcome this limitation, we introduce V-Zero, a general post-training framework that facilitates self-improvement using exclusive… ▽ More Recent advances in multimodal learning have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of vision-language models (VLMs). However, state-of-the-art approaches rely heavily on large-scale human-annotated datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to acquire. To overcome this limitation, we introduce V-Zero, a general post-training framework that facilitates self-improvement using exclusively unlabeled images. V-Zero establishes a co-evolutionary loop by instantiating two distinct roles: a Questioner and a Solver. The Questioner learns to synthesize high-quality, challenging questions by leveraging a dual-track reasoning reward that contrasts intuitive guesses with reasoned results. The Solver is optimized using pseudo-labels derived from majority voting over its own sampled responses. Both roles are trained iteratively via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), driving a cycle of mutual enhancement. Remarkably, without a single human annotation, V-Zero achieves consistent performance gains on Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct, improving visual mathematical reasoning by +1.7 and general vision-centric by +2.6, demonstrating the potential of self-improvement in multimodal systems. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.ET Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09515 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SERM: Self-Evolving Relevance Model with Agent-Driven Learning from Massive Query Streams Authors: Chenglong Wang , Canjia Li , Xingzhao Zhu , Yifu Huo , Huiyu Wang , Weixiong Lin , Yun Yang , Qiaozhi He , Tianhua Zhou , Xiaojia Chang , Jingbo Zhu , Tong Xiao Abstract : Due to the dynamically evolving nature of real-world query streams, relevance models struggle to generalize to practical search scenarios. A sophisticated solution is self-evolution techniques. However, in large-scale industrial settings with massive query streams, this technique faces two challenges: (1) informative samples are often sparse and difficult to identify, and (2) pseudo-labels generat… ▽ More Due to the dynamically evolving nature of real-world query streams, relevance models struggle to generalize to practical search scenarios. A sophisticated solution is self-evolution techniques. However, in large-scale industrial settings with massive query streams, this technique faces two challenges: (1) informative samples are often sparse and difficult to identify, and (2) pseudo-labels generated by the current model could be unreliable. To address these challenges, in this work, we propose a Self-Evolving Relevance Model approach (SERM), which comprises two complementary multi-agent modules: a multi-agent sample miner, designed to detect distributional shifts and identify informative training samples, and a multi-agent relevance annotator, which provides reliable labels through a two-level agreement framework. We evaluate SERM in a large-scale industrial setting, which serves billions of user requests daily. Experimental results demonstrate that SERM can achieve significant performance gains through iterative self-evolution, as validated by extensive offline multilingual evaluations and online testing. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09515 [ pdf , ps , other ] SERM: Self-Evolving Relevance Model with Agent-Driven Learning from Massive Query Streams Authors: Chenglong Wang , Canjia Li , Xingzhao Zhu , Yifu Huo , Huiyu Wang , Weixiong Lin , Yun Yang , Qiaozhi He , Tianhua Zhou , Xiaojia Chang , Jingbo Zhu , Tong Xiao Abstract : Due to the dynamically evolving nature of real-world query streams, relevance models struggle to generalize to practical search scenarios. A sophisticated solution is self-evolution techniques. However, in large-scale industrial settings with massive query streams, this technique faces two challenges: (1) informative samples are often sparse and difficult to identify, and (2) pseudo-labels generat… ▽ More Due to the dynamically evolving nature of real-world query streams, relevance models struggle to generalize to practical search scenarios. A sophisticated solution is self-evolution techniques. However, in large-scale industrial settings with massive query streams, this technique faces two challenges: (1) informative samples are often sparse and difficult to identify, and (2) pseudo-labels generated by the current model could be unreliable. To address these challenges, in this work, we propose a Self-Evolving Relevance Model approach (SERM), which comprises two complementary multi-agent modules: a multi-agent sample miner, designed to detect distributional shifts and identify informative training samples, and a multi-agent relevance annotator, which provides reliable labels through a two-level agreement framework. We evaluate SERM in a large-scale industrial setting, which serves billions of user requests daily. Experimental results demonstrate that SERM can achieve significant performance gains through iterative self-evolution, as validated by extensive offline multilingual evaluations and online testing. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09465 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI EvoFSM: Controllable Self-Evolution for Deep Research with Finite State Machines Authors: Shuo Zhang , Chaofa Yuan , Ryan Guo , Xiaomin Yu , Rui Xu , Zhangquan Chen , Zinuo Li , Zhi Yang , Shuhao Guan , Zhenheng Tang , Sen Hu , Liwen Zhang , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction dri… ▽ More While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction drift. We propose EvoFSM, a structured self-evolving framework that achieves both adaptability and control by evolving an explicit Finite State Machine (FSM) instead of relying on free-form rewriting. EvoFSM decouples the optimization space into macroscopic Flow (state-transition logic) and microscopic Skill (state-specific behaviors), enabling targeted improvements under clear behavioral boundaries. Guided by a critic mechanism, EvoFSM refines the FSM through a small set of constrained operations, and further incorporates a self-evolving memory that distills successful trajectories as reusable priors and failure patterns as constraints for future queries. Extensive evaluations on five multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EvoFSM. In particular, EvoFSM reaches 58.0% accuracy on the DeepSearch benchmark. Additional results on interactive decision-making tasks further validate its generalization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09465 [ pdf , ps , other ] EvoFSM: Controllable Self-Evolution for Deep Research with Finite State Machines Authors: Shuo Zhang , Chaofa Yuan , Ryan Guo , Xiaomin Yu , Rui Xu , Zhangquan Chen , Zinuo Li , Zhi Yang , Shuhao Guan , Zhenheng Tang , Sen Hu , Liwen Zhang , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction dri… ▽ More While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction drift. We propose EvoFSM, a structured self-evolving framework that achieves both adaptability and control by evolving an explicit Finite State Machine (FSM) instead of relying on free-form rewriting. EvoFSM decouples the optimization space into macroscopic Flow (state-transition logic) and microscopic Skill (state-specific behaviors), enabling targeted improvements under clear behavioral boundaries. Guided by a critic mechanism, EvoFSM refines the FSM through a small set of constrained operations, and further incorporates a self-evolving memory that distills successful trajectories as reusable priors and failure patterns as constraints for future queries. Extensive evaluations on five multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EvoFSM. In particular, EvoFSM reaches 58.0% accuracy on the DeepSearch benchmark. Additional results on interactive decision-making tasks further validate its generalization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09264 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Coordinated Pandemic Control with Large Language Model Agents as Policymaking Assistants Authors: Ziyi Shi , Xusen Guo , Hongliang Lu , Mingxing Peng , Haotian Wang , Zheng Zhu , Zhenning Li , Yuxuan Liang , Xinhu Zheng , Hai Yang Abstract : Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose… ▽ More Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose a large language model (LLM) multi-agent policymaking framework that supports coordinated and proactive pandemic control across regions. Within our framework, each administrative region is assigned an LLM agent as an AI policymaking assistant. The agent reasons over region-specific epidemiological dynamics while communicating with other agents to account for cross-regional interdependencies. By integrating real-world data, a pandemic evolution simulator, and structured inter-agent communication, our framework enables agents to jointly explore counterfactual intervention scenarios and synthesize coordinated policy decisions through a closed-loop simulation process. We validate the proposed framework using state-level COVID-19 data from the United States between April and December 2020, together with real-world mobility records and observed policy interventions. Compared with real-world pandemic outcomes, our approach reduces cumulative infections and deaths by up to 63.7% and 40.1%, respectively, at the individual state level, and by 39.0% and 27.0%, respectively, when aggregated across states. These results demonstrate that LLM multi-agent systems can enable more effective pandemic control with coordinated policymaking... △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 20pages, 6 figures, a 60-page supporting material pdf file arXiv:2601.09264 [ pdf , ps , other ] Coordinated Pandemic Control with Large Language Model Agents as Policymaking Assistants Authors: Ziyi Shi , Xusen Guo , Hongliang Lu , Mingxing Peng , Haotian Wang , Zheng Zhu , Zhenning Li , Yuxuan Liang , Xinhu Zheng , Hai Yang Abstract : Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose… ▽ More Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose a large language model (LLM) multi-agent policymaking framework that supports coordinated and proactive pandemic control across regions. Within our framework, each administrative region is assigned an LLM agent as an AI policymaking assistant. The agent reasons over region-specific epidemiological dynamics while communicating with other agents to account for cross-regional interdependencies. By integrating real-world data, a pandemic evolution simulator, and structured inter-agent communication, our framework enables agents to jointly explore counterfactual intervention scenarios and synthesize coordinated policy decisions through a closed-loop simulation process. We validate the proposed framework using state-level COVID-19 data from the United States between April and December 2020, together with real-world mobility records and observed policy interventions. Compared with real-world pandemic outcomes, our approach reduces cumulative infections and deaths by up to 63.7% and 40.1%, respectively, at the individual state level, and by 39.0% and 27.0%, respectively, when aggregated across states. These results demonstrate that LLM multi-agent systems can enable more effective pandemic control with coordinated policymaking... △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 20pages, 6 figures, a 60-page supporting material pdf file arXiv:2601.09251 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI HGATSolver: A Heterogeneous Graph Attention Solver for Fluid-Structure Interaction Authors: Qin-Yi Zhang , Hong Wang , Siyao Liu , Haichuan Lin , Linying Cao , Xiao-Hu Zhou , Chen Chen , Shuangyi Wang , Zeng-Guang Hou Abstract : Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) systems involve distinct physical domains, fluid and solid, governed by different partial differential equations and coupled at a dynamic interface. While learning-based solvers offer a promising alternative to costly numerical simulations, existing methods struggle to capture the heterogeneous dynamics of FSI within a unified framework. This challenge is further… ▽ More Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) systems involve distinct physical domains, fluid and solid, governed by different partial differential equations and coupled at a dynamic interface. While learning-based solvers offer a promising alternative to costly numerical simulations, existing methods struggle to capture the heterogeneous dynamics of FSI within a unified framework. This challenge is further exacerbated by inconsistencies in response across domains due to interface coupling and by disparities in learning difficulty across fluid and solid regions, leading to instability during prediction. To address these challenges, we propose the Heterogeneous Graph Attention Solver (HGATSolver). HGATSolver encodes the system as a heterogeneous graph, embedding physical structure directly into the model via distinct node and edge types for fluid, solid, and interface regions. This enables specialized message-passing mechanisms tailored to each physical domain. To stabilize explicit time stepping, we introduce a novel physics-conditioned gating mechanism that serves as a learnable, adaptive relaxation factor. Furthermore, an Inter-domain Gradient-Balancing Loss dynamically balances the optimization objectives across domains based on predictive uncertainty. Extensive experiments on two constructed FSI benchmarks and a public dataset demonstrate that HGATSolver achieves state-of-the-art performance, establishing an effective framework for surrogate modeling of coupled multi-physics systems. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09251 [ pdf , ps , other ] HGATSolver: A Heterogeneous Graph Attention Solver for Fluid-Structure Interaction Authors: Qin-Yi Zhang , Hong Wang , Siyao Liu , Haichuan Lin , Linying Cao , Xiao-Hu Zhou , Chen Chen , Shuangyi Wang , Zeng-Guang Hou Abstract : Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) systems involve distinct physical domains, fluid and solid, governed by different partial differential equations and coupled at a dynamic interface. While learning-based solvers offer a promising alternative to costly numerical simulations, existing methods struggle to capture the heterogeneous dynamics of FSI within a unified framework. This challenge is further… ▽ More Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) systems involve distinct physical domains, fluid and solid, governed by different partial differential equations and coupled at a dynamic interface. While learning-based solvers offer a promising alternative to costly numerical simulations, existing methods struggle to capture the heterogeneous dynamics of FSI within a unified framework. This challenge is further exacerbated by inconsistencies in response across domains due to interface coupling and by disparities in learning difficulty across fluid and solid regions, leading to instability during prediction. To address these challenges, we propose the Heterogeneous Graph Attention Solver (HGATSolver). HGATSolver encodes the system as a heterogeneous graph, embedding physical structure directly into the model via distinct node and edge types for fluid, solid, and interface regions. This enables specialized message-passing mechanisms tailored to each physical domain. To stabilize explicit time stepping, we introduce a novel physics-conditioned gating mechanism that serves as a learnable, adaptive relaxation factor. Furthermore, an Inter-domain Gradient-Balancing Loss dynamically balances the optimization objectives across domains based on predictive uncertainty. Extensive experiments on two constructed FSI benchmarks and a public dataset demonstrate that HGATSolver achieves state-of-the-art performance, establishing an effective framework for surrogate modeling of coupled multi-physics systems. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09247 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Integrating Diverse Assignment Strategies into DETRs Authors: Yiwei Zhang , Jin Gao , Hanshi Wang , Fudong Ge , Guan Luo , Weiming Hu , Zhipeng Zhang Abstract : Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typicall… ▽ More Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typically focus on a single auxiliary strategy, lacking a unified and scalable design. In this paper, we first systematically investigate the effects of ``one-to-many'' supervision and reveal a surprising insight that performance gains are driven not by the sheer quantity of supervision, but by the diversity of the assignment strategies employed. This finding suggests that a more elegant, parameter-efficient approach is attainable. Building on this insight, we propose LoRA-DETR, a flexible and lightweight framework that seamlessly integrates diverse assignment strategies into any DETR-style detector. Our method augments the primary network with multiple Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches during training, each instantiating a different one-to-many assignment rule. These branches act as auxiliary modules that inject rich, varied supervisory gradients into the main model and are discarded during inference, thus incurring no additional computational cost. This design promotes robust joint optimization while maintaining the architectural simplicity of the original detector. Extensive experiments on different baselines validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our work presents a new paradigm for enhancing detectors, demonstrating that diverse ``one-to-many'' supervision can be integrated to achieve state-of-the-art results without compromising model elegance. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09247 [ pdf , ps , other ] Integrating Diverse Assignment Strategies into DETRs Authors: Yiwei Zhang , Jin Gao , Hanshi Wang , Fudong Ge , Guan Luo , Weiming Hu , Zhipeng Zhang Abstract : Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typicall… ▽ More Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typically focus on a single auxiliary strategy, lacking a unified and scalable design. In this paper, we first systematically investigate the effects of ``one-to-many'' supervision and reveal a surprising insight that performance gains are driven not by the sheer quantity of supervision, but by the diversity of the assignment strategies employed. This finding suggests that a more elegant, parameter-efficient approach is attainable. Building on this insight, we propose LoRA-DETR, a flexible and lightweight framework that seamlessly integrates diverse assignment strategies into any DETR-style detector. Our method augments the primary network with multiple Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches during training, each instantiating a different one-to-many assignment rule. These branches act as auxiliary modules that inject rich, varied supervisory gradients into the main model and are discarded during inference, thus incurring no additional computational cost. This design promotes robust joint optimization while maintaining the architectural simplicity of the original detector. Extensive experiments on different baselines validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our work presents a new paradigm for enhancing detectors, demonstrating that diverse ``one-to-many'' supervision can be integrated to achieve state-of-the-art results without compromising model elegance. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09129 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR KryptoPilot: An Open-World Knowledge-Augmented LLM Agent for Automated Cryptographic Exploitation Authors: Xiaonan Liu , Zhihao Li , Xiao Lan , Hao Ren , Haizhou Wang , Xingshu Chen Abstract : Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic k… ▽ More Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic knowledge, stable long-horizon reasoning, and disciplined interaction with specialized toolchains. Through a systematic exploratory study, we show that insufficient knowledge granularity, rather than model reasoning capacity, is a primary factor limiting successful cryptographic exploitation: coarse or abstracted external knowledge often fails to support correct attack modeling and implementation. Motivated by this observation, we propose KryptoPilot, an open-world knowledge-augmented LLM agent for automated cryptographic exploitation. KryptoPilot integrates dynamic open-world knowledge acquisition via a Deep Research pipeline, a persistent workspace for structured knowledge reuse, and a governance subsystem that stabilizes reasoning through behavioral constraints and cost-aware model routing. This design enables precise knowledge alignment while maintaining efficient reasoning across heterogeneous subtasks. We evaluate KryptoPilot on two established CTF benchmarks and in six real-world CTF competitions. KryptoPilot achieves a complete solve rate on InterCode-CTF, solves between 56 and 60 percent of cryptographic challenges on the NYU-CTF benchmark, and successfully solves 26 out of 33 cryptographic challenges in live competitions, including multiple earliest-solved and uniquely-solved instances. These results demonstrate the necessity of open-world, fine-grained knowledge augmentation and governed reasoning for scaling LLM-based agents to real-world cryptographic exploitation. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 Pages,4 figures arXiv:2601.09129 [ pdf , ps , other ] KryptoPilot: An Open-World Knowledge-Augmented LLM Agent for Automated Cryptographic Exploitation Authors: Xiaonan Liu , Zhihao Li , Xiao Lan , Hao Ren , Haizhou Wang , Xingshu Chen Abstract : Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic k… ▽ More Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic knowledge, stable long-horizon reasoning, and disciplined interaction with specialized toolchains. Through a systematic exploratory study, we show that insufficient knowledge granularity, rather than model reasoning capacity, is a primary factor limiting successful cryptographic exploitation: coarse or abstracted external knowledge often fails to support correct attack modeling and implementation. Motivated by this observation, we propose KryptoPilot, an open-world knowledge-augmented LLM agent for automated cryptographic exploitation. KryptoPilot integrates dynamic open-world knowledge acquisition via a Deep Research pipeline, a persistent workspace for structured knowledge reuse, and a governance subsystem that stabilizes reasoning through behavioral constraints and cost-aware model routing. This design enables precise knowledge alignment while maintaining efficient reasoning across heterogeneous subtasks. We evaluate KryptoPilot on two established CTF benchmarks and in six real-world CTF competitions. KryptoPilot achieves a complete solve rate on InterCode-CTF, solves between 56 and 60 percent of cryptographic challenges on the NYU-CTF benchmark, and successfully solves 26 out of 33 cryptographic challenges in live competitions, including multiple earliest-solved and uniquely-solved instances. These results demonstrate the necessity of open-world, fine-grained knowledge augmentation and governed reasoning for scaling LLM-based agents to real-world cryptographic exploitation. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 Pages,4 figures arXiv:2601.08955 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Imagine-then-Plan: Agent Learning from Adaptive Lookahead with World Models Authors: Youwei Liu , Jian Wang , Hanlin Wang , Beichen Guo , Wenjie Li Abstract : Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via… ▽ More Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via lookahead imagination, where an agent's policy model interacts with the learned world model, yielding multi-step ``imagined'' trajectories. Since the imagination horizon may vary by tasks and stages, we introduce a novel adaptive lookahead mechanism by trading off the ultimate goal and task progress. The resulting imagined trajectories provide rich signals about future consequences, such as achieved progress and potential conflicts, which are fused with current observations, formulating a partially \textit{observable} and \textit{imaginable} Markov decision process to guide policy learning. We instantiate \texttt{ITP} with both training-free and reinforcement-trained variants. Extensive experiments across representative agent benchmarks demonstrate that \texttt{ITP} significantly outperforms competitive baselines. Further analyses validate that our adaptive lookahead largely enhances agents' reasoning capability, providing valuable insights into addressing broader, complex tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08955 [ pdf , ps , other ] Imagine-then-Plan: Agent Learning from Adaptive Lookahead with World Models Authors: Youwei Liu , Jian Wang , Hanlin Wang , Beichen Guo , Wenjie Li Abstract : Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via… ▽ More Recent advances in world models have shown promise for modeling future dynamics of environmental states, enabling agents to reason and act without accessing real environments. Current methods mainly perform single-step or fixed-horizon rollouts, leaving their potential for complex task planning under-exploited. We propose Imagine-then-Plan (\texttt{ITP}), a unified framework for agent learning via lookahead imagination, where an agent's policy model interacts with the learned world model, yielding multi-step ``imagined'' trajectories. Since the imagination horizon may vary by tasks and stages, we introduce a novel adaptive lookahead mechanism by trading off the ultimate goal and task progress. The resulting imagined trajectories provide rich signals about future consequences, such as achieved progress and potential conflicts, which are fused with current observations, formulating a partially \textit{observable} and \textit{imaginable} Markov decision process to guide policy learning. We instantiate \texttt{ITP} with both training-free and reinforcement-trained variants. Extensive experiments across representative agent benchmarks demonstrate that \texttt{ITP} significantly outperforms competitive baselines. Further analyses validate that our adaptive lookahead largely enhances agents' reasoning capability, providing valuable insights into addressing broader, complex tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08545 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.SE Learner-Tailored Program Repair: A Solution Generator with Iterative Edit-Driven Retrieval Enhancement Authors: Zhenlong Dai , Zhuoluo Zhao , Hengning Wang , Xiu Tang , Sai Wu , Chang Yao , Zhipeng Gao , Jingyuan Chen Abstract : With the development of large language models (LLMs) in the field of programming, intelligent programming coaching systems have gained widespread attention. However, most research focuses on repairing the buggy code of programming learners without providing the underlying causes of the bugs. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task, namely \textbf{LPR} (\textbf{L}earner-Tailored \textbf{P}ro… ▽ More With the development of large language models (LLMs) in the field of programming, intelligent programming coaching systems have gained widespread attention. However, most research focuses on repairing the buggy code of programming learners without providing the underlying causes of the bugs. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task, namely \textbf{LPR} (\textbf{L}earner-Tailored \textbf{P}rogram \textbf{R}epair). We then propose a novel and effective framework, \textbf{\textsc{\MethodName{}}} (\textbf{L}earner-Tailored \textbf{S}olution \textbf{G}enerator), to enhance program repair while offering the bug descriptions for the buggy code. In the first stage, we utilize a repair solution retrieval framework to construct a solution retrieval database and then employ an edit-driven code retrieval approach to retrieve valuable solutions, guiding LLMs in identifying and fixing the bugs in buggy code. In the second stage, we propose a solution-guided program repair method, which fixes the code and provides explanations under the guidance of retrieval solutions. Moreover, we propose an Iterative Retrieval Enhancement method that utilizes evaluation results of the generated code to iteratively optimize the retrieval direction and explore more suitable repair strategies, improving performance in practical programming coaching scenarios. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms a set of baselines by a large margin, validating the effectiveness of our framework for the newly proposed LPR task. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08545 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learner-Tailored Program Repair: A Solution Generator with Iterative Edit-Driven Retrieval Enhancement Authors: Zhenlong Dai , Zhuoluo Zhao , Hengning Wang , Xiu Tang , Sai Wu , Chang Yao , Zhipeng Gao , Jingyuan Chen Abstract : With the development of large language models (LLMs) in the field of programming, intelligent programming coaching systems have gained widespread attention. However, most research focuses on repairing the buggy code of programming learners without providing the underlying causes of the bugs. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task, namely \textbf{LPR} (\textbf{L}earner-Tailored \textbf{P}ro… ▽ More With the development of large language models (LLMs) in the field of programming, intelligent programming coaching systems have gained widespread attention. However, most research focuses on repairing the buggy code of programming learners without providing the underlying causes of the bugs. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task, namely \textbf{LPR} (\textbf{L}earner-Tailored \textbf{P}rogram \textbf{R}epair). We then propose a novel and effective framework, \textbf{\textsc{\MethodName{}}} (\textbf{L}earner-Tailored \textbf{S}olution \textbf{G}enerator), to enhance program repair while offering the bug descriptions for the buggy code. In the first stage, we utilize a repair solution retrieval framework to construct a solution retrieval database and then employ an edit-driven code retrieval approach to retrieve valuable solutions, guiding LLMs in identifying and fixing the bugs in buggy code. In the second stage, we propose a solution-guided program repair method, which fixes the code and provides explanations under the guidance of retrieval solutions. Moreover, we propose an Iterative Retrieval Enhancement method that utilizes evaluation results of the generated code to iteratively optimize the retrieval direction and explore more suitable repair strategies, improving performance in practical programming coaching scenarios. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms a set of baselines by a large margin, validating the effectiveness of our framework for the newly proposed LPR task. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08246 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO FSAG: Enhancing Human-to-Dexterous-Hand Finger-Specific Affordance Grounding via Diffusion Models Authors: Yifan Han , Pengfei Yi , Junyan Li , Hanqing Wang , Gaojing Zhang , Qi Peng Liu , Wenzhao Lian Abstract : Dexterous grasp synthesis remains a central challenge: the high dimensionality and kinematic diversity of multi-fingered hands prevent direct transfer of algorithms developed for parallel-jaw grippers. Existing approaches typically depend on large, hardware-specific grasp datasets collected in simulation or through costly real-world trials, hindering scalability as new dexterous hand designs emerg… ▽ More Dexterous grasp synthesis remains a central challenge: the high dimensionality and kinematic diversity of multi-fingered hands prevent direct transfer of algorithms developed for parallel-jaw grippers. Existing approaches typically depend on large, hardware-specific grasp datasets collected in simulation or through costly real-world trials, hindering scalability as new dexterous hand designs emerge. To this end, we propose a data-efficient framework, which is designed to bypass robot grasp data collection by exploiting the rich, object-centric semantic priors latent in pretrained generative diffusion models. Temporally aligned and fine-grained grasp affordances are extracted from raw human video demonstrations and fused with 3D scene geometry from depth images to infer semantically grounded contact targets. A kinematics-aware retargeting module then maps these affordance representations to diverse dexterous hands without per-hand retraining. The resulting system produces stable, functionally appropriate multi-contact grasps that remain reliably successful across common objects and tools, while exhibiting strong generalization across previously unseen object instances within a category, pose variations, and multiple hand embodiments. This work (i) introduces a semantic affordance extraction pipeline leveraging vision-language generative priors for dexterous grasping, (ii) demonstrates cross-hand generalization without constructing hardware-specific grasp datasets, and (iii) establishes that a single depth modality suffices for high-performance grasp synthesis when coupled with foundation-model semantics. Our results highlight a path toward scalable, hardware-agnostic dexterous manipulation driven by human demonstrations and pretrained generative models. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08246 [ pdf , ps , other ] FSAG: Enhancing Human-to-Dexterous-Hand Finger-Specific Affordance Grounding via Diffusion Models Authors: Yifan Han , Pengfei Yi , Junyan Li , Hanqing Wang , Gaojing Zhang , Qi Peng Liu , Wenzhao Lian Abstract : Dexterous grasp synthesis remains a central challenge: the high dimensionality and kinematic diversity of multi-fingered hands prevent direct transfer of algorithms developed for parallel-jaw grippers. Existing approaches typically depend on large, hardware-specific grasp datasets collected in simulation or through costly real-world trials, hindering scalability as new dexterous hand designs emerg… ▽ More Dexterous grasp synthesis remains a central challenge: the high dimensionality and kinematic diversity of multi-fingered hands prevent direct transfer of algorithms developed for parallel-jaw grippers. Existing approaches typically depend on large, hardware-specific grasp datasets collected in simulation or through costly real-world trials, hindering scalability as new dexterous hand designs emerge. To this end, we propose a data-efficient framework, which is designed to bypass robot grasp data collection by exploiting the rich, object-centric semantic priors latent in pretrained generative diffusion models. Temporally aligned and fine-grained grasp affordances are extracted from raw human video demonstrations and fused with 3D scene geometry from depth images to infer semantically grounded contact targets. A kinematics-aware retargeting module then maps these affordance representations to diverse dexterous hands without per-hand retraining. The resulting system produces stable, functionally appropriate multi-contact grasps that remain reliably successful across common objects and tools, while exhibiting strong generalization across previously unseen object instances within a category, pose variations, and multiple hand embodiments. This work (i) introduces a semantic affordance extraction pipeline leveraging vision-language generative priors for dexterous grasping, (ii) demonstrates cross-hand generalization without constructing hardware-specific grasp datasets, and (iii) establishes that a single depth modality suffices for high-performance grasp synthesis when coupled with foundation-model semantics. Our results highlight a path toward scalable, hardware-agnostic dexterous manipulation driven by human demonstrations and pretrained generative models. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08158 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL WISE-Flow: Workflow-Induced Structured Experience for Self-Evolving Conversational Service Agents Authors: Yuqing Zhou , Zhuoer Wang , Jie Yuan , Hong Wang , Samson Koelle , Ziwei Zhu , Wei Niu Abstract : Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a wo… ▽ More Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a workflow-centric framework that converts historical service interactions into reusable procedural experience by inducing workflows with prerequisite-augmented action blocks. At deployment, WISE-Flow aligns the agent's execution trajectory to retrieved workflows and performs prerequisite-aware feasibility reasoning to achieve state-grounded next actions. Experiments on ToolSandbox and $τ^2$-bench show consistent improvement across base models. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages arXiv:2601.08158 [ pdf , ps , other ] WISE-Flow: Workflow-Induced Structured Experience for Self-Evolving Conversational Service Agents Authors: Yuqing Zhou , Zhuoer Wang , Jie Yuan , Hong Wang , Samson Koelle , Ziwei Zhu , Wei Niu Abstract : Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a wo… ▽ More Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a workflow-centric framework that converts historical service interactions into reusable procedural experience by inducing workflows with prerequisite-augmented action blocks. At deployment, WISE-Flow aligns the agent's execution trajectory to retrieved workflows and performs prerequisite-aware feasibility reasoning to achieve state-grounded next actions. Experiments on ToolSandbox and $τ^2$-bench show consistent improvement across base models. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages arXiv:2601.07853 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI FinVault: Benchmarking Financial Agent Safety in Execution-Grounded Environments Authors: Zhi Yang , Runguo Li , Qiqi Qiang , Jiashun Wang , Fangqi Lou , Mengping Li , Dongpo Cheng , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Shuo Zhang , Xiaolong Liang , Xiaoming Huang , Zheng Wei , Zhaowei Liu , Xin Guo , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Liwen Zhang Abstract : Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level conten… ▽ More Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level content compliance or abstract agent settings, failing to capture execution-grounded risks arising from real operational workflows and state-changing actions. To bridge this gap, we propose FinVault, the first execution-grounded security benchmark for financial agents, comprising 31 regulatory case-driven sandbox scenarios with state-writable databases and explicit compliance constraints, together with 107 real-world vulnerabilities and 963 test cases that systematically cover prompt injection, jailbreaking, financially adapted attacks, as well as benign inputs for false-positive evaluation. Experimental results reveal that existing defense mechanisms remain ineffective in realistic financial agent settings, with average attack success rates (ASR) still reaching up to 50.0\% on state-of-the-art models and remaining non-negligible even for the most robust systems (ASR 6.7\%), highlighting the limited transferability of current safety designs and the need for stronger financial-specific defenses. Our code can be found at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07853 [ pdf , ps , other ] FinVault: Benchmarking Financial Agent Safety in Execution-Grounded Environments Authors: Zhi Yang , Runguo Li , Qiqi Qiang , Jiashun Wang , Fangqi Lou , Mengping Li , Dongpo Cheng , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Shuo Zhang , Xiaolong Liang , Xiaoming Huang , Zheng Wei , Zhaowei Liu , Xin Guo , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Liwen Zhang Abstract : Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level conten… ▽ More Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level content compliance or abstract agent settings, failing to capture execution-grounded risks arising from real operational workflows and state-changing actions. To bridge this gap, we propose FinVault, the first execution-grounded security benchmark for financial agents, comprising 31 regulatory case-driven sandbox scenarios with state-writable databases and explicit compliance constraints, together with 107 real-world vulnerabilities and 963 test cases that systematically cover prompt injection, jailbreaking, financially adapted attacks, as well as benign inputs for false-positive evaluation. Experimental results reveal that existing defense mechanisms remain ineffective in realistic financial agent settings, with average attack success rates (ASR) still reaching up to 50.0\% on state-of-the-art models and remaining non-negligible even for the most robust systems (ASR 6.7\%), highlighting the limited transferability of current safety designs and the need for stronger financial-specific defenses. Our code can be found at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07499 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Anatomy Aware Cascade Network: Bridging Epistemic Uncertainty and Geometric Manifold for 3D Tooth Segmentation Authors: Bing Yu , Liu Shi , Haitao Wang , Deran Qi , Xiang Cai , Wei Zhong , Qiegen Liu Abstract : Accurate three-dimensional (3D) tooth segmentation from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a prerequisite for digital dental workflows. However, achieving high-fidelity segmentation remains challenging due to adhesion artifacts in naturally occluded scans, which are caused by low contrast and indistinct inter-arch boundaries. To address these limitations, we propose the Anatomy Aware Cascade… ▽ More Accurate three-dimensional (3D) tooth segmentation from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a prerequisite for digital dental workflows. However, achieving high-fidelity segmentation remains challenging due to adhesion artifacts in naturally occluded scans, which are caused by low contrast and indistinct inter-arch boundaries. To address these limitations, we propose the Anatomy Aware Cascade Network (AACNet), a coarse-to-fine framework designed to resolve boundary ambiguity while maintaining global structural consistency. Specifically, we introduce two mechanisms: the Ambiguity Gated Boundary Refiner (AGBR) and the Signed Distance Map guided Anatomical Attention (SDMAA). The AGBR employs an entropy based gating mechanism to perform targeted feature rectification in high uncertainty transition zones. Meanwhile, the SDMAA integrates implicit geometric constraints via signed distance map to enforce topological consistency, preventing the loss of spatial details associated with standard pooling. Experimental results on a dataset of 125 CBCT volumes demonstrate that AACNet achieves a Dice Similarity Coefficient of 90.17 \% and a 95\% Hausdorff Distance of 3.63 mm, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the model exhibits strong generalization on an external dataset with an HD95 of 2.19 mm, validating its reliability for downstream clinical applications such as surgical planning. Code for AACNet is available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07499 [ pdf , ps , other ] Anatomy Aware Cascade Network: Bridging Epistemic Uncertainty and Geometric Manifold for 3D Tooth Segmentation Authors: Bing Yu , Liu Shi , Haitao Wang , Deran Qi , Xiang Cai , Wei Zhong , Qiegen Liu Abstract : Accurate three-dimensional (3D) tooth segmentation from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a prerequisite for digital dental workflows. However, achieving high-fidelity segmentation remains challenging due to adhesion artifacts in naturally occluded scans, which are caused by low contrast and indistinct inter-arch boundaries. To address these limitations, we propose the Anatomy Aware Cascade… ▽ More Accurate three-dimensional (3D) tooth segmentation from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a prerequisite for digital dental workflows. However, achieving high-fidelity segmentation remains challenging due to adhesion artifacts in naturally occluded scans, which are caused by low contrast and indistinct inter-arch boundaries. To address these limitations, we propose the Anatomy Aware Cascade Network (AACNet), a coarse-to-fine framework designed to resolve boundary ambiguity while maintaining global structural consistency. Specifically, we introduce two mechanisms: the Ambiguity Gated Boundary Refiner (AGBR) and the Signed Distance Map guided Anatomical Attention (SDMAA). The AGBR employs an entropy based gating mechanism to perform targeted feature rectification in high uncertainty transition zones. Meanwhile, the SDMAA integrates implicit geometric constraints via signed distance map to enforce topological consistency, preventing the loss of spatial details associated with standard pooling. Experimental results on a dataset of 125 CBCT volumes demonstrate that AACNet achieves a Dice Similarity Coefficient of 90.17 \% and a 95\% Hausdorff Distance of 3.63 mm, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the model exhibits strong generalization on an external dataset with an HD95 of 2.19 mm, validating its reliability for downstream clinical applications such as surgical planning. Code for AACNet is available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07422 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Two Pathways to Truthfulness: On the Intrinsic Encoding of LLM Hallucinations Authors: Wen Luo , Guangyue Peng , Wei Li , Shaohang Wei , Feifan Song , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xingxing Zhang , Jing Jin , Furu Wei , Houfeng Wang Abstract : Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on q… ▽ More Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on question-answer information flow, and (2) an Answer-Anchored pathway that derives self-contained evidence from the generated answer itself. First, we validate and disentangle these pathways through attention knockout and token patching. Afterwards, we uncover notable and intriguing properties of these two mechanisms. Further experiments reveal that (1) the two mechanisms are closely associated with LLM knowledge boundaries; and (2) internal representations are aware of their distinctions. Finally, building on these insightful findings, two applications are proposed to enhance hallucination detection performance. Overall, our work provides new insight into how LLMs internally encode truthfulness, offering directions for more reliable and self-aware generative systems. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07422 [ pdf , ps , other ] Two Pathways to Truthfulness: On the Intrinsic Encoding of LLM Hallucinations Authors: Wen Luo , Guangyue Peng , Wei Li , Shaohang Wei , Feifan Song , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xingxing Zhang , Jing Jin , Furu Wei , Houfeng Wang Abstract : Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on q… ▽ More Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on question-answer information flow, and (2) an Answer-Anchored pathway that derives self-contained evidence from the generated answer itself. First, we validate and disentangle these pathways through attention knockout and token patching. Afterwards, we uncover notable and intriguing properties of these two mechanisms. Further experiments reveal that (1) the two mechanisms are closely associated with LLM knowledge boundaries; and (2) internal representations are aware of their distinctions. Finally, building on these insightful findings, two applications are proposed to enhance hallucination detection performance. Overall, our work provides new insight into how LLMs internally encode truthfulness, offering directions for more reliable and self-aware generative systems. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07415 [ pdf ] cs.LG q-bio.MN PLANET v2.0: A comprehensive Protein-Ligand Affinity Prediction Model Based on Mixture Density Network Authors: Haotian Gao , Xiangying Zhang , Jingyuan Li , Xinchong Chen , Haojie Wang , Yifei Qi , Renxiao Wang Abstract : Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect… ▽ More Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect in representing protein-ligand contact maps. Incorrect binding modes inevitably lead to poor affinity predictions, so accurate prediction of the protein-ligand contact map is desired to improve PLANET. In this study, we have proposed PLANET v2.0 as an upgraded version. The model is trained via multi-objective training strategy and incorporates the Mixture Density Network to predict binding modes. Except for the probability density distributions of non-covalent interactions, we innovatively employ another Gaussian mixture model to describe the relationship between distance and energy of each interaction pair and predict protein-ligand affinity like calculating the mathematical expectation. As on the CASF-2016 benchmark, PLANET v2.0 demonstrates excellent scoring power, ranking power, and docking power. The screening power of PLANET v2.0 gets notably improved compared to PLANET and Glide SP and it demonstrates robust validation on a commercial ultra-large-scale dataset. Given its efficiency and accuracy, PLANET v2.0 can hopefully become one of the practical tools for virtual screening workflows. PLANET v2.0 is freely available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07415 [ pdf ] PLANET v2.0: A comprehensive Protein-Ligand Affinity Prediction Model Based on Mixture Density Network Authors: Haotian Gao , Xiangying Zhang , Jingyuan Li , Xinchong Chen , Haojie Wang , Yifei Qi , Renxiao Wang Abstract : Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect… ▽ More Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect in representing protein-ligand contact maps. Incorrect binding modes inevitably lead to poor affinity predictions, so accurate prediction of the protein-ligand contact map is desired to improve PLANET. In this study, we have proposed PLANET v2.0 as an upgraded version. The model is trained via multi-objective training strategy and incorporates the Mixture Density Network to predict binding modes. Except for the probability density distributions of non-covalent interactions, we innovatively employ another Gaussian mixture model to describe the relationship between distance and energy of each interaction pair and predict protein-ligand affinity like calculating the mathematical expectation. As on the CASF-2016 benchmark, PLANET v2.0 demonstrates excellent scoring power, ranking power, and docking power. The screening power of PLANET v2.0 gets notably improved compared to PLANET and Glide SP and it demonstrates robust validation on a commercial ultra-large-scale dataset. Given its efficiency and accuracy, PLANET v2.0 can hopefully become one of the practical tools for virtual screening workflows. PLANET v2.0 is freely available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07348 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.NE Controlled Self-Evolution for Algorithmic Code Optimization Authors: Tu Hu , Ronghao Chen , Shuo Zhang , Jianghao Yin , Mou Xiao Feng , Jingping Liu , Shaolei Zhang , Wenqi Jiang , Yuqi Fang , Sen Hu , Huacan Wang , Yi Xu Abstract : Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and… ▽ More Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 27 pages arXiv:2601.07348 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controlled Self-Evolution for Algorithmic Code Optimization Authors: Tu Hu , Ronghao Chen , Shuo Zhang , Jianghao Yin , Mou Xiao Feng , Jingping Liu , Shaolei Zhang , Wenqi Jiang , Yuqi Fang , Sen Hu , Huacan Wang , Yi Xu Abstract : Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and… ▽ More Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 27 pages arXiv:2601.07238 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Group Pattern Selection Optimization: Let LRMs Pick the Right Pattern for Reasoning Authors: Hanbin Wang , Jingwei Song , Jinpeng Li , Fei Mi , Lifeng Shang Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit diverse high-level reasoning patterns (e.g., direct solution, reflection-and-verification, and exploring multiple solutions), yet prevailing training recipes implicitly bias models toward a limited set of dominant patterns. Through a systematic analysis, we identify substantial accuracy variance across these patterns on mathematics and science benchmarks, reve… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit diverse high-level reasoning patterns (e.g., direct solution, reflection-and-verification, and exploring multiple solutions), yet prevailing training recipes implicitly bias models toward a limited set of dominant patterns. Through a systematic analysis, we identify substantial accuracy variance across these patterns on mathematics and science benchmarks, revealing that a model's default reasoning pattern is often sub-optimal for a given problem. To address this, we introduce Group Pattern Selection Optimization (GPSO), a reinforcement learning framework that extends GRPO by incorporating multi-pattern rollouts, verifier-guided optimal pattern selection per problem, and attention masking during optimization to prevent the leakage of explicit pattern suffixes into the learned policy. By exploring a portfolio of diverse reasoning strategies and optimizing the policy on the most effective ones, GPSO enables the model to internalize the mapping from problem characteristics to optimal reasoning patterns. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GPSO delivers consistent and substantial performance gains across various model backbones and benchmarks, effectively mitigating pattern sub-optimality and fostering more robust, adaptable reasoning. All data and codes are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.07238 [ pdf , ps , other ] Group Pattern Selection Optimization: Let LRMs Pick the Right Pattern for Reasoning Authors: Hanbin Wang , Jingwei Song , Jinpeng Li , Fei Mi , Lifeng Shang Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit diverse high-level reasoning patterns (e.g., direct solution, reflection-and-verification, and exploring multiple solutions), yet prevailing training recipes implicitly bias models toward a limited set of dominant patterns. Through a systematic analysis, we identify substantial accuracy variance across these patterns on mathematics and science benchmarks, reve… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit diverse high-level reasoning patterns (e.g., direct solution, reflection-and-verification, and exploring multiple solutions), yet prevailing training recipes implicitly bias models toward a limited set of dominant patterns. Through a systematic analysis, we identify substantial accuracy variance across these patterns on mathematics and science benchmarks, revealing that a model's default reasoning pattern is often sub-optimal for a given problem. To address this, we introduce Group Pattern Selection Optimization (GPSO), a reinforcement learning framework that extends GRPO by incorporating multi-pattern rollouts, verifier-guided optimal pattern selection per problem, and attention masking during optimization to prevent the leakage of explicit pattern suffixes into the learned policy. By exploring a portfolio of diverse reasoning strategies and optimizing the policy on the most effective ones, GPSO enables the model to internalize the mapping from problem characteristics to optimal reasoning patterns. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GPSO delivers consistent and substantial performance gains across various model backbones and benchmarks, effectively mitigating pattern sub-optimality and fostering more robust, adaptable reasoning. All data and codes are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.07224 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Consolidation or Adaptation? PRISM: Disentangling SFT and RL Data via Gradient Concentration Authors: Yang Zhao , Yangou Ouyang , Xiao Ding , Hepeng Wang , Bibo Cai , Kai Xiong , Jinglong Gao , Zhouhao Sun , Li Du , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : While Hybrid Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become the standard paradigm for training LLM agents, effective mechanisms for data allocation between these stages remain largely underexplored. Current data arbitration strategies often rely on surface-level heuristics that fail to diagnose intrinsic learning needs. Since SFT targets pattern consolidation throu… ▽ More While Hybrid Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become the standard paradigm for training LLM agents, effective mechanisms for data allocation between these stages remain largely underexplored. Current data arbitration strategies often rely on surface-level heuristics that fail to diagnose intrinsic learning needs. Since SFT targets pattern consolidation through imitation while RL drives structural adaptation via exploration, misaligning data with these functional roles causes severe optimization interference. We propose PRISM, a dynamics-aware framework grounded in Schema Theory that arbitrates data based on its degree of cognitive conflict with the model's existing knowledge. By analyzing the spatial geometric structure of gradients, PRISM identifies data triggering high spatial concentration as high-conflict signals that require RL for structural restructuring. In contrast, data yielding diffuse updates is routed to SFT for efficient consolidation. Extensive experiments on WebShop and ALFWorld demonstrate that PRISM achieves a Pareto improvement, outperforming state-of-the-art hybrid methods while reducing computational costs by up to 3.22$\times$. Our findings suggest that disentangling data based on internal optimization regimes is crucial for scalable and robust agent alignment. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07224 [ pdf , ps , other ] Consolidation or Adaptation? PRISM: Disentangling SFT and RL Data via Gradient Concentration Authors: Yang Zhao , Yangou Ouyang , Xiao Ding , Hepeng Wang , Bibo Cai , Kai Xiong , Jinglong Gao , Zhouhao Sun , Li Du , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : While Hybrid Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become the standard paradigm for training LLM agents, effective mechanisms for data allocation between these stages remain largely underexplored. Current data arbitration strategies often rely on surface-level heuristics that fail to diagnose intrinsic learning needs. Since SFT targets pattern consolidation throu… ▽ More While Hybrid Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become the standard paradigm for training LLM agents, effective mechanisms for data allocation between these stages remain largely underexplored. Current data arbitration strategies often rely on surface-level heuristics that fail to diagnose intrinsic learning needs. Since SFT targets pattern consolidation through imitation while RL drives structural adaptation via exploration, misaligning data with these functional roles causes severe optimization interference. We propose PRISM, a dynamics-aware framework grounded in Schema Theory that arbitrates data based on its degree of cognitive conflict with the model's existing knowledge. By analyzing the spatial geometric structure of gradients, PRISM identifies data triggering high spatial concentration as high-conflict signals that require RL for structural restructuring. In contrast, data yielding diffuse updates is routed to SFT for efficient consolidation. Extensive experiments on WebShop and ALFWorld demonstrate that PRISM achieves a Pareto improvement, outperforming state-of-the-art hybrid methods while reducing computational costs by up to 3.22$\times$. Our findings suggest that disentangling data based on internal optimization regimes is crucial for scalable and robust agent alignment. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07208 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL MAESTRO: Meta-learning Adaptive Estimation of Scalarization Trade-offs for Reward Optimization Authors: Yang Zhao , Hepeng Wang , Xiao Ding , Yangou Ouyang , Bibo Cai , Kai Xiong , Jinglong Gao , Zhouhao Sun , Li Du , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as an efficient paradigm for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy is primarily confined to domains with verifiable ground truths. Extending GRPO to open-domain settings remains a critical challenge, as unconstrained generation entails multi-faceted and often conflicting objectives - such as creativity versus factuality - wher… ▽ More Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as an efficient paradigm for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy is primarily confined to domains with verifiable ground truths. Extending GRPO to open-domain settings remains a critical challenge, as unconstrained generation entails multi-faceted and often conflicting objectives - such as creativity versus factuality - where rigid, static reward scalarization is inherently suboptimal. To address this, we propose MAESTRO (Meta-learning Adaptive Estimation of Scalarization Trade-offs for Reward Optimization), which introduces a meta-cognitive orchestration layer that treats reward scalarization as a dynamic latent policy, leveraging the model's terminal hidden states as a semantic bottleneck to perceive task-specific priorities. We formulate this as a contextual bandit problem within a bi-level optimization framework, where a lightweight Conductor network co-evolves with the policy by utilizing group-relative advantages as a meta-reward signal. Across seven benchmarks, MAESTRO consistently outperforms single-reward and static multi-objective baselines, while preserving the efficiency advantages of GRPO, and in some settings even reducing redundant generation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07208 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAESTRO: Meta-learning Adaptive Estimation of Scalarization Trade-offs for Reward Optimization Authors: Yang Zhao , Hepeng Wang , Xiao Ding , Yangou Ouyang , Bibo Cai , Kai Xiong , Jinglong Gao , Zhouhao Sun , Li Du , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as an efficient paradigm for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy is primarily confined to domains with verifiable ground truths. Extending GRPO to open-domain settings remains a critical challenge, as unconstrained generation entails multi-faceted and often conflicting objectives - such as creativity versus factuality - wher… ▽ More Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as an efficient paradigm for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy is primarily confined to domains with verifiable ground truths. Extending GRPO to open-domain settings remains a critical challenge, as unconstrained generation entails multi-faceted and often conflicting objectives - such as creativity versus factuality - where rigid, static reward scalarization is inherently suboptimal. To address this, we propose MAESTRO (Meta-learning Adaptive Estimation of Scalarization Trade-offs for Reward Optimization), which introduces a meta-cognitive orchestration layer that treats reward scalarization as a dynamic latent policy, leveraging the model's terminal hidden states as a semantic bottleneck to perceive task-specific priorities. We formulate this as a contextual bandit problem within a bi-level optimization framework, where a lightweight Conductor network co-evolves with the policy by utilizing group-relative advantages as a meta-reward signal. Across seven benchmarks, MAESTRO consistently outperforms single-reward and static multi-objective baselines, while preserving the efficiency advantages of GRPO, and in some settings even reducing redundant generation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07200 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Safeguarding LLM Fine-tuning via Push-Pull Distributional Alignment Authors: Haozhong Wang , Zhuo Li , Yibo Yang , He Zhao , Hongyuan Zha , Dandan Guo Abstract : The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this,… ▽ More The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this, we introduce Safety Optimal Transport (SOT), a novel framework that reframes safe fine-tuning from an instance-level filtering challenge to a distribution-level alignment task grounded in Optimal Transport (OT). At its core is a dual-reference ``push-pull'' weight-learning mechanism: SOT optimizes sample importance by actively pulling the downstream distribution towards a trusted safe anchor while simultaneously pushing it away from a general harmful reference. This establishes a robust geometric safety boundary that effectively purifies the training data. Extensive experiments across diverse model families and domains demonstrate that SOT significantly enhances model safety while maintaining competitive downstream performance, achieving a superior safety-utility trade-off compared to baselines. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07200 [ pdf , ps , other ] Safeguarding LLM Fine-tuning via Push-Pull Distributional Alignment Authors: Haozhong Wang , Zhuo Li , Yibo Yang , He Zhao , Hongyuan Zha , Dandan Guo Abstract : The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this,… ▽ More The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this, we introduce Safety Optimal Transport (SOT), a novel framework that reframes safe fine-tuning from an instance-level filtering challenge to a distribution-level alignment task grounded in Optimal Transport (OT). At its core is a dual-reference ``push-pull'' weight-learning mechanism: SOT optimizes sample importance by actively pulling the downstream distribution towards a trusted safe anchor while simultaneously pushing it away from a general harmful reference. This establishes a robust geometric safety boundary that effectively purifies the training data. Extensive experiments across diverse model families and domains demonstrate that SOT significantly enhances model safety while maintaining competitive downstream performance, achieving a superior safety-utility trade-off compared to baselines. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07154 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Motion Focus Recognition in Fast-Moving Egocentric Video Authors: Daniel Hong , James Tribble , Hao Wang , Chaoyi Zhou , Ashish Bastola , Siyu Huang , Abolfazl Razi Abstract : From Vision-Language-Action (VLA) systems to robotics, existing egocentric datasets primarily focus on action recognition tasks, while largely overlooking the inherent role of motion analysis in sports and other fast-movement scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose a real-time motion focus recognition method that estimates the subject's locomotion intention from any egocentric video. Our approac… ▽ More From Vision-Language-Action (VLA) systems to robotics, existing egocentric datasets primarily focus on action recognition tasks, while largely overlooking the inherent role of motion analysis in sports and other fast-movement scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose a real-time motion focus recognition method that estimates the subject's locomotion intention from any egocentric video. Our approach leverages the foundation model for camera pose estimation and introduces system-level optimizations to enable efficient and scalable inference. Evaluated on a collected egocentric action dataset, our method achieves real-time performance with manageable memory consumption through a sliding batch inference strategy. This work makes motion-centric analysis practical for edge deployment and offers a complementary perspective to existing egocentric studies on sports and fast-movement activities. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07154 [ pdf , ps , other ] Motion Focus Recognition in Fast-Moving Egocentric Video Authors: Daniel Hong , James Tribble , Hao Wang , Chaoyi Zhou , Ashish Bastola , Siyu Huang , Abolfazl Razi Abstract : From Vision-Language-Action (VLA) systems to robotics, existing egocentric datasets primarily focus on action recognition tasks, while largely overlooking the inherent role of motion analysis in sports and other fast-movement scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose a real-time motion focus recognition method that estimates the subject's locomotion intention from any egocentric video. Our approac… ▽ More From Vision-Language-Action (VLA) systems to robotics, existing egocentric datasets primarily focus on action recognition tasks, while largely overlooking the inherent role of motion analysis in sports and other fast-movement scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose a real-time motion focus recognition method that estimates the subject's locomotion intention from any egocentric video. Our approach leverages the foundation model for camera pose estimation and introduces system-level optimizations to enable efficient and scalable inference. Evaluated on a collected egocentric action dataset, our method achieves real-time performance with manageable memory consumption through a sliding batch inference strategy. This work makes motion-centric analysis practical for edge deployment and offers a complementary perspective to existing egocentric studies on sports and fast-movement activities. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07143 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC EZBlender: Efficient 3D Editing with Plan-and-ReAct Agent Authors: Hao Wang , Wenhui Zhu , Shao Tang , Zhipeng Wang , Xuanzhao Dong , Xin Li , Xiwen Chen , Ashish Bastola , Xinhao Huang , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi Abstract : As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender… ▽ More As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender agent with a hybrid framework that combines planning-based task decomposition and reactive local autonomy for efficient human AI collaboration and semantically faithful 3D editing. Specifically, this unexplored Plan-and-ReAct design not only preserves editing quality but also significantly reduces latency and computational cost. To further validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed edge-autonomy architecture, we construct a dedicated multi-tasking benchmark that has not been systematically investigated in prior research. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of language model preference, system responsiveness, and economic efficiency. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07143 [ pdf , ps , other ] EZBlender: Efficient 3D Editing with Plan-and-ReAct Agent Authors: Hao Wang , Wenhui Zhu , Shao Tang , Zhipeng Wang , Xuanzhao Dong , Xin Li , Xiwen Chen , Ashish Bastola , Xinhao Huang , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi Abstract : As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender… ▽ More As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender agent with a hybrid framework that combines planning-based task decomposition and reactive local autonomy for efficient human AI collaboration and semantically faithful 3D editing. Specifically, this unexplored Plan-and-ReAct design not only preserves editing quality but also significantly reduces latency and computational cost. To further validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed edge-autonomy architecture, we construct a dedicated multi-tasking benchmark that has not been systematically investigated in prior research. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of language model preference, system responsiveness, and economic efficiency. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07023 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI CloneMem: Benchmarking Long-Term Memory for AI Clones Authors: Sen Hu , Zhiyu Zhang , Yuxiang Wei , Xueran Han , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce… ▽ More AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce CloneMem, a benchmark for evaluating longterm memory in AI Clone scenarios grounded in non-conversational digital traces, including diaries, social media posts, and emails, spanning one to three years. CloneMem adopts a hierarchical data construction framework to ensure longitudinal coherence and defines tasks that assess an agent's ability to track evolving personal states. Experiments show that current memory mechanisms struggle in this setting, highlighting open challenges for life-grounded personalized AI. Code and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07023 [ pdf , ps , other ] CloneMem: Benchmarking Long-Term Memory for AI Clones Authors: Sen Hu , Zhiyu Zhang , Yuxiang Wei , Xueran Han , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce… ▽ More AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce CloneMem, a benchmark for evaluating longterm memory in AI Clone scenarios grounded in non-conversational digital traces, including diaries, social media posts, and emails, spanning one to three years. CloneMem adopts a hierarchical data construction framework to ensure longitudinal coherence and defines tasks that assess an agent's ability to track evolving personal states. Experiments show that current memory mechanisms struggle in this setting, highlighting open challenges for life-grounded personalized AI. Code and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06966 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interaction Authors: Haonan Bian , Zhiyuan Yao , Sen Hu , Zishan Xu , Shaolei Zhang , Yifu Guo , Ziliang Yang , Xueran Han , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce **RealMem**, the first benchmark grounded in realistic project scenarios. RealMem comprises over 2,000 cross-session dialogues across eleven scenarios, utilizing natural user queries for evaluation. We propose a synthesis pipeline that integrates Project Foundation Construction, Multi-Agent Dialogue Generation, and Memory and Schedule Management to simulate the dynamic evolution of memory. Experiments reveal that current memory systems face significant challenges in managing the long-term project states and dynamic context dependencies inherent in real-world projects. Our code and datasets are available at [ △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06966 [ pdf , ps , other ] RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interaction Authors: Haonan Bian , Zhiyuan Yao , Sen Hu , Zishan Xu , Shaolei Zhang , Yifu Guo , Ziliang Yang , Xueran Han , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce **RealMem**, the first benchmark grounded in realistic project scenarios. RealMem comprises over 2,000 cross-session dialogues across eleven scenarios, utilizing natural user queries for evaluation. We propose a synthesis pipeline that integrates Project Foundation Construction, Multi-Agent Dialogue Generation, and Memory and Schedule Management to simulate the dynamic evolution of memory. Experiments reveal that current memory systems face significant challenges in managing the long-term project states and dynamic context dependencies inherent in real-world projects. Our code and datasets are available at [ △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06943 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Watching, Reasoning, and Searching: A Video Deep Research Benchmark on Open Web for Agentic Video Reasoning Authors: Chengwen Liu , Xiaomin Yu , Zhuoyue Chang , Zhe Huang , Shuo Zhang , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Rui Xu , Sen Hu , Jianheng Hou , Hao Peng , Chengwei Qin , Xiaobin Hu , Hong Peng , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on vi… ▽ More In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on video-conditioned open-domain video question answering, requiring cross-frame visual anchor extraction, interactive web retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning over joint video-web evidence; through rigorous human annotation and quality control, we obtain high-quality video deep research samples spanning six semantic domains. We evaluate multiple closed-source and open-source multimodal large language models under both the Workflow and Agentic paradigms, and the results show that Agentic is not consistently superior to Workflow: its gains depend on a model's ability to maintain the initial video anchors over long retrieval chains. Further analysis indicates that goal drift and long-horizon consistency are the core bottlenecks. In sum, VideoDR provides a systematic benchmark for studying video agents in open-web settings and reveals the key challenges for next-generation video deep research agents. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06943 [ pdf , ps , other ] Watching, Reasoning, and Searching: A Video Deep Research Benchmark on Open Web for Agentic Video Reasoning Authors: Chengwen Liu , Xiaomin Yu , Zhuoyue Chang , Zhe Huang , Shuo Zhang , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Rui Xu , Sen Hu , Jianheng Hou , Hao Peng , Chengwei Qin , Xiaobin Hu , Hong Peng , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on vi… ▽ More In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on video-conditioned open-domain video question answering, requiring cross-frame visual anchor extraction, interactive web retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning over joint video-web evidence; through rigorous human annotation and quality control, we obtain high-quality video deep research samples spanning six semantic domains. We evaluate multiple closed-source and open-source multimodal large language models under both the Workflow and Agentic paradigms, and the results show that Agentic is not consistently superior to Workflow: its gains depend on a model's ability to maintain the initial video anchors over long retrieval chains. Further analysis indicates that goal drift and long-horizon consistency are the core bottlenecks. In sum, VideoDR provides a systematic benchmark for studying video agents in open-web settings and reveals the key challenges for next-generation video deep research agents. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06940 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB cs.AI VISTA: Knowledge-Driven Interpretable Vessel Trajectory Imputation via Large Language Models Authors: Hengyu Liu , Tianyi Li , Haoyu Wang , Kristian Torp , Tiancheng Zhang , Yushuai Li , Christian S. Jensen Abstract : The Automatic Identification System provides critical information for maritime navigation and safety, yet its trajectories are often incomplete due to signal loss or deliberate tampering. Existing imputation methods emphasize trajectory recovery, paying limited attention to interpretability and failing to provide underlying knowledge that benefits downstream tasks such as anomaly detection and rou… ▽ More The Automatic Identification System provides critical information for maritime navigation and safety, yet its trajectories are often incomplete due to signal loss or deliberate tampering. Existing imputation methods emphasize trajectory recovery, paying limited attention to interpretability and failing to provide underlying knowledge that benefits downstream tasks such as anomaly detection and route planning. We propose knowledge-driven interpretable vessel trajectory imputation (VISTA), the first trajectory imputation framework that offers interpretability while simultaneously providing underlying knowledge to support downstream analysis. Specifically, we first define underlying knowledge as a combination of Structured Data-derived Knowledge (SDK) distilled from AIS data and Implicit LLM Knowledge acquired from large-scale Internet corpora. Second, to manage and leverage the SDK effectively at scale, we develop a data-knowledge-data loop that employs a Structured Data-derived Knowledge Graph for SDK extraction and knowledge-driven trajectory imputation. Third, to efficiently process large-scale AIS data, we introduce a workflow management layer that coordinates the end-to-end pipeline, enabling parallel knowledge extraction and trajectory imputation with anomaly handling and redundancy elimination. Experiments on two large AIS datasets show that VISTA is capable of state-of-the-art imputation accuracy and computational efficiency, improving over state-of-the-art baselines by 5%-94% and reducing time cost by 51%-93%, while producing interpretable knowledge cues that benefit downstream tasks. The source code and implementation details of VISTA are publicly available. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 13 figures, 3 algorithms, 5 tables. Code available at arXiv:2601.06940 [ pdf , ps , other ] VISTA: Knowledge-Driven Interpretable Vessel Trajectory Imputation via Large Language Models Authors: Hengyu Liu , Tianyi Li , Haoyu Wang , Kristian Torp , Tiancheng Zhang , Yushuai Li , Christian S. Jensen Abstract : The Automatic Identification System provides critical information for maritime navigation and safety, yet its trajectories are often incomplete due to signal loss or deliberate tampering. Existing imputation methods emphasize trajectory recovery, paying limited attention to interpretability and failing to provide underlying knowledge that benefits downstream tasks such as anomaly detection and rou… ▽ More The Automatic Identification System provides critical information for maritime navigation and safety, yet its trajectories are often incomplete due to signal loss or deliberate tampering. Existing imputation methods emphasize trajectory recovery, paying limited attention to interpretability and failing to provide underlying knowledge that benefits downstream tasks such as anomaly detection and route planning. We propose knowledge-driven interpretable vessel trajectory imputation (VISTA), the first trajectory imputation framework that offers interpretability while simultaneously providing underlying knowledge to support downstream analysis. Specifically, we first define underlying knowledge as a combination of Structured Data-derived Knowledge (SDK) distilled from AIS data and Implicit LLM Knowledge acquired from large-scale Internet corpora. Second, to manage and leverage the SDK effectively at scale, we develop a data-knowledge-data loop that employs a Structured Data-derived Knowledge Graph for SDK extraction and knowledge-driven trajectory imputation. Third, to efficiently process large-scale AIS data, we introduce a workflow management layer that coordinates the end-to-end pipeline, enabling parallel knowledge extraction and trajectory imputation with anomaly handling and redundancy elimination. Experiments on two large AIS datasets show that VISTA is capable of state-of-the-art imputation accuracy and computational efficiency, improving over state-of-the-art baselines by 5%-94% and reducing time cost by 51%-93%, while producing interpretable knowledge cues that benefit downstream tasks. The source code and implementation details of VISTA are publicly available. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 13 figures, 3 algorithms, 5 tables. Code available at arXiv:2601.06911 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Distributional Clarity: The Hidden Driver of RL-Friendliness in Large Language Models Authors: Shaoning Sun , Mingzhu Cai , Huang He , Bingjin Chen , Siqi Bao , Yujiu Yang , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Language model families exhibit striking disparity in their capacity to benefit from reinforcement learning: under identical training, models like Qwen achieve substantial gains, while others like Llama yield limited improvements. Complementing data-centric approaches, we reveal that this disparity reflects a hidden structural property: \textbf{distributional clarity} in probability space. Through… ▽ More Language model families exhibit striking disparity in their capacity to benefit from reinforcement learning: under identical training, models like Qwen achieve substantial gains, while others like Llama yield limited improvements. Complementing data-centric approaches, we reveal that this disparity reflects a hidden structural property: \textbf{distributional clarity} in probability space. Through a three-stage analysis-from phenomenon to mechanism to interpretation-we uncover that RL-friendly models exhibit intra-class compactness and inter-class separation in their probability assignments to correct vs. incorrect responses. We quantify this clarity using the \textbf{Silhouette Coefficient} ($S$) and demonstrate that (1) high $S$ correlates strongly with RL performance; (2) low $S$ is associated with severe logic errors and reasoning instability. To confirm this property, we introduce a Silhouette-Aware Reweighting strategy that prioritizes low-$S$ samples during training. Experiments across six mathematical benchmarks show consistent improvements across all model families, with gains up to 5.9 points on AIME24. Our work establishes distributional clarity as a fundamental, trainable property underlying RL-Friendliness. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06911 [ pdf , ps , other ] Distributional Clarity: The Hidden Driver of RL-Friendliness in Large Language Models Authors: Shaoning Sun , Mingzhu Cai , Huang He , Bingjin Chen , Siqi Bao , Yujiu Yang , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Language model families exhibit striking disparity in their capacity to benefit from reinforcement learning: under identical training, models like Qwen achieve substantial gains, while others like Llama yield limited improvements. Complementing data-centric approaches, we reveal that this disparity reflects a hidden structural property: \textbf{distributional clarity} in probability space. Through… ▽ More Language model families exhibit striking disparity in their capacity to benefit from reinforcement learning: under identical training, models like Qwen achieve substantial gains, while others like Llama yield limited improvements. Complementing data-centric approaches, we reveal that this disparity reflects a hidden structural property: \textbf{distributional clarity} in probability space. Through a three-stage analysis-from phenomenon to mechanism to interpretation-we uncover that RL-friendly models exhibit intra-class compactness and inter-class separation in their probability assignments to correct vs. incorrect responses. We quantify this clarity using the \textbf{Silhouette Coefficient} ($S$) and demonstrate that (1) high $S$ correlates strongly with RL performance; (2) low $S$ is associated with severe logic errors and reasoning instability. To confirm this property, we introduce a Silhouette-Aware Reweighting strategy that prioritizes low-$S$ samples during training. Experiments across six mathematical benchmarks show consistent improvements across all model families, with gains up to 5.9 points on AIME24. Our work establishes distributional clarity as a fundamental, trainable property underlying RL-Friendliness. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06874 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MVGGT: Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer for Multiview 3D Referring Expression Segmentation Authors: Changli Wu , Haodong Wang , Jiayi Ji , Yutian Yao , Chunsai Du , Jihua Kang , Yanwei Fu , Liujuan Cao Abstract : Most existing 3D referring expression segmentation (3DRES) methods rely on dense, high-quality point clouds, while real-world agents such as robots and mobile phones operate with only a few sparse RGB views and strict latency constraints. We introduce Multi-view 3D Referring Expression Segmentation (MV-3DRES), where the model must recover scene structure and segment the referred object directly fr… ▽ More Most existing 3D referring expression segmentation (3DRES) methods rely on dense, high-quality point clouds, while real-world agents such as robots and mobile phones operate with only a few sparse RGB views and strict latency constraints. We introduce Multi-view 3D Referring Expression Segmentation (MV-3DRES), where the model must recover scene structure and segment the referred object directly from sparse multi-view images. Traditional two-stage pipelines, which first reconstruct a point cloud and then perform segmentation, often yield low-quality geometry, produce coarse or degraded target regions, and run slowly. We propose the Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer (MVGGT), an efficient end-to-end framework that integrates language information into sparse-view geometric reasoning through a dual-branch design. Training in this setting exposes a critical optimization barrier, termed Foreground Gradient Dilution (FGD), where sparse 3D signals lead to weak supervision. To resolve this, we introduce Per-view No-target Suppression Optimization (PVSO), which provides stronger and more balanced gradients across views, enabling stable and efficient learning. To support consistent evaluation, we build MVRefer, a benchmark that defines standardized settings and metrics for MV-3DRES. Experiments show that MVGGT establishes the first strong baseline and achieves both high accuracy and fast inference, outperforming existing alternatives. Code and models are publicly available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Website: arXiv:2601.06874 [ pdf , ps , other ] MVGGT: Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer for Multiview 3D Referring Expression Segmentation Authors: Changli Wu , Haodong Wang , Jiayi Ji , Yutian Yao , Chunsai Du , Jihua Kang , Yanwei Fu , Liujuan Cao Abstract : Most existing 3D referring expression segmentation (3DRES) methods rely on dense, high-quality point clouds, while real-world agents such as robots and mobile phones operate with only a few sparse RGB views and strict latency constraints. We introduce Multi-view 3D Referring Expression Segmentation (MV-3DRES), where the model must recover scene structure and segment the referred object directly fr… ▽ More Most existing 3D referring expression segmentation (3DRES) methods rely on dense, high-quality point clouds, while real-world agents such as robots and mobile phones operate with only a few sparse RGB views and strict latency constraints. We introduce Multi-view 3D Referring Expression Segmentation (MV-3DRES), where the model must recover scene structure and segment the referred object directly from sparse multi-view images. Traditional two-stage pipelines, which first reconstruct a point cloud and then perform segmentation, often yield low-quality geometry, produce coarse or degraded target regions, and run slowly. We propose the Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer (MVGGT), an efficient end-to-end framework that integrates language information into sparse-view geometric reasoning through a dual-branch design. Training in this setting exposes a critical optimization barrier, termed Foreground Gradient Dilution (FGD), where sparse 3D signals lead to weak supervision. To resolve this, we introduce Per-view No-target Suppression Optimization (PVSO), which provides stronger and more balanced gradients across views, enabling stable and efficient learning. To support consistent evaluation, we build MVRefer, a benchmark that defines standardized settings and metrics for MV-3DRES. Experiments show that MVGGT establishes the first strong baseline and achieves both high accuracy and fast inference, outperforming existing alternatives. Code and models are publicly available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Website: arXiv:2601.06848 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Explainable Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis with Dependency-guided Large Language Model Authors: Zhongzheng Wang , Yuanhe Tian , Hongzhi Wang , Yan Song Abstract : Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA a… ▽ More Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA as a generative and explainable task, proposing a unified framework that simultaneously predicts aspect-level sentiment and generates natural language explanations. Based on multimodal large language models (MLLMs), our approach employs a prompt-based generative paradigm, jointly producing sentiment and explanation. To further enhance aspect-oriented reasoning capabilities, we propose a dependency-syntax-guided sentiment cue strategy. This strategy prunes and textualizes the aspect-centered dependency syntax tree, guiding the model to distinguish different sentiment aspects and enhancing its explainability. To enable explainability, we use MLLMs to construct new datasets with sentiment explanations to fine-tune. Experiments show that our approach not only achieves consistent gains in sentiment classification accuracy, but also produces faithful, aspect-grounded explanations. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2601.06848 [ pdf , ps , other ] Explainable Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis with Dependency-guided Large Language Model Authors: Zhongzheng Wang , Yuanhe Tian , Hongzhi Wang , Yan Song Abstract : Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA a… ▽ More Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA as a generative and explainable task, proposing a unified framework that simultaneously predicts aspect-level sentiment and generates natural language explanations. Based on multimodal large language models (MLLMs), our approach employs a prompt-based generative paradigm, jointly producing sentiment and explanation. To further enhance aspect-oriented reasoning capabilities, we propose a dependency-syntax-guided sentiment cue strategy. This strategy prunes and textualizes the aspect-centered dependency syntax tree, guiding the model to distinguish different sentiment aspects and enhancing its explainability. To enable explainability, we use MLLMs to construct new datasets with sentiment explanations to fine-tune. Experiments show that our approach not only achieves consistent gains in sentiment classification accuracy, but also produces faithful, aspect-grounded explanations. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2601.06789 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI MemGovern: Enhancing Code Agents through Learning from Governed Human Experiences Authors: Qihao Wang , Ziming Cheng , Shuo Zhang , Fan Liu , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Xiaoming Yu , Jianghao Yin , Sen Hu , Yue Hu , Shaolei Zhang , Yanbing Liu , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-wor… ▽ More While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-world issue-tracking data. In this paper, we introduce MemGovern, a framework designed to govern and transform raw GitHub data into actionable experiential memory for agents. MemGovern employs experience governance to convert human experience into agent-friendly experience cards and introduces an agentic experience search strategy that enables logic-driven retrieval of human expertise. By producing 135K governed experience cards, MemGovern achieves a significant performance boost, improving resolution rates on the SWE-bench Verified by 4.65%. As a plug-in approach, MemGovern provides a solution for agent-friendly memory infrastructure. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06789 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemGovern: Enhancing Code Agents through Learning from Governed Human Experiences Authors: Qihao Wang , Ziming Cheng , Shuo Zhang , Fan Liu , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Xiaoming Yu , Jianghao Yin , Sen Hu , Yue Hu , Shaolei Zhang , Yanbing Liu , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-wor… ▽ More While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-world issue-tracking data. In this paper, we introduce MemGovern, a framework designed to govern and transform raw GitHub data into actionable experiential memory for agents. MemGovern employs experience governance to convert human experience into agent-friendly experience cards and introduces an agentic experience search strategy that enables logic-driven retrieval of human expertise. By producing 135K governed experience cards, MemGovern achieves a significant performance boost, improving resolution rates on the SWE-bench Verified by 4.65%. As a plug-in approach, MemGovern provides a solution for agent-friendly memory infrastructure. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06774 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC ImmuniFraug: A Metacognitive Intervention Anti-Fraud Approach to Enhance Undergraduate Students' Cyber Fraud Awareness Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Jiajun Wang , Huanchen Wang , Qian Wan , Siying Hu Abstract : Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simula… ▽ More Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simulations integrating text, voice, and visual avatars across ten prevalent fraud types. Each scenario is designed to replicate real-world persuasion tactics and psychological pressure, while post-interaction debriefs provide grounded feedback in protection motivation theory and reflective prompts to reinforce learning. In a controlled study with 846 Chinese undergraduates, ImmuniFraug was compared to official text-based materials. Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling (LMEM) reveals that the interactive intervention significantly improved fraud awareness (p = 0.026), successfully providing incremental learning value even when controlling for participants' extensive prior exposure to anti-fraud education, alongside high narrative immersion (M = 56.95/77). Thematic analysis of interviews revealed key effectiveness factors: perceived realism, adaptive deception, enforced time pressure, emotional manipulation awareness, and enhanced self-efficacy. Findings demonstrate that by shifting the focus from passive knowledge acquisition to active metacognitive engagement, LLM-based simulations offer a scalable and ecologically valid new paradigm for anti-fraud training and fostering fraud resilience. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06774 [ pdf , ps , other ] ImmuniFraug: A Metacognitive Intervention Anti-Fraud Approach to Enhance Undergraduate Students' Cyber Fraud Awareness Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Jiajun Wang , Huanchen Wang , Qian Wan , Siying Hu Abstract : Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simula… ▽ More Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simulations integrating text, voice, and visual avatars across ten prevalent fraud types. Each scenario is designed to replicate real-world persuasion tactics and psychological pressure, while post-interaction debriefs provide grounded feedback in protection motivation theory and reflective prompts to reinforce learning. In a controlled study with 846 Chinese undergraduates, ImmuniFraug was compared to official text-based materials. Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling (LMEM) reveals that the interactive intervention significantly improved fraud awareness (p = 0.026), successfully providing incremental learning value even when controlling for participants' extensive prior exposure to anti-fraud education, alongside high narrative immersion (M = 56.95/77). Thematic analysis of interviews revealed key effectiveness factors: perceived realism, adaptive deception, enforced time pressure, emotional manipulation awareness, and enhanced self-efficacy. Findings demonstrate that by shifting the focus from passive knowledge acquisition to active metacognitive engagement, LLM-based simulations offer a scalable and ecologically valid new paradigm for anti-fraud training and fostering fraud resilience. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06244 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.flu-dyn cs.LG doi 10.34734/FZJ-2025-02453 Hard Constraint Projection in a Physics Informed Neural Network Authors: Miranda J. S. Horne , Peter K. Jimack , Amirul Khan , He Wang Abstract : In this work, we embed hard constraints in a physics informed neural network (PINN) which predicts solutions to the 2D incompressible Navier Stokes equations. We extend the hard constraint method introduced by Chen et al. (arXiv:2012.06148) from a linear PDE to a strongly non-linear PDE. The PINN is used to estimate the stream function and pressure of the fluid, and by differentiating the stream f… ▽ More In this work, we embed hard constraints in a physics informed neural network (PINN) which predicts solutions to the 2D incompressible Navier Stokes equations. We extend the hard constraint method introduced by Chen et al. (arXiv:2012.06148) from a linear PDE to a strongly non-linear PDE. The PINN is used to estimate the stream function and pressure of the fluid, and by differentiating the stream function we can recover an incompressible velocity field. An unlearnable hard constraint projection (HCP) layer projects the predicted velocity and pressure to a hyperplane that admits only exact solutions to a discretised form of the governing equations. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, Accepted manuscript of the paper presented at ParCFD2024 arXiv:2601.06244 [ pdf , ps , other ] Hard Constraint Projection in a Physics Informed Neural Network Authors: Miranda J. S. Horne , Peter K. Jimack , Amirul Khan , He Wang Abstract : In this work, we embed hard constraints in a physics informed neural network (PINN) which predicts solutions to the 2D incompressible Navier Stokes equations. We extend the hard constraint method introduced by Chen et al. (arXiv:2012.06148) from a linear PDE to a strongly non-linear PDE. The PINN is used to estimate the stream function and pressure of the fluid, and by differentiating the stream f… ▽ More In this work, we embed hard constraints in a physics informed neural network (PINN) which predicts solutions to the 2D incompressible Navier Stokes equations. We extend the hard constraint method introduced by Chen et al. (arXiv:2012.06148) from a linear PDE to a strongly non-linear PDE. The PINN is used to estimate the stream function and pressure of the fluid, and by differentiating the stream function we can recover an incompressible velocity field. An unlearnable hard constraint projection (HCP) layer projects the predicted velocity and pressure to a hyperplane that admits only exact solutions to a discretised form of the governing equations. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, Accepted manuscript of the paper presented at ParCFD2024 arXiv:2601.06137 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI RainBalance: Alleviating Dual Imbalance in GNSS-based Precipitation Nowcasting via Continuous Probability Modeling Authors: Yifang Zhang , Shengwu Xiong , Henan Wang , Wenjie Yin , Jiawang Peng , Duan Zhou , Yuqiang Zhang , Chen Zhou , Hua Chen , Qile Zhao , Pengfei Duan Abstract : Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) station-based Precipitation Nowcasting aims to predict rainfall within the next 0-6 hours by leveraging a GNSS station's historical observations of precipitation, GNSS-PWV, and related meteorological variables, which is crucial for disaster mitigation and real-time decision-making. In recent years, time-series forecasting approaches have been extensively… ▽ More Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) station-based Precipitation Nowcasting aims to predict rainfall within the next 0-6 hours by leveraging a GNSS station's historical observations of precipitation, GNSS-PWV, and related meteorological variables, which is crucial for disaster mitigation and real-time decision-making. In recent years, time-series forecasting approaches have been extensively applied to GNSS station-based precipitation nowcasting. However, the highly imbalanced temporal distribution of precipitation, marked not only by the dominance of non-rainfall events but also by the scarcity of extreme precipitation samples, significantly limits model performance in practical applications. To address the dual imbalance problem in precipitation nowcasting, we propose a continuous probability modeling-based framework, RainBalance. This plug-and-play module performs clustering for each input sample to obtain its cluster probability distribution, which is further mapped into a continuous latent space via a variational autoencoder (VAE). By learning in this continuous probabilistic space, the task is reformulated from fitting single and imbalance-prone precipitation labels to modeling continuous probabilistic label distributions, thereby alleviating the imbalance issue. We integrate this module into multiple state-of-the-art models and observe consistent performance gains. Comprehensive statistical analysis and ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of our approach. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11pages,6 figures arXiv:2601.06137 [ pdf , ps , other ] RainBalance: Alleviating Dual Imbalance in GNSS-based Precipitation Nowcasting via Continuous Probability Modeling Authors: Yifang Zhang , Shengwu Xiong , Henan Wang , Wenjie Yin , Jiawang Peng , Duan Zhou , Yuqiang Zhang , Chen Zhou , Hua Chen , Qile Zhao , Pengfei Duan Abstract : Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) station-based Precipitation Nowcasting aims to predict rainfall within the next 0-6 hours by leveraging a GNSS station's historical observations of precipitation, GNSS-PWV, and related meteorological variables, which is crucial for disaster mitigation and real-time decision-making. In recent years, time-series forecasting approaches have been extensively… ▽ More Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) station-based Precipitation Nowcasting aims to predict rainfall within the next 0-6 hours by leveraging a GNSS station's historical observations of precipitation, GNSS-PWV, and related meteorological variables, which is crucial for disaster mitigation and real-time decision-making. In recent years, time-series forecasting approaches have been extensively applied to GNSS station-based precipitation nowcasting. However, the highly imbalanced temporal distribution of precipitation, marked not only by the dominance of non-rainfall events but also by the scarcity of extreme precipitation samples, significantly limits model performance in practical applications. To address the dual imbalance problem in precipitation nowcasting, we propose a continuous probability modeling-based framework, RainBalance. This plug-and-play module performs clustering for each input sample to obtain its cluster probability distribution, which is further mapped into a continuous latent space via a variational autoencoder (VAE). By learning in this continuous probabilistic space, the task is reformulated from fitting single and imbalance-prone precipitation labels to modeling continuous probabilistic label distributions, thereby alleviating the imbalance issue. We integrate this module into multiple state-of-the-art models and observe consistent performance gains. Comprehensive statistical analysis and ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of our approach. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11pages,6 figures arXiv:2601.05966 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI VideoAR: Autoregressive Video Generation via Next-Frame & Scale Prediction Authors: Longbin Ji , Xiaoxiong Liu , Junyuan Shang , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Recent advances in video generation have been dominated by diffusion and flow-matching models, which produce high-quality results but remain computationally intensive and difficult to scale. In this work, we introduce VideoAR, the first large-scale Visual Autoregressive (VAR) framework for video generation that combines multi-scale next-frame prediction with autoregressive modeling. VideoAR disent… ▽ More Recent advances in video generation have been dominated by diffusion and flow-matching models, which produce high-quality results but remain computationally intensive and difficult to scale. In this work, we introduce VideoAR, the first large-scale Visual Autoregressive (VAR) framework for video generation that combines multi-scale next-frame prediction with autoregressive modeling. VideoAR disentangles spatial and temporal dependencies by integrating intra-frame VAR modeling with causal next-frame prediction, supported by a 3D multi-scale tokenizer that efficiently encodes spatio-temporal dynamics. To improve long-term consistency, we propose Multi-scale Temporal RoPE, Cross-Frame Error Correction, and Random Frame Mask, which collectively mitigate error propagation and stabilize temporal coherence. Our multi-stage pretraining pipeline progressively aligns spatial and temporal learning across increasing resolutions and durations. Empirically, VideoAR achieves new state-of-the-art results among autoregressive models, improving FVD on UCF-101 from 99.5 to 88.6 while reducing inference steps by over 10x, and reaching a VBench score of 81.74-competitive with diffusion-based models an order of magnitude larger. These results demonstrate that VideoAR narrows the performance gap between autoregressive and diffusion paradigms, offering a scalable, efficient, and temporally consistent foundation for future video generation research. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.05966 [ pdf , ps , other ] VideoAR: Autoregressive Video Generation via Next-Frame & Scale Prediction Authors: Longbin Ji , Xiaoxiong Liu , Junyuan Shang , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Recent advances in video generation have been dominated by diffusion and flow-matching models, which produce high-quality results but remain computationally intensive and difficult to scale. In this work, we introduce VideoAR, the first large-scale Visual Autoregressive (VAR) framework for video generation that combines multi-scale next-frame prediction with autoregressive modeling. VideoAR disent… ▽ More Recent advances in video generation have been dominated by diffusion and flow-matching models, which produce high-quality results but remain computationally intensive and difficult to scale. In this work, we introduce VideoAR, the first large-scale Visual Autoregressive (VAR) framework for video generation that combines multi-scale next-frame prediction with autoregressive modeling. VideoAR disentangles spatial and temporal dependencies by integrating intra-frame VAR modeling with causal next-frame prediction, supported by a 3D multi-scale tokenizer that efficiently encodes spatio-temporal dynamics. To improve long-term consistency, we propose Multi-scale Temporal RoPE, Cross-Frame Error Correction, and Random Frame Mask, which collectively mitigate error propagation and stabilize temporal coherence. Our multi-stage pretraining pipeline progressively aligns spatial and temporal learning across increasing resolutions and durations. Empirically, VideoAR achieves new state-of-the-art results among autoregressive models, improving FVD on UCF-101 from 99.5 to 88.6 while reducing inference steps by over 10x, and reaching a VBench score of 81.74-competitive with diffusion-based models an order of magnitude larger. These results demonstrate that VideoAR narrows the performance gap between autoregressive and diffusion paradigms, offering a scalable, efficient, and temporally consistent foundation for future video generation research. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.05905 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Illusions of Confidence? Diagnosing LLM Truthfulness via Neighborhood Consistency Authors: Haoming Xu , Ningyuan Zhao , Yunzhi Yao , Weihong Xu , Hongru Wang , Xinle Deng , Shumin Deng , Jeff Z. Pan , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world settings, correctness alone is insufficient. Reliable deployment requires maintaining truthful beliefs under contextual perturbations. Existing evaluations largely rely on point-wise confidence like Self-Consistency, which can mask brittle belief. We show that even facts answered with perfect self-consistency can rapidly colla… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world settings, correctness alone is insufficient. Reliable deployment requires maintaining truthful beliefs under contextual perturbations. Existing evaluations largely rely on point-wise confidence like Self-Consistency, which can mask brittle belief. We show that even facts answered with perfect self-consistency can rapidly collapse under mild contextual interference. To address this gap, we propose Neighbor-Consistency Belief (NCB), a structural measure of belief robustness that evaluates response coherence across a conceptual neighborhood. To validate the efficiency of NCB, we introduce a new cognitive stress-testing protocol that probes outputs stability under contextual interference. Experiments across multiple LLMs show that the performance of high-NCB data is relatively more resistant to interference. Finally, we present Structure-Aware Training (SAT), which optimizes context-invariant belief structure and reduces long-tail knowledge brittleness by approximately 30%. Code will be available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.05905 [ pdf , ps , other ] Illusions of Confidence? Diagnosing LLM Truthfulness via Neighborhood Consistency Authors: Haoming Xu , Ningyuan Zhao , Yunzhi Yao , Weihong Xu , Hongru Wang , Xinle Deng , Shumin Deng , Jeff Z. Pan , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world settings, correctness alone is insufficient. Reliable deployment requires maintaining truthful beliefs under contextual perturbations. Existing evaluations largely rely on point-wise confidence like Self-Consistency, which can mask brittle belief. We show that even facts answered with perfect self-consistency can rapidly colla… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world settings, correctness alone is insufficient. Reliable deployment requires maintaining truthful beliefs under contextual perturbations. Existing evaluations largely rely on point-wise confidence like Self-Consistency, which can mask brittle belief. We show that even facts answered with perfect self-consistency can rapidly collapse under mild contextual interference. To address this gap, we propose Neighbor-Consistency Belief (NCB), a structural measure of belief robustness that evaluates response coherence across a conceptual neighborhood. To validate the efficiency of NCB, we introduce a new cognitive stress-testing protocol that probes outputs stability under contextual interference. Experiments across multiple LLMs show that the performance of high-NCB data is relatively more resistant to interference. Finally, we present Structure-Aware Training (SAT), which optimizes context-invariant belief structure and reduces long-tail knowledge brittleness by approximately 30%. Code will be available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.05648 [ pdf , ps , other ] q-bio.GN cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG Open World Knowledge Aided Single-Cell Foundation Model with Robust Cross-Modal Cell-Language Pre-training Authors: Haoran Wang , Xuanyi Zhang , Shuangsang Fang , Longke Ran , Ziqing Deng , Yong Zhang , Yuxiang Li , Shaoshuai Li Abstract : Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data… ▽ More Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data. To address both issues, we propose an Open-world Language Knowledge-Aided Robust Single-Cell Foundation Model (OKR-CELL). It is built based on a cross-modal Cell-Language pre-training framework, which comprises two key innovations: (1) leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) based workflow with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enriches cell textual descriptions using open-world knowledge; (2) devising a Cross-modal Robust Alignment (CRA) objective that incorporates sample reliability assessment, curriculum learning, and coupled momentum contrastive learning to strengthen the model's resistance to noisy data. After pretraining on 32M cell-text pairs, OKR-CELL obtains cutting-edge results across 6 evaluation tasks. Beyond standard benchmarks such as cell clustering, cell-type annotation, batch-effect correction, and few-shot annotation, the model also demonstrates superior performance in broader multi-modal applications, including zero-shot cell-type annotation and bidirectional cell-text retrieval. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages arXiv:2601.05648 [ pdf , ps , other ] Open World Knowledge Aided Single-Cell Foundation Model with Robust Cross-Modal Cell-Language Pre-training Authors: Haoran Wang , Xuanyi Zhang , Shuangsang Fang , Longke Ran , Ziqing Deng , Yong Zhang , Yuxiang Li , Shaoshuai Li Abstract : Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data… ▽ More Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data. To address both issues, we propose an Open-world Language Knowledge-Aided Robust Single-Cell Foundation Model (OKR-CELL). It is built based on a cross-modal Cell-Language pre-training framework, which comprises two key innovations: (1) leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) based workflow with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enriches cell textual descriptions using open-world knowledge; (2) devising a Cross-modal Robust Alignment (CRA) objective that incorporates sample reliability assessment, curriculum learning, and coupled momentum contrastive learning to strengthen the model's resistance to noisy data. After pretraining on 32M cell-text pairs, OKR-CELL obtains cutting-edge results across 6 evaluation tasks. Beyond standard benchmarks such as cell clustering, cell-type annotation, batch-effect correction, and few-shot annotation, the model also demonstrates superior performance in broader multi-modal applications, including zero-shot cell-type annotation and bidirectional cell-text retrieval. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages arXiv:2601.05613 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI PiXTime: A Model for Federated Time Series Forecasting with Heterogeneous Data Structures Across Nodes Authors: Yiming Zhou , Mingyue Cheng , Hao Wang , Enhong Chen Abstract : Time series are highly valuable and rarely shareable across nodes, making federated learning a promising paradigm to leverage distributed temporal data. However, different sampling standards lead to diverse time granularities and variable sets across nodes, hindering classical federated learning. We propose PiXTime, a novel time series forecasting model designed for federated learning that enables… ▽ More Time series are highly valuable and rarely shareable across nodes, making federated learning a promising paradigm to leverage distributed temporal data. However, different sampling standards lead to diverse time granularities and variable sets across nodes, hindering classical federated learning. We propose PiXTime, a novel time series forecasting model designed for federated learning that enables effective prediction across nodes with multi-granularity and heterogeneous variable sets. PiXTime employs a personalized Patch Embedding to map node-specific granularity time series into token sequences of a unified dimension for processing by a subsequent shared model, and uses a global VE Table to align variable category semantics across nodes, thereby enhancing cross-node transferability. With a transformer-based shared model, PiXTime captures representations of auxiliary series with arbitrary numbers of variables and uses cross-attention to enhance the prediction of the target series. Experiments show PiXTime achieves state-of-the-art performance in federated settings and demonstrates superior performance on eight widely used real-world traditional benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05613 [ pdf , ps , other ] PiXTime: A Model for Federated Time Series Forecasting with Heterogeneous Data Structures Across Nodes Authors: Yiming Zhou , Mingyue Cheng , Hao Wang , Enhong Chen Abstract : Time series are highly valuable and rarely shareable across nodes, making federated learning a promising paradigm to leverage distributed temporal data. However, different sampling standards lead to diverse time granularities and variable sets across nodes, hindering classical federated learning. We propose PiXTime, a novel time series forecasting model designed for federated learning that enables… ▽ More Time series are highly valuable and rarely shareable across nodes, making federated learning a promising paradigm to leverage distributed temporal data. However, different sampling standards lead to diverse time granularities and variable sets across nodes, hindering classical federated learning. We propose PiXTime, a novel time series forecasting model designed for federated learning that enables effective prediction across nodes with multi-granularity and heterogeneous variable sets. PiXTime employs a personalized Patch Embedding to map node-specific granularity time series into token sequences of a unified dimension for processing by a subsequent shared model, and uses a global VE Table to align variable category semantics across nodes, thereby enhancing cross-node transferability. With a transformer-based shared model, PiXTime captures representations of auxiliary series with arbitrary numbers of variables and uses cross-attention to enhance the prediction of the target series. Experiments show PiXTime achieves state-of-the-art performance in federated settings and demonstrates superior performance on eight widely used real-world traditional benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05580 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Generalizable and Adaptive Continual Learning Framework for AI-generated Image Detection Authors: Hanyi Wang , Jun Lan , Yaoyu Kang , Huijia Zhu , Weiqiang Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Shilin Wang Abstract : The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world appli… ▽ More The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world applications. To address this critical issue, we propose a novel three-stage domain continual learning framework designed for continuous adaptation to evolving generative models. In the first stage, we employ a strategic parameter-efficient fine-tuning approach to develop a transferable offline detection model with strong generalization capabilities. Building upon this foundation, the second stage integrates unseen data streams into a continual learning process. To efficiently learn from limited samples of novel generated models and mitigate overfitting, we design a data augmentation chain with progressively increasing complexity. Furthermore, we leverage the Kronecker-Factored Approximate Curvature (K-FAC) method to approximate the Hessian and alleviate catastrophic forgetting. Finally, the third stage utilizes a linear interpolation strategy based on Linear Mode Connectivity, effectively capturing commonalities across diverse generative models and further enhancing overall performance. We establish a comprehensive benchmark of 27 generative models, including GANs, deepfakes, and diffusion models, chronologically structured up to August 2024 to simulate real-world scenarios. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our initial offline detectors surpass the leading baseline by +5.51% in terms of mean average precision. Our continual learning strategy achieves an average accuracy of 92.20%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by TMM 2025 arXiv:2601.05580 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generalizable and Adaptive Continual Learning Framework for AI-generated Image Detection Authors: Hanyi Wang , Jun Lan , Yaoyu Kang , Huijia Zhu , Weiqiang Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Shilin Wang Abstract : The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world appli… ▽ More The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world applications. To address this critical issue, we propose a novel three-stage domain continual learning framework designed for continuous adaptation to evolving generative models. In the first stage, we employ a strategic parameter-efficient fine-tuning approach to develop a transferable offline detection model with strong generalization capabilities. Building upon this foundation, the second stage integrates unseen data streams into a continual learning process. To efficiently learn from limited samples of novel generated models and mitigate overfitting, we design a data augmentation chain with progressively increasing complexity. Furthermore, we leverage the Kronecker-Factored Approximate Curvature (K-FAC) method to approximate the Hessian and alleviate catastrophic forgetting. Finally, the third stage utilizes a linear interpolation strategy based on Linear Mode Connectivity, effectively capturing commonalities across diverse generative models and further enhancing overall performance. We establish a comprehensive benchmark of 27 generative models, including GANs, deepfakes, and diffusion models, chronologically structured up to August 2024 to simulate real-world scenarios. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our initial offline detectors surpass the leading baseline by +5.51% in terms of mean average precision. Our continual learning strategy achieves an average accuracy of 92.20%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by TMM 2025 arXiv:2601.05329 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD eess.AS CosyEdit: Unlocking End-to-End Speech Editing Capability from Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Models Authors: Junyang Chen , Yuhang Jia , Hui Wang , Jiaming Zhou , Yaxin Han , Mengying Feng , Yong Qin Abstract : Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, w… ▽ More Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, which internalizes speech-text alignment while ensuring high consistency between the speech before and after editing. By fine-tuning on only 250 hours of supervised data from our curated GigaEdit dataset, our 400M-parameter model achieves reliable speech editing performance. Experiments on the RealEdit benchmark indicate that CosyEdit not only outperforms several billion-parameter language model baselines but also matches the performance of state-of-the-art cascade approaches. These results demonstrate that, with task-specific fine-tuning and inference optimization, robust and efficient speech editing capabilities can be unlocked from a zero-shot TTS model, yielding a novel and cost-effective end-to-end solution for high-quality speech editing. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05329 [ pdf , ps , other ] CosyEdit: Unlocking End-to-End Speech Editing Capability from Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Models Authors: Junyang Chen , Yuhang Jia , Hui Wang , Jiaming Zhou , Yaxin Han , Mengying Feng , Yong Qin Abstract : Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, w… ▽ More Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, which internalizes speech-text alignment while ensuring high consistency between the speech before and after editing. By fine-tuning on only 250 hours of supervised data from our curated GigaEdit dataset, our 400M-parameter model achieves reliable speech editing performance. Experiments on the RealEdit benchmark indicate that CosyEdit not only outperforms several billion-parameter language model baselines but also matches the performance of state-of-the-art cascade approaches. These results demonstrate that, with task-specific fine-tuning and inference optimization, robust and efficient speech editing capabilities can be unlocked from a zero-shot TTS model, yielding a novel and cost-effective end-to-end solution for high-quality speech editing. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05038 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI ArcAligner: Adaptive Recursive Aligner for Compressed Context Embeddings in RAG Authors: Jianbo Li , Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Bairui Hu , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin Abstract : Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps LLMs stay accurate, but feeding long documents into a prompt makes the model slow and expensive. This has motivated context compression, ranging from token pruning and summarization to embedding-based compression. While researchers have tried ''compressing'' these documents into smaller summaries or mathematical embeddings, there is a catch: the more you… ▽ More Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps LLMs stay accurate, but feeding long documents into a prompt makes the model slow and expensive. This has motivated context compression, ranging from token pruning and summarization to embedding-based compression. While researchers have tried ''compressing'' these documents into smaller summaries or mathematical embeddings, there is a catch: the more you compress the data, the more the LLM struggles to understand it. To address this challenge, we propose ArcAligner (Adaptive recursive context *Aligner*), a lightweight module integrated into the language model layers to help the model better utilize highly compressed context representations for downstream generation. It uses an adaptive ''gating'' system that only adds extra processing power when the information is complex, keeping the system fast. Across knowledge-intensive QA benchmarks, ArcAligner consistently beats compression baselines at comparable compression rates, especially on multi-hop and long-tail settings. The source code is publicly available. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code is available at arXiv:2601.05038 [ pdf , ps , other ] ArcAligner: Adaptive Recursive Aligner for Compressed Context Embeddings in RAG Authors: Jianbo Li , Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Bairui Hu , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin Abstract : Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps LLMs stay accurate, but feeding long documents into a prompt makes the model slow and expensive. This has motivated context compression, ranging from token pruning and summarization to embedding-based compression. While researchers have tried ''compressing'' these documents into smaller summaries or mathematical embeddings, there is a catch: the more you… ▽ More Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps LLMs stay accurate, but feeding long documents into a prompt makes the model slow and expensive. This has motivated context compression, ranging from token pruning and summarization to embedding-based compression. While researchers have tried ''compressing'' these documents into smaller summaries or mathematical embeddings, there is a catch: the more you compress the data, the more the LLM struggles to understand it. To address this challenge, we propose ArcAligner (Adaptive recursive context *Aligner*), a lightweight module integrated into the language model layers to help the model better utilize highly compressed context representations for downstream generation. It uses an adaptive ''gating'' system that only adds extra processing power when the information is complex, keeping the system fast. Across knowledge-intensive QA benchmarks, ArcAligner consistently beats compression baselines at comparable compression rates, especially on multi-hop and long-tail settings. The source code is publicly available. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code is available at arXiv:2601.05027 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI OptiSet: Unified Optimizing Set Selection and Ranking for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Jianbo Li , Bairui Hu , Yanrui Du , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin Abstract : Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves generation quality by incorporating evidence retrieved from large external corpora. However, most existing methods rely on statically selecting top-k passages based on individual relevance, which fails to exploit combinatorial gains among passages and often introduces substantial redundancy. To address this limitation, we propose OptiSet, a set-centric… ▽ More Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves generation quality by incorporating evidence retrieved from large external corpora. However, most existing methods rely on statically selecting top-k passages based on individual relevance, which fails to exploit combinatorial gains among passages and often introduces substantial redundancy. To address this limitation, we propose OptiSet, a set-centric framework that unifies set selection and set-level ranking for RAG. OptiSet adopts an "Expand-then-Refine" paradigm: it first expands a query into multiple perspectives to enable a diverse candidate pool and then refines the candidate pool via re-selection to form a compact evidence set. We then devise a self-synthesis strategy without strong LLM supervision to derive preference labels from the set conditional utility changes of the generator, thereby identifying complementary and redundant evidence. Finally, we introduce a set-list wise training strategy that jointly optimizes set selection and set-level ranking, enabling the model to favor compact, high-gain evidence sets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OptiSet improves performance on complex combinatorial problems and makes generation more efficient. The source code is publicly available. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code is available at arXiv:2601.05027 [ pdf , ps , other ] OptiSet: Unified Optimizing Set Selection and Ranking for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Jianbo Li , Bairui Hu , Yanrui Du , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin Abstract : Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves generation quality by incorporating evidence retrieved from large external corpora. However, most existing methods rely on statically selecting top-k passages based on individual relevance, which fails to exploit combinatorial gains among passages and often introduces substantial redundancy. To address this limitation, we propose OptiSet, a set-centric… ▽ More Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves generation quality by incorporating evidence retrieved from large external corpora. However, most existing methods rely on statically selecting top-k passages based on individual relevance, which fails to exploit combinatorial gains among passages and often introduces substantial redundancy. To address this limitation, we propose OptiSet, a set-centric framework that unifies set selection and set-level ranking for RAG. OptiSet adopts an "Expand-then-Refine" paradigm: it first expands a query into multiple perspectives to enable a diverse candidate pool and then refines the candidate pool via re-selection to form a compact evidence set. We then devise a self-synthesis strategy without strong LLM supervision to derive preference labels from the set conditional utility changes of the generator, thereby identifying complementary and redundant evidence. Finally, we introduce a set-list wise training strategy that jointly optimizes set selection and set-level ranking, enabling the model to favor compact, high-gain evidence sets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OptiSet improves performance on complex combinatorial problems and makes generation more efficient. The source code is publicly available. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code is available at arXiv:2601.05019 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI q-bio.NC Hán Dān Xué Bù (Mimicry) or Qīng Chū Yú Lán (Mastery)? A Cognitive Perspective on Reasoning Distillation in Large Language Models Authors: Yueqing Hu , Xinyang Peng , Shuting Peng , Hanqi Wang , Tianhong Wang Abstract : Recent Large Reasoning Models trained via reinforcement learning exhibit a "natural" alignment with human cognitive costs. However, we show that the prevailing paradigm of reasoning distillation -- training student models to mimic these traces via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) -- fails to transmit this cognitive structure. Testing the "Hán Dān Xué Bù" (Superficial Mimicry) hypothesis across 14 mode… ▽ More Recent Large Reasoning Models trained via reinforcement learning exhibit a "natural" alignment with human cognitive costs. However, we show that the prevailing paradigm of reasoning distillation -- training student models to mimic these traces via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) -- fails to transmit this cognitive structure. Testing the "Hán Dān Xué Bù" (Superficial Mimicry) hypothesis across 14 models, we find that distillation induces a "Functional Alignment Collapse": while teacher models mirror human difficulty scaling ($\bar{r}=0.64$), distilled students significantly degrade this alignment ($\bar{r}=0.34$), often underperforming their own pre-distillation baselines ("Negative Transfer"). Our analysis suggests that SFT induces a "Cargo Cult" effect, where students ritualistically replicate the linguistic form of reasoning (verbosity) without internalizing the teacher's dynamic resource allocation policy. Consequently, reasoning distillation decouples computational cost from cognitive demand, revealing that human-like cognition is an emergent property of active reinforcement, not passive imitation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2601.05019 [ pdf , ps , other ] Hán Dān Xué Bù (Mimicry) or Qīng Chū Yú Lán (Mastery)? A Cognitive Perspective on Reasoning Distillation in Large Language Models Authors: Yueqing Hu , Xinyang Peng , Shuting Peng , Hanqi Wang , Tianhong Wang Abstract : Recent Large Reasoning Models trained via reinforcement learning exhibit a "natural" alignment with human cognitive costs. However, we show that the prevailing paradigm of reasoning distillation -- training student models to mimic these traces via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) -- fails to transmit this cognitive structure. Testing the "Hán Dān Xué Bù" (Superficial Mimicry) hypothesis across 14 mode… ▽ More Recent Large Reasoning Models trained via reinforcement learning exhibit a "natural" alignment with human cognitive costs. However, we show that the prevailing paradigm of reasoning distillation -- training student models to mimic these traces via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) -- fails to transmit this cognitive structure. Testing the "Hán Dān Xué Bù" (Superficial Mimicry) hypothesis across 14 models, we find that distillation induces a "Functional Alignment Collapse": while teacher models mirror human difficulty scaling ($\bar{r}=0.64$), distilled students significantly degrade this alignment ($\bar{r}=0.34$), often underperforming their own pre-distillation baselines ("Negative Transfer"). Our analysis suggests that SFT induces a "Cargo Cult" effect, where students ritualistically replicate the linguistic form of reasoning (verbosity) without internalizing the teacher's dynamic resource allocation policy. Consequently, reasoning distillation decouples computational cost from cognitive demand, revealing that human-like cognition is an emergent property of active reinforcement, not passive imitation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04862 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Wireless Communication with Cross-Linked Rotatable Antenna Array: Architecture Design and Rotation Optimization Authors: Ailing Zheng , Qingqing Wu , Ziyuan Zheng , Qiaoyan Peng , Yanze Zhu , Honghao Wang , Wen Chen , Guoying Zhang Abstract : Rotatable antenna (RA) technology can harness additional spatial degrees of freedom by enabling the dynamic three-dimensional orientation control of each antenna. Unfortunately, the hardware cost and control complexity of traditional RA systems is proportional to the number of RAs. To address the issue, we consider a cross-linked (CL) RA structure, which enables the coordinated rotation of multipl… ▽ More Rotatable antenna (RA) technology can harness additional spatial degrees of freedom by enabling the dynamic three-dimensional orientation control of each antenna. Unfortunately, the hardware cost and control complexity of traditional RA systems is proportional to the number of RAs. To address the issue, we consider a cross-linked (CL) RA structure, which enables the coordinated rotation of multiple antennas, thereby offering a cost-effective solution. To evaluate the performance of the CL-RA array, we investigate a CL-RA-aided uplink system. Specifically, we first establish system models for both antenna element-level and antenna panel-level rotation. Then, we formulate a sum rate maximization problem by jointly optimizing the receive beamforming at the base station and the rotation angles. For the antenna element-level rotation, we derive the optimal solution of the CL-RA array under the single-user case. Subsequently, for two rotation schemes, we propose an alternating optimization algorithm to solve the formulated problem in the multi-user case, where the receive beamforming and the antenna rotation angles are obtained by applying the minimum mean square error method and feasible direction method, respectively. In addition, considering the hardware limitations, we apply the genetic algorithm to address the discrete rotation angles selection problem. Simulation results show that by carefully designing the row-column partition scheme, the performance of the CL-RA architecture is quite close to that of the flexible antenna orientation scheme. Moreover, the CL antenna element-level scheme surpasses the CL antenna panel-level scheme by 25% and delivers a 128% performance improvement over conventional fixed-direction antennas. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04862 [ pdf , ps , other ] Wireless Communication with Cross-Linked Rotatable Antenna Array: Architecture Design and Rotation Optimization Authors: Ailing Zheng , Qingqing Wu , Ziyuan Zheng , Qiaoyan Peng , Yanze Zhu , Honghao Wang , Wen Chen , Guoying Zhang Abstract : Rotatable antenna (RA) technology can harness additional spatial degrees of freedom by enabling the dynamic three-dimensional orientation control of each antenna. Unfortunately, the hardware cost and control complexity of traditional RA systems is proportional to the number of RAs. To address the issue, we consider a cross-linked (CL) RA structure, which enables the coordinated rotation of multipl… ▽ More Rotatable antenna (RA) technology can harness additional spatial degrees of freedom by enabling the dynamic three-dimensional orientation control of each antenna. Unfortunately, the hardware cost and control complexity of traditional RA systems is proportional to the number of RAs. To address the issue, we consider a cross-linked (CL) RA structure, which enables the coordinated rotation of multiple antennas, thereby offering a cost-effective solution. To evaluate the performance of the CL-RA array, we investigate a CL-RA-aided uplink system. Specifically, we first establish system models for both antenna element-level and antenna panel-level rotation. Then, we formulate a sum rate maximization problem by jointly optimizing the receive beamforming at the base station and the rotation angles. For the antenna element-level rotation, we derive the optimal solution of the CL-RA array under the single-user case. Subsequently, for two rotation schemes, we propose an alternating optimization algorithm to solve the formulated problem in the multi-user case, where the receive beamforming and the antenna rotation angles are obtained by applying the minimum mean square error method and feasible direction method, respectively. In addition, considering the hardware limitations, we apply the genetic algorithm to address the discrete rotation angles selection problem. Simulation results show that by carefully designing the row-column partition scheme, the performance of the CL-RA architecture is quite close to that of the flexible antenna orientation scheme. Moreover, the CL antenna element-level scheme surpasses the CL antenna panel-level scheme by 25% and delivers a 128% performance improvement over conventional fixed-direction antennas. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04861 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Orchestrating Intelligence: Confidence-Aware Routing for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration across Multi-Scale Models Authors: Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Jiatong Liu , Haochun Wang , Wanting Li , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this ineffic… ▽ More While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this inefficiency by proposing OI-MAS framework, a novel multi-agent framework that implements an adaptive model-selection policy across a heterogeneous pool of multi-scale LLMs. Specifically, OI-MAS introduces a state-dependent routing mechanism that dynamically selects agent roles and model scales throughout the reasoning process. In addition, we introduce a confidence-aware mechanism that selects appropriate model scales conditioned on task complexity, thus reducing unnecessary reliance on large-scale models. Experimental results show that OI-MAS consistently outperforms baseline multi-agent systems, improving accuracy by up to 12.88\% while reducing cost by up to 79.78\%. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04861 [ pdf , ps , other ] Orchestrating Intelligence: Confidence-Aware Routing for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration across Multi-Scale Models Authors: Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Jiatong Liu , Haochun Wang , Wanting Li , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this ineffic… ▽ More While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this inefficiency by proposing OI-MAS framework, a novel multi-agent framework that implements an adaptive model-selection policy across a heterogeneous pool of multi-scale LLMs. Specifically, OI-MAS introduces a state-dependent routing mechanism that dynamically selects agent roles and model scales throughout the reasoning process. In addition, we introduce a confidence-aware mechanism that selects appropriate model scales conditioned on task complexity, thus reducing unnecessary reliance on large-scale models. Experimental results show that OI-MAS consistently outperforms baseline multi-agent systems, improving accuracy by up to 12.88\% while reducing cost by up to 79.78\%. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Wang,+H
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Goals 2 Scope 3 Related WikiProjects Toggle Related WikiProjects subsection 3.1 Child projects 3.2 Task forces 3.3 Related 3.1 Child projects 3.2 Task forces 3.3 Related 4 Participants 5 Open tasks Toggle Open tasks subsection 5.1 Template namespace 5.2 Navigation templates 5.3 Infobox templates 5.4 Country-referencing templates 5.5 Other 5.1 Template namespace 5.2 Navigation templates 5.3 Infobox templates 5.4 Country-referencing templates 5.5 Other 6 Best template-related pages 7 Templates Toggle Templates subsection 7.1 Project banner 7.2 Internal links 7.3 Sandboxes 7.1 Project banner 7.2 Internal links 7.3 Sandboxes 8 Guidelines Toggle Guidelines subsection 8.1 Types 8.2 Wikipedia policies, guidelines and projects 8.2.1 Guidelines 8.2.2 Projects 8.2.3 Help pages 8.2.4 Meta-pages 8.2.5 Other proposals 8.3 Requests 8.1 Types 8.2 Wikipedia policies, guidelines and projects 8.2.1 Guidelines 8.2.2 Projects 8.2.3 Help pages 8.2.4 Meta-pages 8.2.5 Other proposals 8.2.1 Guidelines 8.2.2 Projects 8.2.3 Help pages 8.2.4 Meta-pages 8.2.5 Other proposals 8.3 Requests Wikipedia : WikiProject Templates العربية বাংলা Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Italiano Kiswahili Magyar मराठी नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Vèneto Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikidata item This is a WikiProject , an open group of Wikipedia editors. New participants are welcome; feel free to talk to us ! .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Guide to WikiProjects Directory of WikiProjects Guide to WikiProjects Directory of WikiProjects .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcut .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:WPT WP:WPT WP:WPT WP:WPT This WikiProject was formed by Wikipedians to better manage this encyclopedia's myriad templates . This page contains their many useful suggestions, and it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the project's talk page and see the to-do list . Goals The main goal of this WikiProject is: Scope It consists of: Conducting efforts to better organize, document and display all templates in the template namespace , including: navigation templates , infobox templates , inline templates linking country articles , stub types , image copyright tags and user language templates (Babel) . Solving specific templates issues, such as standardisation and locations . Improving the general documentation on how to create and use templates, in addition to improving the documentation pages of the individual templates. Clean-up of the unused, unneeded and/or redundant templates, using the templates for discussion (TfD) process and guidelines. Providing help and guidance in creating, updating, correcting and testing templates. Improving template accessibility Related WikiProjects Child projects WikiProject Infoboxes – a central location for infobox designers to assist each other WikiProject Inline Templates – for inline templates WikiProject Stub sorting – for stub templates WikiProject Succession Box Standardization WikiProject User warnings – for user talk namespace template messages WikiProject Userboxes – for Userboxes Task forces Unused Templates Task Force – for dealing with the unused templates backlog Related WikiProject Categories – maintain Wikipedia's category system WikiProject Category Suppression – automatic categorization and suppression of it in templates WikiProject Microformats – addition of microformats to appropriate templates Participants Project participants .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox{margin:1px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);width:238px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#eee;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox td{border:0;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-info{border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:inherit;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#ddd;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:inherit;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{background:#202122;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{background:#27292d;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table[style*="background"] .userbox-info{color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{background:#202122;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{background:#27292d;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table[style*="background"] .userbox-info{color:#202122;color:inherit}} This user '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000009-QINU`"' participates in WikiProject Templates . To become a participant, add your name to the list below (in alphabetical order, please). If you like, you can proudly show your participation by adding one of the following templates to your user page: {{ User WP Templates }} ( userbox ) {{ WikiProject Templates participant }} (large userbox) {{ User:LikeLakers2/Topicons/WPTemplates }} ( topicon ) {{ Wikipedia:KIS/WPT }} ( KIS label) 23emr ( talk · contribs ) Abhisheks 91 ( talk · contribs ) Aidan9382 ( talk · contribs ) Alakzi ( talk · contribs ) Amit6 ( talk · contribs ) Atakes Ris ( talk · contribs ) - I have been adding templates to articles without them andrybak ( talk · contribs ) Arsenikk ( talk · contribs ) - have made a lot of templates, and will continue to do so Aseleste ( talk · contribs ) - I can write advanced templates and modules. Willing to help if asked. Bduke ( talk · contribs ) BeastBoy-X ( talk · contribs ) I create, improve, copy, create, improve, copy, create, improve and copy templates benzband ( talk · contribs ) Berrely ( talk · contribs ) - Frquently fix and add template documentation. BrandonXLF ( talk · contribs ) - I've been organizing, fixing and making a lot of templates. I also convert templates to lua. Brustopher ( talk · contribs ) Buaidh ( talk · contribs ) Cannibaloki ( talk · contribs ) - I like to correct infoxes about music, bands, templates and so on. Chochopk ( talk · contribs ) (球球PK) Clarkcj12 ( talk · contribs ) D4n2016 ( talk · contribs ) Daedalus969 ( talk · contribs ) - I love burying myself in code. Dandorid ( talk · contribs ) Daniel Mietchen ( talk · contribs ) - interested in using information from Wikidata DannyS712 ( talk · contribs ) Dawn PScLim ( talk · contribs ) - I edit a few templates daily and edit their visualtext Day000Walker ( talk · contribs ) DGG ( talk · contribs ) attempting to make some of the user messages more friendly Diligent Terrier ( talk · contribs ) (Not receiving mass messages) Drilnoth ( talk · contribs ) - I like working on various templates. Enterprisey ( talk · contribs ) - Can't believe I didn't hear about this before now. emerson7 ( talk · contribs ) specific interest in navigational template standards Est. 2021 ( talk · contribs ) Fabartus ( talk · contribs ) - Currently finalizing initial WP:TSP system and structures, which should be a sub-project or sister project of this wikiproject. Faizhaider ( talk · contribs ) - created & edited few templates. FenrisAureus ( talk · contribs ) GhostInTheMachine ( talk · contribs ) Godsy ( talk · contribs ) H.K.pauw ( talk · contribs ) Helixsoft ( talk · contribs ) Helixsoft ( Talk | Contributions | Templates | Userboxes ) Hike395 ( talk · contribs ) --- editing different infoboxes and their supporting modules History DMZ ( talk · contribs ) HotMess ( talk · contribs ) - Been adding some TemplateData to TemplateData-less templates I encounter, seeing as nobody else is doing it lol JackSchmidt ( talk · contribs ) - I enjoy template development Jake01756 ( talk · contribs ) Jayadevp13 ( talk · contribs ) I try to promote interconnectivity among Wikipedian articles through templates. Jesus Presley ( talk · contribs ) JohnDavies9612 ( talk · contribs ) - Making new templates Ken Tony ( talk · contribs ) Kepler-1229b ( talk · contribs ) Kralizec! ( talk · contribs ) - currently working on the naval templates Lantuszka ( talk · contribs ) LikeLakers2 ( talk · contribs ) - Knows parser functions very well. (ironically, still has to look at mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions and mw:Help:Magic words every so often) Helps clean up Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates using {{ subst: User:LikeLakers2/sync-pp }}. LDW5432 ( talk · contribs ) Macbrew ( talk · contribs ) Malconfort ( talk · contribs ) MarioJump83 ( talk · contribs ) I frequently edited templates and modules, especially on war maps and COVID-19 Masssly ( talk · contribs ) MBisanz ( talk · contribs ) MCEllis ( talk · contribs ) Mike Peel ( talk · contribs ) - currently overhauling template categorization. Mirokado ( talk · contribs ) Mitzikarl ( talk · contribs ) Mjquinn_id ( talk · contribs ) - Sports:Tennis, WikiProject Banners, Navboxes Mlpearc ( talk · contribs ) MonkeyStolen234 ( talk · contribs ) - I have edited a few and created one and I want to make it official. Mr. Guye ( talk · contribs ) I edit templates frequently Mr. Yondris Ferguson ( talk · contribs ) - Just became a novice editor and I want to contribute more. Music1201 ( talk · contribs ) - creating templates, and adding TemplateData to commonly used templates Mycranthebigman ( talk · contribs ) - Yass, templates! Nanami-seven-three ( talk ) - I can built some templates and I can help categorize and list stuff! Nicky Nouse ( talk · contribs ) 24 January 2011 - I spend all my time on Wikia and know about template syntax. Nmajdan ( talk · contribs ) nsaa ( talk · contribs ) Paine Ellsworth ( talk · contribs ) Paulscrawl ( talk · contribs ) Hacked dozens of templates for work-related MediaWiki install years ago, somehow still in heavy use without me around or proper documentation. Learning better structured template development and documentation to leverage my contributions on Wikipedia. PC-XT ( talk · contribs ) varied knowledge, if I don't know something, I want to help find it out Pigsonthewing ( talk · contribs ) - Especially interested on the addition of microformats to templates (per the microformats project , reducing redundancy and standardising template-property nomenclature, to make life easier for editors. Also their accessibility Ringbang ( talk · contribs ) Robert Skyhawk ( talk · contribs ) RobinHood70 ( talk · contribs ) - I enjoy optimizing templates and adding new functionality. I also have a non-editing bot that can generate a list of all calls to a template with their parameters. Rubenerd ( talk · contribs ) Run my own MediaWiki install with custom templates; am fascinated by them! I help fix broken implementations and those using outdated/depracated syntax, particularly navboxes and infoboxes. Rursus ( talk · contribs ) Sam Sailor ( talk · contribs ) Satnam S Virdi ( talk · contribs ) Sdkb ( talk · contribs ) Skeezix1000 ( talk · contribs ) - Too many articles are infected with superfluous templates - want to help improve the good templates, reduce the number of ones that simply repeat what could be better accomplished by a category Sm8900 ( talk · contribs ) SMcCandlish ( talk · contribs ) SriramPGDLitt ( talk · contribs ) Srolanh ( talk · contribs ) Steel1943 ( talk · contribs ) - I've been creating and updating a lot of "/doc" pages lately... Technical 13 ( talk · contribs ) Terasail ( talk · contribs ) The Obento Musubi ( talk · contribs ) The Pancake of Heaven! ( talk · contribs ) - I enjoy making templates, I'll try to work on them some more. The Userboxer ( talk · contribs ) - I am available to help with more advanced functions like ParserFunctions, as well as more general HTML/wiki?CSS syntax. Tlustulimu ( talk · contribs ) UserboxMaker35 ( talk · contribs ) Unionhawk ( talk · contribs ) Vanisaac ( talk · contribs ) Probably should put my name down if I'm going to be answering questions on the talk page. VarunFEB2003 ( talk · contribs ) I adore templates! WikiCleanerMan ( talk · contribs ) Creator of the Unused Templates Task Force; here to help reorganize, better update, and create necessary templates. Willscrlt ( talk · contribs ) - Intermediate esoteric template developer. Xiphoid Vigour ( talk · contribs ) Yjenith ( talk · contribs ) - Handling parameters of the templates known to some extent. Major creations: {{ Twitter status }} and {{ Twitter trends }} . Young Lecturer ( talk · contribs ) Zenexer ( talk · contribs ) This user '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000009-QINU`"' participates in WikiProject Templates . To become a participant, add your name to the list below (in alphabetical order, please). If you like, you can proudly show your participation by adding one of the following templates to your user page: 23emr ( talk · contribs ) Abhisheks 91 ( talk · contribs ) Aidan9382 ( talk · contribs ) Alakzi ( talk · contribs ) Amit6 ( talk · contribs ) Atakes Ris ( talk · contribs ) - I have been adding templates to articles without them andrybak ( talk · contribs ) Arsenikk ( talk · contribs ) - have made a lot of templates, and will continue to do so Aseleste ( talk · contribs ) - I can write advanced templates and modules. Willing to help if asked. Bduke ( talk · contribs ) BeastBoy-X ( talk · contribs ) I create, improve, copy, create, improve, copy, create, improve and copy templates benzband ( talk · contribs ) Berrely ( talk · contribs ) - Frquently fix and add template documentation. BrandonXLF ( talk · contribs ) - I've been organizing, fixing and making a lot of templates. I also convert templates to lua. Brustopher ( talk · contribs ) Buaidh ( talk · contribs ) Cannibaloki ( talk · contribs ) - I like to correct infoxes about music, bands, templates and so on. Chochopk ( talk · contribs ) (球球PK) Clarkcj12 ( talk · contribs ) D4n2016 ( talk · contribs ) Daedalus969 ( talk · contribs ) - I love burying myself in code. Dandorid ( talk · contribs ) Daniel Mietchen ( talk · contribs ) - interested in using information from Wikidata DannyS712 ( talk · contribs ) Dawn PScLim ( talk · contribs ) - I edit a few templates daily and edit their visualtext Day000Walker ( talk · contribs ) DGG ( talk · contribs ) attempting to make some of the user messages more friendly Diligent Terrier ( talk · contribs ) (Not receiving mass messages) Drilnoth ( talk · contribs ) - I like working on various templates. Enterprisey ( talk · contribs ) - Can't believe I didn't hear about this before now. emerson7 ( talk · contribs ) specific interest in navigational template standards Est. 2021 ( talk · contribs ) Fabartus ( talk · contribs ) - Currently finalizing initial WP:TSP system and structures, which should be a sub-project or sister project of this wikiproject. Faizhaider ( talk · contribs ) - created & edited few templates. FenrisAureus ( talk · contribs ) GhostInTheMachine ( talk · contribs ) Godsy ( talk · contribs ) H.K.pauw ( talk · contribs ) Helixsoft ( talk · contribs ) Helixsoft ( Talk | Contributions | Templates | Userboxes ) Hike395 ( talk · contribs ) --- editing different infoboxes and their supporting modules History DMZ ( talk · contribs ) HotMess ( talk · contribs ) - Been adding some TemplateData to TemplateData-less templates I encounter, seeing as nobody else is doing it lol JackSchmidt ( talk · contribs ) - I enjoy template development Jake01756 ( talk · contribs ) Jayadevp13 ( talk · contribs ) I try to promote interconnectivity among Wikipedian articles through templates. Jesus Presley ( talk · contribs ) JohnDavies9612 ( talk · contribs ) - Making new templates Ken Tony ( talk · contribs ) Kepler-1229b ( talk · contribs ) Kralizec! ( talk · contribs ) - currently working on the naval templates Lantuszka ( talk · contribs ) LikeLakers2 ( talk · contribs ) - Knows parser functions very well. (ironically, still has to look at mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions and mw:Help:Magic words every so often) Helps clean up Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates using {{ subst: User:LikeLakers2/sync-pp }}. LDW5432 ( talk · contribs ) Macbrew ( talk · contribs ) Malconfort ( talk · contribs ) MarioJump83 ( talk · contribs ) I frequently edited templates and modules, especially on war maps and COVID-19 Masssly ( talk · contribs ) MBisanz ( talk · contribs ) MCEllis ( talk · contribs ) Mike Peel ( talk · contribs ) - currently overhauling template categorization. Mirokado ( talk · contribs ) Mitzikarl ( talk · contribs ) Mjquinn_id ( talk · contribs ) - Sports:Tennis, WikiProject Banners, Navboxes Mlpearc ( talk · contribs ) MonkeyStolen234 ( talk · contribs ) - I have edited a few and created one and I want to make it official. Mr. Guye ( talk · contribs ) I edit templates frequently Mr. Yondris Ferguson ( talk · contribs ) - Just became a novice editor and I want to contribute more. Music1201 ( talk · contribs ) - creating templates, and adding TemplateData to commonly used templates Mycranthebigman ( talk · contribs ) - Yass, templates! Nanami-seven-three ( talk ) - I can built some templates and I can help categorize and list stuff! Nicky Nouse ( talk · contribs ) 24 January 2011 - I spend all my time on Wikia and know about template syntax. Nmajdan ( talk · contribs ) nsaa ( talk · contribs ) Paine Ellsworth ( talk · contribs ) Paulscrawl ( talk · contribs ) Hacked dozens of templates for work-related MediaWiki install years ago, somehow still in heavy use without me around or proper documentation. Learning better structured template development and documentation to leverage my contributions on Wikipedia. PC-XT ( talk · contribs ) varied knowledge, if I don't know something, I want to help find it out Pigsonthewing ( talk · contribs ) - Especially interested on the addition of microformats to templates (per the microformats project , reducing redundancy and standardising template-property nomenclature, to make life easier for editors. Also their accessibility Ringbang ( talk · contribs ) Robert Skyhawk ( talk · contribs ) RobinHood70 ( talk · contribs ) - I enjoy optimizing templates and adding new functionality. I also have a non-editing bot that can generate a list of all calls to a template with their parameters. Rubenerd ( talk · contribs ) Run my own MediaWiki install with custom templates; am fascinated by them! I help fix broken implementations and those using outdated/depracated syntax, particularly navboxes and infoboxes. Rursus ( talk · contribs ) Sam Sailor ( talk · contribs ) Satnam S Virdi ( talk · contribs ) Sdkb ( talk · contribs ) Skeezix1000 ( talk · contribs ) - Too many articles are infected with superfluous templates - want to help improve the good templates, reduce the number of ones that simply repeat what could be better accomplished by a category Sm8900 ( talk · contribs ) SMcCandlish ( talk · contribs ) SriramPGDLitt ( talk · contribs ) Srolanh ( talk · contribs ) Steel1943 ( talk · contribs ) - I've been creating and updating a lot of "/doc" pages lately... Technical 13 ( talk · contribs ) Terasail ( talk · contribs ) The Obento Musubi ( talk · contribs ) The Pancake of Heaven! ( talk · contribs ) - I enjoy making templates, I'll try to work on them some more. The Userboxer ( talk · contribs ) - I am available to help with more advanced functions like ParserFunctions, as well as more general HTML/wiki?CSS syntax. Tlustulimu ( talk · contribs ) UserboxMaker35 ( talk · contribs ) Unionhawk ( talk · contribs ) Vanisaac ( talk · contribs ) Probably should put my name down if I'm going to be answering questions on the talk page. VarunFEB2003 ( talk · contribs ) I adore templates! WikiCleanerMan ( talk · contribs ) Creator of the Unused Templates Task Force; here to help reorganize, better update, and create necessary templates. Willscrlt ( talk · contribs ) - Intermediate esoteric template developer. Xiphoid Vigour ( talk · contribs ) Yjenith ( talk · contribs ) - Handling parameters of the templates known to some extent. Major creations: {{ Twitter status }} and {{ Twitter trends }} . Young Lecturer ( talk · contribs ) Zenexer ( talk · contribs ) Open tasks Parts of this Wikipedia page (those related to this section) need to be updated . Please help update this Wikipedia page to reflect recent events or newly available information. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Template namespace Display all templates. A better organisation of templates into subpages. Navigation templates List all navigational templates. Make a good organisation of the page's sections, and consider splitting the page into topical subpages. Precise the location of each template (side or bottom). Create a good guideline that organise and maybe standardise the creation of navigational templates. Infobox templates List all infoboxes done, but needs keeping up-to-date; see Wikipedia:List of infoboxes done, but needs keeping up-to-date; see Wikipedia:List of infoboxes Make a good organisation of the page's sections, and consider spliting the page into topical subpages. replace direct transclusions of {{ Infobox }} with more specific templates. Country-referencing templates List all country-referencing templates, including countries and nations that no longer exist. Solving the issues on the used country codes and flags. Other Answer requests for comment Create requested templates Best template-related pages These pages are the best pages concerning lists of templates, and should be examples for other template-related pages. Image copyright tags : It's a complete list of all Image copyright tags, with a description of each template. In addition to a great categorisation and documentation of these tags. Stub types : Also a complete list of stub templates, well categorised, and with statistics. Templates Project banner {{ WikiProject Templates }} *deleted* (as of Jan 2010) see TfD discussion Restored with coding that bans categorization onto template talk pages unless it is shown that it is a maintenance template for other templates , which tend to be more important to the project. Internal links {{ tl }} and its redirect {{ template }} {{ tic }} {{ ti }} {{ lt }} {{ ltt }} {{ ttl }} (t=talk, l=links) {{ tlx }} Sandboxes {{ Template sandbox }} {{ x1 }} {{ x2 }} {{ x3 }} Guidelines Types Image copyright tags Manual of Style (infoboxes) Category:Infobox templates Category:Infobox templates Navigation templates Template messages Stub types Userboxes Wikipedia policies, guidelines and projects Guidelines Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Templates Wikipedia:High-risk templates Wikipedia:Taxobox usage Wikipedia:Template namespace Wikipedia:User page Projects Wikipedia:Infobox standardisation Wikipedia:Template limits Wikipedia:Template locations , ongoing survey Wikipedia:Template standardisation Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits Wikipedia:WikiProject Inline Templates Help pages Help:A quick guide to templates Help:Advanced templates Help:Template Help:Variable Meta-pages m:Help:A quick guide to templates m:Help:Advanced templates m:Help:Template m:Help:Variable Other proposals Wikipedia:Avoid using meta-templates (rejected) Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion/Proposal/T1 Wikipedia:Huge message boxes (rejected) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Proposal - a failed proposal Requests Wikipedia:Requested templates Wikipedia:Templates for discussion Category:Wikipedia template cleanup .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e WikiProject Council v t e General WikiProject Council Talk Guidelines WikiProjects Task forces Technical notes Dealing with inactive WikiProjects Assessment FAQ RfC Work via WikiProjects WikiProject Council Talk Talk Guidelines WikiProjects Task forces Technical notes Dealing with inactive WikiProjects WikiProjects Task forces Technical notes Dealing with inactive WikiProjects Assessment FAQ RfC Work via WikiProjects Directories and reports Directory Proposals Deletion Signpost Shortcuts Popular pages Database reports New Changes Watchers Directory Proposals Deletion Signpost Shortcuts Popular pages Database reports New Changes Watchers New Changes Watchers Culture and the arts Arts Music Performing Plastic Visual Broadcasting Crafts and hobbies Entertainment Games and toys Food and drink Internet culture Language and literature Biography Linguistics Media Philosophy and religion Sports Arts Music Performing Plastic Visual Music Performing Plastic Visual Broadcasting Crafts and hobbies Entertainment Games and toys Games and toys Food and drink Internet culture Language and literature Biography Linguistics Biography Linguistics Media Philosophy and religion Sports Geographical Bodies of water Cities Countries Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Landforms Maps Parks, conservation areas and historical sites Bodies of water Cities Countries Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Landforms Maps Parks, conservation areas and historical sites History and society History and society Business and economics Education Military and warfare Politics and government Transportation History and society Business and economics Education Military and warfare Politics and government Transportation Science, technology and engineering Science Biology Chemistry Economics Geosciences Information science Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Physics Space Technology Time Science Biology Chemistry Economics Geosciences Information science Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Physics Space Technology Time Wikipedia assistance and tasks Contents systems Maintenance Files Article improvement and grading Classroom projects WikiProjects Contents systems Maintenance Files Article improvement and grading Classroom projects WikiProjects v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ MassMessage delivery lists Active WikiProjects WikiProject Templates Namespace WikiProjects This page was last edited on 20 December 2025, at 01:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Templates
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Dimensions and planes of existence Toggle Dimensions and planes of existence subsection 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 2 Theoretical joint points Toggle Theoretical joint points subsection 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 3 The "problem of psychology" Toggle The "problem of psychology" subsection 3.1 Solution 3.1 Solution 4 Consciousness and human behavior 5 Toward the integration of human knowledge 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Tree of knowledge system العربية Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The tree of knowledge ( ToK ) system is a new [ when? ] map of Big History that traces cosmic evolution across four different planes of existence, identified as Matter, Life, Mind and Culture that are mapped respectively by the physical, biological, psychological and social domains of science. The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System was developed by Gregg Henriques , who is a professor and core faculty member in the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University . [ 1 ] The ToK System is part of a larger Unified Theory of Knowledge that Henriques describes as a consilient scientific humanistic philosophy for the 21st Century. The official Unified Theory of Knowledge website describes the ToK System as: [ 2 ] [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. The outline of the ToK System was first published in 2003 in Review of General Psychology . [ 3 ] Two special issues of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in December 2004 [ 4 ] and January 2005 [ 5 ] were devoted to the elaboration and evaluation of the model. In 2008, a special issue of Theory & Psychology [ 6 ] was devoted to the ToK System. In 2011, Henriques published A New Unified Theory of Psychology . That same year he also launched the blog Theory of Knowledge: A Unified Approach to Psychology and Philosophy on Psychology Today , which remains active. There is also a Theory Of Knowledge Society and discussion listserve that is devoted to discussing Henriques' work and other big picture viewpoints. In some ways, the ToK System reflects a fairly common hierarchy of nature and of the sciences that has been represented in one way or another since the time of Auguste Comte , who in the 19th century used a hierarchical conception of nature to argue for the existence of sociology. It also has clear parallels with Aristotle's conception of the scales of nature and the first four levels of the Great Chain of Being . Despite some overlap with a number of traditional schemes, the ToK System is properly thought of as a new theory of both ontic reality and our scientific knowledge of that reality. One of the most important and salient features of the Tree of Knowledge is how it represents reality as consisting of four different planes of existence. The theory is that, following Matter, Life, Mind and Culture each represent complex adaptive landscapes that are organized and mediated by novel emergent information processing and communication systems. Specifically, DNA/RNA store information that is processed by cells which then engage in intercellular communication to create the plane of existence called Life. Similarly, the brain and nervous system store and process information in animals which then engage in communication networks on the complex adaptive plane called Mind. Finally, linguistic storage and processing and communication between human beings generates the emergence of the Culture-Person plane of existence. The separable planes of existence or dimension of complexity argument is one of the most crucial aspects of the system. Many have argued nature is hierarchically leveled; for example, a list of such levels might be subatomic particles , atoms , molecules , cells , organ structures, multi-celled organisms, consciousness , and society is common. The ToK System embraces a view of nature as levels, but adds the notion that there are also separable dimensions of complexity . The difference becomes particularly clear in the extension of the ToK System into the Periodic Table of Behavior . The Periodic Table of Behavior (PTB) shows that natural science can be arranged in terms of the four fundamental dimensions (i.e., matter, life, mind, and culture) and three fundamental levels of analysis (i.e., part, whole, group). The PTB also demonstrates that behavior is a central concept in science. Epistemologically, natural scientists view the world via a third person behavioral lens. Ontologically, science is about mapping different kinds of behaviors that take place in nature at various levels and dimensions of analysis. The second central insight of the ToK System is that it shows how natural science is a particular kind of justification system that emerges out of Culture based on novel methods and specific epistemological commitments and assumptions (i.e., an exterior view point, quantification and experimentation). This epistemology and methodology functions to justify scientific ontology, which in turn maps the ontic reality. Specifically, the domains of the physical, biological, (basic) psychological and social sciences map the ontic dimensions of matter, life, mind and culture. The Periodic Table of Behavior further shows how science is a justification system that is arranged to map behavioral frequencies at different dimensions of complexity and levels of analysis. Dimensions and planes of existence This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Matter/Object — Physical sciences The dimension of matter refers to the set of material objects and their behaviors through time. In accordance with modern cosmology , matter is theorized to have emerged from a pure energy singularity at the Big Bang . Space and time were also born at such a point. Nonliving material objects range in complexity from subatomic particles to large organic molecules. The physical sciences (i.e., physics , chemistry , geology, astronomy ) describe the behavior of material objects. [ 3 ] Life/Organism — Biological sciences The dimension of life refers to organisms and their behaviors through time. Living objects are considered a unique subset of material objects. Just as quantum particles form the fundamental units of material complexity, genes are the fundamental units of living information. Although many questions about the emergence of life remain unanswered, in accordance with modern biology, the ToK posits that natural selection operating on genetic combinations through time is the unified theory of biology and forms the foundational understanding for the emergence of organic complexity. [ 3 ] Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences Mind/cognition in the ToK system refers to the set of mental behaviors. Mental behaviors are behaviors of animals mediated by the nervous system that produce a functional effect on the animal-environment relationship. As such, Mind/cognition is essentially synonymous with what behavioral psychologists have meant when they use the term behavior. Thus, a fly avoiding a fly swatter, a rat pushing a bar or a human getting a drink of water are all mental behaviors. Mind is not synonymous with sentience or the capacity for mental experience, although such processes are presumed to emerge in the mental/cognitive dimension. Cognition , in the broad sense of the term is meaning bodily-neuro-social information processing, as in EEEE Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, Extended. While cognitive science stands for naturalist study of mind, psychology is an approach grounded in the tradition of humanities, especially philosophy. Thus, by defining mind as mental behavior, Henriques argues that the ToK System provides a way to bridge the epistemological differences between cognitive and behavioral science . [ 3 ] Henriques argues that comparative psychology , ethology, and (animal) cognitive behavioral neuroscience should all be thought of as parts of the discipline that maps the animal-mental domain. Culture/Person — Human social sciences Culture in the ToK system refers to the set of sociolinguistic behaviors, which range from large scale nation states to individual human justifications for particular actions. Just as genetic information processing is associated with the Life dimension and neuronal information processing associated with the Mind dimension, symbolic information processing emerges with the Cultural dimension. [ 3 ] Henriques argues that human cognitive science, human psychology and the social sciences (i.e., anthropology, sociology, political science, and economics) work to map this domain. Theoretical joint points Quantum gravity Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are quantum mechanics , the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and general relativity , the science of the macroscopic (e.g., galaxies ). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical Theory of Everything , yet progress is being made, most notably through string theory , loop quantum gravity , black hole thermodynamics and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe. The modern synthesis The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with natural selection which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well-substantiated joint point. Behavioral investment theory Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of behaviorism with the information science of cognitive neuroscience that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and ontogenetically through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of phylogeny and ontogeny . A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain-behavior paradigms: (1) cognitive science ; (2) behavioral science ; (3) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4) neuroscience; and (5) cybernetics / systems theory . David C. Geary noted the similarities between his "motive-to-control" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model "seem[ed] to fill in many of the proximate mechanisms and evolutionary pressures that define the life-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind-culture joint point." [ 7 ] Justification systems theory The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the "question-answer" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others. JUST consists of three key postulates: The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1) analytically true and what is (2) good for the group and (3) good for the individual. The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1) experiential; (2) private narrator; and (3) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains. The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems. The "problem of psychology" The ToK System emerged as a consequence of Henriques wrestling with what he calls "the problem of psychology". Henriques argues that the most difficult problem in psychology as a discipline is that while there is incredible diversity offered by different approaches to psychology, and there is no consensus model of what psychology actually is. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Specifically, Henriques argues that the field lacks a clear definition, an agreed upon subject matter, and a coherent conceptual framework . The problem has been long standing, identified as the "crisis" by Lev Vygotsky in the mid 1920s. Henriques further argues that the patent tendency of psychology has been toward theoretical and substantial fragmentation and increasing insularity among the "specialties." In other words, the discipline has fragmented into different schools of thought and methodology, with no overall framework to interpret and integrate the research of different areas. At its best, the different approaches are a strength of psychology; different approaches lead to novel ideas, and prevent psychologists from clinging to a paradigm that fails to explain a phenomenon. At its worst, adherents of one particular school cling to their beliefs concerning the relative importance of their research and disregard or are ignorant of different approaches. In most cases, individual psychologists have to determine for themselves which elements of which perspective to apply, and how to integrate them into their overall understanding. Henriques argues that the problem of psychology is a central feature of modern knowledge systems. In A New Unified Theory of Psychology , he described it as follows: The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The reason for psychology's fragmentation, according to the ToK System, is that there has been no meta-theoretical frame that allows scholars to agree on the basic questions that need to be addressed. As such, the different schools of thought in psychology are like the blind men who each grab a part of the elephant and proclaim they have discovered its true nature. With its novel depiction of evolving dimensions of complexity, the ToK allows scholars finally to see the elephant. In his 2003 Review of General Psychology paper, [ 8 ] Henriques used the ToK System with the attempt to clarify and align the views of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud . These luminaries were chosen because when one considers their influence and historical opposition, it can readily be argued that they represent two schools of thought that are the most difficult to integrate. Henriques used the meta-perspective offered by the ToK to argue how one can retain the key insights from each school of thought, identify errors and points of confusion, and integrate the insights into a coherent whole. Cultural and personality psychologist, Michael Katzko, [ 10 ] however critiques Henriques' position on "the problem of psychology": There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] Solution The problem of psychology, according to the ToK, is its conceptual incoherence, which Henriques identifies by the following: When the various conceptions of psychology (e.g., behavioral, humanistic, cognitive) are viewed through the lens of the ToK System, psychology spans two different dimensions of complexity: the mental and the cultural. In other words, the discipline has historically spanned two fundamentally separate problems: If, as previously thought, nature simply consisted of levels of complexity, psychology would not be crisply defined in relationship to biology or the social sciences. And, indeed, it is frequently suggested that psychology exists in an amorphous space between biology and the social sciences. However, with its dimension of complexity depiction, the ToK System suggests that psychology can be crisply defined as the science of mind, which is the third dimension of complexity. Furthermore, because human behavior exists in the fourth dimension, psychology must be divided into two broad scientific domains of Psychological formalism is defined as the science of mind and corresponds to the behavior of animal objects. Human psychology is considered to be a unique subset of psychological formalism that deals with human behavior at the level of the individual. Because human behavior is immersed in the larger socio-cultural context (level four in the ToK System), human psychology is considered a hybrid discipline that merges the pure science of psychology with the social sciences. It is important to point out that there are other disciplines the ToK System would classify as “hybrids.” Molecular genetics, for example, is a hybrid between chemistry and biology and neuroscience is a hybrid between biology and psychology. As with Henriques' proposed conception of human psychology, both of these disciplines adopt an object level perspective (molecular and cellular, respectively) on phenomena that simultaneously exist as part of meta-level system processes (life and mind, respectively). [ 9 ] Though David A. F. Haaga "congratulate[d] Dr. Henriques' ambitious, scholarly, provocative paper", and "found the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy, the theoretical joint points, the evolutionary history, and the levels of emergent properties highly illuminating", he asks the rhetorical questions, If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] In a similar vein, Scott O. Lilienfeld, who described Henriques' effort as "thoughtful", contended that psychology is "an inherently fuzzy concept that resists precise definition" and that "attempts to define psychology [would be] likely to hamper rather than foster consilience across disciplines". Lilienfield went on further to suggest that the scientist-practitioner gap in psychology lies not in definitional issues, but in different "epistemic attitudes" between these two groups. He stated that scientists have an epistemic attitude of empiricism , (where questions regarding human nature are settled by scientific evidence), and that practitioners have an epistemic attitude of romanticism , (where questions of human nature are settled by intuition). Lilienfeld suggested that the solution to the scientist-practitioner gulf isn't definitional, but in "train[ing] future clinical scientists to appreciate the proper places of romanticism and empiricism within science". [ 13 ] Consciousness and human behavior A frequent question and point of confusion in the ToK System is the definition and meaning of consciousness . As mentioned above, mind is not synonymous with consciousness. And, to understand consciousness from a ToK vantage point, it is crucial to recognize that the term is often ambiguous in its meaning. Two primary meanings are sentience , which is the capacity for mental experience and self-awareness , which is the capacity to be aware of one's awareness. Sentience is conceptualized as a "level 3" phenomenon, possessed by many animals other than humans and is defined as a "perceived" electro-neuro-chemical representation of animal-environment relations. The ingredient of neurological behavior that allows for the emergence of mental experience is considered the "hard" problem of consciousness and the ToK System does not address this question explicitly. In contrast, through the Justification Hypothesis (see below), the ToK System involves a very direct analysis of the other issue of consciousness, that of self-awareness . Another frequent question that is raised is "Where does individual human behavior fall on the ToK?" To analyze human behavior from the context of the ToK, one uses the ToK like a prism to separate the dimensions of behavior into physiochemical, biogenetic, neuropsychological and sociolinguistic. Thus if we imagine a conversation between a husband and wife as follows: Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” The words represent the sociolinguistic dimension and are understood as a function of justification. Justification systems are seen both at the level of individual, micro-social and societal (i.e., the context of justification in which men work and women stay at home). The actions of the husband and wife in terms of facial expression , body movement, etc. are seen as the mental dimension and are understood as a function of behavioral investment. The physiological make up of the organ systems and cells of each body is seen as the biogenetic dimension. Finally, the position, temperature, molecular make up is seen as the physiochemical dimension. Each of the more basic dimensions represent conditions of possibility that allow for the emergence of the higher dimension of process. Thus, insufficient oxygen disrupts organic processes which in turn renders neuropsychological and sociolinguistic processes impossible. Toward the integration of human knowledge As stated above, the ToK System proposes a new epistemology with the goal of moving academic knowledge toward what E.O. Wilson termed consilience . Consilience is the interlocking of fact and theory into a coherent, holistic view of knowledge. Henriques argues that the ToK affords new perspectives on how knowledge is obtained because it depicts how science emerges from culture and that the four dimensions of complexity correspond to four broad classes of science: the physical, biological, psychological and social sciences. Henriques further argues that developing such a system for integrating knowledge is not just an academic enterprise. He suggests that in an increasingly complex world, the fragmented state of knowledge can be seen as one of the most pressing social problems of our time. Henriques also believes that history seems to attest that the absence of a collective worldview ostensibly condemns humanity to an endless series of conflicts that inevitably stem from incompatible, partially correct, locally situated justification systems. Thus, from Henriques' perspective, there are good reasons for believing that if there was a shared, general background of explanation, humanity might be able to achieve much greater levels of harmonious relations. In a 2008 article on the ToK, [ 14 ] Henriques cites Oliver Reiser 's 1958 call for unifying scientific knowledge that Henriques implies is similar in theme to the ToK: With its depiction of the dimensions of complexity and interlocking theoretical joint points, Henriques' believes that his ToK System offers new avenues that might allow scholars to meet Reiser’s call for academic synthesis. Henriques, like Reiser, believes that with a shared sense of purpose and a common background of explanation, people might yet be able to integrate bodies of knowledge into a unified interpretation of humanity, with humanity's place in nature and its potentialities for creating the good society. See also Tree of knowledge (philosophy) by René Descartes Tinbergen's four questions Behavioral repertoire Consilience Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Descriptive psychology General System Theory Psychological behaviorism Social meaning-making The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution – 1959 book by C. P. Snow Unified theory of cognition Unity of science Metasystem transition References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " "About Me" section of the ToK System website" . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . ^ " "The Tree of Knowledge System" section of the 8 key ideas in the Unified Theory of Knowledge website" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ a b c d e Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 1): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 60, No 12" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 2): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 61, No 1" . Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Theory & Psychology - Volume 18, Number 6, Dec 01, 2008" . Sage Journals . ^ Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2003). The tree of knowledge system and the theoretical unification of psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. ^ Homepage of Michael Katzko ^ Katzko, M. W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology , 18, 817–828. Abstract ^ Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. ^ Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. ^ Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Final draft ^ Reiser, O.L. (1958). The integration of human knowledge. Boston: Porter Sargent. Bibliography Anchin, J.C. (2008). The critical role of the dialectic in viable metatheory: A commentary on Henriques' Tree of Knowledge System for integrating human knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 801–816. Full text Calhoun, L.G. (2004). The unification of psychology: A noble quest. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60, 1283–1289. Abstract Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. Full text Gilbert, P. (2004). A much needed macro level view: A commentary on Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1223–1226. Full text Goertzen, J.R. (2008). On the possibility of unification: The reality and nature of the crisis in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18, 829–852. Full text Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. Full text Hayes, S.C. (2004). Taxonomy as a contextualist views it. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1231–1236. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). A new vision for the field: Introduction to the second special issue on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61, 3–6. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). Toward a useful mass movement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 121–139. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. Full text Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Henriques, G.R. (2004). The development of the unified theory and the future of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 39, 16–21. Final draft Henriques, G.R., & Cobb, H.C. (2004). Introduction to the special issues on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1203–1205. Full text Henriques, G.R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Unified professional psychology: Implications for combined-integrated doctoral training programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1051–1063. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. Full text Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Henriques, G.R. (2002). The harmful dysfunction analysis and the differentiation between mental disorder and disease. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 1, 157–173. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2000). Depression: Disease or behavioral shutdown mechanism? Journal of Science and Health Policy, 1, 152–165. Full text Jones, R. (2005). From that dirty little science grows a Tree of Knowledge. The Madison, 1, 36–45. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 817–828. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2004). Psychology's dilemma: An institutional neurosis? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1237–1242. Full text Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Unity within psychology, and unity between science and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1243–1247. Full text Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. Full text Mayer, J.D. (2004). How does psychotherapy influence personality? A theoretical integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1291–1315. Full text Presbury, J. (2004). Rooting the tree of knowledge: A response to Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1255–1258. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2008). Theoretical unification as a practical project: Kant and the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 757–777. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2005). Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 67–80. Full text Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rand, K.L., & Ilardi, S.S. (2005). Toward a consilient science of psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 7–20. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2008). Religion as a large-scale justification system: Does the Justification Hypothesis explain animistic attribution? Theory & Psychology, 18, 779–799. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2006). Durkheim's aphorism, the Justification Hypothesis, and the nature of social facts. Sociological Viewpoints, fall issue, 57–70. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2005). From mirror self-recognition to the looking glass self: Exploring the justification hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 47–65 . Full text Shealy, C.N. (2005). Justifying the justification hypothesis: Scientific-humanism, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 81–106. Full text Slife, B. (2005). Testing the limits of Henriques' proposal: Wittgensteinian lessons and hermenuetic dialogue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 107–120. Full text Stam, H.J. (2004). Unifying psychology: Epistemological act or disciplinary maneuver? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1259–1262. Full text Stanovich, K.E. (2004). Metarepresentation and the great cognitive divide: A commentary on Henriques' "Psychology Defined". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1263–1266. Full text Stricker, G. (2004). The unification of psychology and psychological organizations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1267–1269. Full text Vazire, S., & Robins, R.W. (2004). Beyond the Justification Hypothesis: A Broader Theory of the Evolution of Self-Consciousness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1271–1273. Full text Viney, W. (2004). Pluralism in the sciences is not easily dismissed. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1275–1278. Full text Yanchar, S.C. (2004). Some discontents with theoretical unification. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1279–1281. Full text External links The Official Tree of Knowledge Website Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques at the Psychology Wiki This page uses content from the English-language version of Psychology Wiki . The original article was at Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . The text of both The Psychology Wiki and Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License . Science studies Systems Systems theory Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2020 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2022 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2023 Articles needing additional references from April 2024 All articles needing additional references This page was last edited on 5 November 2025, at 05:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_system#Consciousness_and_human_behavior
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Enigma machine 3 Solving the wiring Toggle Solving the wiring subsection 3.1 French help 3.1 French help 4 Solving daily settings Toggle Solving daily settings subsection 4.1 Early methods 4.2 Bomba and sheets 4.3 Allies informed 4.1 Early methods 4.2 Bomba and sheets 4.3 Allies informed 5 In France and Britain Toggle In France and Britain subsection 5.1 PC Bruno 5.2 Cadix 5.3 Escaping France 5.4 Britain 5.1 PC Bruno 5.2 Cadix 5.3 Escaping France 5.4 Britain 6 Back in Poland 7 Recognition 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Marian Rejewski العربية Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Latviešu La .lojban. مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Marian Rejewski Rejewski, c. 1932 Born Marian Adam Rejewski ( 1905-08-16 ) 16 August 1905 Bromberg , German Empire (now Bydgoszcz , Poland) Died 13 February 1980 (1980-02-13) (aged 74) Warsaw , Poland Occupations Mathematician and cryptologist Known for Solving the Enigma-machine cipher Awards .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Order of Polonia Restituta , Grand Cross [ 1 ] War Medal 1939–1945 [ 2 ] Knowlton Award [ 3 ] IEEE Milestone Award. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Order of Polonia Restituta , Grand Cross [ 1 ] War Medal 1939–1945 [ 2 ] Knowlton Award [ 3 ] IEEE Milestone Award. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Signature The Enigma cipher machine Enigma machine Enigma rotors Enigma rotors Breaking Enigma Polish Cipher Bureau Doubles Grill Clock Cyclometer Bomba Zygalski sheets Bletchley Park Banburismus Herivel tip Crib Bombe Hut 3 Hut 4 Hut 6 Hut 8 PC Bruno Cadix Polish Cipher Bureau Doubles Grill Clock Cyclometer Bomba Zygalski sheets Doubles Grill Clock Cyclometer Bomba Zygalski sheets Bletchley Park Banburismus Herivel tip Crib Bombe Hut 3 Hut 4 Hut 6 Hut 8 Banburismus Herivel tip Crib Bombe Hut 3 Hut 4 Hut 6 Hut 8 PC Bruno Cadix Related Ultra Ultra .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Marian Adam Rejewski ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Polish: [ˈmarjan rɛˈjɛfskʲi] ⓘ ; 16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who in late 1932 reconstructed the sight-unseen German military Enigma cipher machine , aided by limited documents obtained by French military intelligence . Over the next nearly seven years, Rejewski and fellow mathematician-cryptologists Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski , working at the Polish General Staff 's Cipher Bureau , developed techniques and equipment for decrypting the Enigma ciphers, even as the Germans introduced modifications to their Enigma machines and encryption procedures. Rejewski's contributions included the cryptologic card catalog and the cryptologic bomb . Five weeks before the outbreak of World War II in Europe , the Poles shared their achievements with French and British counterparts who had made no progress, enabling Britain to begin reading German Enigma ciphers. The intelligence gained by the British from Enigma decrypts formed part of what they code-named Ultra and contributed—perhaps decisively—to the defeat of Nazi Germany . [ Note 1 ] Soon after the outbreak of war, the Polish cryptologists were evacuated to France, where they continued breaking Enigma ciphers. After the fall of France in June 1940, they and their support staff were evacuated to Algeria in North Africa; a few months later, they resumed work clandestinely in southern Vichy France . After the Vichy "Free Zone" was occupied by Nazi Germany in November 1942, Rejewski and Zygalski escaped via Spain (and Spanish imprisonment), Portugal, and Gibraltar to Britain. There they enlisted in the Polish Armed Forces and were put to work solving low-grade German ciphers . After the war, Rejewski returned to Poland and his family. For two decades he remained silent about his prewar and wartime work so as to avoid the attention of Poland's Soviet-dominated government . In 1967 he broke his silence, providing Poland's Military Historical Institute his memoirs of work at the Cipher Bureau. Early life Marian Rejewski was born 16 August 1905 in Bromberg in the Prussian Province of Posen (now Bydgoszcz , Poland) [ 8 ] to Józef and Matylda, née Thoms. [ 9 ] After completing secondary school, he studied mathematics at Poznań University 's Mathematics Institute, housed in Poznań Castle . [ 10 ] In 1929, shortly before graduating from university, Rejewski began attending a secret cryptology course which opened on 15 January, [ 11 ] organized for select German-speaking mathematics students by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau with the help of the Mathematics Institute's Professor Zdzisław Krygowski . The course was conducted off-campus at a military facility [ 12 ] and, as Rejewski would discover in France in 1939, "was entirely and literally based" on a 1925 book by French colonel Marcel Givierge [ fr ] , Cours de cryptographie (Cryptography Course). [ 13 ] Rejewski and fellow students Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki were among the few who could keep up with the course while balancing the demands of their normal studies. [ 14 ] On 1 March 1929, Rejewski graduated with a Master of Philosophy degree in mathematics. [ 15 ] A few weeks after graduating, and without having completed the Cipher Bureau's cryptology course, he began the first year of a two-year actuarial statistics course at Göttingen , Germany. He did not complete the statistics course, because while home for the summer of 1930, he accepted an offer, from Professor Krygowski, of a mathematics teaching assistantship at Poznań University. [ 16 ] He also began working part-time for the Cipher Bureau, which by then had set up an outpost at Poznań to decrypt intercepted German radio messages. [ 16 ] Rejewski worked some twelve hours a week near the Mathematics Institute in an underground vault referred to puckishly as the "Black Chamber". [ 17 ] The Poznań branch of the Cipher Bureau was disbanded in the summer of 1932. In Warsaw, on 1 September 1932, Rejewski, Zygalski, and Różycki joined the Cipher Bureau as civilian employees working at the General Staff building (the Saxon Palace ). [ 18 ] Their first assignment was to solve a four-letter code used by the Kriegsmarine (German Navy). Progress was initially slow, but sped up after a test exchange—consisting of a six-group signal, followed by a four-group response—was intercepted. The cryptologists guessed correctly that the first signal was the question, "When was Frederick the Great born?" followed by the response, "1712." [ 19 ] On 20 June 1934 Rejewski married Irena Maria Lewandowska, daughter of a prosperous dentist. The couple eventually had two children: a son, Andrzej (Andrew), born in 1936; and a daughter, Janina (Joan), born in 1939. Janina would later become a mathematician like her father. [ 20 ] Enigma machine The Enigma machine was an electromechanical device, equipped with a 26-letter keyboard and 26 lamps, corresponding to the letters of the alphabet. Inside was a set of wired drums ( rotors and a reflector ) that scrambled the input. The machine used a plugboard to swap pairs of letters, and the encipherment varied from one key press to the next. [ 21 ] For two operators to communicate, both Enigma machines had to be set up in the same way. The large number of possibilities for setting the rotors and the plugboard combined to form an astronomical number of configurations, and the settings were changed daily, [ Note 2 ] so the machine code had to be "broken" anew each day. [ 23 ] Before 1932, the Cipher Bureau had succeeded in solving an earlier Enigma machine that functioned without a plugboard, [ Note 3 ] but had been unsuccessful with the Enigma I , a new standard German cipher machine that was coming into widespread use. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In late October or early November 1932, the head of the Cipher Bureau's German section, Captain Maksymilian Ciężki , tasked Rejewski to work alone on the German Enigma I machine for a couple of hours per day; Rejewski was not to tell his colleagues what he was doing. [ 25 ] Solving the wiring To decrypt Enigma messages, three pieces of information were needed: (1) a general understanding of how Enigma functioned; (2) the wiring of the rotors; and (3) the daily settings (the sequence and orientations of the rotors, and the plug connections on the plugboard). Rejewski had only the first at his disposal, based on information already acquired by the Cipher Bureau. [ 23 ] First Rejewski tackled the problem of discovering the wiring of the rotors. To do this, according to historian David Kahn , he pioneered the use of pure mathematics in cryptanalysis . [ 27 ] Previous methods had largely exploited linguistic patterns and the statistics of natural-language texts— letter-frequency analysis . Rejewski applied techniques from group theory —theorems about permutations —in his attack on Enigma. These mathematical techniques, combined with material supplied by Gustave Bertrand , [ Note 4 ] chief of French radio intelligence, enabled him to reconstruct the internal wirings of the machine's rotors and nonrotating reflector. "The solution", writes Kahn, "was Rejewski's own stunning achievement, one that elevates him to the pantheon of the greatest cryptanalysts of all time." [ 29 ] Rejewski used a mathematical theorem —that two permutations are conjugate if and only if they have the same cycle structure—that mathematics professor and Cryptologia co-editor Cipher A. Deavours describes as "the theorem that won World War II". [ 30 ] Before receiving the French intelligence material, Rejewski had made a careful study of Enigma messages, particularly of the first six letters of messages intercepted on a single day. [ 25 ] For security, each message was encrypted using different starting positions of the rotors, as selected by the operator. This message setting was three letters long. To convey it to the receiving operator, the sending operator began the message by sending the message setting in a disguised form—a six-letter indicator . The indicator was formed using the Enigma with its rotors set to a common global setting for that day, termed the ground setting , which was shared by all operators. [ 31 ] The particular way that the indicator was constructed introduced a weakness into the cipher. [ 32 ] For example, suppose the operator chose the message setting .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace} KYG for a message. The operator would first set the Enigma's rotors to the ground setting, which might be GBL on that particular day, and then encrypt the message setting on the Enigma twice ; that is, the operator would enter KYGKYG (which might come out to something like QZKBLX ). The operator would then reposition the rotors at KYG , and encrypt the actual message. A receiving operator could reverse the process to recover first the message setting, then the message itself. The repetition of the message setting was apparently meant as an error check to detect garbles, but it had the unforeseen effect of greatly weakening the cipher. Due to the indicator's repetition of the message setting, Rejewski knew that, in the plaintext of the indicator, the first and fourth letters were the same, the second and fifth were the same, and the third and sixth were the same. These relations could be exploited to break into the cipher. [ 31 ] Rejewski studied these related pairs of letters. For example, if there were four messages that had the following indicators on the same day: BJGTDN , LIFBAB , ETULZR , TFREII , then by looking at the first and fourth letters of each set, he knew that certain pairs of letters were related. B was related to T , L was related to B , E was related to L , and T was related to E : ( B , T ), ( L , B ), ( E , L ), and ( T , E ). If he had enough different messages to work with, he could build entire sequences of relationships: the letter B was related to T , which was related to E , which was related to L , which was related to B (see diagram). This was a "cycle of 4", since it took four jumps until it got back to the start letter. Another cycle on the same day might be A → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } F → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } W → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } A , or a "cycle of 3". If there were enough messages on a given day, all the letters of the alphabet might be covered by a number of different cycles of various sizes. The cycles would be consistent for one day, and then would change to a different set of cycles the next day. Similar analysis could be done on the 2nd and 5th letters, and the 3rd and 6th, identifying the cycles in each case and the number of steps in each cycle. [ 33 ] Enigma operators also had a tendency to choose predictable letter combinations as indicators, such as girlfriends' initials or a pattern of keys that they saw on the Enigma keyboard. These became known to the allies as "Cillies" ("Sillies" misspelled). Using the data thus gained from the study of cycles and the use of predictable indicators, Rejewski was able to deduce six permutations corresponding to the encipherment at six consecutive positions of the Enigma machine. These permutations could be described by six equations with various unknowns, representing the wiring within the entry drum, rotors, reflector, and plugboard. [ 34 ] French help At this point, Rejewski ran into difficulties due to the large number of unknowns in the set of equations that he had developed. He would later comment in 1980 that it was still not known whether such a set of six equations was solvable without further data. [ 35 ] But he was assisted by cryptographic documents that Section D of French military intelligence (the Deuxième Bureau ), under future General Gustave Bertrand , had obtained and passed on to the Polish Cipher Bureau. The documents, procured from a spy in the German Cryptographic Service, Hans-Thilo Schmidt , included the Enigma settings for the months of September and October 1932. About 9 or 10 December 1932, [ 36 ] [ Note 5 ] the documents were given to Rejewski. They enabled him to reduce the number of unknowns and solve the wirings of the rotors and reflector. [ 38 ] There was another obstacle to overcome, however. The military Enigma had been modified from the commercial Enigma, of which Rejewski had had an actual example to study. In the commercial machine, the keys were connected to the entry drum in German keyboard order (" QWERTZU ..."). However, in the military Enigma, the connections had instead been wired in alphabetical order: "ABCDEF..." This new wiring sequence foiled British cryptologists working on Enigma, who dismissed the "ABCDEF..." wiring as too obvious. Rejewski, perhaps guided by an intuition about a German fondness for order, simply guessed that the wiring was the normal alphabetic ordering. He later recalled that, after he had made this assumption, "from my pencil, as by magic, began to issue numbers designating the connections in rotor N . Thus the connections in one rotor, the right-hand rotor, were finally known." [ 35 ] The settings provided by French Intelligence covered two months that straddled a changeover period for the rotor ordering. A different rotor happened to be in the right-hand position for the second month, and so the wirings of two rotors could be recovered by the same method. [ Note 6 ] Rejewski later recalled: "Finding the [wiring] in the third [rotor], and especially... in the [reflector], now presented no great difficulties. Likewise there were no difficulties with determining the correct torsion of the [rotors'] side walls with respect to each other, or the moments when the left and middle drums turned." By year's end 1932, the wirings of all three rotors and the reflector had been recovered. A sample message in an Enigma instruction manual, providing a plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext produced using a stated daily key and message key, helped clarify some remaining details. [ 35 ] There has been speculation as to whether the rotor wirings could have been solved without the documents supplied by French Intelligence. Rejewski recalled in 1980 that another way had been found that could have been used to solve the wirings, but that the method was "imperfect and tedious" and relied on chance. In 2005, mathematician John Lawrence claimed that it would have taken four years for this method to have had a reasonable likelihood of success. [ 39 ] Rejewski had earlier written that "the conclusion is that the intelligence material furnished to us should be regarded as having been decisive to solution of the machine." [ 35 ] Solving daily settings After Rejewski had determined the wiring in the remaining rotors, he was joined in early 1933 by Różycki and Zygalski in devising methods and equipment to break Enigma ciphers routinely. Rejewski later recalled: Now we had the machine, but we didn't have the keys and we couldn't very well require Bertrand to keep on supplying us with the keys every month ... The situation had reversed itself: before, we'd had the keys but we hadn't had the machine—we solved the machine; now we had the machine but we didn't have the keys. We had to work out methods to find the daily keys. [ 40 ] Now we had the machine, but we didn't have the keys and we couldn't very well require Bertrand to keep on supplying us with the keys every month ... The situation had reversed itself: before, we'd had the keys but we hadn't had the machine—we solved the machine; now we had the machine but we didn't have the keys. We had to work out methods to find the daily keys. [ 40 ] Early methods A number of methods and devices had to be invented in response to continual improvements in German operating procedure and to the Enigma machine itself. The earliest method for reconstructing daily keys was the " grill ", based on the fact that the plugboard's connections exchanged only six pairs of letters, leaving fourteen letters unchanged. [ 22 ] Next was Różycki's " clock " method, which sometimes made it possible to determine which rotor was at the right-hand side of the Enigma machine on a given day. [ 41 ] After 1 October 1936, German procedure changed, and the number of plugboard connections became variable, ranging between five and eight. As a result, the grill method became considerably less effective. [ 22 ] However, a method using a card catalog had been devised around 1934 or 1935, and was independent of the number of plug connections. The catalog was constructed using Rejewski's " cyclometer ", a special-purpose device for creating a catalog of permutations. Once the catalog was complete, the permutation could be looked up in the catalog, yielding the Enigma rotor settings for that day. [ 22 ] The cyclometer comprised two sets of Enigma rotors, and was used to determine the length and number of cycles of the permutations that could be generated by the Enigma machine. Even with the cyclometer, preparing the catalog was a long and difficult task. Each position of the Enigma machine (there were 17,576 positions) had to be examined for each possible sequence of rotors (there were 6 possible sequences); therefore, the catalog comprised 105,456 entries. Preparation of the catalog took over a year, but when it was ready about 1935, it made obtaining daily keys a matter of 12–20 minutes. [ 22 ] [ 42 ] However, on 1 or 2 November 1937, the Germans replaced the reflector in their Enigma machines, which meant that the entire catalog had to be recalculated from scratch. [ 22 ] Nonetheless, by January 1938 the Cipher Bureau's German section was reading a remarkable 75% of Enigma intercepts, and according to Rejewski, with a minimal increase in personnel this could have been increased to 90%. [ 43 ] Bomba and sheets In 1937 Rejewski, along with the German section of the Cipher Bureau, transferred to a secret facility near Pyry in the Kabaty Woods south of Warsaw. On 15 September 1938, the Germans introduced new rules for enciphering message keys (a new "indicator procedure"), making the Poles' earlier techniques obsolete. [ Note 7 ] The Polish cryptanalysts rapidly responded with new techniques. One was Rejewski's bomba , an electrically powered aggregate of six Enigmas, which solved the daily keys within about two hours. Six bomba s were built and were ready for use by mid-November 1938. [ 46 ] The bomba exploited the fact that the plugboard connections did not affect all the letters; therefore, when another change to German operating procedure occurred on 1 January 1939, increasing the number of plugboard connections, the usefulness of the bomba s was greatly reduced. The British bombe , the main tool that would be used to break Enigma messages during World War II, would be named after, and likely inspired by, the Polish bomba , though the cryptologic methods embodied in the two machines were different. [ 47 ] Around the same time as Rejewski's bomba , a manual method was invented by Henryk Zygalski, that of " perforated sheets " ("Zygalski sheets"), which was independent of the number of plugboard connections. Rejewski describes the construction of the Zygalski mechanism and its manipulation: Fairly thick paper sheets, lettered "a" through "z", were prepared for all twenty-six possible positions of rotor L [the left-hand Enigma rotor] and a square was drawn on each sheet, divided into 51 by 51 smaller squares. The sides, top, and bottom of each large square (it could as well be a rectangle) were lettered "a" through "z" and then again "a" through "y". This was, as it were, a system of coordinates in which the abscissas and ordinates marked successive possible positions of rotors M [the middle Enigma rotor] and N [the right-hand Enigma rotor], and each little square marked permutations , with or without constant points, corresponding to those positions. Cases with constant points were perforated. [ 48 ] [E]ach constant point had to be perforated as many as four times. [...] When the sheets were superposed and moved in the proper sequence and the proper manner with respect to each other, in accordance with a [precisely] defined program, the number of visible apertures gradually decreased. And, if a sufficient quantity of data was available, there finally remained a single aperture, probably corresponding to the right case, that is, to the solution. From the position of the aperture one could calculate the order of the rotors, the setting of their rings, and, by comparing the letters of the cipher keys with the letters in the machine, likewise permutation S; in other words, the entire cipher key. [ 49 ] Fairly thick paper sheets, lettered "a" through "z", were prepared for all twenty-six possible positions of rotor L [the left-hand Enigma rotor] and a square was drawn on each sheet, divided into 51 by 51 smaller squares. The sides, top, and bottom of each large square (it could as well be a rectangle) were lettered "a" through "z" and then again "a" through "y". This was, as it were, a system of coordinates in which the abscissas and ordinates marked successive possible positions of rotors M [the middle Enigma rotor] and N [the right-hand Enigma rotor], and each little square marked permutations , with or without constant points, corresponding to those positions. Cases with constant points were perforated. [ 48 ] [E]ach constant point had to be perforated as many as four times. [...] When the sheets were superposed and moved in the proper sequence and the proper manner with respect to each other, in accordance with a [precisely] defined program, the number of visible apertures gradually decreased. And, if a sufficient quantity of data was available, there finally remained a single aperture, probably corresponding to the right case, that is, to the solution. From the position of the aperture one could calculate the order of the rotors, the setting of their rings, and, by comparing the letters of the cipher keys with the letters in the machine, likewise permutation S; in other words, the entire cipher key. [ 49 ] However, application of both the bomba and Zygalski sheets was complicated by yet another change to the Enigma machine on 15 December 1938. The Germans had supplied Enigma operators with an additional two rotors to supplement the original three, and this increased the complexity of decryption tenfold. Building ten times as many bomba s (60 would now be needed) was beyond the Cipher Bureau's ability—that many bomba s would have cost fifteen times its entire annual equipment budget. [ 50 ] Two and a half weeks later, effective 1 January 1939, the Germans increased the number of plug connections to 7–10, which, writes Rejewski, "to a great degree, decreased the usefulness of the bombs." Zygalski's perforated ("Zygalski") sheets, writes Rejewski, "like the card-catalog method, was independent of the number of plug connections. But the manufacture of these sheets, [...] in our [...] circumstances, was very time-consuming, so that by 15 December 1938, only one-third of the whole job had been done. [T]he Germans' [introduction of rotors] IV and V [...] increased the labor of making the sheets tenfold [since 60, or ten times as many, sets of sheets were now needed], considerably exceeding our [...] capacities." [ 51 ] Allies informed As it became clear that war was imminent and that Polish financial resources were insufficient to keep pace with the evolution of Enigma encryption (e.g., due to the prohibitive expense of an additional 54 bomba s and due to the Poles' difficulty in producing in timely fashion the full 60 series of 26 " Zygalski sheets " [ 52 ] ), the Polish General Staff and government decided to initiate their Western allies into the secrets of Enigma decryption. [ 53 ] The Polish methods were revealed to French and British intelligence representatives in a meeting at Pyry , south of Warsaw, on 25 July 1939. France was represented by Gustave Bertrand and Air Force cryptologist Captain Henri Braquenié ; Britain, by Government Code and Cypher School chief Alastair Denniston , veteran cryptologist Alfred Dillwyn Knox , and Commander Humphrey Sandwith, head of the section that had developed and controlled the Royal Navy 's intercept and direction-finding stations. The Polish hosts included Cipher Bureau chief Gwido Langer , the Bureau's German-Section chief Maksymilian Ciężki , the Bureau's General-Staff-Intelligence supervisor Stefan Mayer , and the three cryptologists Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski. [ 54 ] The Poles' gift of Enigma decryption to their Western allies, five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, came not a moment too soon. Knowledge that the cipher was crackable was a morale boost to Allied cryptologists. [ Note 8 ] The British were able to manufacture at least two complete sets of perforated sheets—they sent one to PC Bruno , outside Paris, [ 57 ] in mid-December 1939—and began reading Enigma within months of the outbreak of war. [ Note 9 ] Without the Polish assistance, British cryptologists would, at the very least, have been considerably delayed in reading Enigma. Hugh Sebag-Montefiore concludes that substantial breaks into German Army and Air Force Enigma ciphers by the British would have occurred only after November 1941 at the earliest, after an Enigma machine and key lists had been captured, and similarly into Naval Enigma only after late 1942. [ 59 ] Intelligence gained from solving high-level German ciphers—intelligence codenamed Ultra by the British and Americans—came chiefly from Enigma decrypts. While the exact contribution of Ultra intelligence to Allied victory is disputed, Kozaczuk and Straszak note that "it is widely believed that Ultra saved the world at least two years of war and possibly prevented Hitler from winning." [ 60 ] The English historian Sir Harry Hinsley , who worked at Bletchley Park, similarly assessed it as having "shortened the war by not less than two years and probably by four years". [ 61 ] The availability of Ultra was due to the earlier Polish breaking of Enigma; Gordon Welchman , head of Bletchley Park's Hut 6 (which solved German Army and Air Force Enigma ciphers), writes: "Hut 6 Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use." [ 62 ] [ Note 10 ] In France and Britain PC Bruno On 5 September 1939 the Cipher Bureau began preparations to evacuate key personnel and equipment from Warsaw. Soon a special evacuation train, the Echelon F, transported them eastward, then south. By the time the Cipher Bureau was ordered to cross the border into allied Romania on 17 September, they had destroyed all sensitive documents and equipment and were down to a single very crowded truck. The vehicle was confiscated at the border by a Romanian officer, who separated the military from the civilian personnel. Taking advantage of the confusion, the three mathematicians ignored the Romanian's instructions. They anticipated that in an internment camp they might be identified by the Romanian security police , in which the German Abwehr and SD had informers. The mathematicians went to the nearest railroad station, exchanged money, bought tickets, and boarded the first train headed south. After a dozen or so hours, they reached Bucharest , at the other end of Romania. There they went to the British embassy . Told by the British to "come back in a few days", they next tried the French embassy , introducing themselves as "friends of Bolek" (Bertrand's Polish code name) and asking to speak with a French military officer. A French Army colonel telephoned Paris and then issued instructions for the three Poles to be assisted in evacuating to Paris. [ 64 ] On 20 October 1939 the three Polish cryptologists resumed work on German ciphers at a joint French–Polish– (anti-fascist) Spanish radio-intelligence unit stationed at Gretz-Armainvilliers , forty kilometers northeast of Paris, and housed in the Château de Vignolles (code-named PC Bruno ). [ 65 ] As late as 3–7 December 1939, when Lt. Col. Langer and French Air Force Capt. Henri Braquenié visited London and Bletchley Park , the British asked that the Polish cryptologists be made available to them in Britain. Langer, however, took the position that they must remain where the Polish Army in exile was forming—on French soil. [ 66 ] On 17 January 1940 the Poles found the first Enigma key to be solved in France, one for 28 October 1939. [ 67 ] The PC Bruno staff collaborated by teleprinter with counterparts at Bletchley Park in England. For their mutual communications security, the Polish, French, and British cryptologic agencies used the Enigma machine itself. Bruno closed its Enigma-encrypted messages to Britain with an ironic " Heil Hitler ! " [ 68 ] In the first months of 1940, Alan Turing —principal designer of the British cryptological Bombe , elaborated from the Polish bomba —would visit Bruno to confer about Enigma decryption with the three Polish cryptologists. [ 69 ] On 24 June 1940, after Germany's victory in the Battle of France , Gustave Bertrand flew Bruno' s international personnel—including fifteen Poles, and seven Spaniards who worked on Italian ciphers [ 70 ] —in three planes to Algeria. [ 71 ] Cadix Some three months later, in September 1940, they returned to work covertly in unoccupied southern, Vichy France . Rejewski's cover was as Pierre Ranaud , a lycée professor from Nantes . A radio-intelligence station was set up at the Château des Fouzes, code-named Cadix , near Uzès . Cadix began operations on 1 October. Rejewski and his colleagues solved German telegraph ciphers, and also the Swiss version of the Enigma machine (which had no plugboard). [ 72 ] Rejewski may have had little or no involvement in working on German Enigma at Cadix . [ Note 11 ] In early July 1941, Rejewski and Zygalski were asked to try solving messages enciphered on the secret Polish Lacida cipher machine, which was used for secure communications between Cadix and the Polish General Staff in London. Lacida was a rotor machine based on the same cryptographic principle as Enigma, yet had never been subjected to rigorous security analysis. The two cryptologists created consternation by breaking the first message within a couple of hours; further messages were solved in a similar way. [ 75 ] The youngest of the three Polish mathematicians who had worked together since 1929— Jerzy Różycki —died in the sinking of a French passenger ship on 9 January 1942, as he was returning to Cadix from a stint in Algeria. [ 76 ] By summer 1942 work at Cadix was becoming dangerous, and plans for evacuation were drawn up. Vichy France was liable to be occupied by German troops, and Cadix' s radio transmissions were increasingly at risk of detection by the German Funkabwehr , a unit tasked with locating enemy radio transmitters. Indeed, on 6 November a pickup truck equipped with a circular antenna arrived at the gate of the Château des Fouzes where the cryptologists were operating. The visitors, however, did not enter, and merely investigated nearby farms, badly frightening their occupants. Nonetheless, at Bertrand's suggestion French intelligence ordered the evacuation of Cadix . The order was carried out on 9 November, the day after the Allied " Operation Torch " landings in North Africa. Three days later, on 12 November, the Germans occupied the chateau. [ 77 ] Escaping France The Poles were split into groups of two and three. On 11 November 1942, Rejewski and Zygalski were sent to Nice , in the Italian-occupied zone. After coming under suspicion there, they had to flee again, moving or hiding constantly. Their trek took them to Cannes , Antibes , back to Nice, then on to Marseille , Toulouse , Narbonne , Perpignan , and Ax-les-Thermes , near the Spanish border. [ 78 ] On 29 January 1943, accompanied by a local guide, Rejewski, and Zygalski, bound for Spain, began a climb over the Pyrenees , avoiding German and Vichy patrols. Near midnight, close to the Spanish border, the guide pulled out a pistol and demanded that they hand over their remaining money. [ 79 ] After being robbed, Rejewski and Zygalski succeeded in reaching the Spanish side of the border, only to be arrested within hours by security police. [ 80 ] They were sent first to a prison in La Seu d'Urgell , then on 24 March transferred to a prison at Lerida . On 4 May 1943, after having spent over three months in Spanish prisons, on intervention by the Polish Red Cross the pair were released and sent to Madrid . [ 81 ] Leaving there on 21 July, [ 82 ] they made it to Portugal; from there, aboard HMS Scottish , to Gibraltar; and then by air to RAF Hendon in north London, arriving on 3 August 1943. [ 83 ] Britain Rejewski and Zygalski were inducted as privates into the Polish Armed Forces on 16 August 1943 and were posted to a Polish Army facility in Stanmore Park, cracking German SS and SD hand ciphers. The ciphers were usually based on the Doppelkassettenverfahren ("double Playfair ") system, which the two cryptologists had already worked on in France. [ 84 ] British cryptologist Alan Stripp suggests that "Setting them to work on the Doppelkassetten system was like using racehorses to pull wagons." [ 85 ] On 10 October 1943, Rejewski and Zygalski were commissioned second lieutenants; [ 86 ] on 1 January 1945 Rejewski, and presumably also Zygalski, were promoted to lieutenant. [ 87 ] When Gustave Bertrand fled to England in June 1944, he and his wife were provided with a house in Boxmoor, a short walk from the Polish radio station and cryptology office, where it seems likely that his collaboration with Rejewski and Zygalski continued. [ 77 ] Enigma decryption, however, had become an exclusively British and American domain; the Polish mathematicians who had laid the foundations for Allied Enigma decryption were now excluded from making further contributions in this area. [ 88 ] By that time, at Bletchley Park , "very few even knew about the Polish contribution" because of the strict secrecy and the " need-to-know " principle. [ 85 ] Back in Poland After the Germans suppressed the 1944 Warsaw Uprising , they sent Rejewski's wife and children west, along with other Warsaw survivors; the family eventually found refuge with her parents in Bydgoszcz. [ 20 ] Rejewski was discharged from the Polish Army in Britain on 15 November 1946. Six days later, he returned to Poland to be reunited with his wife and family. [ 20 ] On his return, he was urged by his old Poznań University professor, Zdzisław Krygowski , to take a university mathematics post at Poznań or Szczecin , in western Poland. Rejewski could have looked forward to rapid advancement because of personnel shortages as a result of the war. However, he was still recovering from rheumatism , which he had contracted in the Spanish prisons. Soon after his return to Poland, in the summer of 1947, his 11-year-old son Andrzej died of polio after only five days' illness. After his son's death, Rejewski did not want to part, even briefly, with his wife and daughter, so they lived in Bydgoszcz with his in-laws. [ 20 ] He took a position in Bydgoszcz as director of the sales department at a cable-manufacturing company, Kabel Polski (Polish Cable). [ 89 ] Between 1949 and 1958 Rejewski was repeatedly investigated by the Polish Office of Public Security , who suspected he was a former member of the Polish Armed Forces in the West . [ 90 ] He retired in 1967, and moved with his family back to Warsaw in 1969, to an apartment he had acquired 30 years earlier with financial help from his father-in-law. [ 20 ] Rejewski had written a "Report of Cryptologic Work on the German Enigma Machine Cipher" in 1942. [ 91 ] Before his 1967 retirement, he began writing his "Memoirs of My Work in the Cipher Bureau of Section II of the [Polish] General Staff", which were purchased by the Polish Military Historical Institute [ pl ] , in Warsaw. [ 20 ] Rejewski had often wondered what use Alan Turing (who in early 1940 had visited the Polish cryptologists at PC Bruno outside Paris [ 69 ] ) and the British at Bletchley Park had ultimately made of the Polish discoveries and inventions. For nearly three decades after the war, little was publicly known due to a ban imposed in 1945 by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . [ 92 ] In a 1967 book [ 93 ] Władysław Kozaczuk , associated with the Military Historical Institute, disclosed Poland's breaking of the German Enigma ciphers. Until 1974, the scant information published concerning Enigma decryption attracted little attention. Ladislas Farago 's 1971 best-seller The Game of the Foxes presented a garbled account of Ultra's origins: "Commander Denniston went clandestinely to a secluded Polish castle [ sic ] on the eve of the war [to pick up an Enigma, 'the Wehrmacht's top system' during World War II]. Dilly Knox later solved its keying [ sic ]..." [ 94 ] Still, this was marginally closer to the truth than many British and American best-seller accounts that would follow after 1974. Their authors were at a disadvantage: they did not know that the founder of Enigma decryption, Rejewski, was still alive and alert, and that it was reckless to fabricate stories out of whole cloth. [ Note 12 ] With Gustave Bertrand 's 1973 publication of his Enigma , substantial information about the origins of Ultra began to seep out; and with F. W. Winterbotham 's 1974 best-seller, The Ultra Secret , the dam began to burst. Still, many aspiring authors were not averse to filling gaps in their information with whole-cloth fabrications. Rejewski fought a gallant (if, into the 21st century, not entirely successful) fight to get the truth before the public. He published a number of papers on his cryptologic work and contributed generously to articles, books, and television programs. He was interviewed by scholars, journalists, and television crews from Poland, East Germany, the United States, Britain, Sweden, Belgium, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Brazil. [ 96 ] Rejewski maintained a lively correspondence with his wartime French host, General Gustave Bertrand , and at the General's bidding he began translating Bertrand's Enigma into Polish. [ 96 ] In 1976, at the request of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America , Rejewski broke enciphered correspondence of Józef Piłsudski and his fellow Polish Socialist conspirators from 1904. [ 97 ] On 12 August 1978 he received from a grateful Polish people the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta . [ 96 ] Rejewski, who had been suffering from heart disease , died of a heart attack on 13 February 1980, aged 74, after returning home from a shopping trip. He was buried with military honors at Warsaw 's Powązki Military Cemetery . [ 20 ] Recognition On 21 July 2000, Poland's President Aleksander Kwaśniewski posthumously awarded Poland's second-highest civilian decoration, the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta , to Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski. [ 1 ] In July 2005 Rejewski's daughter, Janina Sylwestrzak, received on his behalf the War Medal 1939–1945 from the British Chief of the Defence Staff . [ 2 ] On 1 August 2012 Marian Rejewski posthumously received the Knowlton Award of the U.S. Military Intelligence Corps Association ; [ 98 ] his daughter Janina accepted the award at his home town, Bydgoszcz, on 4 September 2012. Rejewski had been nominated for the Award by NATO Allied Command Counterintelligence. [ 3 ] In 2009, the Polish Post issued a series of four commemorative stamps, one of which pictured Rejewski and fellow mathematician-cryptologists Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski . [ 99 ] On 5 August 2014 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) honored Rejewski, Różycki, and Zygalski with its prestigious Milestone Award, which recognizes achievements that have changed the world. The award was given for "the first breaking of Enigma ciphers by the Polish Cipher Bureau, in 1932-1939." Their work was the foundation for British cipher-breaking efforts which helped end World War II. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] A three-sided bronze monument was dedicated in 2007 in front of the Imperial Castle in Poznań . Each side bears the name of one of the three Polish mathematicians who broke the Enigma cipher. [ 100 ] Rejewski and colleagues were the heroes of Sekret Enigmy ( The Enigma Secret ), a thriller movie about the Poles' solution of the German Enigma cipher. Late 1980 also saw a Polish TV series with a similar theme, Tajemnice Enigmy ("The Secrets of Enigma"). [ 101 ] In 2017, a contest was held to design a mural commemorating Rejewski. The winning entry, Odszyfrowany Rejewski ("Rejewski Decrypted") by Juliusz Nowicki was painted on Rejewski's former residence on Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz later that year. [ 102 ] In 2021 the Enigma Cipher Centre , an educational and scientific institution dedicated to the Polish mathematicians who broke the Enigma cipher, including Marian Rejewski, opened in Poznań. [ 103 ] See also List of cryptographers List of Poles Polish contribution to World War II Timeline of Polish science and technology Notes ^ The exact extent of the contribution of Ultra to Allied victory is debated. The typical view is that Ultra shortened the war; Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower called Ultra "decisive" to Allied victory. [ 6 ] For a fuller discussion, see Ultra . ^ One element of the key, the sequence of rotors in the machine, at first was changed quarterly; but from 1 January 1936 it was changed monthly; from 1 October 1936, daily; and later, during World War II , as often as every eight hours. [ 22 ] ^ An early Naval Enigma model (the "O Bar" machine) had been solved before 1931 by the Polish Cipher Bureau, but it did not have the plugboard of the later standard Enigma. Mahon (1945) cites, as his source for "most of the information I have collected about prewar days", Alan Turing , who had received it from the "Polish cryptographers", who Mahon says had done "nearly all the early work on German Naval Enigma [and] handed over the details of their very considerable achievements just before the outbreak of war." [ 24 ] ^ Bertrand had obtained the material from a German Chiffrierdienst (Cryptographic Service) employee, Hans-Thilo Schmidt . [ 28 ] ^ Some writers, after Bloch & Deavours (1987) , argue that Rejewski is more likely to have received these documents in mid-November, rather than on 9 or 10 December 1932. Rejewski, however, recalls: "I later... learned that... it was on 8 December, [1932, that] Bertrand had come to Warsaw and delivered this material. [H]e describes it in his book [ Enigma . T]here is a mistake [in the book] and he gives the year [as] 1931. But later I corresponded with him, and it turned out that it had been... the eighth of December, 1932." [ 37 ] ^ Lawrence (2004) shows how Rejewski could have adapted his method to solve for the second rotor, even if the settings lists had not straddled the quarterly changeover period. ^ The Navy had already changed its Enigma indicator procedure on 1 May 1937. For most other branches, the message key procedure changed on 15 September 1938. [ 44 ] The SD net, which lagged behind the other services, changed procedure only on 1 July 1939. [ 45 ] ^ In a letter of 1 August 1939, a few days after the Warsaw conference, Alfred Dillwyn Knox wrote his Polish hosts, in Polish: "My sincere thanks for your cooperation and patience. A.D. Knox", and below that, in French: "Enclosed: (a) petits batons , (b) a souvenir from England." The souvenir was a scarf picturing a Derby horse race —evidently emblematic of the cryptologic race that Knox had hoped to win using the little paper batons, and whose loss he was acknowledging. [ 55 ] Knox may have used the paper batons to break the commercial Enigma during the Spanish Civil War . [ 56 ] ^ F. H. Hinsley writes: "[D]ecrypts from the German Enigma were obtained regularly [by the British] from the spring of 1940 [though] they were confined for the next twelve months to an Enigma key used only in the Norwegian campaign and to two keys used by the German Air Force." [ 58 ] ^ Welchman emphasizes that the Poles' demonstration of the German Enigma's breakability was extremely important to Bletchley Park 's subsequent "recruit[ment of] enough high-quality people to take advantage of the opportunities that came our way." He writes of "the sheer piracy that we were able to employ in our recruiting until the spring of 1941, when C. P. Snow was put in charge of the allocation of all scientists and mathematicians. Thanks to the Poles we got started quickly and recruited enough key people to see us through the crisis of May 1940. The success of this first round of recruits made it possible to go on recruiting for the expansion [...] that lay ahead. Without assistance from the Poles, our recruitment of high-quality people would have been too little and too late." Welchman emphasizes that "Loss of continuity [in breaking Enigma] would, at all stages, have been very serious, if not disastrous." [ 63 ] ^ Rejewski later wrote that at Cadix they did not work on Enigma. [ 73 ] Other sources indicate that they had, and Rejewski conceded that this was likely the case. Rejewski's correspondent concluded that "Rejewski either had forgotten or had not known that, e.g., Zygalski and Różycki had read Enigma after the fall of France". [ 74 ] ^ In 1982, Polish-American historian Richard Woytak critiqued the stories that had been published in British and American best-seller books: in F. W. Winterbotham 's The Ultra Secret (1974); in Anthony Cave Brown 's Bodyguard of Lies (1975); in William Stevenson 's A Man Called Intrepid (1976); and in Appendix 1 of the official history of British Intelligence in the Second World War , by F. H. Hinsley et al., vol. 1, 1979. (After Woytak published Rejewski's "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War , by F. H. Hinsley" in Cryptologia , vol. 6, no. 1, January 1982, the spurious story about "a Pole who was working in an Enigma factory in Germany" was finally retracted in a subsequent volume of British Intelligence in the Second World War .) [ 95 ] References Citations ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 lutego 2000 r. o nadaniu orderów" [Polish Order of the President of the Republic on 14 February 2000. On awarding orders.], Monitor Polski (in Polish), 13 (273), 14 February 2000, archived from the original on 4 April 2015 , retrieved 27 February 2015 ^ a b Untold Story of Enigma Code-Breaker , 5 July 2005, archived from the original on 18 November 2005 , retrieved 9 January 2006 ^ a b "Najwyższe odznaczenie amerykańskiego wywiadu za złamanie kodów Enigmy" [Highest American Intelligence Award for Breaking Enigma Ciphers], Gwiazda Polarna (in Polish), 103 (20): 6, 22 September 2012 ^ a b Polska Agencja Prasowa (5 August 2014), "Wyróżnienie Milestone dla polskich matematyków za złamanie Enigmy" [Milestone Award for Polish mathematicians for breaking the Enigma], Newsweek (in Polish), archived from the original on 25 August 2016 , retrieved 23 July 2016 ^ a b Mazierska, Janina (December 2014), "IEEE Milestone Dedication on the First Breaking of Enigma Code (Poland Section)" (PDF) , The IEEE Region 10 Newsletter : 2– 4, archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2015 , retrieved 1 February 2015 ^ Brzezinski 2005 , p. 18 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 7, note 6 ^ Kasparek & Woytak 1982 , p. 19 ^ Information on Marian Rejewski's military service record, reproduced in Kozaczuk 1979 , opposite p. 257 ^ Kasparek & Woytak 1982 , p. 20 ^ The exact opening date is pinpointed in a 29 January 1929 letter of appreciation to Professor Krygowski from the Chief of the Polish General Staff, Gen. Tadeusz Piskor . Jakóbczyk & Stokłosa 2007 , p. 44. ^ Woytak 1984 , p. 230 ^ Woytak 1984 , p. 238 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 4 ^ Information on Marian Rejewski's Master of Philosophy diploma, 1 March 1929, reproduced in Kozaczuk 1979 , opposite p. 128 ^ a b Woytak 1984 , pp. 230–231 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 5–6 ^ Woytak 1984 , p. 231 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 10–11 ^ a b c d e f g Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 226 ^ Rejewski 1984d , pp. 247–251 ^ a b c d e f Rejewski 1984c , p. 242 ^ a b Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 12, 19–21 ^ Mahon 1945 , p. 12 ^ a b c Woytak 1984 , p. 232 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 12 ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 64 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 16–17 ^ Kahn 1996 , p. 974 ^ Cipher A. Deavours, in an afterword to Rejewski 1981 , pp. 229, 232. ^ a b Rejewski 1984e , p. 274 ^ Rejewski 1984d , p. 254 ^ Rejewski 1984d , pp. 251–254 ^ Rejewski 1984d , pp. 254–255 ^ a b c d Rejewski 1984d , p. 258 ^ Woytak 1984 , p. 233 ^ Marian Rejewski, in Woytak 1984 , p. 233 ^ Rejewski 1984d , pp. 258–259 ^ Lawrence 2005a ; Lawrence 2005b ^ Woytak 1984 , pp. 234–235 ^ Rejewski 1984d , p. 262 ^ Rejewski 1984e , pp. 284–287 ^ Rejewski 1984d , p. 265 ^ Rejewski 1981 , pp. 225–226 ^ Rejewski 1981 , p. 227 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 242, 290 ^ Welchman 1986 , pp. 72–73, 80, 90, 94 ^ Rejewski 1984e , p. 288 ^ Rejewski 1984e , p. 289 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 63, note 6 ^ Rejewski 1984c , pp. 242–245 ^ Rejewski & Kasparek 1982 , p. 80, cited in Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 63, note 7. ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 59 ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 79; Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 59; Woytak 1984 , p. 236 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , illustration following p. 114 ^ Welchman 1986 , p. 97 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 84 ^ Hinsley 1993b , p. 2 ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2000 ^ Kozaczuk & Straszak 2004 , p. 74 ^ Hinsley 1993 ^ Welchman 1982 , p. 289 ^ Welchman 1986 , pp. 98–99 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 70–73, 79 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 81–82 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 84, 99 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 84, 94, note 8 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 87 ^ a b Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 96–98 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 82 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 109 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 113–114, 118–130 ^ Rejewski 1984d , p. 270 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 117 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 134–135 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 128 ^ a b Bertrand 1973 , pp. 137–141 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 148–150 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 150 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 150–151 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 151–154 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 155 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 205–206 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 207–209 ^ a b Stripp 2004 , p. 124 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 209 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 220 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , pp. 207–208 ^ Łukomski, G. (2001), "Poznańskie początki "Enigmy" " (PDF) , Mars: Problematyka i Historia Wojskowości (in Polish), 10 : 49– 68 , retrieved 24 May 2024 ^ Polak 2005 , p. 78 ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 326 ^ Winterbotham 1974 , p. 15 ^ Kozaczuk 1967 , pp. 125 ff ^ Farago 1971 , p. 674 ^ Richard Woytak , prefatory note (pp. 75–76) to Rejewski & Kasparek 1982 ^ a b c Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 225 ^ Kozaczuk 1990 ^ "Awards" , MICAStore.com , Military Intelligence Corps Association, archived from the original on 13 January 2015 , retrieved 5 February 2015 ^ Znaczki z 2009 roku , archived from the original on 1 May 2008 , retrieved 25 February 2019 ^ Jakóbczyk & Stokłosa 2007 ^ Kasparek & Woytak 1982 , p. 24 ^ "Mural Rejewskiego ozdobi kamienicę na ul. Gdańskiej" . www.bydgoszcz.pl (in Polish) . Retrieved 17 August 2025 . ^ New centre dedicated to Polish Enigma codebreakers opens in Poznań , archived from the original on 24 September 2021 , retrieved 25 September 2021 Bibliography Bertrand, Gustave (1973), Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945 [ Enigma: the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945 ] (in French), Paris: Librairie Plon Bloch, Gilbert; Deavours, C. A. (July 1987), "Enigma before Ultra: Polish Work and the French Contribution", Cryptologia , 11 (3): 142– 155, doi : 10.1080/0161-118791861947 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2005), "The Unknown Victors", in Ciechanowski, Jan Stanislaw (ed.), Marian Rejewski 1905–1980, Living with the Enigma secret (1st ed.), Bydgoszcz : Bydgoszcz City Council, pp. 15– 18, ISBN 978-83-7208-117-9 Farago, Ladislas (1971), The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain during World War II , New York: Bantam Books, OCLC 2371136 Hinsley, Harry (1993b), "The influence of Ultra in the Second World War" , in Hinsley, F. H. ; Stripp, Alan (eds.), Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park , Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2 , ISBN 978-0-19-820327-8 Hinsley, Harry (19 October 1993), "The Influence of Ultra in the Second World War" , University of Cambridge History Research Group , archived from the original on 22 June 2011 , retrieved 5 February 2015 Jakóbczyk, Stanisław; Stokłosa, Janusz, eds. (2007), Złamanie szyfru Enigma. Poznański pomnik polskich kryptologów [ The Breaking of the Enigma Cipher: the Poznań Monument to the Polish Cryptologists ] (in Polish), Poznań : Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, ISBN 978-83-7063-527-5 Kahn, David (1991), Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939–1943 , Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 978-0-395-42739-2 Kahn, David (1996), The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (2nd ed.), New York: Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-83130-5 Kasparek, Christopher ; Woytak, Richard (January 1982), "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski", Cryptologia , 6 (1): 19– 25, doi : 10.1080/0161-118291856740 Kozaczuk, Władysław (1967), Bitwa o tajemnice: Służby wywiadowcze Polski i Rzeszy Niemieckiej 1922–1939 [ Secret Battle: The Intelligence Services of Poland and the German Reich, 1922–1939 ] (in Polish), Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza Kozaczuk, Władysław (1979), W kręgu Enigmy [ In the Circle of Enigma ] (in Polish), Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza (Kozaczuk's Polish-language book that was later elaborated into the English-language Kozaczuk (1984) .) Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984), Kasparek, Christopher (ed.), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two , Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7 . (The standard reference on the Polish part in the Enigma-decryption epic. This English-language book is substantially revised from the Polish-language Kozaczuk (1979) , with additional documentation, including many substantive chapter notes and papers by, and interviews with, Marian Rejewski.) Kozaczuk, Władysław (July 1990), "A New Challenge for an Old Enigma-Buster", Cryptologia , 14 (3): 204– 216, doi : 10.1080/0161-119091864913 Kozaczuk, Władysław ; Straszak, Jerzy (2004), Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code , New York: Hippocrene Books, ISBN 978-0-7818-0941-2 Lawrence, John (April 2004), "The Versatility of Rejewski's Method: Solving for the Wiring of the Second Rotor", Cryptologia , 28 (2): 149– 152, doi : 10.1080/0161-110491892836 , S2CID 205486319 Lawrence, John (July 2005a), "A Study of Rejewski's Equations", Cryptologia , 29 (3): 233– 247, doi : 10.1080/01611190508951300 , S2CID 205487467 Lawrence, John (October 2005b), "Factoring for the Plugboard – Was Rejewski's Proposed Solution for Breaking the Enigma Feasible?", Cryptologia , 29 (4): 343– 366, doi : 10.1080/0161-110591893924 , S2CID 205486402 Mahon, A. P. (June 1945), The History of Hut Eight: 1939–1945 , archived from the original on 7 March 2016 , retrieved 12 February 2019 , 117 pp., PRO HW 25/2 Polak, Wojciech (2005), "Marian Rejewski in the Sights of the Security Services", in Ciechanowski, Jan Stanisław (ed.), Marian Rejewski, 1905–1980: Living with the Enigma Secret , Bydgoszcz : Bydgoszcz City Council, pp. 75– 88, ISBN 978-83-7208-117-9 Rejewski, Marian (1980), "An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher", Applicationes Mathematicae , 16 (4): 543– 559, doi : 10.4064/am-16-4-543-559 Rejewski, Marian (July 1981), "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma" (PDF) , Annals of the History of Computing , 3 (3): 213– 234, doi : 10.1109/MAHC.1981.10033 , S2CID 15748167 , archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011 , retrieved 7 February 2015 ; has afterwords by I. J. Good and Cipher A. Deavours; also appears as Rejewski (1984d) Rejewski, Marian ; Kasparek, Christopher (January 1982), "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F. H. Hinsley" , Cryptologia , 6 (1): 75– 83, doi : 10.1080/0161-118291856867 Rejewski, Marian (1984c), "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing Enigma and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods", in Kozaczuk, Władysław (ed.), Enigma , pp. 241– 245, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7 , Appendix C Rejewski, Marian (1984d), "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma", in Kozaczuk, Władysław (ed.), Enigma , pp. 246– 271, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7 , Appendix D Rejewski, Marian (1984e), "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher", in Kozaczuk, Władysław (ed.), Enigma , pp. 272– 291, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7 , Appendix E . Covers much the same ground as Rejewski 1980 . Rejewski, Marian, interview (transcribed by Christopher Kasparek) in Woytak, Richard (1999), Werble historii [History's Drumroll], edited by and with introduction by Stanisław Krasucki, illustrated with 36 photographs, Bydgoszcz , Poland, Związek Powstańców Warszawskich w Bydgoszczy [Association of Warsaw Insurgents in Bydgoszcz], ISBN 83-902357-8-1 , pp. 123–143. A more complete transcript of the interview, highlights of which earlier appeared in Woytak, Richard A. (1982), "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski", Cryptologia , 6 : 50– 60, doi : 10.1080/0161-118291856830 , and as Appendix B to Kozaczuk, Władysław, Enigma , pp. 229–240. Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000), Enigma: the Battle for the Code , London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0297842514 Stripp, Alan (2004), "A British Cryptanalyst Salutes the Polish Cryptanalysts", in Kozaczuk, Władysław ; Straszak, Jerzy (eds.), Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code , New York: Hippocrene Books, pp. 123– 125, ISBN 978-0-7818-0941-2 , Appendix E Turing, Dermot (2018), X, Y & Z: The Real Story of How Enigma Was Broken , Gloustershire England: History Press, ISBN 978-0-7509-8782-0 , OCLC 1029570490 Welchman, Gordon (1982), The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes , New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0070691803 Welchman, Gordon (January 1986), "From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: the Birth of Ultra", Intelligence and National Security , 1 (1): 71– 110, doi : 10.1080/02684528608431842 Winterbotham, F. W. (1974), The Ultra Secret , New York: Dell Woytak, Richard (1984), "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski", in Kozaczuk, Władysław (ed.), Enigma , pp. 229– 240, ISBN 0-89093-547-5 , Appendix B Further reading Kubiatowski, Jerzy (1988), "Rejewski, Marian Adam", Polski słownik biograficzny [ Polish Biographical Dictionary ] (in Polish), vol. XXXI/1, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk Polish Academy of Sciences , pp. 54– 56 External links The Breaking of Enigma by the Polish Mathematicians by Tony Sale How Mathematicians Helped Win WWII – National Security Agency Enigma documents Marian Rejewski and the First Break into Enigma Plaque location Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Poland Israel United States France BnF data Poland Israel Academics zbMATH DBLP MathSciNet zbMATH DBLP MathSciNet People Deutsche Biographie DDB Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX 1905 births 1980 deaths 20th-century Polish inventors 20th-century Polish mathematicians Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań alumni Cipher Bureau (Poland) Enigma machine Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta People from Bydgoszcz People born in Bydgoszcz People from the Province of Posen Polish cryptographers Polish Army officers Polish military personnel of World War II 20th-century cryptographers Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use dmy dates from August 2022 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters Pages with Polish IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles containing Polish-language text CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1: long volume value This page was last edited on 29 November 2025, at 10:10 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Some criteria for a good caption Toggle Some criteria for a good caption subsection 1.1 Clear identification of the subject 1.2 Succinctness 1.3 Non-visual media 1.4 Technical images 1.5 Establishing relevance to the article 1.6 Providing context for the picture 1.7 Drawing the reader into the article 1.8 Wording 1.9 Formatting and punctuation 1.1 Clear identification of the subject 1.2 Succinctness 1.3 Non-visual media 1.4 Technical images 1.5 Establishing relevance to the article 1.6 Providing context for the picture 1.7 Drawing the reader into the article 1.8 Wording 1.9 Formatting and punctuation 2 Special situations Toggle Special situations subsection 2.1 Infoboxes and leading images 2.2 Other special situations 2.1 Infoboxes and leading images 2.2 Other special situations 3 Tips for describing pictures 4 Credits 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links Wikipedia : Manual of Style/Captions العربية বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk bokmål 中文 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style . Editors should generally follow it, though exceptions may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect consensus . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:CAP WP:CAP WP:CAPTION WP:CAPTION WP:CAP WP:CAP WP:CAPTION WP:CAPTION This page in a nutshell: Image captions should be succinct and informative. Manual of Style Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject Organizing by subject Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: Naming conventions (geographic names) WikiProject style advice Science and technology Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Mathematics Medicine Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Other Blazons Cue sports ( Snooker ) Islam Latter Day Saints Legal Military history Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: Naming conventions (geographic names) WikiProject style advice Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: Naming conventions (geographic names) WikiProject style advice Science and technology Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Mathematics Medicine Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Mathematics Medicine Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Other Blazons Cue sports ( Snooker ) Islam Latter Day Saints Legal Military history Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games Blazons Cue sports ( Snooker ) Islam Latter Day Saints Legal Military history Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Simplified Contents Tips Simplified Contents Tips .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e A caption is text that appears below an image. [ a ] Most captions draw attention to something in the image that is not obvious, such as its relevance to the text. A caption may be a few words or several sentences. Writing good captions takes effort; along with the lead and section headings, captions are the most commonly read words in an article, so they should be succinct and informative. Not every image needs a caption; some are simply decorative. Relatively few may be genuinely self-explanatory. In addition to a caption, alt text – for visually impaired readers – should be added to informative (but not purely decorative) images; [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] see Wikipedia:Alternative text for images . Some criteria for a good caption There are several criteria for a good caption. A good caption: clearly identifies the subject of the picture, without detailing the obvious; is succinct; establishes the picture's relevance to the article; provides context for the picture; draws the reader into the article. Different people read articles in different ways. Some people start at the top and read each word until the end. Others read the first paragraph and scan through the article's body for other interesting information, looking especially at pictures and captions. Those readers, even if the information is adjacent in the text, will not find it unless it is in the caption. However, it is best not to tell the whole story in the caption, but use the caption to make the reader curious about the subject. Another way of approaching the job: imagine you're giving a lecture based on the encyclopedia article, and you are using the image to illustrate the lecture. What would you say while attention is on the image? What do you want your audience to notice in the image, and why? Corollary: if you have nothing to say about it, then the image probably does not belong in the article. Clear identification of the subject One of a caption's primary purposes is to identify the subject of the picture. Make sure your caption does that, without leaving readers to wonder what the subject of the picture might be. Be as unambiguous as practical in identifying the subject. What the picture is is important, too. If the image to be captioned is a painting, an editor can give context with the painter's wikilinked name, the title, and a date. The present location may be added in parentheses: ( Louvre ). Sometimes the date of the image is important: there is a difference between "King Arthur" and "King Arthur in a 19th-century watercolor". Photographs and other graphics need not have captions if they are "self-captioning" images (such as reproductions of album or book covers) or when they are unambiguous depictions of the subject of the article. In a biography article no caption is necessary for a portrait of the subject pictured alone; but one might be used to give the year, the subject's age, or other circumstances of the portrait along with the name of the subject. Succinctness MOS:CAPSUCCINCT MOS:CAPSUCCINCT Succinctness is using no superfluous or needless words. It is not the same as brevity , which is using a relatively small number of words. Succinct captions have more power than verbose ones. More than three lines of text in a caption may be distracting; instead, further information can be provided in the article body. And remember that readers wanting full detail can click through to the image description page . Non-visual media Because non-visual media imparts no visual information regarding the content of its file, it is often desirable to include a longer description than is typically acceptable with image captions. As with image captions, care should be taken to include enough relevant information in-line so the media file's relevance to the article is made explicit irrespective of the caption. As a general rule, retain broader points in the article body, including specific points in the media file's description field. For example, the statement: "'Yesterday' is one of the Beatles' best-known songs" might be more appropriate for the article body than the statement: "The string arrangement on 'Yesterday' utilises counterpoint, which complements McCartney's vocals by reinforcing the tonic", which might be more appropriate as an Ogg file description, especially if the text pertains to the contents of the media file or supports its fair-use rationale . Technical images Technical images like charts and diagrams may have captions that are much longer than other images. Prose should still be succinct, but the significance of the image should be fully explained. Any elements not included in a legend or clearly labelled should be defined in the caption. A substantial, full discussion of a technical image may be confined to the caption if it improves the structure of the prose in the main article. For maps and other images with a legend, the {{ legend }} template can be used in the caption instead of (or in addition to) including the legend explaining the color used in the image. This makes the legend more readable, and allows for easy translation into other languages. Establishing relevance to the article A good caption explains why a picture belongs in an article. "The 1965 Ford Mustang introduced the whiz-bang super-speeder" tells the reader why it is worth the trouble to show a photo of a 1965 Ford Mustang rather than just any year of that model car. Links to relevant sections within the article may help draw the reader in (see here for how to do this). Providing context for the picture MOS:CAPCONTEXT MOS:CAPCONTEXT A picture captures only one moment in time. What happened before and after? What happened outside the frame? For The Last Supper , "Jesus dines with his disciples" tells something, but add "on the eve of his crucifixion" and it tells much more about the significance. Add "With this meal, Jesus established the tradition of Holy Communion " to get more context if you do not cover that in the article. In such a caption the name of the painter and date provide information on the cultural point of view of the particular representation. Drawing the reader into the article The caption should lead the reader into the article. For example, in History of the Peerage , a caption for Image:William I of England.jpg might say " William of Normandy overthrew the Anglo-Saxon monarchs, bringing a new style of government." If the reader is curious about that new form of government, they can read the article text to learn more about it. Wording MOS:CAPOBVIOUS MOS:CAPOBVIOUS MOS:CAPWORD MOS:CAPWORD MOS:MAPOF MOS:MAPOF While a short caption is often appropriate, if it might be seen as trivial ( People playing Monopoly ), consider extending it so that it adds value to the image and is related more logically to the surrounding text ( A product of the Great Depression , Monopoly continues to be played today. ). Sometimes the title-and-subtitle style with a colon works: Neoclassicism: antiquity recreated in an 18th-century mode . It is usually unnecessary to state what kind of image is being shown. A map of the world showing NATO member countries can be captioned simply NATO members rather than Map of NATO members . An artist's rendition of a subject of history should be identified as such to avoid confusing details of actual events or portrait likenesses with artistic renditions of them, which are not always accurate. Wikipedia has its technical means of getting readers to the full-size version of the image; therefore amending the caption with a direct link to the image (for example, click for larger view ) is not appropriate. Formatting and punctuation MOS:CAPFRAG MOS:CAPFRAG Captions normally start with a capital letter. The text of captions should not be specially formatted (with italics, for example), except in ways that would apply if it occurred in the main text. Several discussions (e.g. this one ) have failed to reach a consensus on whether "stage directions" such as (right) or (behind podium) should be in italics, set off with commas, etc. Any one article should use a consistent approach throughout. Most captions are not complete sentences, but merely sentence fragments , which should not end with a period or full stop . If any complete sentence occurs in a caption, then all sentences, and any sentence fragments , in that caption should end with a period or full stop. The Conservatory during the festival (No final period or full stop for lone sentence fragment), not The Conservatory during the festival . The stage was spotlit for the festival . (Period or full stop ends complete sentence) The Conservatory during the festival . The stage was spotlit for the occasion . (Period or full stop on each when they appear together) The Conservatory during the festival (No final period or full stop for lone sentence fragment), not The Conservatory during the festival . The stage was spotlit for the festival . (Period or full stop ends complete sentence) The Conservatory during the festival . The stage was spotlit for the occasion . (Period or full stop on each when they appear together) Special situations MOS:CAPLENGTH MOS:CAPLENGTH Captions of images in infoboxes and other special situations call for special consideration. Infoboxes and leading images An infobox image – or, in the absence of an infobox, a photograph or other image in the article's lead section – serves to illustrate the topic of the article. The caption should work singularly towards that purpose. Depending on the nature of the subject and the image used, the ideal caption can range from none at all to a regular full-sentence caption. The following examples serve to describe the range of situations for particular infobox images: No caption – Infoboxes normally display the page name as the title of the infobox. If nothing more than the page name needs to be said about the image, then the caption should be omitted as being redundant with the title of the infobox. Short caption – Infoboxes for things that change over time can mention the year of the image briefly, e.g. "Cosby in 2010" for Bill Cosby . If the image is of a person doing that for which they are known at an otherwise common event, the correct verb delivers the message, e.g. "Jackson performing in 1988" for Michael Jackson . As an additional example, animals may differ from the one pictured, e.g. Noisy miner "Subspecies leachi " in Noisy miner , photographs captioned simply "Male" and "Female" for Lion , and "Publicity photo for Jailhouse Rock (1957)" for Elvis Presley . While more detail could be added, consider carefully whether it might distract the reader from the subject of the article or inform the reader about the importance of the subject. Full-sentence caption – When the caption can convey the significance of the article by explaining the significance or context of the image, it should. For example, "Angelou recites her poem, 'On the Pulse of Morning', at President Bill Clinton's inauguration, January 1993", Maya Angelou . In this situation, take extra care that both the image and the caption stay sharply focused on the whole of the article's subject per MOS:INFOBOX . BioShock Infinite gives an example of an informative yet brief full-sentence caption describing the key element (the singular protagonist) depicted and its relationship to the article's subject. The need for a full-length caption in an infobox can generally indicate one of two things: 1) an exceptionally inappropriate image or 2) an image that doesn't really belong in the infobox. Consider this distinction carefully as it depends on how precisely the image applies to the subject as a whole. Additional descriptive information about the image should be contained in the image description on the image's page. Other special situations Several types of images warrant special treatment: Periodic table snippets for each element – no caption needed. Infobox images with mission insignia – no caption needed, but if there is a description of the symbolism, it should be included on the image description page. Other images (especially within infoboxes) where the purpose of the image is clearly nominative, that is, that the picture serves as the typical example of the subject of the article and offers no further information – no caption needed. Chemical compound diagrams (as in TNT ) could benefit from a mention of the role of the structure in the properties of the compound. Group portraits of a few people (presumably related to the article) should list the names of the individuals so that readers can identify individuals. Larger groups should have an index photo with numbered silhouettes and a key listing each person's name. When portraits of a person in an article about that person are captioned, they should be captioned with the year. For example, if the photo is of a special occasion, or of historical significance such as Wernher von Braun surrendering to the Americans , the caption should follow the usual style. Including the year is particularly helpful when the depiction long postdates the subject. Tips for describing pictures Here are some details people might want to know about the picture (all are linkable): What is noteworthy about the subject of the picture? If there is an article on the subject of the picture, link to it. For photographs: Where was it taken? When was it taken? Who took it? (Generally, this is included in the caption only if the photographer is notable .) Why was it taken? Where was it taken? When was it taken? Who took it? (Generally, this is included in the caption only if the photographer is notable .) Why was it taken? For works of art (see WikiProject Visual arts Art Manual of Style for fuller details): Who is the artist? What is the title or subject? When was the piece completed? See proper right for ways of unambiguously describing right and left in images. Who is the artist? What is the title or subject? When was the piece completed? See proper right for ways of unambiguously describing right and left in images. Usually less significant are: What is the medium (oil-on-canvas/marble/mixed media ...)? Where is it located? What are its dimensions? What is the medium (oil-on-canvas/marble/mixed media ...)? Where is it located? What are its dimensions? Keep in mind that not all this information needs to be included in the caption, since the image description page should offer more complete information about the picture. If it does not, it may be possible to add it there from reliable sources such as the website of the museum that owns the image. A caption should never simply link to the article in which it appears, though it may link to a specific section of the article. Credits MOS:CREDITS MOS:CREDITS Unless relevant to the subject, do not credit the image author or copyright holder in the article. It is assumed that this is not necessary to fulfill attribution requirements of the GFDL or Creative Commons licenses as long as the appropriate credit is on the image description page. If the artist or photographer is independently notable , [ b ] then a wikilink to their biography may be appropriate, and to the picture or photograph in the cases where the image itself is notable enough for its own article. Image credits in the infobox image are discouraged, even if the artist is notable, since the infobox should contain only key facts of the article's subject, per MOS:INFOBOX . See also MOS:CAPTION (main MoS entry for captions with formatting recommendations) Wikipedia:Accessibility § Images Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images Wikipedia:Images Wikipedia:Picture tutorial Wikipedia:Uploading images Wikipedia:WikiProject Writing Captions Notes and references ^ Though uncommon in practice, a caption can also be used for other image-like presentations, including: mathematical formulae , very small tables , compact family trees , small charts, and other templated, compact output of a graphical nature. For the explication of larger blocks of special-layout content presentation, introductory text is usually a better approach; captions are not very effective unless visible on-screen with the content to which they pertain. Many templates have a parameter for generating a descriptive header. Tables have not only headers but also a caption feature that puts a descriptive caption above the table; this is more useful for most presentations of tabular data. ^ In this context, " independently notable " means that notability was obtained independent of any work performed on Wikipedia (i.e. the artist's or photographer's notability had to have come from their work independent of Wikipedia). ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Hazaël-Massieux D (2007-05-28). "Use the alt attribute to describe the function of each visual" . W3C Quality Assurance Tips for Webmasters . Retrieved 2009-07-06 . ^ "H37: Using alt attributes on img elements – Techniques for WCAG 2.0" . World Wide Web Consortium . Archived from the original on 2016-05-19 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ "H67: Using null alt text and no title attribute on img elements for images that AT should ignore – Techniques for WCAG 2.0" . World Wide Web Consortium . Archived from the original on 2022-03-26 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . External links Sharp Points: 9 Commandments of Caption Writing v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category Pages using sidebar with the child parameter Wikipedia image help Wikipedia Manual of Style (images) This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 18:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation and member institutions. Help | Advanced Search Log in to arXiv.org The arXiv Privacy Policy has changed. By continuing to use arxiv.org, you are agreeing to the privacy policy. Forgot your password? If you've never logged in to arXiv.org Register for the first time Registration is required to submit or update papers, but is not necessary to view them. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/show-email/2420ffbb/2601.10524
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). "Batman: Bill Finger's 10 Most Important Contributions To The Character" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 12, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). "Batman's Co-Creator Bill Finger Finally Receives Recognition" . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (May 8, 2017). "Who Really Created Batman? It Depends What Batman Means To You" . Wired . Archived from the original on July 12, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ Holub, Christian (September 8, 2017). "Batman Co-Creator Bill Finger Finally Will Receive Writing Credit On Gotham , Batman V Superman " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 20, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mooney, Darren (December 25, 2020). "Have Yourself A Weird, Horny, Lonely Little Christmas With Batman Returns " . The Escapist . Archived from the original on May 20, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ a b c d e Bastién, Angelica Jade (June 26, 2017). "25 Years Later, Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman Is Still the Best Superhero Movie Villain" . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g Glieberman, Owen (June 26, 1992). " Batman Returns Review" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 15, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Burton, Byron (June 19, 2017). " Batman Returns At 25: Stars Reveal Script Cuts, Freezing Sets And Aggressive Penguins" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022 . Retrieved June 27, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Nayman, Adam (February 28, 2022). "The Grotesque Beauty Of Batman Returns " . The Ringer . Archived from the original on May 3, 2022 . Retrieved June 29, 2022 . ^ Crow, David; Cecchini, Mike (February 1, 2014). "Alfred: The Many Faces Of Batman's Butler" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on July 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ Zachary, Brandon (April 12, 2022). " Batman '89 Turns James Gordon into its Most Tragic Figure" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Ebert, Roger (June 19, 1992). " Batman Returns " . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on June 21, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ Fowler, Matt (March 18, 2009). "Holy Bat OCD!: Batman Returns ' Chip Shreck" . IGN . Archived from the original on May 20, 2018 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Harris, Mark (June 26, 1992). "What Is Cool 1992: Movies" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1, 2022 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ a b c " Batman Returns (1992)" . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 28, 2022 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Dockterman, Eliana (March 24, 2016). "Paul Reubens' Lost Roles" . Wired . Archived from the original on February 23, 2025 . Retrieved August 8, 2025 . ^ a b Maslin, Janet (June 19, 1992). "Review/Film: Batman Returns ; A Sincere Bat, A Sexy Cat And A Bad Bird" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Rich, Katey (October 9, 2014). " Saturday Night Live Alum Jan Hooks Dead At 57" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 21, 2020 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Smith, Thompson (March 10, 2022). "What The Cast Of Batman Returns Looks Like Today" . Looper . Archived from the original on April 22, 2025 . Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ "Holy Bat OCD!: Batman Returns ' Fire Breather" . IGN . March 18, 2019. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Mancuso, Vinnie (October 30, 2020). "Doug Jones Takes Us from Batman Returns Clown To Sexy Fish-Monster To Star Trek Captain" . Collider . Archived from the original on November 8, 2020 . Retrieved December 22, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae " Batman Returns (1992)" . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 20, 2022 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Jones 1989 , p. 62. ^ a b c d e f g h Weinraub, Bernard (June 22, 1992). " Batman Is Back, And The Money Is Pouring In" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 16, 2018 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Crow, David (December 1, 2019). "How Batman II Became Batman Returns " . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on June 17, 2022 . Retrieved June 28, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q " Batman Returns " . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on March 26, 2017 . Retrieved February 22, 2013 . ^ Puig, Claudia (January 10, 1991). "Movies" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . ^ a b Reinhart 2013 , p. 124. ^ a b c White 1992 , p. 8. ^ a b c d e f g White 1992 , p. 10. ^ a b " Batman Returns (1992)" . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 1, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ Welkos, Robert W. (March 27, 1992). "2 Producers Of Batman Sue Warner : Entertainment: They Challenge The Contention That The Film Lost Money. The Studio Says It Observed The Contract" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ a b c Shapiro 1992 , p. 32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reilly, Dan; Murthi, Vikram (April 27, 2022). "The Hardest Sequel I Ever Wrote The Writers Behind Blade Runner 2049 , Batman Returns , The John Wick Sequels, And More On Their Toughest Franchise Gigs" . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Sharkey, Betsy (June 14, 1992). "Film; Batman's City Gets A New Dose Of Urban Blight" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ Chapman, Wilson (December 28, 2023). "Tim Burton's Catwoman Spinoff Would've Been an '$18 Million Black and White' Film, Says Batman Returns Screenwriter" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 20, 2024 . Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ a b c Shapiro 1992 , p. 62. ^ Fischer, William (June 24, 2022). " Batman Returns Shows Tim Burton's Love For Federico Fellini" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 20, 2022 . ^ Shapiro 1992 , p. 30. ^ a b c White 1992 , p. 9. ^ Rausch, Andrew J. (May 19, 2021). "Screenwriter Wesley Strick Discusses Mike Nichols' 1994 Film Wolf " . Diabolique Magazine . Archived from the original on May 21, 2021 . Retrieved July 23, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h " Batman 3 " . Entertainment Weekly . October 1, 1993. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008 . Retrieved August 16, 2008 . ^ a b Marshall, Rick. "Did Marlon Brando Almost Play The Penguin In Batman Returns ? Not Exactly, Says Tim Burton" . MTV . Archived from the original on May 12, 2021 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ a b c Broeske, Pat H.; Thompson, Anne (August 9, 1991). "Big-Game Hunting" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 13, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Gerosa, Melina (January 30, 2007). "Odd Woman Out" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 10, 2012 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ Willman, Chris (May 17, 1992). "Profile : Sean Young, Seriously : She's Not Just A Wild Spirit, She Insists, But A Sensitive Soul Too; Certainly She's Brave—her Next Step Is To Sing And Dance On Stage" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ Burton, Byron (June 21, 2019). "The Battle To Make Tim Burton's Batman " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 13, 2022 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . ^ Resner 1992 . ^ Broeske, Pat H. (June 12, 1992). "Flashes: Kicking, The Habit" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 7, 2008 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ Miller, Davis (August 23, 1992). "Movies : The Next Action Hero? : Kathy Long Is A Champion Kickboxer Whose Movie Moves Remind Some Of Norris And Van Damme" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (June 24, 1992). "At Lunch With: Christopher Walken; A New York Actor Takes Stardom With A Grain Of Salt" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 26, 2022 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ a b Hunt, Dennis (September 29, 1991). "A Look Inside Hollywood And The Movies. : Casting About : At This Point, It's Less Than A Riddle" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ Rabin, Nathan (February 25, 1998). "Wayans World" . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 7, 2014 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ Welkos, Robert W. (March 27, 1992). "2 Producers Of Batman Sue Warner : Entertainment: They Challenge The Contention That The Film Lost Money. The Studio Says It Observed The Contract" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ Gritten, David (April 9, 1992). "Filmmakers Hope British Vote Will Revive Industry : Movies: Ten Years After The Screenwriter Of Chariots Of Fire Shouted 'The British Are Coming!' On Oscar Night, The Country's Film Industry Stands At An All-time Low" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ De Vries, Hilary (December 6, 1992). "Cover Story : Still Simmering Under The Shades : Jack Nicholson Remains One Of Hollywood's Hottest Actors And Talkers. So, What, If Anything, Has Changed? You Might Be Surprised" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ Kleid, Beth (September 3, 1991). "Movies" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ a b c d Higgins, Bill (June 18, 1992). "Batman Bash!" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ Daly, Steve (June 19, 1992). "Sets Appeal: Designing Batman Returns " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 10, 2008 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ "Exposé: Inside A Major Animal Supplier To Film And TV Businesses" . People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . January 11, 2017. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "Animal-rights Group Protests Use Of Peguins In Batman Returns " . The Christian Science Monitor . June 18, 1992. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Salisbury & Burton 2006 , p. 111. ^ "Danny Devito Recalls A Monkey Mishap On Batman Returns : 'He Leapt Right At My Balls' " . Entertainment Weekly . March 30, 2019. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022 . Retrieved July 20, 2022 . ^ White 1992 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b c d White 1992 , p. 11. ^ a b c McKenna, Kristine (June 14, 1992). "Cover Story : Gotham Owes Its Look To The Third Reich" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 31, 2023 . Retrieved October 5, 2025 . ^ Daly, Steve (June 19, 1992). "Designing the set of Batman Returns " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20, 2025 . Retrieved October 5, 2025 . ^ Fennell 1992 , p. 40. ^ Lack, Hannah (July 20, 2012). "Costume Designer Mary Vogt On Michelle Pfeiffer's Catsuit" . Another Magazine . Archived from the original on March 25, 2015 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns – Creating The Penguin" . Stan Winston Studio . November 13, 2015. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns – Creating The Penguin's Army Of Penguins" . Stan Winston Studio . November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ a b Cotta Vaz 1992 , p. 25. ^ " Batman Returns " . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on September 3, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ Cotta Vaz 1992 , p. 69. ^ Fuster, Jeremy (June 15, 2017). " Batman Returns 25th Anniversary: Look Back At Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman (Photos)" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 23, 2021 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ Schimkowitz, Matt (March 3, 2022). "There's Something About Selina: Why Catwoman Still Tempts Batman After All These Years" . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 26, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b c Dockery, Daniel (June 14, 2022). " Batman Returns Is The Most Anti-franchise Franchise Movie Ever Made" . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 27, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ Wright, Ridley (December 14, 2021). " Batman Returns : Does Catwoman Really Have Nine Lives?" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b c d e Weinraub, Bernard (April 13, 1992). "The Talk Of Hollywood; 2 Titans Clash And All Of Filmdom Feels Shock Waves" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 4, 2022 . ^ Johnson, Brian D. (June 22, 1992). "Batman's Return" . Maclean's . Archived from the original on July 25, 2019 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Turan, Kenneth (June 19, 1992). "Movie Review : The Roar Of The Cat, Whimper Of The Bat" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ a b " Batman Returns " . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 17, 2022 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ Grow, Kory (October 27, 2015). "Watch Tim Burton And Danny Elfman Talk Batman Score" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 2, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2022 . ^ D., Spence (July 24, 2008). "Danny Elfman – Batman Returns Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" . IGN . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ a b c Clemmensen, Christian (September 24, 1996). " Batman Returns " . Filmtracks.com . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Maddox, Garry (October 16, 2014). "Danny Elfman Presents His Tim Burton Movie Scores At Adelaide Festival" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 18, 2014 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ a b c d Andrews, Suzanna (May 24, 1992). "Film; Trying To Put The Sizzle In Summer" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 4, 2022 . ^ Welkos, Robert W. (March 22, 1992). "Movies : Mr. Nice Guy Dives Back Into Action : Harrison Ford Returns To The Genre That Made Him A Star. In Patriot Games , He Inherits The Role Of The CIA Agent From Alec Baldwin, But The Production Is In Trouble With Author Tom Clancy" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Fox, David J. (June 17, 1992). "Ready For A Batman Blitz? : More Than 120 Product Tie-ins Hit The Market" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g Elliott, Stuart (June 9, 1992). "The Media Business: Advertising; Batman Returns , But Brings Far Fewer T-Shirts" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ Marx, Andy (June 14, 1992). "A Look Inside Hollywood And The Movies. : Into The Belfry : What If We Just Wanted His Ears?" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b "Domestic 1992 Weekend 25 June 19–21, 1992" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8, 2022 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ Fox, David J. (June 15, 1993). "Weekend Box Office: Universal's Monster Smash" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 17, 2007 . ^ a b c Ramachandran, Naman (August 1, 2025). "Tim Burton on Batman Returns at 30: 'I Think It's a Good Thing That It Still Baffles People' " . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ a b Coate, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Revisiting The Bat, The Cat, And The Penguin: Remembering Batman Returns On Its 25th Anniversary" . The Digital Bits . Archived from the original on September 6, 2025 . Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ "Domestic 1992 Weekend 26 June 26–28, 1992" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8, 2022 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ a b c d Pond, Steve (July 17, 1992). "Chris Coppola, In Uncle's Footsteps" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 7, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (July 5, 1992). "Two At The Wheel Of The Batmobile" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ "Domestic 1992 Weekend 27 July 3–5, 1992" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8, 2022 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ "Domestic 1992 Weekend 28 July 10–12, 1992" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 22, 2022 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns " . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ "1992 Yearly Box Office Results" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 9, 2015 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ a b "1992 Worldwide Grosses" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 26, 2012 . Retrieved July 8, 2022 . ^ McBride 1992 , p. 20. ^ Groves 1993 , p. 18. ^ Heilbron, Alexandra (August 21, 2017). "Batman Through The Years – From Comic Books To Movies" . Tribute . Archived from the original on March 3, 2021 . Retrieved August 22, 2025 . ^ "CinemaScore" . CinemaScore . Archived from the original on December 20, 2018 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ a b c d e Howe, Desson (June 19, 1992). " Batman Returns " . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 7, 2012 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Maslin, Janet (June 19, 1992). "Review/Film: Batman Returns ; A Sincere Bat, A Sexy Cat And A Bad Bird" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 19, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2009 . ^ a b c d e f g h i McCarthy, Todd (June 15, 1992). " Batman Returns " . Variety . Archived from the original on October 8, 2010 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ a b c d e Burr, Ty (October 23, 1992). "Video Review: Batman Returns " . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18, 2012 . Retrieved April 17, 2012 . ^ a b c d e f Kehr, Dave (June 19, 1992). "Caped Fear" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on September 21, 2019 . Retrieved July 12, 2022 . ^ a b c Rosenbaum, Jonathan (June 19, 1992). "Batman" . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on December 8, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ a b Kempley, Rita (June 19, 1992). " Batman Returns " . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 16, 2018 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ a b Siskel, Gene (June 19, 1992). "Offbeat Batman Returns Is A Freudian Fairy Tale" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30, 2019 . Retrieved July 12, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f James, Caryn (June 28, 1992). "Film View; Batman Returns With A Capeload Of Angst And Ills" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 5, 2022 . ^ a b c d Travers, Peter (February 7, 2001). " Batman Returns " . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 4, 2007 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Thomas, Philip (January 1, 2000). " Batman Returns Review" . Empire . Archived from the original on June 9, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns " . Variety . June 15, 1992. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . ^ "Film In 1993" . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on June 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "The 65th Academy Awards – 1993" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 29, 1993. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "1992 19th Saturn Awards" . Los Angeles Times . June 8, 1993. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Arar, Yardena (February 16, 1993). " The Bodyguard Top Contender For 'Other' Film Awards" . Deseret News . Archived from the original on October 23, 2012 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "A Look Back At 1993 And The Second Annual MTV Movie Awards" . Uproxx . April 14, 2013. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "1993 Hugo Awards" . Hugo Award . Archived from the original on May 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (September 6, 1992). "Film; What Hollywood Learned At Summer School" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 13, 2025 . ^ Broeske, Pat H. (October 18, 1992). "Don't Forget That Joel Schumacher Briefly Saved Batman" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 3, 2019 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ "Franchise: Batman" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 7, 2023 . Retrieved September 7, 2025 . ^ a b c d e f Crow, David (August 25, 2019). "Why Tim Burton's Batman 3 Never Happened" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on June 27, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ Salisbury & Burton 2006 , p. 113. ^ a b c d Grossman, David (January 4, 2022). "Michael Keaton Explains Why He Walked Away From Batman " . Polygon . Archived from the original on April 3, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b c d e Proctor 2023 , p. 218. ^ Masters, Kim (March 27, 1992). "Holy Lawsuit, Batman !" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 7, 2022 . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ Brew, Simon (February 21, 2018). "Who Are The Two Producers Credited On Every Batman Movie?" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on April 3, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ a b Nichols, Peter M. (October 15, 1992). "Home Video" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 26, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ Nichols, Peter M. (December 3, 1992). "Home Video" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 26, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2022 . ^ a b White, Cindy (March 6, 2009). " Batman : The Motion Picture Anthology Blu-ray Review" . IGN . Archived from the original on July 9, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "1997 DVD Releases" . Tribute . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Gilchrist, Todd (August 1, 2005). " Batman DVD Anthology Due" . IGN . Archived from the original on July 10, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ McLaughlin, Robert (February 23, 2009). " Batman Returns Blu-ray Review" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ a b Tallerico, Brian (June 25, 2019). " Batman Films On 4K Offer Interesting Contrast To Modern Superhero Movies" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on March 17, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Duarte, M. Enois (May 30, 2019). " Batman Returns – 4K Ultra HD Blu-Ray" . Hi-Def Digest . Archived from the original on July 23, 2021 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns Ultimate Collector's Edition 4K Ultra Hd Steelbook (4K Ultra HD) (1992)" . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns Mass Market Paperbound – 1992 by Craig Shaw Gardner; DC Comics" . Biblio.com . Archived from the original on August 8, 2025. ^ " Batman Returns Mass Market Paperback – 1 July 1992" . Amazon . Archived from the original on October 15, 2008 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Jung, Robert A. (July 1, 1999). " Batman Returns " . IGN . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Patterson, Shane (October 21, 2013). "A History Of Batman Games" . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 7, 2013 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Grubb, Jeff (July 21, 2012). "A Quick History Of Batman In Video Games" . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Huskey, Darry (October 8, 2014). "A Complete History Of Batman Video Games" . IGN . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Polo, Susana (December 6, 2021). "The Penguin And Catwoman Solve Covid, Bang In Danny Devito's Batman Comic" . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ Flood, Alison (December 1, 2021). "Unmasked: The Penguin Saves World From Covid In Danny Devito's Batman Story" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 27, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ Cecchini, Mike (May 18, 2022). "How Batman '89 Fulfills Dark Knight Fan Dreams" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on July 7, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Del Pizzo, Grace (June 30, 2022). "Joker's Biggest Contradiction Is Officially Being Called Out By DC" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Donohoo, Timothy (June 28, 2022). "What The DC Debut Of Batman Returns ' Scariest Villains Means For Gotham City" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ "Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic" . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved November 20, 2022 . ^ Kit, Borys (May 16, 2023). "Lego Unveils Massive Batcave Inspired by Tim Burton's Batman Returns " . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 . Retrieved September 5, 2025 . ^ a b Born 2017 , p. 90. ^ a b Siegel 2013 , pp. 218, 228. ^ a b Siegel 2013 , p. 127. ^ a b c d e Born 2017 , p. 85. ^ Born 2017 , p. 86. ^ a b Born 2017 , pp. 82, 86. ^ Born 2017 , pp. 85–86. ^ Mettler 2012 , p. 109. ^ a b Mettler 2012 , p. 123. ^ Mettler 2012 , p. 121. ^ Mettler 2012 , pp. 122–123. ^ a b c Mettler 2012 , p. 127. ^ Born 2017 , p. 84. ^ Siegel 2013 , p. 197. ^ Siegel 2013 , pp. 197, 218. ^ a b Siegel 2013 , p. 10. ^ Siegel 2013 , pp. 10, 229. ^ Siegel 2013 , p. 229. ^ a b c Siegel 2013 , p. 207. ^ Breihan, Tom (May 3, 2022). " Batman Returns Is A Relic Of An Age When Disgusting Monsters Only Ran For Office In The Movies" . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 21, 2022 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ Siegel 2013 , pp. 228–229. ^ Mettler 2012 , pp. 129–130. ^ a b c Newman 1993 , pp. 306–307. ^ Newman 1993 , p. 305. ^ a b Newman 1993 , p. 307. ^ a b Newman 1993 , p. 306. ^ Mettler 2012 , p. 129. ^ a b Taussig, Arthur (1999). " Batman Returns [1992] & Batman [1989]" (PDF) . AthurTaussig.com . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2023 . Retrieved August 11, 2025 . ^ a b c d Newman 1993 , p. 310. ^ Born 2017 , p. 88. ^ Born 2017 , pp. 82–85. ^ Born 2017 , p. 87. ^ Newman 1993 , pp. 307, 310. ^ Newman 1993 , pp. 306–307, 310. ^ a b Siegel 2013 , p. 228. ^ Mettler 2012 , pp. 121, 127. ^ a b c Born 2017 , p. 82. ^ Proctor 2023 , p. 208. ^ a b c d Roiphe, Rebecca; Cooper, Daniel (July 2, 1992). "Batman and the Jewish Question" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved July 23, 2022 . ^ a b " Batman Returns — Is There Anti-semitism In This Kind-of Christmas Movie?" . LAist . December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on November 17, 2024 . Retrieved August 11, 2025 . ^ "Anti-Semitism in Batman Returns ? Be Serious" . The New York Times . July 20, 1992. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019 . Retrieved August 27, 2025 . ^ Cotta Vaz 1992 , p. 29. ^ a b c Earl, William; Murphy, J. Kim; Saperstein, Pat; Seo, Rachel; Shafer, Ellise; Shanfeld, Ethan; Sharf, Zack; Woerner, Meredith (March 2, 2023). "The 50 Best Movie Sequels of All Time" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 2, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ Fear, David; Hiatt, Brian; Sepinwall, Alan; Reeves, Mosi; Gross, Joe; Garrett, Stephen (June 29, 2022). "50 Greatest Superhero Movies Of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 13, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ a b Murrian, Samuel R. (March 7, 2025). "We Ranked the 55 Best Superhero Movies of All Time, From Wonder Woman to Shang-Chi " . Parade . Archived from the original on July 18, 2025 . Retrieved September 2, 2025 . ^ a b c d e Travis, Ben (June 7, 2022). "Tim Burton On Batman Forever ' s Nipple Suit: 'Go F*** Yourself' " . Empire . Archived from the original on July 31, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ a b Dutta, Debopriyaa (June 7, 2022). "30 Years Later, Tim Burton Is Proud Of Batman Return , His 'Weird Experiment' " . /Film . Archived from the original on July 29, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ Hewitt, Chris; Williams, Owen; De Semlyen, Phil (March 10, 2015). "The Greatest Superhero Movies Of All Time" . Empire . Archived from the original on August 22, 2017 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ a b Mintzer, Jordan (March 23, 2016). "Critics' Picks: All 12 Batman Films Ranked Worst To Best" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Fischer, William (December 19, 2021). "All The Ways 'Batman Returns' Was The Greatest Anti-blockbuster" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ " Batman Returns " . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on June 3, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ " Batman's Return " . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Reilly, Conner (March 5, 2022). "The Batman Movie That Robert Pattinson Calls A 'Masterpiece' " . Looper . Archived from the original on September 28, 2022 . Retrieved October 30, 2022 . ^ Vejvoda, Jim (April 9, 2020). "Director Matt Reeves Reveals the Two Batman Movies He Loves Most" . IGN . Archived from the original on April 8, 2022 . Retrieved October 30, 2022 . ^ Diaz, Eric (January 29, 2025). " Nosferatu ' s Robert Eggers Reveals How Batman Returns Inspired The Film" . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 30, 2025 . Retrieved January 30, 2025 . ^ a b c Lyman, Brian (June 22, 2012). "Tim Burton: Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman was 'Purr-fection' " . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 9, 2017 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ Brown, Tracy (March 4, 2022). " The Batman Villains, Ranked: Who Was The Best Catwoman, Penguin And Riddler?" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 26, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ Gomez, Dessi; Garner, Glenn; Grobar, Matt; Patten, Dominic; Kroll, Justin (September 20, 2024). "The Best Batman Movies: From The Dark Knight To The Batman " . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 8, 2024 . Retrieved September 5, 2025 . ^ DeFore, John; Felperin, Leslie; Mintzer, Jordan (October 21, 2022). "DC Movies: All Films Ranked Worst to Best" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ Couch, Aaron; McMillan, Graeme; Shanley, Patrick (March 1, 2017). "The 50 Greatest Superhero Movie Performances of All Time" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 25, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ Collin, Robbie (July 24, 2025). "The 30 Best Superhero Films Of All Time, Ranked" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 1, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ "The 50 Best Superhero Movies Of All Time" . The Ringer . Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Davis, Clayton (June 5, 2023). "62 Best Superhero Movie Performances, From Heath Ledger to Angela Bassett" . Variety . Archived from the original on June 16, 2023 . Retrieved September 3, 2025 . ^ Davis, Clayton (December 10, 2023). "The Biggest Superhero Oscar Snubs, Ranked: From Michelle Pfeiffer in Batman Returns to Black Panther and The Dark Knight " . Variety . Archived from the original on January 25, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ Chapman, Wilson; Urban, Sasha (March 14, 2022). "Every Live-action Catwoman, Ranked From Worst To Best" . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ Hassenger, Jesse (March 8, 2022). " Batman Movie Villains, Ranked" . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ "13 Things We're Still Mad About: Oscars Edition" . The New York Times . March 9, 2024. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024 . Retrieved September 7, 2025 . ^ Leitch, Will; Grierson, Tim (March 4, 2022). "Every Batman Movie, Ranked" . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Gulino, Elizabeth (January 27, 2017). "Michael Keaton's Batman Returns Suit Brings $41,000 at Auction" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13, 2025 . Retrieved September 5, 2025 . ^ Franich, Darren; Nashawaty, Chris (July 18, 2018). " The Dark Knight turns 10: EW Critics Revisit Christopher Nolan's Batman Phenomenon" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 21, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ "The 25 Best Christmas Movies, From Love Actually To The Muppets Christmas Carol " . The Daily Telegraph . December 24, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019 . Retrieved November 18, 2023 . ^ Longeretta, Emily; Earl, William; Moreau, Jordan; Kim Murphy, J.; Saperstein, Pat; Shanfeld, Ethan; Shafer, Ellise; Stephan, Katcy; Woerner, Meredith; Zee, Michaela (November 17, 2023). "The 40 Best Christmas Movies Of All Time" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 18, 2023 . Retrieved November 18, 2023 . ^ Freeman, Hadley (September 9, 2017). "Michael Keaton: 'There Was A Lot Of Bad Taste In The 90s And I Contributed To That' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 13, 2025 . Retrieved August 31, 2025 . ^ a b Bailey, Jason (June 23, 2020). "Don't Forget That Joel Schumacher Briefly Saved Batman" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ a b c Chitwood, Adam (January 4, 2022). "Michael Keaton Explains Why He Didn't Return for Batman Forever " . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 12, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Fleming, Michael (July 22, 1993). "Another Life At WB For Catwoman And Burton?" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Fleming, Michael (January 13, 1994). "Seagal on the pulpit may be too much for WB" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ a b Brew, Simon (August 16, 2015). "Whatever Happened To The Tim Burton Catwoman Movie?" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Haring, Bruce (December 29, 2023). " Batman Returns Spinoff Featuring Catwoman Had Two Very Different Takes, Screenwriter Reveals" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 13, 2024 . Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ Bergeson, Samantha (July 19, 2024). "Halle Berry: Critics Have 'So Much Power' to Tank Films" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 25, 2024 . Retrieved September 7, 2025 . ^ Casey, Henry T. (January 7, 2022). " The Flash Movie Teaser And Everything We Know So Far" . Tom's Guide . Archived from the original on June 14, 2025 . Retrieved August 4, 2022 . ^ Melendez, Marcos (February 13, 2022). " Batgirl Set Photos Reveal First Look at Michael Keaton's Batman" . Collider . Archived from the original on May 8, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Gonzalez, Umberto (August 2, 2022). " Batgirl Won't Fly: Warner Bros. Discovery Has No Plans To Release Nearly Finished $90 Million Film" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 2, 2022 . Retrieved August 2, 2022 . Works cited Books Proctor, William (2023). "The Darkest Knight: Archaeology of the Batman in Comics and Film". In Guignard, F. (ed.). Reboot Culture – Comics, Film, Transmedia . London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Returns#cite_ref-NYTimeschumachObit_253-0
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: MMPG: MoE-based Adaptive Multi-Perspective Graph Fusion for Protein Representation Learning Abstract: Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely adopted for Protein Representation Learning (PRL), as residue interaction networks can be naturally represented as graphs. Current GNN-based PRL methods typically rely on single-perspective graph construction strategies, which capture partial properties of residue interactions, resulting in incomplete protein representations. To address this limitation, we propose MMPG, a framework that constructs protein graphs from multiple perspectives and adaptively fuses them via Mixture of Experts (MoE) for PRL. MMPG constructs graphs from physical, chemical, and geometric perspectives to characterize different properties of residue interactions. To capture both perspective-specific features and their synergies, we develop an MoE module, which dynamically routes perspectives to specialized experts, where experts learn intrinsic features and cross-perspective interactions. We quantitatively verify that MoE automatically specializes experts in modeling distinct levels of interaction from individual representations, to pairwise inter-perspective synergies, and ultimately to a global consensus across all perspectives. Through integrating this multi-level information, MMPG produces superior protein representations and achieves advanced performance on four different downstream protein tasks. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10157 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10157v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10157#content
|
About Mission, Vision, Values, & Goals Ethics, Resolutions, & Bylaws Leadership, Past Presidents, & Staff Nominations and Elections 2025 Election Candidates Donate Join the SfAA Newsletter Contact Mission, Vision, Values, & Goals Ethics, Resolutions, & Bylaws Leadership, Past Presidents, & Staff Nominations and Elections 2025 Election Candidates 2025 Election Candidates Donate Join the SfAA Newsletter Contact Membership Why Should You Join? Join or Renew Fellows Member Online Journal Access Committees Topical Interest Groups (TIGs) Address Change Form Why Should You Join? Join or Renew Fellows Member Online Journal Access Committees Topical Interest Groups (TIGs) Address Change Form Annual Meeting Annual Meeting Registration Annual Meeting Member Registration Non-Member Registration Annual Meeting Registration and New Membership Information & Logistics Annual Meeting Instructions Abstract Information Hotel & Travel Information Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards Virtual Meeting (Whova) Instructions Social Media Templates Statement of Ethics & Professional Responsibilities Safe and Equitable Work and Educational Conditions Abstract Information Annual Meeting Announcements Program Details Theme, Cosponsors & Committee Distinguished Lectures Workshops Tours Exhibitor Information Exhibit Products Advertise in the Program Training Program Exhibit Tote Bag Sponsoring Past & Future Meetings Previous Annual Meetings Future Annual Meeting Sites Annual Meeting Registration Annual Meeting Member Registration Non-Member Registration Annual Meeting Registration and New Membership Annual Meeting Member Registration Non-Member Registration Annual Meeting Registration and New Membership Information & Logistics Annual Meeting Instructions Abstract Information Hotel & Travel Information Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards Virtual Meeting (Whova) Instructions Social Media Templates Statement of Ethics & Professional Responsibilities Safe and Equitable Work and Educational Conditions Annual Meeting Instructions Abstract Information Hotel & Travel Information Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards Virtual Meeting (Whova) Instructions Social Media Templates Statement of Ethics & Professional Responsibilities Safe and Equitable Work and Educational Conditions Abstract Information Annual Meeting Announcements Program Details Theme, Cosponsors & Committee Distinguished Lectures Workshops Tours Theme, Cosponsors & Committee Distinguished Lectures Workshops Tours Exhibitor Information Exhibit Products Advertise in the Program Training Program Exhibit Tote Bag Sponsoring Exhibit Products Advertise in the Program Training Program Exhibit Tote Bag Sponsoring Past & Future Meetings Previous Annual Meetings Future Annual Meeting Sites Previous Annual Meetings Future Annual Meeting Sites Publications Human Organization Member Online Journal Access Practicing Anthropology Member Online Journal Access Classics Of Practicing Anthropology Human Rights: The Scholar As Activist Malinowski Award Monograph Human Organization Member Online Journal Access Member Online Journal Access Practicing Anthropology Member Online Journal Access Member Online Journal Access Classics Of Practicing Anthropology Human Rights: The Scholar As Activist Malinowski Award Monograph Awards & Prizes Distinguished Awards Bronislaw Malinowski Award Margaret Mead Award Sol Tax Distinguished Service Award General Awards Peter K. New Award Pelto International Travel Award Robert A. & Beverly H. Hackenberg Prize J. Thomas May Memorial Internship Comitas Award for Significant Applications of Anthropology First Book Proposal Prize in Critical Disaster Studies Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards John Bodley Travel Award Erve Chambers Tourism and Heritage Student Paper Award Human Rights Defender Travel Award Michael M. Cernea Travel Award for Involuntary Resettlement Del Jones Memorial Travel Award Gil Kushner Memorial Travel Award Beatrice Medicine Award Edward H. & Rosamond B. Spicer Travel Award Student Endowed Award Valene Smith Prize for Student Posters on Tourism Student Poster Award Distinguished Awards Bronislaw Malinowski Award Margaret Mead Award Sol Tax Distinguished Service Award Bronislaw Malinowski Award Margaret Mead Award Sol Tax Distinguished Service Award General Awards Peter K. New Award Pelto International Travel Award Robert A. & Beverly H. Hackenberg Prize J. Thomas May Memorial Internship Comitas Award for Significant Applications of Anthropology First Book Proposal Prize in Critical Disaster Studies Peter K. New Award Pelto International Travel Award Robert A. & Beverly H. Hackenberg Prize J. Thomas May Memorial Internship Comitas Award for Significant Applications of Anthropology First Book Proposal Prize in Critical Disaster Studies Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards John Bodley Travel Award Erve Chambers Tourism and Heritage Student Paper Award Human Rights Defender Travel Award Michael M. Cernea Travel Award for Involuntary Resettlement Del Jones Memorial Travel Award Gil Kushner Memorial Travel Award Beatrice Medicine Award Edward H. & Rosamond B. Spicer Travel Award Student Endowed Award Valene Smith Prize for Student Posters on Tourism Student Poster Award John Bodley Travel Award Erve Chambers Tourism and Heritage Student Paper Award Human Rights Defender Travel Award Michael M. Cernea Travel Award for Involuntary Resettlement Del Jones Memorial Travel Award Gil Kushner Memorial Travel Award Beatrice Medicine Award Edward H. & Rosamond B. Spicer Travel Award Student Endowed Award Valene Smith Prize for Student Posters on Tourism Student Poster Award Resources & Projects Job Postings Purchase Job Ad Education Programs Organizations SfAA Global Interfaces of Global Applied Anthropology Framing Migration: A SfAA Global Roundtable SfAA Global Webinars Oral History Project Podcast Project Job Postings Purchase Job Ad Purchase Job Ad Education Programs Organizations SfAA Global Interfaces of Global Applied Anthropology Framing Migration: A SfAA Global Roundtable SfAA Global Webinars Interfaces of Global Applied Anthropology Framing Migration: A SfAA Global Roundtable SfAA Global Webinars Oral History Project Podcast Project News Login/Register WooCommerce Cart About Mission, Vision, Values, & Goals Ethics, Resolutions, & Bylaws Leadership, Past Presidents, & Staff Nominations and Elections 2025 Election Candidates Donate Join the SfAA Newsletter Contact Mission, Vision, Values, & Goals Ethics, Resolutions, & Bylaws Leadership, Past Presidents, & Staff Nominations and Elections 2025 Election Candidates 2025 Election Candidates Donate Join the SfAA Newsletter Contact Membership Why Should You Join? Join or Renew Fellows Member Online Journal Access Committees Topical Interest Groups (TIGs) Address Change Form Why Should You Join? Join or Renew Fellows Member Online Journal Access Committees Topical Interest Groups (TIGs) Address Change Form Annual Meeting Annual Meeting Registration Annual Meeting Member Registration Non-Member Registration Annual Meeting Registration and New Membership Information & Logistics Annual Meeting Instructions Abstract Information Hotel & Travel Information Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards Virtual Meeting (Whova) Instructions Social Media Templates Statement of Ethics & Professional Responsibilities Safe and Equitable Work and Educational Conditions Abstract Information Annual Meeting Announcements Program Details Theme, Cosponsors & Committee Distinguished Lectures Workshops Tours Exhibitor Information Exhibit Products Advertise in the Program Training Program Exhibit Tote Bag Sponsoring Past & Future Meetings Previous Annual Meetings Future Annual Meeting Sites Annual Meeting Registration Annual Meeting Member Registration Non-Member Registration Annual Meeting Registration and New Membership Annual Meeting Member Registration Non-Member Registration Annual Meeting Registration and New Membership Information & Logistics Annual Meeting Instructions Abstract Information Hotel & Travel Information Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards Virtual Meeting (Whova) Instructions Social Media Templates Statement of Ethics & Professional Responsibilities Safe and Equitable Work and Educational Conditions Annual Meeting Instructions Abstract Information Hotel & Travel Information Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards Virtual Meeting (Whova) Instructions Social Media Templates Statement of Ethics & Professional Responsibilities Safe and Equitable Work and Educational Conditions Abstract Information Annual Meeting Announcements Program Details Theme, Cosponsors & Committee Distinguished Lectures Workshops Tours Theme, Cosponsors & Committee Distinguished Lectures Workshops Tours Exhibitor Information Exhibit Products Advertise in the Program Training Program Exhibit Tote Bag Sponsoring Exhibit Products Advertise in the Program Training Program Exhibit Tote Bag Sponsoring Past & Future Meetings Previous Annual Meetings Future Annual Meeting Sites Previous Annual Meetings Future Annual Meeting Sites Publications Human Organization Member Online Journal Access Practicing Anthropology Member Online Journal Access Classics Of Practicing Anthropology Human Rights: The Scholar As Activist Malinowski Award Monograph Human Organization Member Online Journal Access Member Online Journal Access Practicing Anthropology Member Online Journal Access Member Online Journal Access Classics Of Practicing Anthropology Human Rights: The Scholar As Activist Malinowski Award Monograph Awards & Prizes Distinguished Awards Bronislaw Malinowski Award Margaret Mead Award Sol Tax Distinguished Service Award General Awards Peter K. New Award Pelto International Travel Award Robert A. & Beverly H. Hackenberg Prize J. Thomas May Memorial Internship Comitas Award for Significant Applications of Anthropology First Book Proposal Prize in Critical Disaster Studies Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards John Bodley Travel Award Erve Chambers Tourism and Heritage Student Paper Award Human Rights Defender Travel Award Michael M. Cernea Travel Award for Involuntary Resettlement Del Jones Memorial Travel Award Gil Kushner Memorial Travel Award Beatrice Medicine Award Edward H. & Rosamond B. Spicer Travel Award Student Endowed Award Valene Smith Prize for Student Posters on Tourism Student Poster Award Distinguished Awards Bronislaw Malinowski Award Margaret Mead Award Sol Tax Distinguished Service Award Bronislaw Malinowski Award Margaret Mead Award Sol Tax Distinguished Service Award General Awards Peter K. New Award Pelto International Travel Award Robert A. & Beverly H. Hackenberg Prize J. Thomas May Memorial Internship Comitas Award for Significant Applications of Anthropology First Book Proposal Prize in Critical Disaster Studies Peter K. New Award Pelto International Travel Award Robert A. & Beverly H. Hackenberg Prize J. Thomas May Memorial Internship Comitas Award for Significant Applications of Anthropology First Book Proposal Prize in Critical Disaster Studies Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards John Bodley Travel Award Erve Chambers Tourism and Heritage Student Paper Award Human Rights Defender Travel Award Michael M. Cernea Travel Award for Involuntary Resettlement Del Jones Memorial Travel Award Gil Kushner Memorial Travel Award Beatrice Medicine Award Edward H. & Rosamond B. Spicer Travel Award Student Endowed Award Valene Smith Prize for Student Posters on Tourism Student Poster Award John Bodley Travel Award Erve Chambers Tourism and Heritage Student Paper Award Human Rights Defender Travel Award Michael M. Cernea Travel Award for Involuntary Resettlement Del Jones Memorial Travel Award Gil Kushner Memorial Travel Award Beatrice Medicine Award Edward H. & Rosamond B. Spicer Travel Award Student Endowed Award Valene Smith Prize for Student Posters on Tourism Student Poster Award Resources & Projects Job Postings Purchase Job Ad Education Programs Organizations SfAA Global Interfaces of Global Applied Anthropology Framing Migration: A SfAA Global Roundtable SfAA Global Webinars Oral History Project Podcast Project Job Postings Purchase Job Ad Purchase Job Ad Education Programs Organizations SfAA Global Interfaces of Global Applied Anthropology Framing Migration: A SfAA Global Roundtable SfAA Global Webinars Interfaces of Global Applied Anthropology Framing Migration: A SfAA Global Roundtable SfAA Global Webinars Oral History Project Podcast Project News Login/Register WooCommerce Cart In Memoriam: Valene L. Smith Home » In Memoriam: Valene L. Smith In Memoriam: Valene L. Smith Home » In Memoriam: Valene L. Smith By Tim Wallace It is with great sadness that we learn that Valene L. Smith has died. This very vivacious person helped to kickstart the field of the Anthropology of Tourism with her proposal to publish papers from a symposium held at the 1974 American Anthropological Association meetings in Mexico City that eventually appeared as part of her edited book, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism in 1977 (University of Pennsylvania Press). She taught at Chico State University, California from 1967 to 1998 and founded its tourism curriculum and internship. She was instrumental in developing the Museum of Anthropology there, to which after her retirement she gifted over $4.5 million. The museum is now called the Valene L. Smith Museum of Anthropology. In 2020 she was awarded the UNWTO Ulysses Prize for the Creation and Dissemination of Knowledge. During the first years of this century, Melissa Stevens and myself, co-founders of the SFAA Tourism and Heritage Tourism TIG, had the great fortune to meet Valene at one of the SfAA meetings with the late SfAA Executive Director Tom May. Valene approached the SfAA to offer a major donation to fund a tourism poster competition which has become a staple of our TIG each year at the SFAA’s. Several members of our TIG have been beneficiaries of this annual award. After that eventful meeting, Valene continued to attend many SFAA TIG meetings and present papers. Valene L. Smith was born on February 14, 1926. Apparently, her birth on Valentine’s Day is the reason she was named Valene. She received a degree in geography from UCLA in 1946 and at age 20, began teaching at L.A. City College. She taught Geography for 18 years at City College and completed an MA at UCLA. During a sabbatical, she earned a Ph.D. in Anthropology in 15 months at the University of Utah. She began teaching at Chico State in 1967 and retired there as professor emerita in 1998, but she never stopped traveling, writing or promoting the study of tourism. She also held a pilot’s license to fly a Cessna and once owned a travel agency. Valene continued traveling to far reaches of the globe well into her 90’s. On behalf of the SfAA Tourism and Heritage TIG, we know that Valene’s presence both as a person, a colleague, and staunch supporter of the anthropology of tourism and heritage will be greatly missed. By Tim Wallace It is with great sadness that we learn that Valene L. Smith has died. This very vivacious person helped to kickstart the field of the Anthropology of Tourism with her proposal to publish papers from a symposium held at the 1974 American Anthropological Association meetings in Mexico City that eventually appeared as part of her edited book, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism in 1977 (University of Pennsylvania Press). She taught at Chico State University, California from 1967 to 1998 and founded its tourism curriculum and internship. She was instrumental in developing the Museum of Anthropology there, to which after her retirement she gifted over $4.5 million. The museum is now called the Valene L. Smith Museum of Anthropology. In 2020 she was awarded the UNWTO Ulysses Prize for the Creation and Dissemination of Knowledge. During the first years of this century, Melissa Stevens and myself, co-founders of the SFAA Tourism and Heritage Tourism TIG, had the great fortune to meet Valene at one of the SfAA meetings with the late SfAA Executive Director Tom May. Valene approached the SfAA to offer a major donation to fund a tourism poster competition which has become a staple of our TIG each year at the SFAA’s. Several members of our TIG have been beneficiaries of this annual award. After that eventful meeting, Valene continued to attend many SFAA TIG meetings and present papers. Valene L. Smith was born on February 14, 1926. Apparently, her birth on Valentine’s Day is the reason she was named Valene. She received a degree in geography from UCLA in 1946 and at age 20, began teaching at L.A. City College. She taught Geography for 18 years at City College and completed an MA at UCLA. During a sabbatical, she earned a Ph.D. in Anthropology in 15 months at the University of Utah. She began teaching at Chico State in 1967 and retired there as professor emerita in 1998, but she never stopped traveling, writing or promoting the study of tourism. She also held a pilot’s license to fly a Cessna and once owned a travel agency. Valene continued traveling to far reaches of the globe well into her 90’s. On behalf of the SfAA Tourism and Heritage TIG, we know that Valene’s presence both as a person, a colleague, and staunch supporter of the anthropology of tourism and heritage will be greatly missed. MAILING ADDRESS SfAA PO Box 2436 Oklahoma City, OK 73101-2436 PHONE (405) 843-5113 SOCIETY & AWARDS Mission, Vision, Values, & Goals Ethics, Resolutions, & Bylaws Leadership, Past Presidents, & Staff Distinguished Awards General Awards Student Annual Meeting Travel Awards MEMBERSHIP & MEETINGS Why Should You Join? Membership (Join or Renew) Annual Meeting Registration Information & Logistics Program Details Exhibitor Information PUBLICATIONS & MORE Human Organization Practicing Anthropology News Podcast Project Oral History Project Contact Privacy Policy | Legal Disclaimer | Refund & Return Policy Society for Applied Anthropology © 2023 - 2024 Designed by Matt Artz of Azimuth Labs Go to Top
|
https://web.archive.org/web/20241201233337/https://appliedanthro.org/news/in-memoriam-valene-l-smith/
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Before the Common Era (BCE) Toggle Before the Common Era (BCE) subsection 1.1 1900s BCE 1.2 1500s BCE 1.3 600s BCE 1.4 200s BCE 1.5 100s BCE 1.1 1900s BCE 1.2 1500s BCE 1.3 600s BCE 1.4 200s BCE 1.5 100s BCE 2 Common Era (CE) Toggle Common Era (CE) subsection 2.1 400s 2.2 600s 2.3 700s 2.4 800s 2.5 900s 2.6 1000s 2.7 1100s 2.8 1200s 2.9 1300s 2.10 1400s 2.11 1500s 2.12 1600s 2.13 1700s 2.14 1800s 2.15 1900s 2.15.1 1910s 2.15.2 1930s 2.15.3 1940s 2.15.4 1950s 2.15.5 1960s 2.15.6 1970s 2.15.7 1980s 2.15.8 1990s 2.16 2000s 2.1 400s 2.2 600s 2.3 700s 2.4 800s 2.5 900s 2.6 1000s 2.7 1100s 2.8 1200s 2.9 1300s 2.10 1400s 2.11 1500s 2.12 1600s 2.13 1700s 2.14 1800s 2.15 1900s 2.15.1 1910s 2.15.2 1930s 2.15.3 1940s 2.15.4 1950s 2.15.5 1960s 2.15.6 1970s 2.15.7 1980s 2.15.8 1990s 2.15.1 1910s 2.15.2 1930s 2.15.3 1940s 2.15.4 1950s 2.15.5 1960s 2.15.6 1970s 2.15.7 1980s 2.15.8 1990s 2.16 2000s 3 Under Construction 4 Planned 5 See also 6 References Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Timeline of telescopes , observatories , and observing technology . Before the Common Era (BCE) 1900s BCE Taosi Astronomical Observatory, Xiangfen County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China 1500s BCE Shadow clocks invented in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia 600s BCE 11th–7th century BCE, Zhou dynasty astronomical observatory (灵台) in Fenghao (today's Xi'an ), China 200s BCE Thirteen Towers solar observatory, Chankillo , Peru Antikythera Mechanism, a geared astronomical computer that calculates lunar and solar eclipses, the position of the Sun and the Moon the lunar phase (age of the Moon as seen from Earth), has several lunisolar calendars, including the Olympic Games calendar. It is at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece. [ 1 ] 100s BCE 220-206 BCE, Han dynasty astronomical observatory ( 灵台 ) in Chang'an and Luoyang . During East Han dynasty , astronomical observatory (灵台) built in Yanshi , Henan Province, China 220-150 BCE, Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga Common Era (CE) 400s 5th century – Observatory at Ujjain , India 600s 632–647 – Cheomseongdae observatory is built in the reign of Queen Seondeok at Gyeongju , then the capital of Silla (present day South Korea ) 618–1279 – Tang dynasty - Song dynasty , observatories built in Chang'an , Kaifeng , Hangzhou , China 700s 700–96 – Brass astrolabe constructed by Muhammad al-Fazari based on Hellenistic sources 800s 9th century – quadrant invented by Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 9th century Baghdad and is used for astronomical calculations [ 2 ] 800–33 – The first modern observatory research institute built in Baghdad , Iraq , by Arabic astronomers during time of Al-Mamun [ 3 ] 825–35 – Al-Shammisiyyah observatory by Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi in Baghdad, Iraq [ 4 ] 900s 10th century – Large astrolabe of diameter 1.4 meters constructed by Ibn Yunus [ 5 ] 994 – First sextant constructed in Ray, Iran , by Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi . It was a very large mural sextant that achieved a high level of accuracy for astronomical measurements. [ 6 ] 1000s 1000 – Mokattam observatory in Egypt for Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 11th century – Planisphere invented by Biruni [ 7 ] 11th century – Universal latitude-independent astrolabe invented by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) [ 8 ] 1023 – Hamedan observatory in Persia c. 1030 – Treasury of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) of Iraq and Egypt 1074–92 – Malikshah Observatory at Isfahan used by Omar Khayyám 1100s 1100–50 – Jabir ibn Aflah develops instruments resembling and perhaps inspiring the torquetum , an observational instrument and mechanical analog computer device [ 9 ] 1119–25 – Cairo al-Bataihi observatory for Al-Afdal Shahanshah 1200s 1259 – Maragheh observatory and library of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi built in Persia under Hulagu Khan c. 1270 – Terrace for Managing Heaven 26 observatory network of Guo Shoujing under Khubilai Khan 1276 – Dengfeng Star Observatory Platform , Gaocheng, Dengfeng City, Henan Province, China 1300s 1371 – The idea of using hours of equal time length throughout the year in a sundial was the innovation of Ibn al-Shatir [ 10 ] [ 11 ] 1400s 1420 – Samarkand observatory of Ulugh Beg 1437 - Zij-i Sultani is published, the first star catalog since the Almagest 1442 – Beijing Ancient Observatory in China 1467–71 – Observatory at Nagyvarad Oradea , Kingdom of Hungary for Matthias Corvinus . Tabula Varadensis. 1472 – The Nuremberg observatory of Regiomontanus and Bernhard Walther . [ 12 ] 1500s 1560 – Kassel observatory under Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hesse 1575–80 – Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din under Sultan Murad III 1576 – Royal Danish Astronomical Observatory Uraniborg at Hven by Tycho Brahe 1577–80 – Taqi al-Din invents a mechanical astronomical clock that measures time in seconds, one of the most important innovations in 16th-century practical astronomy, as previous clocks were not accurate enough to be used for astronomical purposes. [ 13 ] 1577–80 – Taqi al-Din invents framed sextant [ 13 ] 1581 – Royal Danish Astronomical Observatory Stjerneborg at Hven by Tycho Brahe 1600s 1600 – Prague observatory in Benátky nad Jizerou by Tycho Brahe 1603 – Johann Bayer 's Uranometria is published 1608 – Hans Lippershey tries to patent an optical refracting telescope , the first recorded functional telescope 1609 – Galileo Galilei builds his first optical refracting telescope 1616 – Niccolò Zucchi experiments with a reflecting telescope 1633 – Construction of Leiden University Observatory 1641 – William Gascoigne invents telescope cross hairs 1641 – Danzig/Gdansk observatory of Jan Hevelius 1642 – Copenhagen University Royal observatory 1661 – James Gregory proposes an optical reflecting telescope with parabolic mirrors 1667 – Paris Observatory 1668 – Isaac Newton constructs the first "practical" reflecting telescope, the Newtonian telescope [ 14 ] 1672 – Laurent Cassegrain designs the Cassegrain telescope 1675 – Royal Greenwich Observatory of England 1684 – Christiaan Huygens publishes "Astroscopia Compendiaria" in which he described the design of very long aerial telescopes 1700s 1704 – First observatory at Cambridge University (based at Trinity College ) 1724 – Indian observatory of Sawai Jai Singh at Delhi 1725 – St. Petersburg observatory at Royal Academy 1732 – Indian observatories of Sawai Jai Singh at Varanasi , Ujjain , Mathura , Madras 1733 – Chester Moore Hall invents the achromatic lens refracting telescope 1734 – Indian observatory of Sawai Jai Singh at Jaipur 1753 – Real Observatorio de Cádiz (Spain) 1753 – Vilnius Observatory at Vilnius University , Lithuania 1758 – John Dollond reinvents the achromatic lens 1761 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle 62 observing station network for observing the transit of Venus 1769 – Short reflectors used at 63 station network for transit of Venus 1774 – Vatican Observatory (Specola Vaticana) , originally established as the Observatory of the Roman College . 1780 – Florence Specola observatory 1789 – William Herschel finishes a 49-inch (1.2 m) optical reflecting telescope, located in Slough , England 1798 – Real Observatorio de la Isla de Léon (actualmente Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada) (Spain) 1800s 1803 National Astronomical Observatory (Colombia) , the first observatory in the Americas [ 15 ] 1836 Swathithirunal opened Trivandrum observatory 1839 Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (inventor of the daguerreotype photographic process) attempts to photograph the moon . Tracking errors in guiding the telescope during the long exposure made the photograph came out as an indistinct fuzzy spot 1840 – John William Draper takes make a successful photographic image of the Moon , the first astronomical photograph 1845 – Lord Rosse finishes the Birr Castle 72-inch (1.8 m) optical reflecting telescope , located in Parsonstown, Ireland 1849 – Santiago observatory set up by USA, later becomes Chilean National Observatory (now part of the University of Chile ) [ 16 ] 1859 – Kirchhoff and Bunsen develop spectroscopy 1864 – Herschel 's so-called GC (General Catalogue) of nebulae and star clusters published 1868 – Janssen and Lockyer discover Helium observing spectra of the Sun 1871 – German Astronomical Association organized network of 13 (later 16) observatories for stellar proper motion studies 1863 – William Allen Miller and Sir William Huggins use the photographic wet collodion plate process to obtain the first ever photographic spectrogram of a star, Sirius and Capella . [ 17 ] 1872 – Henry Draper photographs a spectrum of Vega that shows absorption lines . [ 17 ] 1878 – Dreyer published a supplement to the GC of about 1000 new objects, the New General Catalogue 1883 – Andrew Ainslie Common uses the photographic dry plate process and a 36-inch (91 cm) reflecting telescope in his backyard to record 60 minute exposures of the Orion Nebula that for the first time showed stars too faint to be seen by the human eye. [ 18 ] 1887 – Paris conference institutes Carte du Ciel project to map entire sky to 14th magnitude photographically 1888 – First light of 91cm refracting telescope at Lick Observatory , on Mount Hamilton near San Jose, California 1889 – Astronomical Society of the Pacific founded 1890 – Albert A. Michelson proposes the stellar interferometer 1892 – George Ellery Hale finishes a spectroheliograph , which allows the Sun to be photographed in the light of one element only 1897 – Alvan Clark finishes the Yerkes 40-inch (1.0 m) optical refracting telescope , located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin 1900s 1902 – Dominion Observatory , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada established 1904 – Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington founded 1907 – F.C. Brown and Joel Stebbins develop a selenium cell photometer at the University of Illinois Observatory . 1910s 1912 – Joel Stebbins and Jakob Kunz begin to use a photometer using a photoelectric cell at the University of Illinois Observatory . 1917 – Mount Wilson 100-inch (2.5 m) optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Mount Wilson, California 1918 – 1.8m Plaskett Telescope begins operation at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada 1919 – International Astronomical Union (IAU) founded 1930s 1930 – Bernard-Ferdinand Lyot invents the coronagraph 1930 – Karl Jansky builds a 30-meter long rotating aerial radio telescope This was the first radio telescope. 1933 – Bernard-Ferdinand Lyot invents the Lyot filter 1934 – Bernhard Schmidt finishes the first 14-inch (360 mm) Schmidt optical reflecting telescope 1936 – Palomar 18-inch (460 mm) Schmidt optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Palomar, California 1937 – Grote Reber builds a 31-foot (9.4 m) radio telescope 1940s 1941 – Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov invents the Maksutov telescope which is adopted by major observatories in the Soviet Union and internationally. It is now also a popular design with amateur astronomers 1946 – Martin Ryle and his group perform the first astronomical observations with a radio interferometer 1947 – Bernard Lovell and his group complete the Jodrell Bank 218-foot (66 m) non-steerable radio telescope 1949 – Palomar 48-inch (1.2 m) Schmidt optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Palomar, California 1949 – Palomar 200-inch (5.1 m) optical reflecting telescope ( Hale Telescope ) begins regular operation, located in Palomar, California 1950s 1953 – Luoxue Mountain Cosmic Rays Research Center , Yunnan Province, in China founded 1954 – Earth rotation aperture synthesis suggested (see e.g. Christiansen and Warburton (1955)) 1956 – Dwingeloo Radio Observatory 25 m telescope completed, Dwingeloo , Netherlands 1957 – Bernard Lovell and his group complete the Jodrell Bank 250-foot (75 m) steerable radio telescope (the Lovell Telescope ) 1957 – Peter Scheuer publishes his P(D) method for obtaining source counts of spatially unresolved sources 1959 – Radio Observatory of the University of Chile , located at Maipú, Chile founded 1959 – The 3C catalogue of radio sources is published (revised in 1962) 1959 – The Shane 120-inch (3.0 m) Telescope Opened at Lick Observatory 1960s 1960 – Owens Valley 27-meter radio telescopes begin operation, located in Big Pine, California 1961 – Parkes 64-metre radio telescope begins operation, located near Parkes , Australia 1962 – European Southern Observatory (ESO) founded 1962 – Kitt Peak solar observatory founded 1962 – Green Bank, West Virginia 90m radio telescope 1962 – Orbiting Solar Observatory 1 satellite launched 1963 – Arecibo 300-meter radio telescope begins operation, located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico 1964 – Martin Ryle 's 1-mile (1.6 km) radio interferometer begins operation, located in Cambridge, England 1965 – Owens Valley 40-meter radio telescope begins operation, located in Big Pine, California 1967 – First VLBI images, with 183 km baseline 1969 – Observations start at Big Bear Solar Observatory , located in Big Bear, California 1969 – Las Campanas Observatory 1970s 1970 – Cerro Tololo 158-inch (4.0 m) optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Cerro Tololo , Chile 1970 – Kitt Peak National Observatory 158-inch (4.0 m) optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located near Tucson, Arizona 1970 – Uhuru x-ray telescope satellite 1970 – Antoine Labeyrie performs the first high-resolution optical speckle interferometry observations 1970 – Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope completed, near Westerbork , Netherlands 1972 – 100 m Effelsberg radio telescope inaugurated ( Germany ) 1973 – UK Schmidt Telescope 1.2 metre optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Anglo-Australian Observatory near Coonabarabran , Australia 1974 – Anglo-Australian Telescope 153-inch (3.9 m) optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Anglo-Australian Observatory near Coonabarabran , Australia 1975 – Gerald Smith, Frederick Landauer, and James Janesick use a CCD to observe Uranus , the first astronomical CCD observation 1975 – Antoine Labeyrie builds the first two-telescope optical interferometer 1976 – The 6-m BTA-6 (Bolshoi Teleskop Azimutalnyi or “Large Altazimuth Telescope”) goes into operation on Mt. Pashtukhov in the Russian Caucasus 1978 – Multiple Mirror 176-inch (4.5 m) equivalent optical/infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located in Amado, Arizona 1978 – International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) telescope satellite 1978 – Einstein High Energy Astronomy Observatory x-ray telescope satellite 1979 – UKIRT 150-inch (3.8 m) infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea Observatory , Hawaii 1979 – Canada-France-Hawaii 140-inch (3.6 m) optical reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea Observatory , Hawaii 1979 – NASA Infrared Telescope Facility [1] 120-inch (3.0 m) infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii 1980s 1980 – Completion of construction of the VLA , located in Socorro, New Mexico 1983 – Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) telescope 1984 – IRAM 30-m telescope at Pico Veleta near Granada , Spain completed 1987 – 15-m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope UK submillimetre telescope installed at Mauna Kea Observatory 1987 – 5-m Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST) installed at the ESO La Silla Observatory 1988 – Australia Telescope Compact Array aperture synthesis radio telescope begins operation, located near Narrabri , Australia 1989 – Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite 1990s 1990 – Hubble 2.4m space Telescope launched, mirror found to be flawed 1991 – Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite 1993 – Keck 10-meter optical/infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii 1993 – Very Long Baseline Array of 10 dishes 1995 – Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope (COAST) —the first very high resolution optical astronomical images (from aperture synthesis observations) 1995 – Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope of thirty 45 m dishes at Pune 1996 – Keck 2 10-meter optical/infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii 1997 – The Japanese HALCA satellite begins operations, producing first VLBI observations from space, 25,000 km maximum baseline 1998 – First light at VLT 1, the 8.2 m ESO telescope 2000s 2001 – First light at the Keck Interferometer . Single-baseline operations begin in the near-infrared. 2001 – First light at VLTI interferometry array. Operations on the interferometer start with single-baseline near-infrared observations with the 103 m baseline . 2005 – First imaging with the VLTI using the AMBER optical aperture synthesis instrument and three VLT telescopes. 2005 – First light at SALT , the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, with a hexagonal primary mirror of 11.1 by 9.8 meters. 2007 – First light at Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC) , in Spain, the largest optical telescope in the world with an effective diameter of 10.4 meters. 2021 — James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) , was launched 25 December 2021 on an ESA Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana and will succeed the Hubble Space Telescope as NASA's flagship mission in astrophysics. 2023 — Euclid , was launched on 1 July 2023 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to study dark matter and energy. 2023 — XRISM was launched on 6 September 2023 on a H-IIA rocket to study the formation of the universe and the dark matter. Under Construction Iranian National Observatory 3.4 m (first light planned in 2020) [ 19 ] Extremely Large Telescope (first light planned in 2027) Planned Public Telescope (PST) , German project of astrofactum. Launch was planned for 2019, [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] but the project's website is now defunct and no updates have been provided on the fate of the effort. Mid/late-2021 – Science first light of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is anticipated for 2021 with full science operations to begin a year later. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope , part of NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program . Launch is tentatively scheduled for 2027. See also Timeline of telescope technology List of largest optical telescopes historically Extremely large telescope References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y.; Moussas, X.; Seiradakis, J. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; Bate, D.; Ramsey, A.; Allen, M.; Crawley, A.; Hockley, P.; Malzbender, T.; Gelb, D. (November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" . Nature . 444 (7119): 587– 591. Bibcode : 2006Natur.444..587F . doi : 10.1038/nature05357 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 17136087 . S2CID 4424998 . ^ King, David A. (2002), "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journal for the History of Astronomy , 33 (112): 237–255 [237–8], Bibcode : 2002JHA....33..237K , doi : 10.1177/002182860203300302 , S2CID 125329755 ^ Kennedy, Edward S. (1962), "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis , 53 (2): 237– 239, doi : 10.1086/349558 ^ Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1985), "The Book of Bodies and Distances of Habash al-Hasib", Centaurus , 28 (2): 108–128 [112], Bibcode : 1985Cent...28..108T , doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1985.tb00831.x ^ Ronan, Colin (1983). The Cambridge illustrated history of the world's science . p. 214. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. , "Al-Khujandi" , MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive , University of St Andrews ^ Will Durant (1950). The Story of Civilization IV: The Age of Faith , pp. 239–45. ^ John Brian Harley; David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis (1992). The History of Cartography: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies . Vol. 2. Oxford University Press . pp. 28– 9. ISBN 0-226-31635-1 . ^ Lorch, R. P. (1976), "The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum", Centaurus , 20 (1): 11– 34, Bibcode : 1976Cent...20...11L , doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x ^ "History of the sundial" . National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on 2007-10-10 . Retrieved 2008-07-02 . ^ Jones, Lawrence (December 2005), "The Sundial And Geometry", North American Sundial Society , 12 (4) ^ Pedersen, Olaf (2010). A Survey of the Almagest . Springer. pp. 20 . ISBN 978-0387848259 . ^ a b Tekeli, Sevim (1997). "Taqi al-Din" . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 0-7923-4066-3 . ^ A. Rupert Hall (1996). Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought . Cambridge University Press. p. 67 . ISBN 978-0-521-56669-8 . ^ Keenan, Philip C. (February 1, 1991). "The Earliest National Observatories in Latin America". Journal for the History of Astronomy . 22 (1): 21– 30. Bibcode : 1991JHA....22...21K . doi : 10.1177/002182869102200104 . S2CID 117712616 . ^ Chronology of Science in the United States 1840–1849 (derived from Clark A. Elliott, History of Science in the United States: A Chronology and Research Guide – New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 34–177) . ^ a b Spectrometers, ASTROLab of Mont-Mégantic National Park ^ J. B. Hearnshaw (1996-05-02). The Measurement of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Photometry . Cambridge University Press. p. 122 . ISBN 978-0-521-40393-1 . ^ Khosroshai, Habib (1 May 2018). "Linking a noble past to future challenges" . Nature Astronomy . 2 (5): 429. Bibcode : 2018NatAs...2..429K . doi : 10.1038/s41550-018-0465-5 . ^ "Public Telescope: Erstes öffentliches Weltraumteleskop" . astrofactum . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2019 . ^ Lossau, Norbert (27 July 2014). "Weltraumteleskop für jedermann" . Welt (in German) . Retrieved 8 October 2019 . ^ Wiederer, Christian (February 2015). "The first public space telescope" (PDF) . Popular Astronomy UK . Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2019 . ^ "Vera C. Rubin Observatory" . AURA Astronomy . Retrieved 16 September 2020 . ^ Wu, Katherine J. "For the First Time, a National U.S. Observatory Has Been Named for a Female Astronomer: Vera Rubin" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 16 September 2020 . ^ "What Does the Future of Astronomy Hold? We'll Find Out Soon" . Discover Magazine . Retrieved 16 September 2020 . Michael A. Hoskin (1997). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41158-5 . Edgardo Marcorini (1988). Scienza e tecnica . Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-87196-475-5 . George Ochoa; Melinda Corey (1997). The Wilson Chronology of Science and Technology: A Record of Scientific Discovery and Technological Invention, from the Stone Age to the Information Age . New York : H.W. Wilson. ISBN 978-0-8242-0933-9 . Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (1996). Encyclopedia of History of Arabic Science: Astronomy- theoretical and applied . Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2 . Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Technology timelines Astronomy timelines Astronomical observatories Astronomical imaging Observational astronomy Telescopes CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description This page was last edited on 11 December 2025, at 06:35 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_telescopes,_observatories,_and_observing_technology
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Sources 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 In the East 2.2 In the West 2.1 In the East 2.2 In the West 3 Reign Toggle Reign subsection 3.1 Maxentius's rebellion 3.2 Maximian's rebellion 3.3 Civil wars 3.3.1 War against Maxentius 3.3.2 Milvian Bridge 3.3.3 In Rome 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius 3.4 Later rule 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople 3.4.2 Religion and religious policy 3.4.3 Administrative reforms 3.4.4 Monetary reforms 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 3.4.6 Later campaigns 3.4.7 Illness and death 3.1 Maxentius's rebellion 3.2 Maximian's rebellion 3.3 Civil wars 3.3.1 War against Maxentius 3.3.2 Milvian Bridge 3.3.3 In Rome 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius 3.3.1 War against Maxentius 3.3.2 Milvian Bridge 3.3.3 In Rome 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius 3.4 Later rule 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople 3.4.2 Religion and religious policy 3.4.3 Administrative reforms 3.4.4 Monetary reforms 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 3.4.6 Later campaigns 3.4.7 Illness and death 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople 3.4.2 Religion and religious policy 3.4.3 Administrative reforms 3.4.4 Monetary reforms 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 3.4.6 Later campaigns 3.4.7 Illness and death 4 Assessment and legacy Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection 4.1 Veneration as a saint 4.2 Historiography 4.3 Donation of Constantine 4.4 Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia 4.1 Veneration as a saint 4.2 Historiography 4.3 Donation of Constantine 4.4 Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations Toggle Citations subsection 8.1 Bibliography 8.1.1 Ancient sources 8.1.2 Modern sources 8.1 Bibliography 8.1.1 Ancient sources 8.1.2 Modern sources 8.1.1 Ancient sources 8.1.2 Modern sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Constantine the Great Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Constantine I Head of the Colossus of Constantine , Capitoline Museums Roman emperor Reign 25 July 306 – 22 May 337 (alone from 19 September 324) Predecessor Constantius I (in the West) Successor .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Co-rulers .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} See list Galerius (306–311) [ a ] Severus II (306–307) [ b ] Maxentius (306–312) [ c ] Maximian (306–308, 310) [ c ] Licinius (308–324) [ d ] Maximinus II (310–313) [ a ] Valens (316–317) [ e ] Martinian (324) [ e ] Galerius (306–311) [ a ] Severus II (306–307) [ b ] Maxentius (306–312) [ c ] Maximian (306–308, 310) [ c ] Licinius (308–324) [ d ] Maximinus II (310–313) [ a ] Valens (316–317) [ e ] Martinian (324) [ e ] Born Flavius Constantinus 27 February 272 Naissus , Moesia Superior , Roman Empire Died 22 May 337 (aged 65) Achyron, Nicomedia , Bithynia , Roman Empire Burial Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantinople (remains now lost) Spouses Minervina [ f ] Fausta Minervina [ f ] Fausta Issue Detail Crispus Constantine II Constantius II Constantina Constans I Helena Crispus Constantine II Constantius II Constantina Constans I Helena Names Flavius Valerius Constantinus Regnal name Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus Names Flavius Valerius Constantinus Regnal name Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus Dynasty Constantinian Father Constantius Chlorus Mother Helena Religion Ancient Roman religion (until 312) Christianity (from 312) Ancient Roman religion (until 312) Christianity (from 312) Constantine I [ g ] (27 February 272 – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great , or known mononymously as Constantine , was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity . [ h ] He played a pivotal role in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, the Edict of Milan decriminalising Christian practice and ceasing Christian persecution . This was a turning point in the Christianisation of the Roman Empire . He founded the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul ) and made it the capital of the Empire, which it remained for over a millennium. Born in Naissus , a city located in the province of Moesia Superior (now Niš , Serbia), Constantine was the son of Flavius Constantius , a Roman army officer from Moesia Superior, who would become one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy . His mother, Helena , was a woman of low birth, probably from Bithynia . Later canonised as a saint , she is credited for the conversion of her son in some traditions, though others believe that Constantine converted her. He served with distinction under emperors Diocletian and Galerius . He began his career by campaigning in the eastern provinces against the Persians , before being recalled to the west in AD 305 to fight with his father in the province of Britannia . After his father's death in 306, Constantine was proclaimed as augustus (emperor) by his army at Eboracum ( York , England). He eventually emerged victorious in Civil wars of the Tetrarchy against the emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324. Upon his accession, Constantine enacted many reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. To combat inflation, he introduced the solidus , a new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile units ( comitatenses ), often around the emperor, to serve on campaigns against external enemies or Roman rebels, and frontier-garrison troops ( limitanei ) which were capable of countering barbarian raids, but less and less capable of countering full-scale barbarian invasions . Constantine pursued campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers —such as the Franks , the Alemanni , the Goths , and the Sarmatians —and resettled territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century with citizens of Roman society. Although Constantine lived much of his life as a pagan , he later became a catechumen , as he began to favour Christianity in 312, finally being baptised by Eusebius of Nicomedia , an Arian bishop. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the Christian statement of belief known as the Nicene Creed . On his orders, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built at the site claimed to be the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in Christendom . He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" but while he did favour the Christian Church, some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity. [ i ] He is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity , and he did much to push Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the evolution from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages . He built a new imperial residence in the city of Byzantium , which was officially renamed New Rome , while also taking on the name Constantinople in his honour. It subsequently served as the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years—with the Eastern Roman Empire for most of that period commonly referred to retrospectively as the Byzantine Empire in English. In leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the Constantinian dynasty , Constantine's immediate political legacy was the replacement of Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession . His memory was held in high regard during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a symbol of imperial legitimacy. The rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources in the early Renaissance engendered more critical appraisals of his reign, with modern and contemporary scholarship often seeking to balance the extremes of earlier accounts. Sources Constantine was a ruler of major importance and has always been a controversial figure. [ 4 ] The fluctuations in his reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. These are abundant and detailed, but they have been strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period and are often one-sided. [ 5 ] No contemporaneous histories or biographies dealing with his life and rule have survived; the nearest alternative is Eusebius 's Vita Constantini , which offers a mixture of eulogy and hagiography [ 6 ] written between 335 and 339 [ 7 ] to extol Constantine's moral and religious virtues. [ 8 ] The Vita creates a contentiously positive image of Constantine, [ 9 ] and modern historians have frequently challenged its reliability. [ 10 ] The fullest secular life of Constantine is the anonymous Origo Constantini , a work of uncertain date which focuses on military and political events to the neglect of cultural and religious matters. [ 11 ] Lactantius ' De mortibus persecutorum , a political Christian pamphlet on the reigns of Diocletian and the Tetrarchy , provides valuable but tendentious detail on Constantine's predecessors and early life. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The ecclesiastical histories of Socrates , Sozomen , and Theodoret describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine's later reign. Written during the reign of Theodosius II (r. 402–450), a century after Constantine's reign, these ecclesiastical historians obscure the events and theologies of the Constantinian period through misdirection, misrepresentation, and deliberate obscurity. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The contemporary writings of the orthodox Christian Athanasius of Alexandria and the ecclesiastical history of the Arian Philostorgius also survive, though their biases are no less firm. [ 15 ] The epitomes of Aurelius Victor ( De Caesaribus ), Eutropius ( Breviarium ), Festus ( Breviarium ), and the anonymous author of the Epitome de Caesaribus offer compressed secular political and military histories of the period. Although not Christian, the epitomes paint a favourable image of Constantine but omit reference to Constantine's religious policies. [ 12 ] [ 16 ] The Panegyrici Latini , a collection of panegyrics from the late 3rd and early 4th centuries, provides valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine. [ 12 ] [ 17 ] In addition, contemporary architecture—such as the Arch of Constantine in Rome and palaces in Gamzigrad and Córdoba [ 18 ] — epigraphic remains, and the coinage of the era complement the literary sources. [ 12 ] [ 17 ] Early life Constantine was born on 27 February 272. [ 19 ] While his official birthday is recorded in sources, his year of birth is not, and scholars have given several estimates between 271 and 280, with most leaning for 272 or 273. However, the evidence points to 272 being the correct year. [ 19 ] [ j ] He was born inside the city of Naissus, during a time when the unity of the Empire was threatened by the breakaway wars of the Palmyrene Empire . The city (modern Niš , Serbia) was located in Dardania within the province of Moesia Superior . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] His father was Flavius Constantius , [ k ] an Illyrian [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 23 ] [ l ] or, according to his nephew, Julian The Apostate , a Thracian . [ 29 ] His original full name, as well as that of his father, is not known. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] His praenomen is variously given as Lucius , Marcus and Gaius . [ 31 ] [ m ] Whatever the case, praenomina had already disappeared from most public records by this time. [ 33 ] He also adopted the name "Valerius", the nomen of emperor Diocletian , following his father's ascension as caesar . [ 31 ] [ 30 ] Constantine probably spent little time with his father [ 34 ] who was an officer in the Roman army, part of Emperor Aurelian 's imperial bodyguard. Being described as a tolerant and politically skilled man, [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Constantius advanced through the ranks, earning the governorship of Dalmatia from Emperor Diocletian, another of Aurelian's companions from Illyricum , in 284 or 285. [ 37 ] Constantine's mother was Helena , a woman of low social standing, possibly from Drepanum (later renamed Helenopolis ) of Bithynia , which would likely have made her a Greek -speaker. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] It is uncertain whether she was legally married to Constantius or merely his concubine . [ 41 ] Constantine's own language was Latin , and during his public speeches in the church councils, which were held in Greek, he needed Greek translators. [ 42 ] In April 286 Diocletian declared Maximian , another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor. Each emperor would have his own court, his own military and administrative faculties, and each would rule with a separate praetorian prefect as chief lieutenant. [ 43 ] Maximian ruled in the West, from his capitals at Mediolanum ( Milan , Italy) or Augusta Treverorum ( Trier , Germany), while Diocletian ruled in the East, from Nicomedia ( İzmit , Turkey). The division was merely pragmatic: the empire was called "indivisible" in official panegyric, and both emperors could move freely throughout the empire. [ 44 ] In 288, Maximian appointed Constantius to serve as his praetorian prefect in Gaul . Constantius left Helena to marry Maximian's stepdaughter Theodora in 288 or 289. [ 45 ] Diocletian divided the empire again in 293, appointing two caesars to rule over further subdivisions of East and West. Each would be subordinate to his respective augustus but would act with supreme authority in his assigned lands. This system would later be called the Tetrarchy. Diocletian's first appointee for the office of Caesar was Constantius ; his second was Galerius , a native of Felix Romuliana . According to Lactantius , Galerius was a brutal, animalistic man. Although he shared the paganism of Rome's aristocracy, he seemed to them an alien figure, a semi-barbarian. [ 46 ] On 1 March, Constantius was promoted to the office of Caesar , and dispatched to Gaul to fight the rebels Carausius and Allectus . In spite of meritocratic overtones, the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege, and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as Caesar as soon as his father took the position. Constantine went to the court of Diocletian, where he lived as his father's heir presumptive . [ 47 ] In the East Constantine received a formal education at Diocletian's court, where he learned Latin literature, Greek, and philosophy. [ 48 ] The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open, fluid, and socially mobile; in it, Constantine could mix with intellectuals both pagan and Christian. He may have attended the lectures of Lactantius, a Christian scholar of Latin in the city. [ 49 ] Because Diocletian did not completely trust Constantius—none of the Tetrarchs fully trusted their colleagues—Constantine was held as something of a hostage, a tool to ensure Constantius' best behavior. Constantine was nonetheless a prominent member of the court: he fought for Diocletian and Galerius in Asia and served in a variety of tribunates ; he campaigned against barbarians on the Danube in 296 and fought the Persians under Diocletian in Syria in 297, as well as under Galerius in Mesopotamia in 298–299. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] By late 305, according to some, he had become a tribune of the first order, a tribunus ordinis primi . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Constantine had returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of 303, in time to witness the beginnings of Diocletian's " Great Persecution ", the most severe persecution of Christians in Roman history. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] In late 302, Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the oracle of Apollo at Didyma with an inquiry about Christians. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Constantine could recall his presence at the palace when the messenger returned and Diocletian accepted the imperial court's demands for universal persecution. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] On 23 February 303, Diocletian ordered the destruction of Nicomedia s new church, condemned its scriptures to the flames, and had its treasures seized. In the months that followed, churches and scriptures were destroyed, Christians were deprived of official ranks, and priests were imprisoned. [ 59 ] It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution. [ 60 ] In his later writings, he attempted to present himself as an opponent of Diocletian's "sanguinary edicts" against the "Worshippers of God", [ 61 ] [ 62 ] but nothing indicates that he opposed it effectively at the time. Although no contemporary Christian challenged Constantine for his inaction during the persecutions, it remained a political liability throughout his life. [ 63 ] On 1 May 305 Diocletian, as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of 304–305, announced his resignation. In a parallel ceremony in Milan , Maximian did the same. [ 64 ] Lactantius states that Galerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian into resigning and forced him to accept Galerius' allies in the imperial succession. According to Lactantius, the crowd listening to Diocletian's resignation speech believed, until the last moment, that Diocletian would choose Constantine and Maxentius (Maximian's son) as his successors. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] It was not to be: Constantius and Galerius were promoted to augusti , while Severus and Maximinus , Galerius' nephew, were appointed their caesars respectively. Constantine and Maxentius were ignored. [ 67 ] Some of the ancient sources detail plots that Galerius made on Constantine's life in the months following Diocletian's abdication. They assert that Galerius assigned Constantine to lead an advance unit in a cavalry charge through a swamp on the middle Danube, made him enter into single combat with a lion, and attempted to kill him in hunts and wars. Constantine always emerged victorious: the lion emerged from the contest in a poorer condition than Constantine; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to drop at Galerius' feet. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] It is uncertain how much these tales can be trusted. [ 70 ] In the West Constantine recognised the implicit danger in remaining at Galerius' court, where he was held as a virtual hostage. His career depended on being rescued by his father in the West. Constantius was quick to intervene. In the late spring or early summer of 305, Constantius requested leave for his son to help him campaign in Britain. After a long evening of drinking, Galerius granted the request. Constantine's later propaganda describes how he fled the court in the night, before Galerius could change his mind. He rode from post-house to post-house at high speed, hamstringing every horse in his wake. By the time Galerius awoke the following morning, Constantine had fled too far to be caught. Constantine joined his father in Gaul , at Bononia ( Boulogne ) before the summer of 305. [ 71 ] From Bononia they crossed the English Channel to Britain and made their way to Eboracum ( York ), capital of the province of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base. Constantine was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn. [ 72 ] Constantius' campaign, like that of Septimius Severus before it, probably advanced far into the north without achieving great success. [ 73 ] Constantius had become severely sick over the course of his reign and died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum. Before dying, he declared his support for raising Constantine as emperor. The Alamannic king Chrocus , a barbarian taken into service under Constantius, then proclaimed Constantine as augustus. The troops loyal to Constantius' memory followed him in acclamation. Gaul and Britain quickly accepted his rule; [ 74 ] Hispania , which had been in his father's domain for less than a year, rejected it. [ 75 ] Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius' death and his own acclamation. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an Augustus. [ 74 ] The portrait was wreathed in bay . [ 76 ] He requested recognition as heir to his father's throne and passed off responsibility for his unlawful ascension on his army, claiming they had "forced it upon him". [ 77 ] Galerius was put into a fury by the message; he almost set the portrait and messenger on fire. [ 78 ] His advisers calmed him and argued that outright denial of Constantine's claims would mean certain war. [ 79 ] Galerius was compelled to compromise: he granted Constantine the title "caesar" rather than "augustus" (the latter office went to Severus instead). Wishing to make it clear that he alone gave Constantine legitimacy, Galerius personally sent Constantine the emperor's traditional purple robes . Constantine accepted the decision, knowing that it would remove doubts as to his legitimacy. [ 80 ] Reign Constantine's share of the empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies which was stationed along the important Rhine frontier. [ 81 ] He remained in Britain after his promotion to emperor, driving back the tribes of the Picts and securing his control in the northwestern dioceses. He completed the reconstruction of military bases begun under his father's rule, and he ordered the repair of the region's roadways. [ 82 ] He then left for Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ) in Gaul, the Tetrarchic capital of the northwestern Roman Empire. [ 83 ] The Franks learned of Constantine's acclamation and invaded Gaul across the lower Rhine over the winter of 306–307. [ 84 ] He drove them back beyond the Rhine and captured kings Ascaric and Merogais ; the kings and their soldiers were fed to the beasts of Trier Amphitheater in the adventus (arrival) celebrations which followed. [ 85 ] Constantine began a major expansion of Trier. He strengthened the circuit wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates, and he began building a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city. To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall and a massive imperial bathhouse. He sponsored many building projects throughout Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum ( Autun ) and Arelate ( Arles ). [ 88 ] According to Lactantius, Constantine followed a tolerant policy towards Christianity, although he was not yet a Christian. He probably judged it a more sensible policy than open persecution [ 89 ] and a way to distinguish himself from the "great persecutor" Galerius. [ 90 ] He decreed a formal end to persecution and returned to Christians all that they had lost under the first of the persecuting edicts. [ 91 ] Constantine was largely untried and had a hint of illegitimacy about him; he relied on his father's reputation in his early propaganda, which gave as much coverage to his father's deeds as to his. [ 92 ] His military skill and building projects, however, soon gave the panegyrist the opportunity to comment favourably on the similarities between father and son, and Eusebius remarked that Constantine was a "renewal, as it were, in his own person, of his father's life and reign". [ 93 ] Constantinian coinage, sculpture, and oratory also show a tendency for disdain towards the "barbarians" beyond the frontiers. He minted a coin issue after his victory over the Alemanni which depicts weeping and begging Alemannic tribesmen, "the Alemanni conquered" beneath the phrase "Romans' rejoicing". [ 94 ] There was little sympathy for these enemies; as his panegyrist declared, "It is a stupid clemency that spares the conquered foe." [ 95 ] Maxentius's rebellion Following Galerius's recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness. [ 96 ] Maxentius, envious of Constantine's authority, [ 97 ] seized the title of emperor on 28 October 306. Galerius refused to recognise him but failed to unseat him. Severus was sent against Maxentius in April 307, [ 98 ] but during the campaign, Severus' armies, previously under command of Maxentius' father Maximian, defected, and Severus was seized and imprisoned. [ 99 ] Maximian, brought out of retirement by his son's rebellion, left for Gaul to confer with Constantine. He offered to marry his daughter Fausta to Constantine and elevate him to augustan rank. In return, Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius' cause in Italy. Constantine accepted and married Fausta in Trier in summer 307. [ n ] Constantine gave Maxentius his meagre support, offering Maxentius political recognition. [ 103 ] Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however. Over the spring and summer of 307 he had left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian turmoil; [ 104 ] now, instead of giving Maxentius military aid, he sent his troops against Germanic tribes along the Rhine. In 308, he raided the territory of the Bructeri and made a bridge across the Rhine at Colonia Agrippinensium ( Cologne ). In 310, he marched to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks. When not campaigning, he toured his lands advertising his benevolence and supporting the economy and the arts. His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among his people and strengthened his power base in the West. [ 105 ] Maximian returned to Rome in the winter of 307–308 but soon fell out with his son. In early 308, after a failed attempt to usurp Maxentius' title, Maximian returned to Constantine's court. [ 106 ] On 11 November 308 Galerius called a general council at the military city of Carnuntum ( Petronell-Carnuntum , Austria) to resolve the instability in the western provinces. In attendance were Diocletian, briefly returned from retirement, Galerius, and Maximian. Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to caesar. Licinius , one of Galerius' old military companions, was appointed augustus in the western regions. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs. Maximinus was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him. Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine "sons of the augusti", [ 107 ] but neither accepted the new title. By the spring of 310, Galerius was referring to both men as augusti. [ 108 ] Maximian's rebellion In 310 a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul. He announced that Constantine was dead and took up the imperial purple. In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained loyal to their emperor, and Maximian was soon compelled to leave. When Constantine heard of the rebellion, he abandoned his campaign against the Franks and marched his army up the Rhine. [ 110 ] At Cabillunum ( Chalon-sur-Saône ), he moved his troops onto waiting boats to row down the slow waters of the Saône to the quicker waters of the Rhone . He disembarked at Lugdunum ( Lyon ). [ 111 ] Maximian fled to Massilia ( Marseille ), a town better able to withstand a long siege than Arles. It made little difference, however, as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to Constantine. Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes. Constantine granted some clemency but strongly encouraged his suicide. In July 310, Maximian hanged himself . [ 110 ] In spite of the earlier rupture in their relations, Maxentius was eager to present himself as his father's devoted son after his death. [ 112 ] He began minting coins with his father's deified image, proclaiming his desire to avenge Maximian's death. [ 113 ] Constantine initially presented the suicide as an unfortunate family tragedy. By 311, however, he was spreading another version. According to this, after Constantine had pardoned him, Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep. Fausta learned of the plot and warned Constantine, who put a eunuch in his own place in bed. Maximian was apprehended when he killed the eunuch and was offered suicide, which he accepted. [ 114 ] Along with using propaganda, Constantine instituted a damnatio memoriae on Maximian, destroying all inscriptions referring to him and eliminating any public work bearing his image. [ 115 ] The death of Maximian required a shift in Constantine's public image. He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder Emperor Maximian and needed a new source of legitimacy. [ 116 ] In a speech delivered in Gaul on 25 July 310, the anonymous orator reveals a previously unknown dynastic connection to Claudius II , a 3rd-century emperor famed for defeating the Goths and restoring order to the empire. Breaking away from tetrarchic models, the speech emphasises Constantine's ancestral prerogative to rule, rather than principles of imperial equality. The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galerius and Maximian irrelevant to Constantine's right to rule. [ 117 ] Indeed, the orator emphasises ancestry to the exclusion of all other factors: "No chance agreement of men, nor some unexpected consequence of favour, made you emperor," the orator declares to Constantine. [ 118 ] The oration also moves away from the religious ideology of the Tetrarchy, with its focus on twin dynasties of Jupiter and Hercules . Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of Apollo and Victory granting him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign. In the likeness of Apollo, Constantine recognised himself as the saving figure to whom would be granted "rule of the whole world", [ 119 ] as the poet Virgil had once foretold. [ 120 ] The oration's religious shift is paralleled by a similar shift in Constantine's coinage. In his early reign, the coinage of Constantine advertised Mars as his patron. From 310 on, Mars was replaced by Sol Invictus , a god conventionally identified with Apollo. [ 121 ] There is little reason to believe that either the dynastic connection or the divine vision are anything other than fiction, but their proclamation strengthened Constantine's claims to legitimacy and increased his popularity among the citizens of Gaul. [ 122 ] Civil wars War against Maxentius .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Battles of Constantine I v t e Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Segusio Turin Brescia Verona Milvian Bridge Cibalae Mardia Adrianople Hellespont Byzantium Chrysopolis German and Sarmatian campaigns Segusio Turin Brescia Verona Milvian Bridge Cibalae Mardia Adrianople Hellespont Byzantium Chrysopolis By the middle of 310 Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics. [ 123 ] His final act survives: a letter to provincials posted in Nicomedia on 30 April 311, proclaiming an end to the persecutions, and the resumption of religious toleration. [ 124 ] Eusebius maintains "divine providence [...] took action against the perpetrator of these crimes" and gives a graphic account of Galerius' demise: "Without warning suppurative inflammation broke out round the middle of his genitals, then a deep-seated fistula ulcer; these ate their way incurably into his innermost bowels. From them came a teeming indescribable mass of worms, and a sickening smell was given off, for the whole of his hulking body, thanks to over eating, had been transformed even before his illness into a huge lump of flabby fat, which then decomposed and presented those who came near it with a revolting and horrifying sight." [ 125 ] Galerius died soon after the edict's proclamation, [ 126 ] destroying what little remained of the Tetrarchy. [ 127 ] Maximinus mobilised against Licinius and seized Asia Minor . A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the Bosphorus . [ 128 ] While Constantine toured Britain and Gaul, Maxentius prepared for war. [ 129 ] He fortified northern Italy and strengthened his support in the Christian community by allowing it to elect Eusebius as bishop of Rome . [ 130 ] Maxentius' rule was nevertheless insecure. His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and Carthage ; [ 132 ] and Domitius Alexander was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa. [ 133 ] By 312, he was a man barely tolerated, not one actively supported, [ 134 ] even among Christian Italians. [ 135 ] In the summer of 311, Maxentius mobilised against Constantine while Licinius was occupied with affairs in the East. He declared war on Constantine, vowing to avenge his father's "murder". [ 136 ] To prevent Maxentius from forming an alliance against him with Licinius, [ 137 ] Constantine forged his own alliance with Licinius over the winter of 311–312 and offered him his sister Constantia in marriage. Maximinus considered Constantine's arrangement with Licinius an affront to his authority. In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support, which Maxentius accepted. [ 138 ] According to Eusebius, inter-regional travel became impossible, and there was military buildup everywhere. There was "not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day". [ 139 ] Constantine's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius; [ 140 ] even his soothsayers recommended against it, stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavourable omens. [ 141 ] Constantine, with a spirit that left a deep impression on his followers, inspiring some to believe that he had some form of supernatural guidance, [ 142 ] ignored all these cautions. [ 143 ] Early in the spring of 312, [ 144 ] Constantine crossed the Cottian Alps with a quarter of his army, a force numbering about 40,000. [ 145 ] The first town his army encountered was Segusium ( Susa , Italy), a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him. Constantine ordered his men to set fire to its gates and scale its walls. He took the town quickly. Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town and advanced into northern Italy. [ 144 ] At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum ( Turin , Italy), Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry. [ 146 ] In the ensuing Battle of Turin Constantine's army encircled Maxentius' cavalry, flanked them with his own cavalry, and dismounted them with blows from his soldiers' iron-tipped clubs. Constantine's armies emerged victorious. [ 147 ] Turin refused to give refuge to Maxentius' retreating forces, opening its gates to Constantine instead. [ 148 ] Other cities of the north Italian plain sent Constantine embassies of congratulation for his victory. He moved on to Milan, where he was met with open gates and jubilant rejoicing. Constantine rested his army in Milan until mid-summer 312, when he moved on to Brixia ( Brescia ). [ 149 ] Brescia's army was easily dispersed, [ 150 ] and Constantine quickly advanced to Verona where a large Maxentian force was camped. [ 151 ] Ruricius Pompeianus , general of the Veronese forces and Maxentius' praetorian prefect, [ 152 ] was in a strong defensive position since the town was surrounded on three sides by the Adige . Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine's expeditionary force but was defeated. Constantine's forces successfully surrounded the town and laid siege. [ 153 ] Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine. Constantine refused to let up on the siege and sent only a small force to oppose him. In the desperately fought encounter that followed, Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed. [ 154 ] Verona surrendered soon afterwards, followed by Aquileia , [ 155 ] Mutina ( Modena ), [ 156 ] and Ravenna . [ 157 ] The road to Rome was now wide open to Constantine. [ 158 ] Maxentius prepared for the same type of war he had waged against Severus and Galerius: he occupied Rome and prepared for a siege. [ 159 ] He still controlled Rome's Praetorian Guard , was well-stocked with African grain, and was surrounded on all sides by the seemingly impregnable Aurelian Walls . He ordered all bridges across the Tiber cut, reportedly on the counsel of the gods, [ 160 ] and left the rest of central Italy undefended; Constantine secured that region's support without challenge. [ 161 ] Constantine progressed slowly [ 162 ] along the Via Flaminia , [ 163 ] allowing the weakness of Maxentius to draw his regime further into turmoil. [ 162 ] Maxentius' support continued to weaken: at chariot races on 27 October, the crowd openly taunted Maxentius, shouting that Constantine was invincible. [ 164 ] Maxentius, no longer certain that he would emerge from a siege victorious, built a temporary boat bridge across the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine. [ 165 ] On 28 October 312, the sixth anniversary of his reign, he approached the keepers of the Sibylline Books for guidance. The keepers prophesied that, on that very day, "the enemy of the Romans" would die. Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle. [ 166 ] Milvian Bridge Maxentius' forces were still twice the size of Constantine's, and he organised them in long lines facing the battle plain with their backs to the river. [ 167 ] Constantine's army arrived on the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on their standards and their shields. [ 168 ] According to Lactantius "Constantine was directed in a dream to cause the heavenly sign to be delineated on the shields of his soldiers, and so to proceed to battle. He did as he had been commanded, and he marked on their shields the letter Χ, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round thus at the top, being the cipher of Christ. Having this sign (☧), his troops stood to arms." [ 169 ] Eusebius describes a vision that Constantine had while marching at midday in which "he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and bearing the inscription, In Hoc Signo Vinces " ("In this sign thou shalt conquer"). [ 170 ] In Eusebius' account, Constantine had a dream the following night in which Christ appeared with the same heavenly sign and told him to make an army standard in the form of the labarum . [ 171 ] Eusebius is vague about when and where these events took place, [ 172 ] but it enters his narrative before the war begins against Maxentius. [ 173 ] He describes the sign as Chi (Χ) traversed by Rho (Ρ) to form ☧, representing the first two letters of the Greek word ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Christos). [ 174 ] [ 175 ] A medallion was issued at Ticinum in 315 which shows Constantine wearing a helmet emblazoned with the Chi Rho , [ 176 ] and coins issued at Siscia in 317/318 repeat the image. [ 177 ] The figure was otherwise rare and is uncommon in imperial iconography and propaganda before the 320s. [ 178 ] It was not completely unknown, however, being an abbreviation of the Greek word chrēston (good), having previously appeared on the coins of Ptolemy III Euergetes in the 3rd century BC. Following Constantine, centuries of Christians invoked the miraculous or the supernatural when justifying or describing their warfare. [ 179 ] Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius' line. He ordered his cavalry to charge, and they broke Maxentius' cavalry. He then sent his infantry against Maxentius' infantry, pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned. [ 167 ] The battle was brief, [ 180 ] and Maxentius' troops were broken before the first charge. [ 181 ] His horse guards and praetorians initially held their position, but they broke under the force of a Constantinian cavalry charge; they also broke ranks and fled to the river. Maxentius rode with them and attempted to cross the bridge of boats ( Ponte Milvio ), but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by the mass of his fleeing soldiers. [ 182 ] In Rome Constantine entered Rome on 29 October 312 [ 184 ] [ 185 ] and staged a grand adventus in the city which was met with jubilation. [ 186 ] Maxentius' body was fished out of the Tiber and decapitated, and his head was paraded through the streets for all to see. [ 187 ] After the ceremonies, the disembodied head was sent to Carthage, and Carthage offered no further resistance. [ 188 ] Unlike his predecessors, Constantine neglected to make the trip to the Capitoline Hill and perform customary sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter . [ 189 ] However, he did visit the Senatorial Curia Julia , [ 190 ] and he promised to restore its ancestral privileges and give it a secure role in his reformed government; there would be no revenge against Maxentius' supporters. [ 191 ] In response, the Senate decreed him "title of the first name", which meant that his name would be listed first in all official documents, [ 192 ] and they acclaimed him as "the greatest augustus". [ 193 ] He issued decrees returning property that was lost under Maxentius, recalling political exiles, and releasing Maxentius' imprisoned opponents. [ 194 ] An extensive propaganda campaign followed, during which Maxentius' image was purged from all public places. He was written up as a "tyrant" and set against an idealised image of Constantine the "liberator". Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda. [ 195 ] Maxentius' rescripts were declared invalid, and the honours that he had granted to leaders of the Senate were also invalidated. [ 196 ] Constantine also attempted to remove Maxentius' influence on Rome's urban landscape. All structures built by him were rededicated to Constantine, including the Temple of Romulus and the Basilica of Maxentius . [ 197 ] At the focal point of the basilica, a stone statue was erected of Constantine holding the Christian labarum in its hand. Its inscription bore the message which the statue illustrated: "By this sign, Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant." [ 198 ] Constantine also sought to upstage Maxentius' achievements. For example, the Circus Maximus was redeveloped so that its seating capacity was 25 times larger than that of Maxentius' racing complex on the Via Appia . [ 199 ] Maxentius' strongest military supporters were neutralised when Constantine disbanded the Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard . [ 200 ] The tombstones of the Imperial Horse Guard were ground up and used in a basilica on the Via Labicana , [ 201 ] and their former base was redeveloped into the Lateran Basilica on 9 November 312—barely two weeks after Constantine captured the city. [ 202 ] The Legio II Parthica was removed from Albano Laziale , [ 196 ] and the remainder of Maxentius' armies were sent to do frontier duty on the Rhine. [ 203 ] Wars against Licinius In the following years, Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy. In 313, he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine's half-sister Constantia. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Edict of Milan , [ 204 ] officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the empire. [ 205 ] The document had special benefits for Christians, legalising their religion and granting them restoration for all property seized during Diocletian's persecution. It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere—"Divinity" and "Supreme Divinity", summa divinitas . [ 206 ] The conference was cut short, however, when news reached Licinius that his rival Maximinus had crossed the Bosporus and invaded European territory. Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximinus, gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated, as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt at the hands of a character that Licinius wanted elevated to the rank of Caesar; [ 207 ] Licinius, for his part, had Constantine's statues in Emona destroyed. [ 208 ] In either 314 or 316 the two augusti fought against one another at the Battle of Cibalae , with Constantine being victorious. They clashed again at the Battle of Mardia in 317 and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine's sons Crispus and Constantine II , and Licinius' son Licinius Junior were made caesars . [ 209 ] After this arrangement, Constantine ruled the dioceses of Pannonia and Macedonia and took residence at Sirmium , whence he could wage war on the Goths and Sarmatians in 322, and on the Goths in 323, defeating and killing their leader Rausimod . [ 207 ] In 320 Licinius allegedly reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan and began to oppress Christians anew, [ 210 ] generally without bloodshed, but resorting to confiscations and sacking of Christian office-holders. [ 211 ] Although this characterisation of Licinius as anti-Christian is somewhat doubtful, the fact is that he seems to have been far less open in his support of Christianity than Constantine. Therefore, Licinius was prone to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the Imperial system in general, [ 212 ] as the explanation offered by the Church historian Sozomen . [ 213 ] This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. Constantine's Christian eulogists present the war as a battle between Christianity and paganism; Licinius, aided by Gothic mercenaries, represented the past and ancient paganism, while Constantine and his Franks marched under the standard of the labarum . [ citation needed ] Outnumbered but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious in the Battle of Adrianople . Licinius fled across the Bosphorus and appointed Martinian , his magister officiorum , as nominal augustus in the West, but Constantine next won the Battle of the Hellespont and finally the Battle of Chrysopolis on 18 September 324. [ 214 ] Licinius and Martinian surrendered to Constantine at Nicomedia on the promise their lives would be spared: they were sent to live as private citizens in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively, but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had them both arrested and hanged; Licinius' son (the son of Constantine's half-sister) was killed in 326. [ 215 ] Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. [ 216 ] Later rule Foundation of Constantinople Diocletian had chosen Nicomedia in the East as his capital during the Tetrarchy [ 218 ] —not far from Byzantium, well situated to defend Thrace, Asia, and Egypt, all of which had required his military attention. [ 219 ] Constantine had recognised the shift of the empire from the remote and depopulated [ why? ] West to the richer cities of the East, and the military strategic importance of protecting the Danube from barbarian excursions and Asia from a hostile Persia in choosing his new capital [ 220 ] as well as being able to monitor shipping traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. [ 221 ] Licinius' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival centre of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to the Christian and Latin-speaking Rome, and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a centre of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire. [ 222 ] Among the various locations proposed for this alternative capital, Constantine appears to have toyed earlier with Serdica (present-day Sofia ), as he was reported saying that " Serdica is my Rome ". [ 223 ] Sirmium and Thessalonica were also considered. [ 224 ] Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium , which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism during the preceding century by Septimius Severus and Caracalla , who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. [ 225 ] The city was thus founded in 324, [ 226 ] dedicated on 11 May 330 [ 226 ] and renamed Constantinopolis ("Constantine's City" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honour the event. The new city was later protected by the relics of the True Cross , the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo now at the Hermitage Museum also represented Constantine crowned by the tyche of the new city. [ 227 ] The figures of old gods were either replaced or assimilated into a framework of Christian symbolism . Generations later there was the story that a divine vision led Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see led him on a circuit of the new walls. [ 228 ] The capital would often be compared to the 'old' Rome as Nova Roma Constantinopolitana , the "New Rome of Constantinople". [ 216 ] [ 229 ] Religion and religious policy Saint Constantine the Great Mosaic in the Hagia Sophia , section: Maria as patroness of Constantinople, detail: donor portrait of Emperor Constantine I with a model of the city Emperor and Equal to the Apostles Resting place Constantinople Venerated in Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Catholicism Oriental Orthodoxy Anglican Communion Lutheran Church Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Catholicism Oriental Orthodoxy Anglican Communion Lutheran Church Major shrine Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantinople Feast 21 May Constantine was the first emperor to stop the persecution of Christians and to legalise Christianity, along with all other religions and cults in the Roman Empire. In February 313, he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression. [ 230 ] This removed penalties for professing Christianity, under which many had been martyred previously , and it returned confiscated Church property. The edict protected all religions from persecution, not only Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity that they chose. A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius, senior emperor of the Tetrarchy, which granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them. [ 231 ] The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned, as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. Some scholars think that Helena adopted Christianity as an adult, and according to Eusebius she was converted by Constantine, [ 232 ] but other historians debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life. [ 233 ] Constantine possibly retained the title of pontifex maximus which emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion until Gratian renounced the title. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] According to Christian writers, Constantine was over 40 years old when he finally declared himself a Christian, making it clear that he owed his successes only to the protection of the Christian God. [ 236 ] Despite these declarations of being a Christian, he waited to be baptised until on his deathbed, believing that the baptism would release him of any sins he committed in the course of carrying out his policies while emperor. [ 237 ] He supported the Church financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to clergy (such as exemption from certain taxes), promoted Christians to high office, and returned property confiscated during the long period of persecution. [ 238 ] His most famous building projects include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Old St. Peter's Basilica . In constructing the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Constantine went to great lengths to erect the basilica on top of St. Peter 's resting place, so much so that it even affected the design of the basilica, including the challenge of erecting it on the hill where St. Peter rested, making its complete construction time over 30 years from the date Constantine ordered it to be built. Constantine might not have patronised Christianity alone. A triumphal arch was built in 315 to celebrate his victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge which was decorated with images of the goddess Victoria , and sacrifices were made to pagan gods at its dedication, including Apollo , Diana , and Hercules . Absent from the arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. However, the arch was commissioned by the Senate, so the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the Curia at the time as a pagan redoubt. [ 239 ] In 321, he legislated that the venerable Sunday should be a day of rest for all citizens. [ 240 ] In 323, he issued a decree banning Christians from participating in state sacrifices. [ 241 ] After the pagan gods had disappeared from his coinage, Christian symbols appeared as Constantine's attributes, the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum, [ 242 ] as well on the coinage. [ 243 ] The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the emperor to have great influence and authority in the early Christian councils, most notably the dispute over Arianism. Constantine disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them, preferring to establish an orthodoxy. [ 244 ] His influence over the Church councils was to enforce doctrine, root out heresy, and uphold ecclesiastical unity; the Church's role was to determine proper worship, doctrines, and dogma. [ 245 ] North African bishops struggled with Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to Caecilian from 313 to 316. The African bishops could not come to terms, and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute. Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa. In 317, Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile. [ 246 ] More significantly, in 325 he summoned the First Council of Nicaea, most known for its dealing with Arianism and for instituting the Nicene Creed . [ 247 ] He enforced the council's prohibition against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish Passover , which marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition. From then on, the solar Julian calendar was given precedence over the lunisolar Hebrew calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire. [ 248 ] Constantine made some new laws regarding the Jews; some of them were unfavourable towards Jews, although they were not harsher than those of his predecessors. [ 249 ] It was made illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity. [ 249 ] They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] On the other hand, Jewish clergy were given the same exemptions as Christian clergy. [ 249 ] [ 252 ] Administrative reforms Beginning in the mid-3rd century, the emperors began to favour members of the equestrian order over senators, who had a monopoly on the most important offices of the state. Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships, as it was felt that they lacked the specialised military upbringing needed in an age of acute defense needs; [ 253 ] such posts were given to equestrians by Diocletian and his colleagues, following a practice enforced piecemeal by their predecessors. The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels. Exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement. In 326 Constantine reversed this pro-equestrian trend, raising many administrative positions to senatorial rank and thus opening these offices to the old aristocracy; at the same time, he elevated the rank of existing equestrian office-holders to senator, degrading the equestrian order in the process (at least as a bureaucratic rank). [ 254 ] The title of perfectissimus was granted only to mid- or low-level officials by the end of the 4th century. By the new Constantinian arrangement, one could become a senator by being elected praetor or by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank. [ 255 ] From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy. Constantine gained the support of the old nobility with this, [ 256 ] as the Senate was allowed to elect praetors and quaestors in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating magistrates ( adlectio ). An inscription in honour of city prefect Ceionius Rufus Albinus states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the auctoritas it had lost at Caesar's time". [ 257 ] The Senate as a body remained devoid of any significant power; nevertheless, the senators had been marginalised as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century but could dispute such positions alongside more upstart bureaucrats. [ 258 ] Some modern historians see in those administrative reforms an attempt by Constantine at reintegrating the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from a Christianised imperial rule; [ 259 ] however, such an interpretation remains conjectural, given the fact that we do not have the precise numbers about pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial milieu. Some historians suggest that early conversions among the old aristocracy were more numerous than previously supposed. [ 260 ] Constantine's reforms had to do only with the civilian administration. The military chiefs had risen from the ranks since the Crisis of the Third Century [ 261 ] but remained outside the Senate, in which they were included only by Constantine's children. [ 262 ] Monetary reforms In the 3rd century the production of fiat money to pay for public expenses resulted in runaway inflation , and Diocletian tried unsuccessfully to re-establish trustworthy minting of silver coins, as well as silver-bronze " billon " coins (the term "billon" meaning an alloy of precious and base metals that is mostly base metal). Silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates. Constantine stopped minting the Diocletianic "pure" silver argenteus soon after 305, while the "billon" currency continued to be used until the 360s. From the early 300s on, Constantine forsook any attempts at restoring the silver currency, preferring instead to concentrate on minting large quantities of the gold solidus , 72 of which made a pound of gold. New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this "billon" minting ceased in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the centenionalis . [ 263 ] These bronze pieces continued to be devalued, assuring the possibility of keeping fiduciary minting alongside a gold standard. The author of De Rebus Bellicis held that the rift widened between classes because of this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the gold piece, while the poor had to cope with ever-degrading bronze pieces. [ 264 ] Later emperors such as Julian the Apostate insisted on trustworthy mintings of the bronze currency. [ 265 ] Constantine's monetary policies were closely associated with his religious policies; increased minting was associated with the confiscation of all gold, silver, and bronze statues from pagan temples between 331 and 336 which were declared to be imperial property. Two imperial commissioners for each province had the task of getting the statues and melting them for immediate minting, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople. [ 266 ] Executions of Crispus and Fausta Constantine had his eldest son Crispus seized and put to death by "cold poison" at Pola ( Pula , Croatia) sometime between 15 May and 17 June 326. [ 267 ] In July, he had his wife Empress Fausta (stepmother of Crispus) killed in an overheated bath. [ 268 ] Their names were wiped from the face of many inscriptions, references to their lives were eradicated from the literary record, and their memory was condemned. Eusebius, for example, edited out any praise of Crispus from later copies of Historia Ecclesiastica , and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus. [ 269 ] Few ancient sources are willing to discuss possible motives for the events, and the few that do are of later provenance and are generally unreliable. [ 270 ] At the time of the executions it was commonly believed that Empress Fausta was either in an illicit relationship with Crispus or was spreading rumours to that effect. A popular myth arose, modified to allude to the Hippolytus – Phaedra legend, with the suggestion that Constantine killed Crispus and Fausta for their immoralities; [ 271 ] the largely fictional Passion of Artemius explicitly makes this connection. [ 272 ] The myth rests on slim evidence as an interpretation of the executions; only late and unreliable sources allude to the relationship between Crispus and Fausta, and there is no evidence for the modern suggestion that Constantine's "godly" edicts of 326 and the irregularities of Crispus are somehow connected. [ 271 ] Although Constantine created his apparent heirs "caesars", following a pattern established by Diocletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character, alien to the tetrarchic system: Constantine's caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to empire and entirely subordinated to their augustus, as long as he was alive. [ 273 ] Adrian Goldsworthy speculates an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was Constantine's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs, this—and Fausta's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half-brother—being reason enough for killing Crispus; the subsequent execution of Fausta, however, was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in "killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary". [ 274 ] Later campaigns Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence. He lived there for a good portion of his later life. In 328, construction was completed on Constantine's Bridge at Sucidava , (today Celei in Romania ) [ 275 ] in hopes of reconquering Dacia , a province that had been abandoned under Aurelian. In the late winter of 332, Constantine campaigned with the Sarmatians against the Goths . The weather and lack of food reportedly cost the Goths dearly before they submitted to Rome. In 334, after Sarmatian commoners had overthrown their leaders, Constantine led a campaign against the tribe. He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region, as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate. [ 276 ] Constantine resettled some Sarmatian exiles as farmers in Illyrian and Roman districts and conscripted the rest into the army. Constantine reconquered the South of Dacia and the new frontier in Dacia was along the wall and ditch called Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra . [ 277 ] Constantine took the title Dacicus maximus in 336. [ 278 ] In the last years of his life, Constantine made plans for a campaign against Persia . In a letter written to the king of Persia, Shapur , Constantine had asserted his patronage over Persia's Christian subjects and urged Shapur to treat them well. [ 279 ] The letter is undatable. In response to border raids, Constantine sent Constantius to guard the eastern frontier in 335. In 336, Prince Narseh invaded Armenia (a Christian kingdom since 301) and installed a Persian client on the throne. Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere. Constantine planned to be baptised in the Jordan River before crossing into Persia. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of 336–337, seeking peace, but Constantine turned them away. The campaign was called off, however, when Constantine became sick in the spring of 337. [ 280 ] Illness and death From his recent illness, Constantine knew death would soon come. Within the Church of the Holy Apostles , which he had built in Constantinople, Constantine had secretly prepared a final resting-place for himself. [ 281 ] It came sooner than he had expected. Soon after the Feast of Easter 337, Constantine fell seriously ill. [ 282 ] He left Constantinople for the hot baths near his mother's city of Helenopolis ( Altınova ), on the southern shores of the Gulf of Nicomedia (present-day Gulf of İzmit ). Once in Helenopolis, in a church he had built in honour of Lucian the Martyr , he began to pray and offer supplications for God. He soon felt that his life was ending and desired to seek purification of the sins he had committed through baptism. Making his way to the suburbs of Nicomedia, where he summoned the local bishops. [ 283 ] He then told them of his hope to be baptised in the Jordan River , where Christ was baptised, yet praises God, knowing that it is fitting for him to receive the blessing here instead. He then professed the desire to live the rest of his life united with the people of God and His Church. The bishops, Eusebius records, "the prelates performed the sacred ceremonies in the usual manner". [ 284 ] He chose the Arian bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia , bishop of the city where he lay dying, as his baptiser. [ 285 ] It has been thought that Constantine put off baptism as long as he did to be absolved from as much of his sin as possible. [ 286 ] Constantine died soon after at a suburban villa called Achyron, on the last day of the fifty-day festival of Pentecost directly following Pascha (or Easter ), on 22 May 337. [ 287 ] Although Constantine's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius's account, most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle. Emperor Julian (a nephew of Constantine), writing in the mid-350s, observes that the Sassanians escaped punishment for their ill-deeds, because Constantine died "in the middle of his preparations for war". [ 288 ] Similar accounts are given in the Origo Constantini , an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living, which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia ; [ 289 ] the Historiae abbreviatae of Sextus Aurelius Victor , written in 361, which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians; [ 290 ] and the Breviarium of Eutropius , a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor Valens , which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia . [ 291 ] From these and other accounts, some have concluded that Eusebius's Vita was edited to defend Constantine's reputation against what Eusebius saw as a less congenial version of the campaign. [ 292 ] Following his death, his body was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, [ 293 ] in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the De Ceremoniis . [ 294 ] His body survived the plundering of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 but was destroyed at some point afterwards. [ 295 ] A fragment of a sarcophagus that is believed to be Constantine's is currently on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums . Constantine was succeeded by his three sons born of Fausta, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans . His sons, along with his nephew Dalmatius , had already received one division of the empire each to administer as caesars; Constantine may have intended his successors to resume a structure akin to Diocletian's Tetrarchy. [ 296 ] A number of relatives were killed by followers of Constantius, notably Constantine's nephews Dalmatius (who held the rank of caesar) and Hannibalianus , presumably to eliminate possible contenders to an already complicated succession. He also had two daughters, Constantina and Helena , wife of Emperor Julian. [ 297 ] Assessment and legacy Constantine reunited the empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306–308, the Franks again in 313–314, the Goths in 332, and the Sarmatians in 334. By 336, he had reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in 271. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to end raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire. [ 298 ] In the cultural sphere, Constantine revived the clean-shaven face fashion of earlier emperors, originally introduced among the Romans by Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC) and changed into the wearing of the beard by Hadrian (r. 117–138). With some departures, such as Julian the Apostate (r. 360–363), this new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of Phocas (r. 602–610) in the 7th century. [ 299 ] [ 300 ] [ better source needed ] The Holy Roman Empire reckoned Constantine among the venerable figures of its tradition. In the later Byzantine state, it became a great honour for an emperor to be hailed as a "new Constantine"; ten emperors carried the name, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. [ 301 ] Charlemagne used monumental Constantinian forms in his court to suggest that he was Constantine's successor and equal. Charlemagne, Henry VIII , Philip II of Spain , Godfrey of Bouillon , the House of Capet , the House of Habsburg , the House of Stuart , the Macedonian dynasty and the Phokas family claimed descent from Constantine. [ 302 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Geoffrey of Monmouth embroidered a tale that the legendary king of Britain, King Arthur , was also a descendant of Constantine. [ 305 ] Constantine acquired a mythic role as a hero and warrior against heathens. His reception as a saint seems to have spread within the Byzantine empire during wars against the Sasanian Persians and the Muslims in the late 6th and 7th century. [ 306 ] The motif of the Romanesque equestrian, the mounted figure in the posture of a triumphant Roman emperor, became a visual metaphor in statuary in praise of local benefactors. The name "Constantine" enjoyed renewed popularity in western France in the 11th and 12th centuries. [ 307 ] During the Fascist period in Italy in the 20th century , parallels between Constantine and Mussolini became especially popular after the signing of the Lateran Pacts by the Italian State and the Catholic Church in 1929. Mussolini's perceived role in bringing about the historic agreement was sometimes even explicitly compared to Constantine's Edict of Milan. For example, the archbishop of Milan, Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster , claimed that, after sixteen centuries, a second March on Rome had occurred and a second 'religious pact' had been established, linking Mussolini to the spiriti magni of both Constantine and Augustus . [ 308 ] The Niš Constantine the Great Airport is named in honour of him. A large cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Niš, but the project was cancelled. [ 309 ] In 2012, a memorial was erected in Niš in his honour. The Commemoration of the Edict of Milan was held in Niš in 2013. [ 310 ] Constantine is sometimes associated with the religiopolitical ideology known as Caesaropapism , which epitomises the unity of church and state. However, his association with this ideology has been debated. [ 311 ] Veneration as a saint Constantine is commemorated annually as a saint by most, if not all, Eastern Christian Churches . The Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Greek Catholic Churches venerate Saint Constantine (Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος) as isapostolos (ισαπόστολος Κωνσταντίνος)—an equal of the Apostles . [ 312 ] He and his mother, Saint Helena, are commemorated on 21 May, [ 313 ] with liturgical propers composed for the Horologion (e.g., Great Vespers ) [ 314 ] and Divine Liturgy . [ 315 ] Several Orthodox monasteries, shrines and churches claim to have first-class relics of Constantine. [ 316 ] The Coptic Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Constantine on 28 Parmouti . [ 317 ] The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates Saint Constantine and Saint Helena on the Tuesday of the fourth week after Pentecost. [ 318 ] The Armenian Catholic Church commemorates both on 1 July. Constantine is not recognized officially as a saint in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , although he had been referred to as piissimi Imperatoris (most pious Emperor) in editions of the Martyrologium Romanum up until the 1956 edition. Historiography During Constantine's lifetime, Praxagoras of Athens and Libanius , pagan authors, showered Constantine with praise, presenting him as a paragon of virtue. His nephew and son-in-law Julian the Apostate, however, wrote the satire Symposium, or the Saturnalia in 361, after the last of his sons died; it denigrated Constantine, calling him inferior to the great pagan emperors, and given over to luxury and greed. [ 319 ] Following Julian, Eunapius began – and Zosimus continued – a historiographic tradition that blamed Constantine for weakening the empire through his indulgence to the Christians. [ 320 ] During the Middle Ages , European and Near-East Byzantine writers presented Constantine as an ideal ruler, the standard against which any king or emperor could be measured. [ 320 ] The Renaissance rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources prompted a re-evaluation of his career. German humanist Johannes Leunclavius discovered Zosimus' writings and published a Latin translation in 1576. In its preface, he argues that Zosimus' picture of Constantine offered a more balanced view than that of Eusebius and the Church historians. [ 321 ] Cardinal Caesar Baronius criticised Zosimus, favouring Eusebius' account of the Constantinian era. Baronius' Life of Constantine (1588) presents Constantine as the model of a Christian prince. [ 322 ] Edward Gibbon aimed to unite the two extremes of Constantinian scholarship in his work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789) by contrasting the portraits presented by Eusebius and Zosimus. [ 323 ] He presents a noble war hero who transforms into an Oriental despot in his old age, "degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch". [ 324 ] Modern interpretations of Constantine's rule begin with Jacob Burckhardt 's The Age of Constantine the Great (1853, rev. 1880). Burckhardt's Constantine is a scheming secularist, a politician who manipulates all parties in a quest to secure his own power. [ 325 ] Henri Grégoire followed Burckhardt's evaluation of Constantine in the 1930s, suggesting that Constantine developed an interest in Christianity only after witnessing its political usefulness. Grégoire was skeptical of the authenticity of Eusebius's Vita , and postulated a pseudo-Eusebius to assume responsibility for the vision and conversion narratives of that work. [ 326 ] Otto Seeck 's Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt (1920–1923) and André Piganiol 's L'empereur Constantin (1932) go against this historiographic tradition. Seeck presents Constantine as a sincere war hero whose ambiguities were the product of his own naïve inconsistency. [ 327 ] Piganiol's Constantine is a philosophical monotheist, a child of his era's religious syncretism. [ 328 ] Related histories by Arnold Hugh Martin Jones ( Constantine and the Conversion of Europe , 1949) and Ramsay MacMullen ( Constantine , 1969) give portraits of a less visionary and more impulsive Constantine. [ 329 ] These later accounts were more willing to present Constantine as a genuine convert to Christianity. Norman H. Baynes began a historiographic tradition with Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (1929) which presents Constantine as a committed Christian, reinforced by Andreas Alföldi 's The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome (1948), and Timothy Barnes 's Constantine and Eusebius (1981) is the culmination of this trend. Barnes' Constantine experienced a radical conversion which drove him on a personal crusade to convert his empire. [ 330 ] Charles Matson Odahl's Constantine and the Christian Empire (2004) takes much the same tack. [ 331 ] In spite of Barnes' work, arguments continue over the strength and depth of Constantine's religious conversion. [ 332 ] Certain themes in this school reached new extremes in T. G. Elliott's The Christianity of Constantine the Great (1996), which presented Constantine as a committed Christian from early childhood. [ 333 ] Paul Veyne 's 2007 work Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien holds a similar view which does not speculate on the origin of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was meant "to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity". [ 334 ] Peter Heather argues that it is most plausible that Constantine had been a Christian considerably before 312 – possibly even for his entire life – with the public timeline of events instead reflecting his "coming out" as Christian in stages as doing so became politically viable. As a parallel illustrating the cogency of this interpretation, Heather gestures to the later conversion of Constantine's nephew Julian from Christianity to Hellenism, after which he practiced in secret for a decade. [ 335 ] Donation of Constantine Latin Christians considered it inappropriate that Constantine was baptised only on his death bed by an unorthodox bishop, and a legend emerged by the early 4th century that Pope Sylvester I had cured the pagan emperor from leprosy. According to this legend, Constantine was baptised and began the construction of a church in the Lateran Basilica . [ 336 ] [ 337 ] The Donation of Constantine appeared in the 8th century, most likely during the pontificate of Pope Stephen II , in which the freshly converted Constantine gives "the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts, and cities of Italy and the Western regions" to Sylvester and his successors. [ 338 ] In the High Middle Ages , [ 339 ] [ 340 ] this document was used and accepted as the basis for the pope's temporal power , though it was denounced as a forgery by Emperor Otto III [ 341 ] and lamented as the root of papal worldliness by Dante Alighieri . [ 342 ] Philologist and Catholic priest Lorenzo Valla proved in 1440 that the document was indeed a forgery. [ 343 ] Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia During the medieval period, Britons regarded Constantine as a king of their own people, particularly associating him with Caernarfon in Gwynedd . While some of this is owed to his fame and his proclamation as emperor in Britain , there was also confusion of his family with Magnus Maximus 's supposed wife Elen and her son, another Constantine ( Welsh : Custennin ) . In the 12th century Henry of Huntingdon included a passage in his Historia Anglorum that the Emperor Constantine's mother was a Briton, making her the daughter of King Cole of Colchester . [ 344 ] Geoffrey of Monmouth expanded this story in his highly fictionalised Historia Regum Britanniae , an account of the supposed Kings of Britain from their Trojan origins to the Anglo-Saxon invasion . [ 345 ] According to Geoffrey, Cole was King of the Britons when Constantius, here a senator, came to Britain. Afraid of the Romans, Cole submits to Roman law so long as he retains his kingship. However, he dies only a month later, and Constantius takes the throne himself, marrying Cole's daughter Helena. They have their son Constantine, who succeeds his father as King of Britain before becoming Roman emperor. Historically, this series of events is extremely improbable. Constantius had already left Helena by the time he left for Britain. [ 45 ] Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she was a princess. Henry's source for the story is unknown, though it may have been a lost hagiography of Helena. [ 345 ] Family tree v t e CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree v t e Afranius Hannibalianus Eutropia Maximian Western emperor Theodora Constantius I Chlorus Western emperor 250-305-306 Helena 250–330 Maxentius Western emperor Constantia 293–330 ∞ Licinius 250-308-324-325 Flavius Dalmatius censor 1. Galla Julius Constantius d. 337 ∞ 2.Basilina Anastasia Eutropia Fausta 289–326 Constantine I the Great 272-306-337 Minervina Dalmatius caesar Hannibalianus (1) Constantius Gallus (2) Julian 331-360-363 Helena d. 360 Constantina ∞ 1. Hannibalianus 2. Constantius Gallus Constantius II 317-337-361 ∞ Faustina Constantine II Western emperor 316-337-340 Constans I Western emperor 320-337-350 (daughter) ∞ Justus Crispus d. 326 Jovian 331-363-364 Marina Severa Valentinian I Western emperor VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY Justina Constantia 361–383 Gratian Western emperor 359-367-383 Galla Theodosius I Eastern emperor THEODOSIAN DYNASTY Afranius Hannibalianus Eutropia Maximian Western emperor Theodora Constantius I Chlorus Western emperor 250-305-306 Helena 250–330 Maxentius Western emperor Constantia 293–330 ∞ Licinius 250-308-324-325 Flavius Dalmatius censor 1. Galla Julius Constantius d. 337 ∞ 2.Basilina Anastasia Eutropia Fausta 289–326 Constantine I the Great 272-306-337 Minervina Dalmatius caesar Hannibalianus (1) Constantius Gallus (2) Julian 331-360-363 Helena d. 360 Constantina ∞ 1. Hannibalianus 2. Constantius Gallus Constantius II 317-337-361 ∞ Faustina Constantine II Western emperor 316-337-340 Constans I Western emperor 320-337-350 (daughter) ∞ Justus Crispus d. 326 Jovian 331-363-364 Marina Severa Valentinian I Western emperor VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY Justina Constantia 361–383 Gratian Western emperor 359-367-383 Galla Theodosius I Eastern emperor THEODOSIAN DYNASTY Family of Constantine the Great Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti , names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings Claudius Gothicus 268–270 fabricated ancestry Julia Helena Constantius I 305–306 Maximiana Theodora Constantine I 306–337 Flavius Dalmatius Hannibalianus Flavia Julia Constantia Licinius 308–324 Anastasia Bassianus Galla Julius Constantius Basilina Licinius II Eutropia Virius Nepotianus Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Julian 360–363 Helena Nepotianus 2: Constantine's children Minervina Constantine I 306–337 Fausta Crispus Constantine II 337–340 Constans 337–350 Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Faustina Constantius II 337–361 Helena Julian 360–363 Gratian 367–383 Constantia Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti , names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings Claudius Gothicus 268–270 fabricated ancestry Claudius Gothicus 268–270 fabricated ancestry Julia Helena Constantius I 305–306 Constantius I 305–306 Maximiana Theodora Constantine I 306–337 Constantine I 306–337 Flavius Dalmatius Hannibalianus Flavia Julia Constantia Licinius 308–324 Licinius 308–324 Anastasia Bassianus Galla Julius Constantius Basilina Licinius II Eutropia Virius Nepotianus Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Julian 360–363 Julian 360–363 Helena Nepotianus 2: Constantine's children Minervina Constantine I 306–337 Constantine I 306–337 Fausta Crispus Constantine II 337–340 Constantine II 337–340 Constans 337–350 Constans 337–350 Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Faustina Constantius II 337–361 Constantius II 337–361 Helena Julian 360–363 Julian 360–363 Gratian 367–383 Gratian 367–383 Constantia See also Byzantine Empire portal Saints portal Bronze colossus of Constantine Colossus of Constantine Fifty Bibles of Constantine German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine Life of Constantine List of Byzantine emperors List of people known as the great Notes ^ a b Emperor of the East ^ Emperor of the West ^ a b In the West; unrecognised outside Italy ^ Originally emperor of the West; became emperor of the East after 313. ^ a b In the East; nominal emperor of the West. ^ Minervina may have been his concubine . ^ / ˈ k ɒ n s t ən t aɪ n , - t iː n / KON -stən-tyne, -teen ; Latin : Flāvius Valerius Cōnstantīnus , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Classical Latin : [konstanˈtiːnus] ; Koine Greek : Κωνσταντῖνος , romanized: Kōnstantînos ^ With the possible exception of Philip the Arab ( r. 244–249 ). See Philip the Arab and Christianity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ Constantine was not baptised until just before his death. [ 3 ] ^ Constantine's age at the time of his death was 65 years and 3 months, as recorded by Eustathius . Socrates , Sozomen , Zonaras , Skoutariotes , Theophanes , Symeon and Kedrenos all record 65 years. Eutropius and Jerome ( c. 380) give 66 years, as Latin writers often used inclusive counting . Aurelius Victor gives 62, likely a corruption of .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} lxvi into lxii , and his epitomer further corrupts the number into 63 ( lxiii ), while also computing his regnal years wrong. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] ^ The claim that Constantius descended from Claudius Gothicus , and thus also from the Flavian dynasty , is most certainly a fabrication. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of the Flavian emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their benefactors. [ 25 ] ^ On the other hand, Timothy Barnes argues that when ancient writers used the words Illyricum and Thrace / Thracians to describe where Constantius came from, they were speaking of broad geographic terms rather than precise origins. [ 28 ] ^ Constantius' regnal name is attested as both "Gaius Flavius Constantius" and "Marcus Flavius Constantius". However, the latter is almost certainly the correct form, as it was also the praenomen of his adopted father Maximian. [ 32 ] ^ The event is the focus of the Panegyrici Latini VI. The exact chronology of events is uncertain. Constantine and Fausta's wedding is sometimes dated to 31 March, but this is probably a mistake. It probably took place in September 307. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shahîd, Irfan (1984). "The First Christian Roman Emperor: Philip or Constantine?" . Rome and the Arabs . Dumbarton Oaks . pp. 65– 93. ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (1980). "Philip the Arab and Christianity" . Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte . 29 (4): 463– 473. ISSN 0018-2311 . JSTOR 4435734 . ^ Harris, Jonathan (2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4742-5467-0 . ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 272. ^ Lenski et al. , pp. 2–3, 14, 23–25; Southern 2001 , p. 169; Cameron 2005 , pp. 90–91. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 265–268. ^ Drake 1988 . ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.11; cited in Odahl 2001 , p. 3 ^ Lenski et al. , p. 5; Storch 1971 . ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 265–271; Cameron 2005 , pp. 90–92; Elliott 1996 , pp. 162–171. ^ Lieu & Montserrat 1996 , pp. 39–40; Odahl 2001 , p. 3; Lenski et al. , p. 26. ^ a b c d e Lenski et al. , pp. 14–32; Odahl 2001 , pp. 6–14. ^ a b Barnes 1981 , pp. 12–14; MacKay 1999 , p. 207. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 225. ^ Odahl 2001 , pp. 6, 10. ^ Lieu & Montserrat 1996 , pp. 2–6; Warmington 1999 , pp. 166–167. ^ a b Wienand 2012 , pp. 26–86. ^ Lenski et al. , pp. 20–21, 288–291; Odahl 2001 , pp. 8–11. ^ a b c Doležal 2022 , pp. 221–237. ^ Bernard 2019 , p. 543. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 3, 39–42; Elliott 1996 , p. 17; Odahl 2001 , pp. 15–16; Pohlsander 2004b ; Southern 2001 , p. 169, 341; Barnes 1982 , pp. 39–42; Jones 1978 , pp. 13–14; Lenski et al. , p. 59; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 14; Rodgers 1989 ; Wright 1987 . ^ Wilkes, John (2012). "Dardani" . In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary . Oxford University Press. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8 . ^ a b Kazhdan 1991 , pp. 524–525. ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris , p. 223. ^ Salway, Benet (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" (PDF) . Journal of Roman Studies . 84 : 124– 145. doi : 10.2307/300873 . ISSN 0075-4358 . JSTOR 300873 . S2CID 162435434 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2020. ^ Stanislav Doležal, The Reign of Constantine, 306–337. Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire . Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022; pp. 2–3: "In a sense, this book is dedicated to the " Illyrian Emperors ", i.e. those emperors who were born in the Western Balkans and saved, stabilised, and reformed the empire. This line begins with Claudius II (268— 270) and then moves on to Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270—275), and Probus (276—282).3 After a brief interruption by the reigns of Carus and his two sons (282—284), whose birthplace we do not know, the Illyr-ians continued their run with Diocletian (284—305) and three of his colleagues: Maximian (285—305), Constantius (293—306), and Galerius (293—311). A 4th-century historian said of them: "Illyricum was actually the native land of all of them: so although they were deficient in culture, they had nevertheless been sufficiently schooled by the hardships of the countryside and of military service to be the best men for the state". 4 This is not the end of the Illyrian Emperors: Severus (305—307), Maximinus Daia (305—313), Licinius (308—324), and Constantine himself (306—337) can also be counted among them." ^ Odahl 2001 , pp. 36-41 . ^ Barnes 2011 , p. 30 . ^ Tougher, Shaun (2007). Julian the Apostate . Edinburgh University Press. doi : 10.1515/9781474473286 . ISBN 9780748618873 . ^ a b Otto Seeck : " Constantius 1 " (in German) . In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart, 1900, col. 1013–1026. ^ a b c Conrad Benjamin: " Constantinus 2 " (in German) . In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart, 1900, col. 1013–1026. ^ Barnes 1982 , p. 5. ^ Wilson, Steven (2003). The Means Of Naming: A Social History . Routledge . p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-36836-4 . ^ MacMullen 1969 , p. 21. ^ Panegyrici Latini 8(5), 9(4); Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 8.7; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.13.3 ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 13, 290. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 3; Lenski et al. , pp. 59–60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 16–17. ^ Hillner, Julia (2023). Helena Augusta: Mother of the Empire . Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-087529-9 . ^ Drijvers, Jan Willem (1991). Helena Augusta . BRILL. pp. 9– 17. ISBN 978-90-04-24676-8 . ^ Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia . SAGE. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7 . Constantine's mother, Helena, was a Greek from Asia Minor and also a devoted Christian who seemed to have influenced his choices. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 3, 39–42; Barnes 1982 , p. 39–40; Elliott 1996 , p. 17; Lenski et al. , pp. 59, 83; Odahl 2001 , p. 16; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 14. ^ Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva Spector (2012). Conflict, conquest, and conversion: two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East . New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-51109-4 . ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 8–14; Lenski et al. , pp. 46–50; Treadgold 1997 , pp. 14–15. ^ Bowman 2005 , p. 70; Potter 2004 , p. 283. ^ a b Barnes 1981 , p. 3; Elliott 1996 , p. 20; Lenski et al. , pp. 59–60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 47, 299; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 14. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.1; cited in Barnes 1981 , pp. 13, 290 ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 3, 8–9; Lenski et al. , pp. 40–43, 54; Elliott 1996 , p. 20; Odahl 2001 , pp. 46–47, 56–57; Pohlsander 2004a , pp. 8–9, 14; Treadgold 1997 , p. 17. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 73–74; Lenski et al. , pp. 60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 72, 301. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 73–74; Fowden 1988 , pp. 175–176. ^ Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum , 16.2 ^ a b Elliott 1996 , pp. 29–30; Lenski et al. , p. 60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 72–74. ^ Pohlsander 2004a , p. 15. ^ Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25 ^ Elliott 1996 , p. 30; Odahl 2001 , p. 73. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6–11 ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 21; Elliott 1996 , pp. 35–36; MacMullen 1969 , p. 24; Odahl 2001 , p. 67; Potter 2004 , p. 338. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.49–52 ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 21; Odahl 2001 , pp. 67, 73, 304; Potter 2004 , p. 338. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 22–25; MacMullen 1969 , pp. 24–30; Odahl 2001 , pp. 67–69; Potter 2004 , p. 337. ^ MacMullen 1969 , pp. 24–25. ^ Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25 ^ Odahl 2001 , p. 73. ^ Elliott 1987 , pp. 425–426; Lenski et al. , p. 126. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 25–27; Lenski et al. , p. 60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 69–72; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 15; Potter 2004 , pp. 341–342. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.2–6 ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 26; Potter 2004 , p. 342. ^ Lenski et al. , pp. 60–61; Odahl 2001 , pp. 72–74; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 15. ^ Origo 4; Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.3–9; Praxagoras fr. 1.2; Aurelius Victor 40.2–3; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.2; Zosimus 2.8.3; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.21 ^ Lenski et al. , p. 61; MacMullen 1969 , p. 32; Odahl 2001 , p. 73. ^ Lenski et al. , p. 61. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 27; Elliott 1987 , pp. 39–40; Lenski et al. , p. 61; Odahl 2001 , p. 75–77; Pohlsander 2004a , pp. 15–16; Potter 2004 , pp. 344–345; Southern 2001 , pp. 169–170, 341; MacMullen 1969 , p. 32. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 27, 298; Elliott 1996 , p. 39; Odahl 2001 , p. 77–78, 309; Pohlsander 2004a , pp. 15–16. ^ Alföldi 1948 , pp. 233–234; Southern 2001 , pp. 170, 341. ^ a b Barnes 1981 , pp. 27–29; Jones 1978 , p. 59; Lenski et al. , pp. 61–62; Odahl 2001 , pp. 78–80. ^ Jones 1978 , p. 59. ^ Jones 1978 , p. 59; MacMullen 1969 , p. 39. ^ Treadgold 1997 , p. 28. ^ Gibbon, Edward (2018). History of The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire . [Otbebookpublishing]. ISBN 978-3-96272-518-1 . OCLC 1059411020 . ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 28–29; Rees 2002 , p. 160; Lenski et al. , p. 62; Odahl 2001 , pp. 78–80. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 29; Elliott 1996 , p. 41; Jones 1978 , p. 41; MacMullen 1969 , p. 39; Odahl 2001 , pp. 79–80. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 16–17. ^ Odahl, 80–81. ^ Odahl, 81. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 39; Odahl, 81–82. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen, Constantine , 39–40; Odahl, 81–83. ^ Odahl, 82–83. ^ "Detail :: Last Statues of Antiquity" . laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk . ^ Odahl, 82–83. See also: William E. Gwatkin, Jr. Roman Trier ." The Classical Journal 29 (1933): 3–12. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9; Barnes, "Lactantius and Constantine", 43–46; Odahl, 85, 310–311. ^ Odahl, 86. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 28. ^ Rodgers, 236. ^ Panegyrici Latini 7(6)3.4; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.22, qtd. and tr. Odahl, 83; Rodgers, 238. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 40. ^ Qtd. in MacMullen, Constantine , 40. ^ Zosimus, 2.9.2; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; MacMullen, Constantine , 39. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 29; Odahl, 86; Potter, 346. ^ Barnes, New Empire , 5. Galerius and Maximinus ceased to be recognized as consuls at this time. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 30–31; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 41–42; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87; Potter, 348–349. ^ Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara S. (2023). In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini . University of California Press. pp. 180– 185. ISBN 978-0-520-34282-8 . The ceremony took place after 25 July, as there are coins that refer to Constantine as caesar while also commemorating his dies imperii . ^ Rees 2002 , p. 165 . ^ Sang, J. C. (1979). Panegyrici Latini, VI and VII: Translated with Introductions and Commentary . University of Cape Town. pp. 6– 14, favouring late April/early May instead. ISBN 978-0-19-924918-3 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 31; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 87–88; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 15–16. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 34; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63–65; Odahl, 89; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 15–16. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 32; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 89, 93. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 32–34; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 42–43; Jones, 61; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65; Odahl, 90–91; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 17; Potter, 349–350; Treadgold, 29. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 33; Jones, 61. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 36–37. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 34–35; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65–66; Odahl, 93; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 17; Potter, 352. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 34. ^ Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 20. ^ Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 30.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 40–41, 305. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. ^ Potter, 352. ^ Panegyrici Latini 6(7); Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 35–37, 301; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66; Odahl, 94–95, 314–315; Potter, 352–353. ^ Panegyrici Latini 6(7)1. Qtd. in Potter, 353. ^ Panegyrici Latini 6(7).21.5. ^ Virgil, Ecologues 4.10. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 36–37; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 67; Odahl, 95. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 36–37; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 50–53; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66–67; Odahl, 94–95. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 31–35; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.16; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96, 316. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 304; Jones, 66. ^ Eusebius (1965). The History of the Church . Penguin Classics. p. 278. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 39; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43–44; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 39–40; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 44; Odahl, 96. ^ Odahl, 96. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 38; Odahl, 96. ^ Hillner, Julia (2017). "Constantia, half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius". Constantia . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi : 10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8065 . ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 37; Curran, 66; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; MacMullen, Constantine , 62. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 37. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 37–39. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 38–39; MacMullen, Constantine , 62. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 40; Curran, 66. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 44–45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.15.1–2, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, Constantine , 65. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; MacMullen, Constantine , 71. ^ Panegyrici Latini 12(9)2.5; Curran, 67. ^ Curran, 67. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 70–71. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Odahl, 101. ^ Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5.1–3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 101. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Jones, 70; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 101–102. ^ Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5–6; 4(10)21–24; Jones, 70–71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 102, 317–318. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Jones, 71; Odahl, 102. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41–42; Odahl, 103. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103–104. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 104. ^ Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 71. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 105. ^ Jones, 71. ^ Odahl, 104. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 72; Odahl, 107. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71–72; Odahl, 107–108. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42–43; MacMullen, Constantine , 78; Odahl, 108. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Curran, 67; Jones, 72; Odahl, 108. ^ a b Odahl, 108. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Digeser, 122; Jones, 72; Odahl, 106. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4–6, tr. J. L. Creed, Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.28, tr. Odahl, 105. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113; Odahl, 105. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.27–29; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43, 306; Odahl, 105–106, 319–320. ^ Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113. ^ Cameron and Hall, 208. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 306; MacMullen, Constantine , 73; Odahl, 319. ^ Cameron and Hall, 206–207; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 114; Nicholson, 311. ^ Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing Roman Imperial Coinage 7 Ticinum 36. ^ R. Ross Holloway, Constantine and Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 3, citing Kraft, "Das Silbermedaillon Constantins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm", Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 5–6 (1954/55): 151–178. ^ Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. ^ Rowley, Matthew; Hodgson, Natasha R., eds. (2022). Miracles, political authority and violence in medieval and early modern history . Themes in medieval and early modern history. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-367-76728-0 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Curran, 68. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 78. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Curran, 68; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine , 78; Odahl, 108. ^ Head of the bronze colossus , Capitoline Museums ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 44 . ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 81; Odahl, 108. ^ Cameron, 93; Curran, 71–74; Odahl, 110. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44; Curran, 72; Jones, 72; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine , 78; Odahl, 108. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44–45. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44; MacMullen, Constantine , 81; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45; Curran, 72; MacMullen, Constantine , 81; Odahl, 109. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45–46; Odahl, 109. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 46; Odahl, 109. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 46. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45–47; Cameron, 93; Curran, 76–77; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45. ^ Curran, 80–83. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 47. ^ Curran, 83–85. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45; Curran, 76; Odahl, 109. ^ Curran, 101. ^ Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum , 5.90, cited in Curran, 93–96. ^ Odahl, 109. ^ The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict, while the subsequent edicts by Licinius—of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively—were not issued in Milan. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 25. ^ Drake, "Impact", 121–123. ^ a b Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , 229. ^ Byfield, Ted, ed. The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years . vol. III. p. 148. "The sign in the sky that changed history" . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , pp. 38–39. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , pp. 41–42. ^ Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , pp. 229–230. ^ Timothy E. Gregory, A History of Byzantium . Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7 , p. 54. ^ Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-nicene Fathers: Second Series . New York: Cosimo, 2007, ISBN 978-1-60206-508-6 , p. 418, footnote 6. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 42–43. ^ Scarre, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors , 215. ^ a b MacMullen, Constantine . ^ The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE): The Anchors of the Fisherman . BRILL. 17 March 2020. p. 36. ISBN 978-90-04-42568-2 . ^ Sherrard, ed. Krieger, Byzantium , Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, New Jersey, 1966 p. 15. ^ Sinnigen & Boak, A History of Rome to A.D. 565 , 6th ed., Macmillan, New York, 1977 pp. 409–310. ^ Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries , Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1988, p. 40. ^ Sherrard, ed. Krieger, Byzantium , Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, New Jersey, 1966 p. 18. ^ Gilbert Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale , 24. ^ Petrus Patricius excerpta Vaticana , 190: Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον εν Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά δημόσια· φιλών τε τήν πόλιν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν "η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική εστι." ^ Ramsey MacMullen, Constantine , Routledge ed., 1987, 149. ^ Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale , 15/19. ^ a b "Constantinople" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Oxford University Press , Oxford, 1991, p. 508. ISBN 0-19-504652-8 ^ Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD Archived 16 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine at "The Road to Byzantium: Luxury Arts of Antiquity". The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House (30 March 2006 – 3 September 2006). ^ Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.9. ^ According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum , vol. 164 (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" ( Nova Roma or Nea Rhome ). Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis (Michael Grant, The Climax of Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), 133). It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" ( Deutera Rhome ) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople. ^ Bowder, Diana (1987). The Age of Constantine and Julian . Barnes & Noble Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-06-490601-2 . ^ See Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34–35. ^ Young 2006 , p. 6 and n. 24. ^ R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55. ^ " Gratian " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 February 2008. ^ Pontifex Maximus Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Livius article by Jona Lendering retrieved 21 August 2011. ^ Peter Brown , The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60. ^ Drake 2000 , p. 395. ^ R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55–56. ^ Robin Lane Fox, apud Jonathan Bardill, Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76423-0 , p. 307, note 27. ^ Codex Justinianeus 3.12.2. ^ Codex Theodosianus 16.2.5. ^ Cf. Paul Veyne, Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , 163. ^ R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, p. 44, ISBN 0-300-03642-6 ^ Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 14–15; The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 15. ^ Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) pp. 15–16. ^ Frend, W. H. C., "The Donatist Church; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa," (1952 Oxford), pp. 156–162. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium (First American ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 54– 57. ISBN 0-394-53778-5 . OCLC 18164817 . ^ "Church Fathers: Life of Constantine, Book III (Eusebius), chapter 18" . New Advent . ^ a b c Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell , 187. ^ Stemberger, Gunter (1999). Jews and Christians in the Holy Land . A&C Black. pp. 37– 38. ISBN 978-0-567-23050-8 . If a Jew has bought and circumcised a Christian slave or one belonging to any other religious community, he may under no circumstances keep the circumcised person in slavery; rather, whoever suffers such a thing shall obtain the privilege of freedom. ^ Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World . Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-134-40317-2 . Constantine forbade the circumcision of Christian slaves, and declared any slave circumcised despite this prohibition a free man ^ Cameron, 107. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 241. ^ As equestrian order refers to people of equestrian census that had an actual position in the state bureaucracy, thousands of whom had no state function; cf. Claude Lepelley , "Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo", IN Giardina, ed., Società romana e impero tardoantico , Bari: Laterza, 1986, V. 1, quoted by Carrié & Rouselle, p. 660. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 247; Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain , 658. ^ Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain , 658–659. ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae , archived from the original on 20 July 2012 , retrieved 5 February 2016 ; Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , p. 659 ^ Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , 660. ^ Cf. Arnhein, The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire , quoted by Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism , 101. ^ Carrié & Rousselle, p.657 citing T. D. Barnes, "Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy", Journal of Roman Studies , 85, 1995. ^ Cf. Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain , 49. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 247. ^ Walter Scheidel, "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", 174/175. ^ De Rebus Bellicis , 2. ^ Sandro Mazzarino, according to Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 246. ^ Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , 245–246. ^ Guthrie, 325–326. ^ Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 70–72. ^ Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 72. ^ Encyclopedia of Roman Empire . MobileReference.com. 2008. ISBN 978-1-60501-314-5 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . ^ a b Guthrie, 326–327. ^ Art. Pass 45; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 71–72. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 237/238. ^ Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell , 189 & 191. ^ Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3 , pp. 64–126. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 250. ^ Madgearu, Alexandru(2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3 , pp. 64–126. ^ Odahl, 261. ^ Eusebius, VC 4.9ff, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 259. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 258–259. See also: Fowden, "Last Days", 146–148, and Wiemer, 515. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.58–60; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 259. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.61; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 259. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62.4. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 75–76; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. ^ Amerise, Marilena (2005). Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande: storia di una scomoda eredità [ The baptism of Constantine the Great: The story of an uncomfortable legacy ]. Hermes: Bulletin for Classical Philology , supplements (in Italian). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08721-6 . ISSN 0341-0064 . OCLC 61029662 . ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.64; Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 147; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. ^ Julian, Orations 1.18.b. ^ Origo Constantini 35. ^ Sextus Aurelius Victor, Historiae abbreviatae XLI.16. ^ Eutropius, Breviarium X.8.2. ^ Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 148–149. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 75–76. ^ A. A. Vasiliev (1848). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" (PDF) . Dumbarton Oaks Papers . 4 : 1+3–26. doi : 10.2307/1291047 . JSTOR 1291047 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2019. ^ Majeska, George P (1984). Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries . Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-101-8 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 – via Google Knihy. ^ Edward J. Watts (2020). The Final Pagan Generation: Rome's Unexpected Path to Christianity . University of California Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-520-37922-0 . ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 71, figure 9. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 72. ^ Byzantine Chronicle. "Imperial first times/last times" . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ "Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project" . Forum Ancient Coins . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 91. ^ Jane E. Everson (2001). The Italian Romance Epic in the Age of Humanism: The Matter of Italy and the World of Rome . Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-816015-1 . ^ Stewart James Mottram (2008). Empire and Nation in Early English Renaissance Literature . Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84384-182-1 . ^ Richard L. Kagan (2009). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain . JHU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4214-0165-2 . ^ Mulligan, pp. 262–264. ^ Fourlas 2020. ^ Seidel, 237–239. ^ Bettegazzi, Nicolò; Lamers, Han; Reitz-Joosse, Bettina (December 2019). "Viewing Rome in the Latin Literature of the Ventennio Fascista : Francesco Giammaria's Capitolium Novum " . Fascism . 8 (2). Brill: 172. doi : 10.1163/22116257-00802002 . hdl : 10852/76385 . ISSN 2211-6249 . ^ "Niš: Vinik osta pusto brdo" . NOVOSTI . ^ "Edict of Milan celebration to begin in Niš" . 17 January 2013. ^ Averil Cameron, "Introduction", in Constantine: History, Historiography, and Legend , ed. Samuel N. C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat (New York: Routledge, 1998), 3; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 91 ^ Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 305. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 92–93. ^ "Holy Great Rulers Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles: Great Vespers" (PDF) . Liturgical Texts and Music: Part of the Royal Doors Family . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ "Holy Great Rulers Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles: Divine Liturgy" (PDF) . Liturgical Texts and Music: Part of the Royal Doors Family . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ "530 - Λεἰψανα του Μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου" . Η ΛΕΙΨΑΝΟΘΗΚΗ (in Greek) . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ "Commemorations for Baramhat 28" . CopticChurch.Net . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Findikyan, Bishop Daniel. "Liturgical Year of the Armenian Apostolic Church" . Armenian Apostolic Church of Holy Resurrection . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 272–223. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 273. ^ Johannes Leunclavius , Apologia pro Zosimo adversus Evagrii, Nicephori Callisti et aliorum acerbas criminationes ( Defence of Zosimus against the Unjustified Charges of Evagrius, Nicephorus Callistus, and Others ) (Basel, 1576), cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 273, and Odahl, 282. ^ Caesar Baronius, Annales Ecclesiastici 3 (Antwerp, 1623), cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274, and Odahl, 282. ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 18, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274, and Odahl, 282. See also Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6–7. ^ Gibbon, Decline and Fall , 1.256; David P. Jordan, "Gibbon's 'Age of Constantine' and the Fall of Rome", History and Theory 8:1 (1969): 71–96. ^ Jacob Burckhardt, Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen (Basel, 1853; revised edition, Leipzig, 1880), cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7–8. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8–9; Odahl, 283. ^ Odahl, 283; Mark Humphries, "Constantine", review of Constantine and the Christian Empire , by Charles Odahl, Classical Quarterly 56:2 (2006), 449. ^ Averil Cameron, "Introduction", in Constantine: History, Historiography, and Legend , ed. Samuel N. C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat (New York: Routledge, 1998), 3. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 10. ^ Quand notre monde est devenu chretien , Fabian E. Udoh, review, Theological Studies , June 2008. ^ Peter Heather, Christendom (London: Allen Lane, 2022), pp. 11–20. ^ Canella, Tessa. Gli Actus Silvestri fra Oriente e Occidente: Storia e diffusione di una leggenda Costantiniana . Academia. pp. 243– 244 . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 298–301. ^ Constitutum Constantini 17, qtd. in Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 301–303. ^ Gregory, A History of Byzantium , 49. ^ Van Dam, Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge , 30. ^ Henry Charles Lea, "The 'Donation of Constantine'". The English Historical Review 10: 37 (1895), 86–87. ^ Inferno 19.115; Paradisio 20.55; cf. De Monarchia 3.10. ^ Fubini, 79–86; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6. ^ Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum , Book I, ch. 37. ^ a b Greenway, Diana (Ed.); Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People . Oxford University Press. p. civ. ISBN 978-0-19-822224-8 . Bibliography Ancient sources Athanasius of Alexandria. Apologia contra Arianos ( Defence against the Arians ) c. 349 . Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Athanasius of Alexandria Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi ( Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea ) c. 352 . Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Athanasius of Alexandria Historia Arianorum ( History of the Arians ) c. 357 . Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Sextus Aurelius Victor , Liber de Caesaribus ( Book on the Caesars ) c. 361 . Codex Theodosianus ( Theodosian Code ) 439. Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes 2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R. W. B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble . Retrieved 25 August 2009. Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes 2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R. W. B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble . Retrieved 25 August 2009. Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Codex Justinianeus ( Justinianic Code or Code of Justinian ). Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian , in The Civil Law . 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Krueger, Paul, ed. (1954). Codex Justinianus (in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 – via the Internet Archive. Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian , in The Civil Law . 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Krueger, Paul, ed. (1954). Codex Justinianus (in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 – via the Internet Archive. Constantine the Great, Speech to the Assembly of the Saints . Girardet, Klaus Martin (2013). Konstantin, Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen – Oratio ad sanctorum coetum. Einleitung, griechischer Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar. Fontes Christiani vol. 55. Freiburg: Herder, ISBN 978-3-451-30957-1 . Girardet, Klaus Martin (2013). Konstantin, Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen – Oratio ad sanctorum coetum. Einleitung, griechischer Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar. Fontes Christiani vol. 55. Freiburg: Herder, ISBN 978-3-451-30957-1 . Constantine the Great, Letters Maraval, Pierre (2010). Constantin, Lettres et discours. La roue à livres, volume 57. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, ISBN 978-2-251-33958-0 . Maraval, Pierre (2010). Constantin, Lettres et discours. La roue à livres, volume 57. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, ISBN 978-2-251-33958-0 . Epitome de Caesaribus ( Epitome on the Caesars ) c. 395 . Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores . Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores . Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. De Rebus Bellicis ( On Military Matters ) fourth/fifth century. Eunapius , History from Dexippus first edition c. 390 , second edition c. 415 . [Fragmentary] Eusebius of Caesarea . Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books c. 300 , eighth and ninth book c. 313 , tenth book c. 315 , epilogue c. 325 . Williamson, G. A., trans. Church History . London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Oratio de Laudibus Constantini ( Oration in Praise of Constantine , sometimes the Tricennial Oration ) 336. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) c. 336 –339. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine . 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0 . Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine . 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7 . Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books c. 300 , eighth and ninth book c. 313 , tenth book c. 315 , epilogue c. 325 . Williamson, G. A., trans. Church History . London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Williamson, G. A., trans. Church History . London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Oratio de Laudibus Constantini ( Oration in Praise of Constantine , sometimes the Tricennial Oration ) 336. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) c. 336 –339. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine . 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0 . Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine . 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7 . Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine . 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0 . Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine . 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7 . Eutropius , Breviarium ab Urbe Condita ( Abbreviated History from the City's Founding ) c. 369 . Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius . London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius . London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Rufus Festus , Breviarium Festi ( The Abbreviated History of Festus ) c. 370 . Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People . Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People . Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Jerome , Chronicon ( Chronicle ) c. 380 . Pearse, Roger, et al. ., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome , in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts . Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Pearse, Roger, et al. ., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome , in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts . Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Jordanes , De origine actibusque Getarum [ Getica ] ( The Origin and Deeds of the Goths ) c. 551 . Mierow, Charles C. , trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009. The Gothic History of Jordanes . 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0 . The Christian Roman Empire series Mierow, Charles C. , trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009. The Gothic History of Jordanes . 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0 . The Christian Roman Empire series Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009. The Gothic History of Jordanes . 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0 . The Christian Roman Empire series Lactantius , De mortibus persecutorum ( On the Deaths of the Persecutors ) c. 313–315 . Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante-Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante-Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Libanius , Orationes ( Orations ) c. 362 –365. Optatus , Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum ( Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists ) first edition c. 365 –367, second edition c. 385 . Vassall-Phillips, O. R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists . London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at The Tertullian Project by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Optatus (1997). Edwards, Mark (ed.). Optatus: Against the Donatists . Translated by Edwards, Mark. doi : 10.3828/978-0-85323-752-5 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-0-85323-752-5 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) Vassall-Phillips, O. R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists . London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at The Tertullian Project by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Optatus (1997). Edwards, Mark (ed.). Optatus: Against the Donatists . Translated by Edwards, Mark. doi : 10.3828/978-0-85323-752-5 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-0-85323-752-5 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) Origo Constantini Imperiatoris ( The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine ) c. 340 –390. Rolfe, J. C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana , in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History . Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Rolfe, J. C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana , in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History . Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Orosius , Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII ( Seven Books of History Against the Pagans ) c. 417 . XII Panegyrici Latini ( Twelve Latin Panegyircs ) relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321. Philostorgius , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 433 . Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople . London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople . London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Praxagoras of Athens , Historia ( History of Constantine the Great ) c. 337 . [Fragmentary] Socrates of Constantinople (Scholasticus), Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 443 . Zenos, A. C., trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Zenos, A. C., trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Sozomen , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 445 . Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Theodoret , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 448 . Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Zosimus , Historia Nova ( New History ) c. 500 . Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus . London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus . London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Modern sources Alföldi, Andreas (1948) [1948]. The conversion of Constantine and pagan Rome . Translated by Harold Mattingly. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814356-7 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Anderson, Perry (2013) [1974]. Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism . Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78168-008-7 . Armstrong, Gregory T. (1964). "Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine". Journal of the American Academy of Religion . XXXII : 1– 7. doi : 10.1093/jaarel/XXXII.1.1 . Armstrong, Gregory T. (1974). "Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians . 33 (1): 5– 16. doi : 10.2307/988835 . JSTOR 988835 . Barnes, T. D. (1973). "Lactantius and Constantine". Journal of Roman Studies . 63 : 29– 46. doi : 10.2307/299163 . JSTOR 299163 . S2CID 163051414 . Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1 . Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine . doi : 10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 . ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0 . S2CID 162343436 . Barnes, T. D. (1985). "Constantine and the Christians of Persia". Journal of Roman Studies . 75 : 126– 136. doi : 10.2307/300656 . JSTOR 300656 . S2CID 162744718 . Barnes, Timothy (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1727-2 . Bernard, Outtier; et al. (2019). Armenia between Byzantium and the Orient . BRILL. pp. 230– 580. ISBN 978-90-04-39774-3 . Bowman, Alan K. (2005). "Diocletian and the first tetrarchy, a.d. 284–305". The Cambridge Ancient History . pp. 67– 89. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.004 . ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1 . Cameron, Averil (2005). "The Reign of Constantine, a.d. 306–337" . The Cambridge Ancient History . Vol. 12. pp. 90– 109. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.005 . ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1 . Carrié, Jean-Michel; Rouselle, Aline (1999). L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337 . Paris: Seuil. ISBN 2-02-025819-6 . Christol, Michel ; Nony, D. (2003). Rome et son Empire . Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2-02-025819-6 . Corcoran, Simon (1996). The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324 . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815304-X . Curran, John (2000). Pagan City and Christian Capital (Hardcover ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815278-7 . Paperback ISBN 0-19-925420-6 Dagron, Gilbert (1984). Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 a 451 . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-038902-3 . Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma (2000). The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome . London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3 . Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire . Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-97464-0 . Downey, Glanville (1957). "Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors". Speculum . 32 (1): 48– 61. doi : 10.2307/2849245 . JSTOR 2849245 . S2CID 161904593 . Drake, H. A. (1988). "What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the "Vita Constantini" ". Classical Philology . 83 : 20– 38. doi : 10.1086/367077 . S2CID 162370910 . Drake, H. A. (1995). "Constantine and Consensus". Church History . 64 (1): 1– 15. doi : 10.2307/3168653 . JSTOR 3168653 . S2CID 163129848 . Drake, H. A. (1996). "Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance". Past & Present (153): 3– 36. doi : 10.1093/past/153.1.3 . Drake, H. A. (2000). Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3 . Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix . 41 (4): 420– 438. doi : 10.2307/1088714 . JSTOR 1088714 . Elliott, T. G. (1991). "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini" ". Phoenix . 45 (2): 162– 171. doi : 10.2307/1088553 . JSTOR 1088553 . Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great . Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5 . Fowden, Garth (1988). "Between Pagans and Christians". Journal of Roman Studies . 78 : 173– 182. doi : 10.2307/301456 . JSTOR 301456 . S2CID 163374397 . Fowden, Garth (1994). "The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and their Influence". Journal of Roman Studies . 84 : 146– 170. doi : 10.2307/300874 . JSTOR 300874 . S2CID 161959828 . Fubini, Riccardo (1996). "Humanism and Truth: Valla Writes Against the Donation of Constantine". Journal of the History of Ideas . 57 : 79– 86. doi : 10.1353/jhi.1996.0004 . S2CID 170927536 . Gibbon, Edward (1952) [1789]. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 2 volumes. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13719-4 . Grant, Robert M. (1975). "Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea". The Journal of Religion . 55 : 1– 12. doi : 10.1086/486406 . S2CID 170410226 . Guthrie, Patrick (1966). "The Execution of Crispus". Phoenix . 20 (4): 325– 331. doi : 10.2307/1087057 . JSTOR 1087057 . Helgeland, John (1974). "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337". Church History . 43 (2): 149– 163. doi : 10.2307/3163949 . JSTOR 3163949 . S2CID 162376477 . Jones, A. H. M. ; J. R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire . Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6 . Jordan, David P. (1969). "Gibbon's "Age of Constantine" and the Fall of Rome". History and Theory . 8 (1): 71– 96. doi : 10.2307/2504190 . JSTOR 2504190 . Kazhdan, Alexander P. , ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 . Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe . Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4 . Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4 . Lieu, Samuel N. C. ; Montserrat, Dominic (1996). From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09335-4 . MacKay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian". Classical Philology . 94 (2): 198– 209. doi : 10.1086/449431 . S2CID 161141658 . MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine . New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6 . Mattingly, David . An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire . London: Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0 McLay, Denis (2015), "An Examination of the Role of Ossius, Bishop of Córdoba, in the Arian Controversy" , Dissertation – Durham University Nicholson, Oliver (2000). "Constantine's Vision of the Ecross". Vigiliae Christianae . 54 (3): 309– 323. doi : 10.1163/157007200X00189 . Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5 . Pears, Edwin (1909). "The Campaign against Paganism A.D. 824". The English Historical Review . XXIV (XCIII): 1– 17. doi : 10.1093/ehr/XXIV.XCIII.1 . Vaudour, Catherine (1984). "La céramique normande". Études Normandes . 33 (2): 79– 106. doi : 10.3406/etnor.1984.2597 . Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine . London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4 . Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Pohlsander, Hans (2004b). "Constantine I (306–337)" . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7 . Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5 Rees, Roger (2002). Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric . doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249183.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-19-924918-3 . Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine". The Classical Quarterly . 39 : 233– 246. doi : 10.1017/S0009838800040611 . S2CID 170720156 . Scheidel, Walter. "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". In Scheidel, ed., Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-975835-7 Seidel, Linda (1976). "Constantine 'and' Charlemagne". Gesta . 15 (1/2): 237– 239. doi : 10.2307/766771 . JSTOR 766771 . S2CID 193434433 . Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3 . Storch, Rudolph H. (1971). "The 'Eusebian Constantine' ". Church History . 40 (2): 145– 155. doi : 10.2307/3162367 . JSTOR 3162367 . S2CID 162937055 . Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6 . Udoh, Fabian E. "Quand notre monde est devenu chretien", review, Theological Studies , June 2008 Veyne, Paul . L'Empire Gréco-Romain , Paris: Seuil, 2005. ISBN 2-02-057798-4 Veyne, Paul . Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , Paris: Albin Michel, 2007. ISBN 978-2-226-17609-7 Warmington, Brian (1999). "Some Constantinian References in Ammianus" . In Drijvers, J.W. (ed.). The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus . Routledge. pp. 166– 167. ISBN 0-415-20271-X . Weiss, Peter (2003). "The vision of Constantine". Journal of Roman Archaeology . 16 : 237– 259. doi : 10.1017/S1047759400013088 . S2CID 162396067 . Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (1994). "Libanius on Constantine". The Classical Quarterly . 44 (2): 511– 524. doi : 10.1017/S0009838800043962 . S2CID 170876695 . Wienand, Johannes (2012). Der Kaiser als Sieger . doi : 10.1524/9783050059044 . ISBN 978-3-05-005904-4 . Wienand, Johannes (ed.). Contested Monarchy. Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD . Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015. Williams, Stephen (1997). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91827-8 . Woods, David (1998). "On the Death of the Empress Fausta" . Greece and Rome . 45 : 70– 86. doi : 10.1093/gr/45.1.70 . Woods, D. (1997). "Where Did Constantine I Die?". The Journal of Theological Studies . 48 (2): 531– 535. doi : 10.1093/jts/48.2.531 . Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers . 41 : 493– 507. doi : 10.2307/1291584 . JSTOR 1291584 . Young, Frances M. (2006). "Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). Origins to Constantine . The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1– 34. ISBN 978-1-107-42361-9 . Further reading Arjava, Antii. Women and Law in Late Antiquity . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815233-7 Barbero, Alessandro (2016). Costantino il vincitore [Constantine the victor]. Rome: Salerno, ISBN 978-88-6973-138-9 . Baynes, Norman H. (1930). Constantine the Great and the Christian Church . London: Milford. Burckhardt, Jacob (1949). The Age of Constantine the Great . London: Routledge. Cameron, Averil (1993). The later Roman empire: AD 284–430 . London: Fontana Press. ISBN 978-0-00-686172-0 . Cowan, Ross (2016). Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Demandt, Alexander ; Engemann, Josef (eds) (2006). Konstantin der Große. Geschichte – Archäologie – Rezeption [Constantine the Great. History – Archaeology – Reception]. Trier: Rheinisches Landesmuseum, ISBN 3-923319-67-3 . Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Eadie, John W., ed. (1971). The conversion of Constantine . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-083645-9 . Fourlas, Benjamin (2020). "St Constantine and the Army of Heroic Men Raised by Tiberius II Constantine in 574/575. Some Thoughts on the Historical Significance of the Early Byzantine Silver Hoard at Karlsruhe". Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 62, 2015 [published 2020], 341–375. doi : 10.11588/jrgzm.2015.1.77142 Girardet, Klaus Martin (2010). Der Kaiser und sein Gott. Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Großen [The Emperor and his God. Christianity in the Thought and Religious Policy of Constantine the Great]. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-022788-8 . Goltz, Andreas; Schlange-Schöningen, Heinrich (eds) (2008). Konstantin der Große. Das Bild des Kaisers im Wandel der Zeiten [Constantine the Great. The image of the emperor through the ages]. Köln: Böhlau, ISBN 978-3-412-20192-0 . Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6 Hartley, Elizabeth. Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor . York: Lund Humphries, 2004. ISBN 978-0-85331-928-3 . Heather, Peter J. " Foedera and Foederati of the Fourth Century." In From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms , edited by Thomas F. X. Noble, 292–308. New York: Routledge, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-32741-5 Paperback ISBN 0-415-32742-3 Leithart, Peter J. Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. Downers Grove: IL, InterVarsity Press 2010 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 . New Haven, Connecticut; London: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-300-03642-8 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-300-07148-5 Pelikán, Jaroslav (1987). The excellent empire: the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church . San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-254636-4 . Velikov, Yuliyan (2013). Imperator et Sacerdos . Veliko Turnovo University Press. ISBN 978-954-524-932-7 (in Bulgarian) External links Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Complete chronological list of Constantine's extant writings (archived 19 February 2013) Firth, John B. "Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church" . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Letters of Constantine: Book 1 , Book 2 , & Book 3 Encyclopædia Britannica, Constantine I Henry Stuart Jones (1911). " Constantine (emperors) ". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . 6. (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 988–992. Charles George Herbermann and Georg Grupp (1908). " Constantine the Great ". In Catholic Encyclopedia . 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. BBC North Yorkshire's site on Constantine the Great Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York' Commemorations Roman Legionary AD 284–337: The Age of Diocletian and Constantine the Great Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith Constantine the Great Constantinian dynasty Born: 27 February 272 Died: 22 May 337 Regnal titles Preceded by Constantius Chlorus Roman emperor 306–337 With: Galerius , Severus II , Maxentius , Maximian , Licinius , Maximinus II , Valerius Valens & Martinian Succeeded by Constantine II Constantius II Constans Political offices Preceded by Constantius Chlorus Galerius Roman consul 307 with Maximian Succeeded by Diocletian Galerius Preceded by Galerius Maximinus Roman consul II–III 312–313 with Licinius Maximinus Succeeded by C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Petronius Annianus Preceded by C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Petronius Annianus Roman consul IV 315 with Licinius Succeeded by Antonius Caecina Sabinus Vettius Rufinus Preceded by Licinius Crispus Roman consul V–VI 319–320 with Licinius II Constantine II Succeeded by Crispus Constantine II Preceded by Sex. Anicius Paulinus Julius Julianus Roman consul VII 326 with Constantius II Succeeded by Flavius Constantius Valerius Maximus Preceded by Januarinus Vettius Iustus Roman consul VIII 329 with Constantine II Succeeded by Gallicanus Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus Legendary titles Preceded by Constantius Chlorus King of Britain Succeeded by Octavius v t e History of the Catholic Church v t e General History of the Catholic Church By country or region Ecclesiastical history Timeline Papacy Papal primacy Catholic ecumenical councils First seven Catholic Bible Biblical canon Vulgate Crusading movement History of the Roman Curia Religious institutes Christian monasticism Catholic culture Art Role in civilization Vatican City Papal States Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches History of Catholic theology History of the Catholic Church By country or region By country or region Ecclesiastical history Timeline Papacy Papal primacy Papal primacy Catholic ecumenical councils First seven First seven Catholic Bible Biblical canon Vulgate Biblical canon Vulgate Crusading movement History of the Roman Curia Religious institutes Christian monasticism Catholic culture Art Role in civilization Art Role in civilization Vatican City Papal States Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches History of Catholic theology Early Church (30–325/476) Origins and Apostolic Age (30–100) Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period (100–325) Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Late antiquity (313–476) Great Church (180–451) Roman state church (380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Origins and Apostolic Age (30–100) Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period (100–325) Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Late antiquity (313–476) Great Church (180–451) Roman state church (380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Great Church (180–451) Roman state church (380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Constantine the Great Christianity Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Early Middle Ages Benedict of Nursia Monasticism Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East–West Schism Benedict of Nursia Monasticism Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East–West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Clash against the empire Crusades Universities Scholasticism First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Clash against the empire Crusades Universities Scholasticism First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Late Middle Ages Thomas Aquinas Pope Boniface VIII Western Schism Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Age of Discovery Thomas Aquinas Pope Boniface VIII Western Schism Avignon Papacy Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Age of Discovery Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Exsurge Domine Dissolution of the monasteries Council of Trent Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Peter Canisius Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine European wars of religion Thirty Years' War Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Exsurge Domine Dissolution of the monasteries Council of Trent Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Peter Canisius Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine European wars of religion Thirty Years' War Baroque period to the French Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Age of Enlightenment Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Age of Enlightenment Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution 19th century Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX United States Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX United States Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum 20th century Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Nazi Germany Mit brennender Sorge Pope John XXIII Pacem in terris Second Vatican Council Ecumenism Judaism Pope Paul VI ( coronation ) Pope John Paul I Mother Teresa USSR Pope John Paul II HIV/AIDS World Youth Day 1995 Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Nazi Germany Mit brennender Sorge Pope John XXIII Pacem in terris Second Vatican Council Ecumenism Judaism Pope Paul VI ( coronation ) Pope John Paul I Mother Teresa USSR Pope John Paul II HIV/AIDS World Youth Day 1995 1995 21st century Sexual abuse scandal Islam World Youth Day 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 Pope Benedict XVI Pope Francis Laudato si' Patriarch Kirill COVID-19 pandemic Pope Leo XIV Sexual abuse scandal Islam World Youth Day 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 Pope Benedict XVI Pope Francis Laudato si' Patriarch Kirill COVID-19 pandemic Pope Leo XIV Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnant v t e Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–284 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Later Roman Empire 284–641 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 641–1453 Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Artists ULAN ULAN People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX Constantine the Great 272 births 337 deaths 3rd-century births 4th-century Christian saints 4th-century Roman consuls 4th-century Roman emperors Ancient Romans in Britain Angelic visionaries Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles Byzantine royal saints City founders Constantinian dynasty Converts to Christianity from ancient Roman religions Deified Roman emperors Eastern Orthodox saints Filicides Flavii Gothicus Maximus Illyrian emperors Illyrian people Participants in the First Council of Nicaea People from Niš Sons of Roman emperors Tetrarchy Valerii Articles containing Latin-language text Pages with Classical Latin IPA Articles containing Koine Greek-language text Articles with German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Greek-language sources (el) Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2024 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2025 Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Welsh-language text CS1 Latin-language sources (la) CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 maint: ref duplicates default Commons link is locally defined CS1: unfit URL This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 08:54 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#cite_note-187
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : No, really Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version This is a humorous essay . It contains humorous advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors and isn't meant to be taken seriously. This is not an encyclopedia article or one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines and may not represent community consensus . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcut .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:NOREALLY WP:NOREALLY WP:NOREALLY WP:NOREALLY This page in a nutshell: No, really! No, really! You should've believed that the vandal's little brother did that ! If it says so, it's gotta be true, right? [ citation needed ] [ dubious – discuss ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard This article is a stub . You can trip the edit filter by expanding it with some graffiti. This article is a stub . You can trip the edit filter by expanding it with some graffiti. Humorous Wikipedia essays This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 00:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No,_really
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Featured pictures Acèh العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса भोजपुरी Boarisch Chi-Chewa Deutsch ཇོང་ཁ Español فارسی Français 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Română Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Featured pictures in Wikipedia This star symbolizes the featured content on Wikipedia. This page highlights the finest images on Wikipedia. The featured picture criteria explains that featured pictures must be freely licensed or in the public domain , must be of a high technical quality, and must add significantly to at least one article on Wikipedia. There are currently 8,593 featured pictures, and they are categorized below by the topic they represent. All featured pictures are also available in a category . If you wish to add a specific image to this page, please nominate it at Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates . One or more featured pictures are chosen as the picture of the day (POTD). You can include a box displaying the current POTD anywhere (e.g. your user page) by adding the text {{ pic of the day }} or {{ POTD }} where you want the picture to be shown. If you have uploaded a picture that, though not featured, is good, you could list it at the Random Picture of the day Featured pictures from all Wikimedia projects can be browsed by subject or by country on Wikimedia Commons . Featured pictures in Wikipedia This page highlights the finest images on Wikipedia. The featured picture criteria explains that featured pictures must be freely licensed or in the public domain , must be of a high technical quality, and must add significantly to at least one article on Wikipedia. There are currently 8,593 featured pictures, and they are categorized below by the topic they represent. All featured pictures are also available in a category . If you wish to add a specific image to this page, please nominate it at Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates . One or more featured pictures are chosen as the picture of the day (POTD). You can include a box displaying the current POTD anywhere (e.g. your user page) by adding the text {{ pic of the day }} or {{ POTD }} where you want the picture to be shown. If you have uploaded a picture that, though not featured, is good, you could list it at the Random Picture of the day Featured pictures from all Wikimedia projects can be browsed by subject or by country on Wikimedia Commons . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:FP WP:FP WP:FI WP:FI Featured content: Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures ← On Wikimedia Commons Featured topics Featured picture tools: Featured picture criteria Featured picture candidates Nomination procedure On Wikimedia Commons Featured picture candidates archive Featured pictures thumbs Picture of the day Picture of the day archive Random featured picture WP:FP WP:FP WP:FI WP:FI Featured content: Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures ← On Wikimedia Commons On Wikimedia Commons Featured topics Featured picture tools: Featured picture criteria Featured picture candidates Nomination procedure On Wikimedia Commons Featured picture candidates archive Nomination procedure On Wikimedia Commons Featured picture candidates archive Featured pictures thumbs Picture of the day Picture of the day archive Picture of the day archive Random featured picture Directory of featured pictures .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Animals Artwork Culture, entertainment, and lifestyle Currency Diagrams, drawings, and maps Engineering and technology Food and drink Fungi History Natural phenomena People Photographic techniques, terms, and equipment Places Plants Sciences Space Vehicles Other lifeforms Other Animals Artwork Culture, entertainment, and lifestyle Currency Diagrams, drawings, and maps Engineering and technology Food and drink Fungi History Natural phenomena People Photographic techniques, terms, and equipment Places Plants Sciences Space Vehicles Other lifeforms Other Animals » subpages: amphibians , arachnids , birds , cnidarians , crustaceans , echinoderms , fish , insects , mammals , molluscs , reptiles , others Artwork » subpages: East Asian art , literary illustrations , paintings , sculpture , others Culture, entertainment, and lifestyle » subpages: culture and lifestyle , entertainment , film , religion and mythology , sport , theatre Currency » subpages: American currency , Asian currency , European currency , USA banknotes , USA coins , other Diagrams, drawings, and maps » subpages: diagrams , drawings , maps Engineering and technology » subpages: electronics , machinery , weaponry , others . See also: vehicles Food and drink » more ... Fungi » more ... History » subpages: American history , other history , American Civil War , World War I , World War II , other wars Natural phenomena » subpages: atmospheric optics , weather , others People » subpages: artists , business , entertainment , law , military , political , religious figures , royalty and nobility , science and engineering , sport , traditional dress , writers , others Photographic techniques, terms, and equipment » more ... Places » subpages: architecture , interiors , landscapes , panorama , urban , others Plants » subpages: flowers , fruits , others Sciences » subpages: biology , geology , materials science , mathematics , others . See also: astronomy . Space » subpages: getting there , looking back , looking out , panorama , understanding Vehicles » subpages: air , land , water Other lifeforms » subpages: bacteria , protists Other » more ... Animals Artwork Culture, entertainment, and lifestyle Currency Diagrams, drawings, and maps Engineering and technology Food and drink Fungi History Natural phenomena People Photographic techniques, terms, and equipment Places Plants Sciences Space Vehicles Other lifeforms Other Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Wikipedia featured pictures Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 20:12 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures#Fungi
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . Sudan War Monitor . 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ "Malik Agar reveals government-proposed roadmap to end Sudan's war" . Sudan Tribune . 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Copnall, James; Kupemba, Danai Nesta (17 November 2023). "Sudan civil war: Darfur's Jem rebels join army fight against RSF" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ a b "Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces" . 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 . Retrieved 16 November 2023 . ^ a b "SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 . ^ "Sudanese paramilitary group says its forming a rival government" . AP News . 16 April 2025. ^ a b c "South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates" . al-Arabiya . 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ a b c Hinda, Edwin (23 February 2025). "Details of Sudanese Rebels Forming a Parallel Govt Last Night in Nairobi" . The Kenya Times . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (25 July 2024). " 'Smoking gun' evidence points to UAE involvement in Sudan civil war" . The Guardian . ^ Prendergast, John; Lake, Anthony (31 July 2024). "The UAE's Secret War in Sudan" . Foreign Affairs . ^ a b Yazdani, Mariam; Bouzidi, Fadhel; Mamadou Diatta, Mohamed; Mollan, Hanna (5 June 2024). "Letter dated 5 June 2024 from the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to resolution 2693 (2023) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF) . Letter to Hwang Joon-Kook . Retrieved 27 October 2025 . ^ a b c Farmer, Ben (4 August 2025). "Colombian mercenaries hired to fight for Sudan rebels" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ a b "Sudanese army retreats from Libyan border after alleging Haftar attack" . Arab News . 11 June 2025 . Retrieved 21 June 2025 . ^ "IntelBrief: Libyan Warlord Exploits Sudan Crisis" . The Soufan Center . 23 May 2023. ^ "Wagner out, Africa Corps in — Shabaab, Central Somalia — Africa File — June 12, 2025" . Critical Threats . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . ^ "Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army" . 20 April 2023. ^ "Russian mercenaries in Sudan: What is the Wagner Group's role?" . Al Jazeera . 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 29 October 2025 . ^ "SLM-Abdel Wahid forces seize RSF camp in South Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 26 December 2023 . ^ "مناطق السيطره" . Google My Maps . ^ "الحدث عاجل (@Alhadath_Brk) on X" . ^ "Chadian army attacks Darfur groups, killing and wounding fighter" . Sudan Tribune . 8 February 2025. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025 . Retrieved 9 February 2025 . ^ "South Sudan Confirms Rapid Support Forces Incursion in Raja" . Sudan Tribune . 5 September 2024. ^ "RSF presence in Raja, South Sudan" . Ayin network - شبكة عاين . 4 October 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2025 . Retrieved 9 February 2025 . ^ "Sudan conflict forces thousands to flee to Ethiopia" . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 1 June 2023. ^ "Monthly Report : Human Rights Situation December 2024" (PDF) . MINUSCA . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ van Linge, Thomas (2 November 2023). "Map of the Areas of Control in Sudan" . Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 . Retrieved 10 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: RSF enters White Nile state and Sennar" . Radio Dabanga . 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . ^ McGregor, Andrew (8 August 2023). "The Third Front: Sudan's Armed Rebel Movements Join the War Between the Generals" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Ali, Mahmoud (21 July 2023). "Situation Update July 2023 Sudan: The SAF Faces Setbacks as Armed Groups Overtake Territory Across the Country 21 July 2023" . Archived from the original on 2 October 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Ali, Mahmoud (11 August 2023). "Sudan: Heightened Violence in Kordofan Region as More Militia Groups Step Into the Conflict" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Darfur movements: 'We renounce our neutrality' " . Sudan War Monitor . 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ a b Lodhi, Areesha (11 April 2024). "After a year of war in Sudan, what is the situation now?" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 9 June 2024 . Retrieved 3 July 2024 . ^ "Heavy fighting in Khartoum continues unabated, 16 days after" . Sudan Tribune . May 2023. ^ a b "How many have died in Sudan's civil war? Satellite images and models offer clues" . www.science.org . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ a b Chothia, Natasha Booty & Farouk (25 October 2021). "Sudan war: A simple guide to what is happening" . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b Sampson, Eve (7 January 2025). "Disaster by the Numbers: The Crisis in Sudan" . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ "Khartoum: Destroyed buildings, cars covered in ash tell horrors of war in Sudan capital" . The New Arab . 8 July 2025 . Retrieved 14 August 2025 . It caused one of the world's biggest humanitarian crises and at least 150,000 people have been killed. Rights organisations say the number is likely to be much higher. The conflict has also triggered a widespread famine, impacting millions of Sudanese, especially children. An estimated 522,000 children have already died from starvation, the Sudan Tribune has reported. ^ a b "Sudan's children are suffering – this is how conflict is destroying their future" . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 18 August 2025 . Retrieved 10 November 2025 . ^ a b "IOM Sudan Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Sudan Mobility Update (15)" . reliefweb . 5 February 2025 . Retrieved 18 February 2025 . ^ "Sudan war: A simple guide to what is happening" . BBC . 10 November 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "Operational data portal: Sudan situation" . United Nations Human Rights Council . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "UN: Sudan now faces world's largest displacement crisis" . Middle East Monitor . 10 November 2025 . Retrieved 16 November 2025 . ^ "Why Sudan's catastrophic war is the world's problem" . The Economist . 29 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 August 2024 . ^ "100 days of conflict in Sudan: A timeline" . Al Jazeera. 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 . Retrieved 28 September 2023 . ^ Steinhauser, Gabriele (12 August 2024). "War Tears Apart Sudan's Capital City" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 13 August 2024 . Retrieved 13 August 2024 . ^ "Sudan faces the world's worst humanitarian crisis as second anniversary of war nears, UN says" . AP News . 10 April 2025. Archived from the original on 11 April 2025 . Retrieved 10 May 2025 . ^ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (14 April 2025). "In Sudan, hundreds killed in attacks on famine-hit displacement camps" . NPR . Archived from the original on 10 May 2025 . Retrieved 21 May 2025 . ^ Yibeltal, Kalkidan; Rukanga, Basillioh (14 November 2024). "Sudan death toll far higher than previously reported – study" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 November 2024 . Retrieved 15 November 2024 . ^ a b "Sudan's RSF accused of 'sickening' sexual violence on women, girls: Report" . Al Jazeera . 12 April 2025 . Retrieved 16 April 2025 . ^ "Sudan civil war: One-year-olds among those raped, UN says" . BBC . 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ "Children as young as one reported among survivors of rape during Sudan's violent conflict" . UNICEF . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ a b "Sudan: Advanced Chinese weaponry provided by UAE identified in breach of arms embargo – new investigation" . Amnesty International . 8 May 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "Treasury Sanctions Sudanese Rapid Support Forces Procurement Director" . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 8 February 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ Gramer, Jared Malsin, Benoit Faucon and Robbie (28 October 2025). "Exclusive: How U.A.E. Arms Bolstered a Sudanese Militia Accused of Genocide" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Townsend, Mark (14 April 2025). "Leaked UN experts report raises fresh concerns over UAE's role in Sudan war" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ Kottasová, Ivana (7 November 2025). "Sudan's bloody conflict is plagued by foreign influence – here is what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "Genocide returns to Darfur" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "Genocide Determination in Sudan and Imposing Accountability Measures" . state.gov . Archived from the original on 23 January 2025 . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ Fabricius, Peter (31 July 2020). "Sudan, a coup laboratory" . Institute for Security Studies . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ Biajo, Nabeel (22 October 2022). "Military Rule No Longer Viable in Sudan: Analyst" . VOA Africa . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan is sliding towards civil war" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ "The basics about Sudan" . BBC News . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024 . Retrieved 7 September 2024 . ^ a b Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Eltahir, Nafisa (15 April 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). "Sudan's army chief, paramilitary head ready to de-escalate tensions, mediators say" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ a b Magdy, Samy; Krauss, Joseph (20 May 2019). "Sudanese general's path to power ran through Darfur" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 3 May 2023 . ^ "Who is 'Hemedti', general behind Sudan's feared RSF force?" . Al Jazeera . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. ^ a b c d Fulton, Adam; Holmes, Oliver (25 April 2023). "Sudan conflict: why is there fighting and what is at stake in the region?" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Harriet Barber, 'Men with no mercy': The vicious history of Sudan's Rapid Support Forces Archived 26 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Telegraph (25 April 2023). ^ a b c d e Michael Georgy, How Sudan's Hemedti carved his route to power Archived 24 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Reuters (15 April 2023) ^ a b c Factbox: Who are Sudan's Rapid Support Forces? Archived 14 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Reuters (15 April 2023). ^ a b Elbagir, Nima; Qiblawi, Tamara (15 April 2023). "How paramilitary group leader Dagalo has consolidated power in Sudan" . CNN . Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ Uras, Umut; Gadzo, Mersiha; Siddiqui, Usaid. "Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ a b c d Sudan timeline: From the fall of Bashir to street-fighting in Khartoum Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Eye (18 April 2023). ^ a b Jack Jeffrey & Samy Magdt, Deal to restore democratic transition in Sudan delayed again Archived 16 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Associated Press (7 April 2023). ^ "Sudan military admits it ordered brutal crackdown on protesters" . Al Jazeera . 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024 . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ a b Olewe, Dickens (20 February 2023). "Mohamed 'Hemeti' Dagalo: Top Sudan military figure says coup was a mistake" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 22 March 2023 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ "Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels?" . BBC . Archived from the original on 27 December 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ Flint, Julie and De Waal, Alexander (2008) Darfur: A New History of a Long War Zed Books, London, pp. 16–17, ISBN 978-1-84277-949-1 ^ Jok, Jok Madut (2007) Sudán: Race, Religion and Violence Oneworld, Oxford, p. 4 ISBN 978-1-85168-366-6 ^ "Darfur Peace Agreement Fact Sheet" Archived 2 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, May 2006, from Internet Archives ^ "Minawi announces withdrawal from Abuja Agreement" . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ a b " 'Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba" . Radio Dabanga . September 2020. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ a b c d "Who's who in Sudan's new civil war?" . Sudan War Monitor . 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ "SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 31 July 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023 . Retrieved 2 January 2024 . ^ "Refinansiering av Forbrukslån Uten Sikkerhet via Splm" . Splmtoday.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ "Al-Mahdi rejects linking peace in Sudan to secular state" . Sudan Tribune . 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020 . Retrieved 16 January 2020 . ^ a b c "Sudan army claims victory over rebel fighters in Blue Nile region" . Radio Dabanga . 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ Michael Atit (4 September 2020). "Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State" . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 8 September 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ "SCP signs agreement with SPLM-N Al-Hilu and SLM Al-Nur" . Radio Tamazuj . 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 December 2023 . ^ a b c "Stopping Sudan's Descent into Full-Blown Civil War" . International Crisis Group . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Burhan and Hemedti – the two generals at the heart of the conflict" . BBC News. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . ^ Walsh, Declan (15 April 2023). "Gunfire and Blasts Rock Sudan's Capital as Factions Vie for Control" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan factions delay post-coup deal on civilian rule" . Al Jazeera . 1 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 December 2023 . ^ a b c d Salih, Zeinab Mohammed ; Igunza, Emmanuel (15 April 2023). "Sudan: Army and RSF battle over key sites, leaving 56 civilians dead" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan unrest: How did we get here?" . Middle East Eye . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ "At least 56 killed, hundreds injured in clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace" . CNN . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ a b Sudan: clashes around the presidential palace, there are fears of a coup attempt in Khartoum – video Archived 15 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , 15 April 2023. ^ "Fears in Sudan as army and paramilitary force face off" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 14 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Fighting broke out in Sudan between national army and RSF militiamen" . Sudan Tribune . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ a b "State TV back on air" . BBC News . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ a b c d لحظة بلحظة.. اشتباكات بين الجيش السوداني والدعم السريع . Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ Shieff, Chris (16 April 2023). "Military Coup: Sudan Airspace Closed" . OPS Group . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ Arwa Ibrahim. "Dozens of people killed as Sudan fighting enters second day" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Near-total collapse of internet connectivity" . Al Jazeera . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ "Shipping group Maersk halts Sudan bookings over violence" . Al Jazeera . 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan army chief Burhan appears to leave army HQ for first time – video" . Reuters. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ "RSF head calls for the international community to intervene" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 7 September 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Fighting rages in central Khartoum on fifth day of clashes" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Clashes in Sudan despite calls for Eid ceasefire" . rtl.lu . Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ Osman, Mohamed; Booty, Natasha (21 April 2023). "Sudan fighting: Muted Eid as ceasefire broken" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "Battles 'raging' in Khartoum: AJ correspondent" . Al Jazeera . 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "Shaky ceasefire enters second day as Sudanese, foreigners flee" . France24 . 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan's Darfur fighting: 'I saw pick-up trucks full of dead people' " . BBC News. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 April 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army: RSF's combat capabilities reduced" . Al Jazeera . 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023 . Retrieved 1 May 2023 . ^ "Sudanese police deploy central reserve units in Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023 . Retrieved 30 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Air strikes and fighting in Khartoum as truce collapses" . BBC . 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023 . Retrieved 30 April 2023 . ^ "Confrontations continue near Presidential Palace: AJ Correspondent" . Al Jazeera . 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023 . Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's Army and Paramilitary RSF Sign 7-Day Cease-Fire" . Voice of America . 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Burhan makes first appearance among troops since outbreak of clashes" . Sudan Tribune . 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ Ross, Will. "Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 May 2023 . Retrieved 17 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's Burhan sacks paramilitary leader as his deputy" . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2023 . Retrieved 19 May 2023 . ^ "UN rights council votes to strenthen monitoring of abuses in Sudan" . France 24. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Rival Sudan factions meet in Saudi Arabia as pressure mounts" . Al Jazeera . 6 May 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023 . Retrieved 6 May 2023 . ^ a b "Sudan conflict: Army and RSF agree deal to protect civilians" . BBC . Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ "Clashes rock Sudan ceasefire as UN official seeks aid protection" . Al Jazeera . 3 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 3 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's warring sides trade blame over church attack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ "No escape, no aid as fighting intensifies in Sudan's West Darfur" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 20 May 2023 . Retrieved 20 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ "Gunfire and explosions rock Sudan despite ongoing talks" . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2023 . Retrieved 15 May 2023 . ^ "Sudan's army and paramilitary RSF sign seven-day ceasefire" . Reuters . 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023 . Retrieved 20 May 2023 . ^ a b "Rights group urges probe into Darfur atrocities by Sudanese paramilitary forces battling the army" . ABC . 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Situation Report – Horn of Africa no. 442- 1 June 2023" (PDF) . EEPA . 1 June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023 . Retrieved 1 June 2023 . ^ Hamilton, Richard (2 June 2023). "Gunfire around state TV building in Sudan capital – reports" . BBC . Archived from the original on 8 June 2023 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ "How conflict is jeopardizing Sudan's museums and cultural heritage" . Arab News . 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "Arms depot battle rages in Sudan as fuel facility burns" . Al Jazeera . 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 445 – 6 June 2023" (PDF) . EEPA . 6 June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 6 June 2023 . ^ Walsh, Declan; Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 August 2024). "War in Sudan: How Two Rival Generals Wrecked Their Country" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 December 2024 . ^ "Army column suffers losses in Khartoum Bahri" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ "Shelling continues in Sudan capital, 15 killed in Omdurman" . Radio Dabanga . 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 . ^ "At least 32 civilians killed in Sudan army strikes: Activists" . Aljazeera . 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . ^ "Air strikes kill dozens in Nyala as Sudan violence escalates in Darfur" . France 24 . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ "100+ dead as 'indiscriminate' shelling ravages Sudan capital" . Radio Dabanga . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ "10 civilians killed in artillery shelling by RSF in Omdurman" . Sudan Tribune . 29 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ "RSF breach the outer defenses of Armored Corps" . Sudan War Monitor . 21 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Map: RSF's attack on the Armored Corps headquarters, August 20–21" . Sudan War Monitor . 22 August 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: airstrikes on Republican Palace, civil servants await salaries while oil ministry raises fuel prices" . Radio Dabanga . 7 August 2023. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army kills 12 RSF troops in Khartoum" . Sudan Tribune . 2 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Sudan's Al-Burhan heads first cabinet meeting since conflict erupted" . africanews . 29 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 . ^ "Al-Burhan inspects Sudanese troops in Omdurman following repelled RSF attack" . Sudan Tribune . 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "Sudan declares UN envoy Volker Perthes 'persona non grata' " . Al Jazeera . 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 June 2023 . ^ "Saudi Arabia condemns attack on its embassy in Sudan" . BBC . 8 June 2023. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Egypt toughens visa rules for Sudanese nationals fleeing war" . Al Jazeera . 11 June 2023. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023 . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan Emergency: Regional Refugee Response, June 2023 – Progress report" . reliefweb.int . 18 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 18 June 2023 . ^ "Al-Burhan flies to Egypt for talks with Sisi" . Sudan Tribune . 29 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 . ^ "Al-Burhan visits to Uganda for talks with Museveni" . Sudan Tribune . 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . "Sudan's Burhan In Juba For Talks On Conflict" . Barron's . 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 4 September 2023 . "Sudan army chief arrives in Qatar on third trip since war began" . Africanews . 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . "Al-Burhan embarks on official visit to Eritrea" . Sudan Tribune . 10 September 2023 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Sudan Army Chief Headed To Turkey On Latest Trip Abroad" . Barron's . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . "Al-Burhan visits to Uganda for talks with Museveni" . Sudan Tribune . 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . "Sudan's Burhan In Juba For Talks On Conflict" . Barron's . 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 4 September 2023 . "Sudan army chief arrives in Qatar on third trip since war began" . Africanews . 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . "Al-Burhan embarks on official visit to Eritrea" . Sudan Tribune . 10 September 2023 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Sudan Army Chief Headed To Turkey On Latest Trip Abroad" . Barron's . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ "El Burhan returns to Sudan from #UNGA78, meets foreign delegates" . Radio Dabanga . 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan army chief warns UN that war could spill over in region" . France 24 . 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ "Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians" . Barron's . 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023 . Retrieved 27 June 2023 . ^ "South Sudan president persuades SPLM-N al-Hilu to refrain from attacking Sudanese army" . Sudan Tribune . 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ "SPLM-N launches fresh attacks in South Kordofan amid calls for ceasefire" . Sudan Tribune . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ a b "SPLM-N El Hilu wins terrain in South Kordofan" . Radio Dabanga . 3 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "SPLM-N El Hilu launches new attack in Blue Nile region and wins terrain in South Kordofan" . Radio Dabanga . 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army repels SPLM-N's fresh attack on Kadugli" . Sudan Tribune . 27 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 September 2023 . ^ " 'Real hell': Deadly fighting escalates in Sudan as truce expires" . Aljazeera . 4 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 June 2023 . ^ "SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 460 – 06 July 2023" (PDF) . EEPA . 6 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2023 . Retrieved 6 July 2023 . ^ "RSF claim 'full control' of Central Darfur after clashes" . Radio Dabanga . 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 6 August 2023 . ^ a b "Bodies of 87 people found in Sudan mass grave, says UN" . The Guardian . 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Nashed, Mat. "RSF atrocities pile up in Darfur after 100 days of Sudan fighting" . aljazeera.com . Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . ^ "West Darfur governor abducted, killed as war in Sudan spreads" . Al Jazeera . 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 15 June 2023 . ^ "Tamazuj group aligns with RSF in Sudan's ongoing war" . Sudan Tribune . 17 August 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ "Public support for the RSF from seven tribal leaders in South Darfur" . Radio Dabanga . 4 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Hemedti: 'RSF does not seek control over Sudan but will fight on to the last soldier' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . ^ "Escalating Conflict: Sudanese army, RSF clash in Khartoum, El-Obeid, Zalingei" . Sudan Tribune . 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: clashes near Um Ruwaba, airstrikes on Khartoum, companies report financial losses" . Radio Dabanga . 2 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ "RSF retreat from South Kordofan stronghold, military detentions across Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023 . Retrieved 14 September 2023 . ^ "SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official" . Sudan Tribune . 23 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support Forces seize Sudanese army base in Central Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 . ^ "Fall of the 16th Division headquarters in Nyala" . Sudan War Monitor . 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 26 October 2023 . ^ "Sudanese army forced to withdraw from Nyala due to supply shortage: military" . Sudan Tribune . 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 29 October 2023 . ^ McGregor, Andrew (15 December 2023). "Assessing the War in Sudan: Is an RSF Victory in Sight?" . Jamestown Foundation . Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . ^ a b "Fall of Nyala and Zalingei garrisons closes one chapter and opens another in new Darfur war" . Sudan War Monitor . 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support Forces launch fresh attack on El Fasher, sparking displacement" . Sudan Tribune . 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan mil expert: 'Advances in Darfur will boost RSF leverage in Jeddah' " . Radio Dabanga . 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . ^ a b c "Mass arrests in El Geneina after withdrawal of garrison to Chad" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023 . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ a b "RSF seize North Darfur garrison, reportedly commit mass atrocities in West Darfur" . Radio Dabanga . 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 8 November 2023 . ^ "A genocidal militia is winning the war in Sudan" . The Economist . 16 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ Nashed, Mat (8 November 2023). "Sudan's RSF closes in on capturing all of Darfur" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 8 November 2023 . ^ "RSF seize control of Sudanese army base in East Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023 . Retrieved 21 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan war: East Darfur SAF base 'falls to RSF' " . Radio Dabanga . 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2023 . ^ Lawal, Shola (31 October 2023). "Why are Sudan's warring factions meeting in Jeddah?" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Sudan's army, RSF fighters agree on humanitarian aid in peace talks but fall short of ceasefire" . France 24 . 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Mediators suspended Sudan's ceasefire talks Indefinitely" . Sudan Tribune . 3 December 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ "Regional bloc calls for summit to consider Sudan troop deployment" . Al Jazeera . 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023 . Retrieved 11 July 2023 . ^ "African mediators claim progress in latest effort to end war in Sudan" . Al Jazeera. 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "RSF attack Wad Ajana in North Kordofan" . Sudan War Monitor . 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Thousands flee southern Sudan town as war spreads: witnesses" . Yahoo News . AFP. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "RSF 'liberates' vital Sudan oilfield" . Dabanga Sudan . 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support attack Balila oilfield airport and kill at least 16" . Sudan War Monitor . 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 . ^ "Rapid Support Forces attack al-'Aylafun" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "Sudan paramilitaries capture key oil station: Witnesses" . Al-Arabiya . AFP. 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Eltahir, Nafisa (26 October 2023). "Paramilitary RSF say they have seized Sudan's second city" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 27 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2023 . ^ a b "Sudanese army accuses RSF of destroying strategic bridge in the capital" . Sudan Tribune . 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "Shambat Bridge destroyed, bringing new advantage to Sudan's army" . Sudan War Monitor . 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "RSF launch attack to capture Jebel Aulia dam" . Sudan War Monitor . 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 November 2023 . ^ "RSF capture Jebel Aulia dam" . Sudan War Monitor . 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ "Rapid collapse of Sudan army defenses in Jebel Aulia" . Sudan War Monitor . 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 21 November 2023 . ^ a b "RSF enter Gedaref State for the first time" . Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . Retrieved 9 December 2023 . ^ "Map: RSF raid Abu Guta in Jezira State" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 December 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid (15 December 2023). "Sudan's RSF advances on Wad Madani as eight-month-old war spreads" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . ^ a b "RSF seize bridge and storm into Wad Madani" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023 . Retrieved 19 December 2023 . ^ a b c "Fall of Wad Madani fuels criticism of army" . Sudan War Monitor . 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023 . Retrieved 20 December 2023 . ^ a b "RSF consolidate control over Jezira and reach the gates of Sennar" . Sudan War Monitor . 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 December 2023 . ^ "Map: Areas of Control in Central Sudan" . Sudan War Monitor . 28 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024 . Retrieved 2 January 2024 . ^ "Eastern Sudan announces general mobilization against the Rapid Support Force" . Sudan Tribune (in Arabic). 25 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 . Retrieved 25 December 2023 . ^ a b c "Janjaweed leader visits Rwanda genocide memorial" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 January 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024 . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ "Scenes of Sudan's gutted capital Khartoum" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 January 2024. ^ "Breaking: Sudan's El Burhan agrees to meet with 'Hemedti' " . Radio Dabanga . 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ "Djibouti summit between Sudan's warring generals postponed to January" . Ahram Online . 27 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ a b "Sudan's feared paramilitary leader signals ambition to rule the country" . Al Jazeera . 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024 . Retrieved 3 January 2024 . ^ "RSF to release over 450 prisoners, says ready for immediate ceasefire in Sudan" . Sudan Tribune . 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ Eltahir, Nafisa (5 January 2024). "Sudan's Burhan says 'no reconciliation' with paramilitary RSF" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ "Sudan suspends contacts with IGAD mediating group foreign ministry" . Al Jazeera. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024 . Retrieved 17 January 2024 . ^ "RSF attack Habila in the Nuba Mountains" . Sudan War Monitor . 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 . Retrieved 12 January 2024 . ^ "Fighting rages in Dilling after RSF attack" . Sudan War Monitor . 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024 . Retrieved 11 January 2024 . ^ a b "Kordofan conflict spirals in dangerous direction" . Sudan War Monitor . 13 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2024 . ^ "Fighting west of Sennar after IGAD summit" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024 . Retrieved 20 January 2024 . ^ "Sudan army at risk of another disaster in Babanusa" . Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 27 January 2024 . Retrieved 27 January 2024 . ^ "Fighting escalates on the Jazira front" . Sudan War Monitor . 3 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ "JEM to join battle on Gedaref front" . Sudan War Monitor . 22 March 2024. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024 . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ "Sudan army advances into Jazira State" . Sudan War Monitor . 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "Heavy fighting rages in Al-Madina Arab, Al Gazira State" . Radio Tamazuj . 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Fierce fighting between Sudan army and RSF in El Gezira continues" . Radio Dabanga . 8 December 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ "Sudan army retakes key town in Al Jazirah state" . Sudan Tribune . 8 January 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ "Sudanese army gains ground in Al Jazirah state, tightens grip near Wad Madani" . Sudan Tribune . 9 January 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ "SAF seizes Um al-Qura and new villages in Gezira" . 10 January 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025 . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ a b "Sudanese Army Closes in on Presidential Palace" . Asharq Al-Awsat . ^ "Sudanese forces recapture strategic city of al-Rahad" . İLKHA . Archived from the original on 19 February 2025 . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ Jimoh, Abdullahi (23 February 2025). "Sudan Army Ends RSF Siege of El-Obeid" . News Central TV . ^ a b "Map: Sudan army breaks Omdurman siege" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024 . Retrieved 20 February 2024 . ^ Elimam, Ahmed (12 March 2024). "Sudan's army says it took control of national radio and television HQ" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 March 2024 . ^ "Fighting set to escalate in Bahri" . Sudan War Monitor . 17 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024 . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ "Map of the Areas of Control in Khartoum" . Sudan War Monitor . 5 April 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024 . Retrieved 5 April 2024 . ^ "Sudan army says retakes Khartoum-area market from paramilitaries" . France 24 . 29 March 2025 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ "Sudanese army gains ground in Omdurman, frees captive officers" . Sudan Tribune . 7 January 2025 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ Nour, Mohammed Haj (15 April 2024). "عشرات الجرحي والقتلى من المدنيين بسبب الإشتباكات في الفاشر مساء اليوم" [Dozens of civilians were injured and killed in clashes in El Fasher this evening.]. Sudan War Monitor . Archived from the original on 20 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Darfur Joint Force declares war on Rapid Support Forces" . Sudan War Monitor . 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Darfur movements coordinate war plans against RSF" . Sudan War Monitor . 4 May 2024. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . ^ "Understanding the fighting in El Fasher" . Sudan War Monitor . 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024 . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Halting the Catastrophic Battle for Sudan's El Fasher" . Crisis Group . 24 June 2024. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024 . Retrieved 14 July 2024 . ^ "Top RSF commander Ali Yagoub killed in El Fasher" . Sudan War Monitor . 14 June 2024. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 17 June 2024 . ^ Altayeb, Abdalrahman; Huang, Jon; Khavin, Dmitriy; Williams, Josh (19 June 2024). "A Massacre Threatens Darfur, Again" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 June 2024 . Retrieved 19 June 2024 . ^ "Artillery battle in Babanusa as RSF threaten Fula" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 May 2024. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024 . Retrieved 6 May 2024 . ^ "Sudan army routed in heavy fighting along El Obeid-Kosti road" . Sudan War Monitor . 8 May 2024. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024 . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ "Sudan's RSF captures key army stronghold of el-Fula" . Al Jazeera . 20 June 2024. ^ "RSF launch raids in White Nile, River Nile" . Sudan War Monitor . 20 May 2024. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024 . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ "RSF suffer losses attacking Khartoum enclave" . Sudan War Monitor . 19 June 2024. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024 . Retrieved 19 June 2024 . ^ a b c "Blitzkrieg: RSF advance deep into Sennar State and storm into the capital Sinja" . Sudan War Monitor . 30 June 2024. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024 . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan's RSF says it has taken key town" . Voice of America . Agence France-Presse . 29 June 2024. Archived from the original on 30 June 2024 . Retrieved 30 June 2024 . ^ "Map: Sudan's Rapid Support Forces extend control in Sennar State" . Sudan War Monitor . 2 July 2024. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024 . Retrieved 5 July 2024 . ^ "The New Gedaref Front" . Sudan War Monitor . 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024 . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ "RSF commander killed in central Sudan's Sennar State" . Sudan Tribune . 20 July 2024. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024 . Retrieved 21 July 2024 . ^ "Sudan's army repels RSF attack in Blue Nile" . Radio Dabanga . 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024 . Retrieved 4 August 2024 . ^ "More than 100 killed in RSF revenge attack on Sudan village" . Radio Dabanga . 19 August 2024. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024 . Retrieved 19 August 2024 . ^ Magdy, Samy (17 August 2024). "Sudan's paramilitary fighters killed 85 people in an attack on a central village, residents say" . AP News . Archived from the original on 18 August 2024 . Retrieved 17 August 2024 . ^ "Air strikes in Khartoum as Sudan army attacks paramilitary RSF positions" . The New Arab . 26 September 2024 . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brachet, Eliott (11 November 2024). "War in Sudan: Death strikes at every corner in devastated Khartoum" . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 12 November 2024 . Retrieved 12 November 2024 . ^ Mao, Frances; Usher, Barbara (26 September 2024). "Sudan war: Army launches major attack on Khartoum against RSF" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 9 October 2024 . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ "Sudan's army launches major offensive on Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 26 September 2024. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024 . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ "Map: Sudan army advances in eastern states" . Sudan War Monitor . 23 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025 . Retrieved 26 October 2024 . ^ "Dozens killed by paramilitary RSF in Sudan's Gezira, aid groups say" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 26 October 2024 . ^ Brachet, Eliott (17 November 2024). "The lost children of Sudan's revolution: 'We fight today alongside the men who fought us yesterday' " . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 12 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 November 2024 . ^ "Sudan Army Says Recaptures Key State Capital" . Barron's . Agence France-Presse . 23 November 2024. ^ "Burhan arrives in Sinjah after army recaptures city" . Sudan Tribune . 23 November 2024. Archived from the original on 24 November 2024 . Retrieved 24 November 2024 . ^ Alaa, Menna; Tolba, Ahmed; Abdelaziz, Khalid (11 January 2025). Barbara Lewis; Angus MacSwan; Diane Craft (eds.). "Sudanese army advances to retake city of Wad Madani from RSF" . Reuters . ^ "Sudan army claims major advances against RSF in greater Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 8 February 2025. Archived from the original on 12 February 2025 . Retrieved 12 February 2025 . Development marks one of army's most significant advances since war broke out between army chief al-Burhan and RSF. ^ "Death toll in Sudan military plane crash rises to 46" . Al Jazeera . 26 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan army allies intentionally targeting civilians: HRW" . Al Jazeera . 25 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan army within 500 metres of presidential palace: military source" . The New Arab . 20 March 2025 . Retrieved 20 March 2025 . ^ Plett-Usher, Barbara; Muia, Wycliffe (21 March 2025). "Sudan army recaptures presidential palace after two years of war" . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2025 . ^ Magdy, Samy (22 March 2025). "Sudan's army says it seized key buildings in Khartoum after retaking the Republican Palace" . AP News . Retrieved 22 March 2025 . ^ "Paramilitary shelling kills 3 in Omdurman after Sudan army gains: medic" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 23 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 March 2025 . ^ "Sudanese army retakes Khartoum airport from rebels" . RFI . 26 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ " 'Khartoum is free' says Sudan Army chief al-Burhan after airport captured" . Al Jazeera . 26 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan's army declares Khartoum state 'completely free' of paramilitary RSF" . Al Jazeera. 20 May 2025 . Retrieved 21 May 2025 . ^ Macaulay, Cecilia (20 May 2025). "Sudan war: RSF entirely pushed out of Khartoum state, army says" . BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2025 . ^ "Violent Battles as SAF Change Tactics in El Fasher" . Darfur24 . 21 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "RSF Mobilizing Fighters Across Darfur for El Fasher" . Darfur24 . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ a b "Sudan's RSF claims control of famine-hit Zamzam camp in Darfur" . Al Jazeera . 13 April 2025 . Retrieved 16 April 2025 . ^ "Sudan paramilitaries kill at least 100 people in Darfur attack, UN says" . Al Jazeera . 12 April 2025 . Retrieved 16 April 2025 . ^ "New Clashes between SAF, RSF Erupt in El Fasher, North Darfur" . Darfur24 . 30 June 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "5 civilians killed as clashes between SAF, RSF renewed in El Fasher, North Darfur" . Darfur24 . 31 July 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ a b "Heavy Fighting in El Fasher as RSF Advances Toward Army Positions" . Darfur24 . 19 September 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ Nashed, Mat. "War in Sudan: Humanitarian, fighting, control developments, August 2025" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "SAF affiliates complain of difficulty of war in El Fasher amid widespread hunger" . Darfur24 . 24 July 2025 . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ "Sudan's RSF says it seized key army base in El Fasher" . Sudan Tribune . 26 October 2025 . Retrieved 26 October 2025 . ^ "Sudan paramilitary group accused of killing 2,000 civilians in El-Fasher" . ABC News . Agence France-Press . 28 October 2025 . Retrieved 28 October 2025 . ^ Shelton, Joe; Connor, Richard (29 October 2025). "Sudan: WHO 'appalled' by RSF maternity ward massacre" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 29 October 2025 . ^ "RSF digging mass graves in Sudan's el-Fasher to 'clean up massacre': Expert" . Al Jazeera . 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 5 November 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (5 December 2025). "RSF massacres left Sudanese city 'a slaughterhouse', satellite images show" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ "Sudanese paramilitary RSF kills 19 after taking city of al-Nahud: Sources" . Al Jazeera . 2 May 2025. ^ "Sudan army says it recaptured West Kordofan town from RSF" . Sudan Tribune . 11 May 2025. ^ "Sudan army captures key South Kordofan town, gains in Omdurman" . Sudan Tribune . 14 May 2025 . Retrieved 14 May 2025 . ^ "Sudanese Army Base in Babanusa Overrun After Protracted Siege" . Sudan War Monitor . 1 December 2025 . Retrieved 1 December 2025 . ^ "RSF seizes key Heglig oilfield as it pushes to expand control in Sudan" . Al Jazeera . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "RSF seizes strategic Heglig oilfield, local administration deploys protection force" . Sudan Tribune . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "South Sudan army receives fleeing Sudanese troops, eyes control of Heglig oilfield" . Sudan Tribune . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Sudanese paramilitary forces carried out 1st drone attack on Port Sudan, army says" . The Times of Israel . 3 May 2025. ^ "Army and allies take control of strategic area near triangle border area, Minawi says" . Sudan Tribune . 19 May 2025 . Retrieved 19 May 2025 . ^ "بعد تحرير الخرطوم بالكامل.. السلطات السودانية تعلن ولاية جديدة خالية من الدعم السريع" [After the complete liberation of Khartoum, Sudanese authorities declare a new state free of the Rapid Support Forces]. Youm7 (in Arabic). 21 May 2025 . Retrieved 24 May 2025 . ^ Abdel-Rahim, Adel; Asmar, Ahmed (23 May 2025). "Sudanese army, allied forces seize strategic city in South Kordofan state" . Anadolu Agency . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "«الدعم السريع» تعلن سيطرتها على مناطق قرب الحدود مع ليبيا ومصر" [Rapid Support Forces announce they have taken control of areas near the borders with Libya and Egypt]. Aawsat (in Arabic) . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ "الحدث عاجل" [The Sudanese army: The Libyan army, led by Khalifa Haftar, supported the Rapid Support Forces in their attack on border points]. Nabd (in Arabic) . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ Plaut, Martin (19 June 2025). "SITUATION REPORT – Horn of Africa News & Highlights No. 640 – 19 June 2025" . Martin Plaut . ^ "Sudan's army says it retook key road from insurgents in South Kordofan" . Sudan Tribune . 28 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2025 . ^ Gardner, Tom (12 November 2025). "A quick, dirty, Trump-backed ceasefire is possible in Sudan" . The Economist . Archived from the original on 12 November 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ a b Wintour, Patrick (15 April 2025). "UK conference on Sudan fails to set up contact group for ceasefire talks" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Boswell, Alan (18 April 2025). "London Conference Puts Paralysed Sudan Peace Efforts on Display" . International Crisis Group . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b Eltahir, Nafisa; Alashray, Enas (12 September 2025). Alexandra Hudson; Lisa Shumaker (eds.). "US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt propose roadmap for Sudan peace" . Reuters . ^ a b Khaled, Fatma (6 November 2025). "Sudan's paramilitary forces agree to truce proposed by U.S.-led mediator group" . PBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b c Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Psaledakis, Daphne; Alashray, Enas (7 November 2025). Alex Richardson; Aidan Lewis; Diane Craft (eds.). "Sudan's RSF agrees to US proposal for humanitarian ceasefire" . Reuters . ^ Rogers, Abby (6 November 2025). "RSF says it agrees to ceasefire in Sudan war" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Knox, Brady (6 November 2025). "RSF agrees to US humanitarian ceasefire proposal" . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ "Sudan's RSF rebels say they captured army base in key city, as fears grow of split in war-torn nation" . CNN . Reuters . 27 October 2025 . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . ^ " 'Invisible and severe' death toll of Sudan conflict revealed" . LSHTM . Archived from the original on 14 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "Nearly 100 people dead across Sudan" . Al Jazeera . 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ a b "More than 5,000 reportedly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' " . Radio Dabanga . 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ a b "10,000 reported killed in one West Darfur city, as ethnic violence ravages Sudanese region" . CNN . 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 . ^ "RSF accused of over 500 cases of enforced disappearance in Sudan" . Sudan Tribune . 3 August 2023 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "US Senate hears urgent plea from envoy to Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ "Explorer" . ACLED . Archived from the original on 27 May 2024 . Retrieved 27 May 2024 . ^ "Sudanese rights group says 50,000 missing as war nears two-year mark" . Sudan Tribune . 30 March 2025 . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ a b Babaee, Samane (9 December 2025). "Sudan Authorities Exhume Thousands of Bodies in War-Hit Khartoum" . Fars News Agency . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ a b "Khartoum state collects 15,000 bodies from neighbourhoods, schools" . Sudan Tribune . 12 December 2025 . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ "Ethnic violence in Sudan raises genocide alarm as war rages on" . Al Jazeera . 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ a b "New killings reported in Darfur on second day of Sudan ceasefire" . CNN . 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 22 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says" . BBC News . 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ "Horrifying testimonies on West Darfur ethnic targeting as other Masalit Sultan relative is killed" . Radio Dabanga . 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ a b Sey, Abdoulie (23 April 2023). "At least 15 Ethiopians killed in Sudan crossfires" . Apa News . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ a b "Diplomat Says 15 Syrians Killed Amid Clashes in Sudan" . Asharq Al-Awsat . 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ a b Mwai, Peter (7 June 2023). "Sudan conflict: Army accused of killing Congolese in campus bombing" . BBC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . ^ a b "Eritrea accused of forcibly repatriating civilians caught up in Sudan fighting" . The Guardian . 7 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ a b Kolinovsky, Sarah (27 April 2023). "2nd American dies amid violence in Sudan, White House official says" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 3 May 2023 . ^ a b "Dozens killed as fighting between Sudan military rivals enters a second day" . CNN . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ a b "Turkish toddler killed in ongoing clashes in Sudan" . aa.com . 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ "US confirms second American death in Sudan, seeks extended cease-fire" . Arab News . 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Egypt denies killing of assistant military attaché by RSF fire" . Al Jazeera . 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "Trapped in a church in Sudan with no food or water" . BBC News . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Σουδάν: Δραματική κατάσταση για τους Έλληνες εγκλωβισμένους και τραυματίες – Χωρίς προμήθειες, ιατρική περίθαλψη και ρεύμα" [Sudan: Dramatic situation for Greeks stranded and injured – No supplies, medical care and electricity]. ethnos.gr (in Greek). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 April 2023 . ^ "Filipino injured in Sudan clashes; 80 requesting to be rescued: DFA" . news.abs-cbn.com . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ "1 WNI Terluka Kena Peluru Nyasar saat Terjebak Perang Saudara di Sudan" [One Indonesian Citizen Injured by Stray Bullets while Trapped in Civil War in Sudan]. cnnindonesia.com (in Indonesian). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan fighting: EU ambassador assaulted in Khartoum home" . BBC News . 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Residents flee Khartoum as battles rage for fifth day" . BBC News . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan fighting: Special forces airlift US diplomats from Sudan" . BBC News . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ "France evacuated 538 people, Macron says" . Al Jazeera . 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "Foreign powers rescue nationals while Sudanese must fend for themselves" . CNN . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ إصابة أحد أعضاء السفارة المصرية بالخرطوم بطلق ناري (in Arabic). Al-Ittihad . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ "Foreigners evacuated as factions battle in Sudan's Khartoum" . Al Jazeera . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie; Britzky, Haley; Liebermann, Oren (23 April 2023). "US has evacuated American diplomatic personnel from Sudan" . CNN . Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ "Which countries have evacuated nationals from Sudan?" . Al Jazeera . 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 24 April 2023 . ^ "How the crisis in Sudan accentuated the strategic importance of Djibouti" . Observer Research Foundation . 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "US sanctions Sudan army leader, citing atrocities" . Voice of America. 16 January 2025. ^ "US sanctions Sudan's Hemedti, declares RSF committed genocide" . Al Monitor. 7 January 2025. ^ Gallopin, Jean-Baptiste (9 May 2024). "The Massalit Will Not Come Home" . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 10 May 2024 . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (22 August 2023). "War crimes being committed in Darfur, says UK minister Andrew Mitchell" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 19 November 2023 . ^ a b "Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says" . BBC . 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ "Designation of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity Committed in Sudan" . USAID . 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023 . Retrieved 21 December 2023 . ^ "US declares warring factions in Sudan have committed war crimes" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 22 January 2024 . Retrieved 30 December 2023 . ^ Goldberg, Mark Leon (17 August 2023). "Ethnic Cleansing Has Returned to Darfur. Is Genocide Next?" . UN Dispatch . Archived from the original on 14 November 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ "UN adviser on genocide: 'Sudan conflict has strong identity-based components' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023 . ^ "Genocide returns to Darfur" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "More than 5,000 reportedly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' " . Radio Dabanga . 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan conflict: Possible genocide committed in Darfur, HRW says" . BBC . 9 May 2024. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "Save the Children: Children as young as 12 raped as sexual violence rips through Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan civil war: One-year-olds among those raped, UN says" . www.bbc.com . 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ "Children as young as one reported among survivors of rape during Sudan's violent conflict" . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . ^ عثمان, مزدلفة. "الحلقات تضيق بشأن المسؤولية عن تصفيته.. تفاصيل جديدة عن اغتيال والي غرب دارفور خميس أبكر" . Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "Darfur: International Criminal Court launches investigation into surging violence" . UN News . 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2023 . ^ "Sudan conflict brings new atrocities to Darfur as militias kill, rape, burn homes in rampages" . AP News . 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023 . Retrieved 19 November 2023 . ^ "War crimes and civilian suffering in Sudan" . Amnesty International . 2 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ "Sudan: Constant flow of arms fuelling relentless civilian suffering in conflict – new investigation" . 25 July 2024. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024 . Retrieved 31 July 2024 . ^ Khair, Kholood (4 September 2024). "The World Is Ignoring the Catastrophe in Sudan" . TIME . Retrieved 23 November 2024 . ^ a b "Sudan Army finds UAE arms supplied to RSF rebels" . Middle East Monitor . 8 October 2024 . Retrieved 7 November 2025 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (4 November 2025). "As criticism grows, is UAE ready to walk away from Sudan's RSF militia?" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 7 November 2025 . ^ York, Geoffrey (17 November 2025). "Officials won't say if Carney will raise issue of UAE arms shipments to Sudanese militia during Abu Dhabi visit" . The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 18 November 2025. ^ Ismail Adam; Nisrin Elamin; Robyn Maynard (27 November 2025). "In the genocide in Sudan, Canada has a hand in the violence" . The Breach . Archived from the original on 27 November 2025. ^ Brewster, Murray (13 September 2016). "UN arms panel criticizes Canadian company in secret report" . CBC . ^ "Armoured vehicles from Canadian-owned company deployed in Sudan's war zones" . The Globe and Mail . 26 August 2025. Archived from the original on 26 August 2025. ^ a b York, Geoffrey (24 November 2025). "Ottawa reviewing two Canadian-owned companies over Sudan links" . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 25 November 2025. ^ "New weapons fuelling the Sudan conflict" . Amnesty International . 24 July 2024. ^ Elfaki, Shahad; Angelovski, Ivan; Pearson, Jordan (7 November 2025). "Sudanese fighters accused of massacres use Canadian-made rifles" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. ^ "Kabbashi reaffirms Sudan's military leadership support for Burhan" . Sudan Tribune . 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024 . Retrieved 20 July 2023 . ^ "Darfur armed movements renounce neutrality in Sudan war" . Radio Dabanga . 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ "JEM denies receiving military supplies from joint Sudanese-Chadian forces" . Sudan Tribune . 7 December 2023 . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . ^ a b Walsh, Declan; Koettl, Christoph; Schmitt, Eric (29 September 2023). "Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2023 . Retrieved 30 September 2023 . ^ "Will Chad be the next Western ally in Africa to fail?" . The Economist . 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024 . Retrieved 15 March 2024 . ^ "Sudan confirms receiving Chadian decision to expel four Sudanese diplomats" . Sudan Tribune . 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Sudan accuses Chad of aiding RSF in complaint to African Rights Commission" . Sudan Tribune . 6 November 2024 . Retrieved 10 November 2024 . ^ "Chinese weapons and ordnance" . Amnesty International . 24 July 2024. ^ Mateja Peter; Marcel Plichta (2022). "China and Russia in Sudan: Surveying Data on Economic and Military Engagement" (PDF) . ^ "Words Come Easy, Action Does Not: China in the Context of Sudan" . chinaglobalsouth.com . 26 April 2024. ^ "Sudan starts distribution of China-donated rice" . Xinhua . ^ "Sudan's RSF says it's ready to cooperate over Egyptian troops" . Reuters. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan paramilitary group says it has seized presidential palace and Khartoum airport amid clashes with army – live" . The Guardian . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. ^ a b "Egyptian soldiers captured in Sudan to be returned, says RSF" . Aljazeera . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan's paramilitary shares video they claim shows 'surrendered' Egyptian troops" . al-Arabiya . 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2023 . ^ "Egyptian soldiers in Sudan moved from airbase – RSF" . BBC . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Egyptian air force personnel remain in Khartoum: Sudanese army corrects earlier statement" . Aljazeera. 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ "Egyptian army says soldiers stuck in Sudan back home or at embassy" . Reuters . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ الدعم السريع: نتعرض لهجوم من طيران أجنبي في بورتسودان [Rapid Support: We are under attack from foreign aircraft in Port Sudan]. العربية (in Arabic). Al Arabiya . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 18 April 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (18 April 2023). "Sudan and a decade-long path to turmoil" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 18 April 2023 . 'The Egyptians are already heavily involved,' Cameron Hudson, a former CIA analyst, told MEE. 'They are actively in the fight. There are Egyptian fighter jets that are part of these bombing campaigns. Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and the Egyptians are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF.' ^ a b Faucon, Benoit; Said, Summer; Malsin, Jared (19 April 2023). "Libyan Militia and Egypt's Military Back Opposite Sides in Sudan Conflict" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ Tack, Sim; Rogoway, Tyler (17 April 2023). "Egyptian MiG-29s Destroyed In Sudan" . The War Zone. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 . Retrieved 18 April 2023 . ^ Digna, Omar (18 December 2024). "Opinion: Who is profiting from the Sudan war?" . The Africa Report . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan: 'Sudan-Eritrea Military Alliance Risks Igniting Tribal Conflict' " . All Africa . 29 November 2024 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (19 December 2024). "Conflict in Sudan: A Map of Regional and International Actors" . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ a b Amin, Mohammed (17 July 2024). "Burhan and Abiy's secretive talks signal shifting Ethiopian position on Sudan" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Ethiopian PM meets Sudan army chief in push for 'peace and security' " . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Leader of Sudan's RSF visits Ethiopia in rare foreign trip as war rages" . Al Jazeera . 28 December 2023 . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Ethiopian militias making new incursions on Sudan border, official says" . Sudan Tribune . 4 July 2025 . Retrieved 5 July 2025 . ^ "Iran and Sudan agree to resume diplomatic relations" . 2023. ^ "Sudan, Iran agree to boost ties in trade, diplomacy, reconstruction" . Middle East Monitor . 18 February 2025 . Retrieved 15 November 2025 . ^ a b Abu Taleb, Abdelrahman (12 June 2024). "Evidence of Iran and UAE drones used in Sudan war" . Archived from the original on 17 June 2024 . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b "Why Sudan's army is pivoting towards Iran" . The New Arab . 12 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan denies receiving military aid from Iran" . Sudan Tribune . 24 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 March 2024 . ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Hafezi, Parisa; Lewis, Aidan (10 April 2024). "Sudan civil war: are Iranian drones helping the army gain ground?" . Reuters. ^ "Sudan's al-Burhan renews rejection of Kenya's chairmanship of IGAD mediation" . Sudan Tribune . 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan rejects African peace bid and 'enemy' peacekeeping force" . Al Jazeera . 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 23 December 2023 . ^ "Sudanese general accuses Kenyan President of mercenarism, rejects East African force" . Sudan Tribune . 23 July 2023. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan threatens IGAD withdrawal over Kenyan chairmanship" . Sudan Tribune . 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan political blocs in Cairo called on army leader to form 'caretaker government' " . Radio Dabanga . 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan military chief Yasir Alatta dares Kenya's Ruto to intervene in Khartoum conflict" . The East African . 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan hackers target Kenyan govt websites" . Radio Dabanga . 31 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ "Abu Dhabi's Plot: Kenya Threatens Sudan's Unity Amid UAE Partnership" . Emirates Leaks . 21 February 2025 . Retrieved 9 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan's RSF, allies sign charter for rival government" . france24 . 23 February 2025 . Retrieved 9 March 2025 . ^ a b Burke, Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (23 April 2023). "Libyan warlord could plunge Sudan into a drawn-out 'nightmare' conflict" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ Tasci, Ufuk Necat (1 May 2023). "Haftar and Hemedti: Two sides of the same coin" . The New Arab . Retrieved 6 June 2024 . ^ a b Rickett, Oscar; Amin, Mohammed (6 May 2024). "Sudan war: Russia hedges bets by aiding both sides in conflict" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 6 June 2024 . ^ "Russia Switches Sides in Sudan War" . Jamestown Foundation . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 27 March 2025 . ^ "Inside Sudan's Endless Civil War" . Bloomberg . 2024 . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ Elbagir, Nima; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Qiblawi, Tamara (20 April 2023). "Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army" . CNN . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ Schmitt, Eric; Wong, Edward (23 April 2023). "United States Says Wagner Has Quietly Picked Sides in Sudan" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . Yevgeny Prigozhin, the founder of the notorious private military company Wagner, has offered weapons to the paramilitaries fighting for control of Sudan, according to American officials. ^ a b Butenko, Victoria; Elbagir, Nima; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Qiblawi, Tamara; Goodwin, Allegra; Carey, Andrew; Munsi, Pallabi; Zene, Mahamat Tahir; Arvanitidis, Barbara; Platt, Alex; Baron, Mark; Lauren, Kent (19 September 2023). "Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says" . CNN . Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ a b "Sudan general accuses 'mafia state' Emirates of supplying RSF" . Radio Dabanga . 29 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ "Russia's Wagner denies involvement in Sudan crisis" . BBC . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 April 2023 . ^ "Sudan's army chief says Haftar denies supporting RSF; no confirmation on Wagner Group's involvement" . Al-Ahram . 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ Donelli, Federico (16 March 2025). "Middle Eastern monarchies in Sudan's war: what's driving their interests" . The Conversation . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ a b Mohammad, Talal (12 July 2023). "How Sudan Became a Saudi-UAE Proxy War" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Al-Burhan in Saudi Arabia as his forces advance in Sudan" . The Middle East Monitor . 29 March 2025 . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ "Instability in South Sudan | Global Conflict Tracker" . CFR . ^ Two Years of Civil War in Sudan ^ "What's the difference between Sudan and South Sudan?" . ^ "South Sudan on brink of civil war as UN warns of rising tensions" . France 24 . 25 March 2025. ^ Easter, Reagan (15 March 2025). "Is Turkey Playing Both Sides of Sudan's Civil War?" . FDD . ^ "Turkey's Baykar sent $120 mln in drones and missiles to Sudanese army: report" . 9 March 2025. ^ "A Turkish arms firm helped fuel Sudan's brutal civil war, records show" . The Washington Post . 7 March 2025. ^ Sema, Zulal. "Türkiye's deal with Somalia on hydrocarbon exploration is important. Why?" . TRT World . ^ "Somalia Plays Key Role in Sudanese Military Reinforcement Amid Ongoing Conflict With RSF" . All Africa . 13 January 2025 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ "The Government of Somalia is Supporting Sudan in Funding The Training of The Army in Sudan" . KAAB TV. 13 January 2025 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Altman, Howard (22 September 2023). "Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room" . The War Zone . Archived from the original on 24 September 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don't remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny it. ^ Fenbert, Abbey (24 September 2023). "Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 13 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 . Retrieved 9 November 2023 . ^ "Ukrainian Drones 'Destroy Russian Mercenaries' in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 30 January 2024 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Ukrainian Special Forces Interrogate Wagner Mercenaries in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024 . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador" . Sudan Tribune . 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . Retrieved 2 December 2023 . ^ "The War in Sudan: How Weapons and Networks Shattered a Power Struggle" . Giga Hamburg . ^ "Sudan reveals the arrival of new supplies to the militia from the UAE via Chad" . 20 April 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024 . Retrieved 23 April 2024 . ^ "Sudan demands emergency UN meeting on UAE 'aggression' " . 28 April 2024. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024 . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ Bariyo, Nicholas; Faucon, Benoit (10 August 2023). "A U.S. Ally Promised to Send Aid to Sudan. It Sent Weapons Instead" . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 23 January 2025 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (25 July 2024). " 'Smoking gun' evidence points to UAE involvement in Sudan civil war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 July 2024 . ^ "UAE, Sudan blame each other over bombing of ambassador home" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "UAE Denies Sending Weapons To Sudan War" . Barron's . 13 August 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ "Sudan files case against UAE for 'complicity in genocide' " . BBC . 6 March 2025. ^ Tolba, Ahmed; Abdelaziz, Khalid (10 December 2023). "Sudan declares 15 UAE diplomats persona non grata" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . ^ "UAE expels three Sudanese diplomats amid escalating tensions" . Sudan Tribune . 9 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Sudan criticizes Security Council for lack of focus on 'UAE's aggression' " . 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024 . Retrieved 4 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan demands UN condemnation of UAE support for RSF" . 29 March 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024 . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Request for the indication of provisional measures - Public hearings to be held on Thursday 10 April 2025" (PDF) . ICJ . ^ "UAE says residence of its ambassador in Khartoum attacked by Sudanese military" . Reuters. 29 September 2024. ^ "U.S. lawmakers call on UAE to cease support for Sudan's RSF" . 22 December 2023. ^ Nichols, Michelle (29 April 2024). "US appeals to UAE, others to stop support for Sudan's warring parties" . Reuters . Reuters . ^ Walsh, Declan; Koettl, Christoph (21 September 2024). "How a U.S. Ally Uses Aid as a Cover in War" . The New York Times . ^ Mahjoub, Husam (24 May 2024). "It's an open secret: The UAE is fuelling Sudan's war – and there'll be no peace until we call it out" . The Guardian . ^ Rinaldi, Alma Selvaggia (1 September 2024). "How Sudan's RSF became a key ally for the UAE's logistical and corporate interests" . Archived from the original on 2 September 2024 . Retrieved 4 September 2024 . ^ "Sudan accuses South Sudan of allowing UAE 'aggression base' " . Sudan Tribune . 8 March 2025. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025 . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . ^ Farmer, Ben (14 September 2024). "UAE using Wagner fighters to smuggle weapons into Sudan" . The Telegraph . ^ "UAE 'used Russian mercenary group to arm Sudan rebels' " . SourceMaterial . 14 September 2024. ^ Farmer, Ben (22 October 2024). "Sudan rebels 'shoot down own plane with Russians on board' " . Retrieved 5 November 2024 . ^ Gambrell, Jon (22 October 2024). "Mystery of downed aeroplane in Sudan deepens as Kyrgyzstan insists aircraft had been de-registered" . Retrieved 5 November 2024 . ^ "One of the fastest ways to end Sudan's civil war is to stop the UAE's involvement" . The Hill . 7 August 2024. ^ "Rep. Sara Jacobs Pens Op-Ed: U.S. Must Stop Arms Sales to the UAE Until They Stop Arming the RSF in Sudan War" . U.S. Congresswoman Sara Jacobs Of California's 51st District . ^ "Van Hollen, Jacobs Reintroduce Bill to Prohibit U.S. Arms Sales to UAE Until They Cease Support of RSF in Sudan" . vanhollen.senate.gov . 11 March 2025. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ "Top lawmaker blocking US arms sales to UAE over role in Sudan war" . Politico . 7 March 2025. Archived from the original on 13 March 2025. ^ "EU urged to challenge UAE, Gulf states, over roles in Sudan war" . 16 October 2024. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024 . Retrieved 16 January 2025 . ^ "1 st European Union-Gulf Cooperation Council Summit Joint Statement" (PDF) . 16 October 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2024 . Retrieved 16 January 2025 . ^ "Parliamentary Questions: Weapons trafficking to Sudan" . The European Parliament . 27 January 2025. ^ "Fanning the Flames: Sudanese Warring Parties' Access To New Foreign-Made Weapons and Equipment" . HRW . 9 September 2024. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ "Sudan aid chief slams UN, AU officials for attending UAE-sponsored meeting" . Sudan Tribune . 14 February 2025 . Retrieved 20 February 2025 . ^ "UAE says it foiled attempt to transfer ammunition to Sudan's army" . Reuters. 30 April 2025. ^ "Sudan tells top UN court that UAE is breaching genocide convention by funding rebels" . AP News . 10 April 2025 . Retrieved 10 April 2025 . ^ "ICJ dismisses Sudan's genocide case alleging UAE backing of RSF rebels" . Al Jazeera. 5 May 2025. ^ "Behind Bosaso Airport, the UAE's key hub for supplying arms to Sudan" . Africa Intelligence . 1 July 2025 . Retrieved 4 September 2025 . ^ "Behind Bosaso Airport, the UAE's key hub for supplying arms to Sudan" . Horn of Africa Intelligence . 2 July 2025 . Retrieved 4 September 2025 . ^ "Sudan urges Somalia to halt UAE-linked arms and mercenary transfers via Puntland" . Somalia Guardian . 2 September 2025 . Retrieved 4 September 2025 . ^ "Sudan accuses UAE of shielding allied RSF militia at international forums" . Sudan Tribune. 5 July 2025. ^ "Sudan Accuses UAE of Shielding RSF "Terrorism" on International Stage" . DNE Africa. 6 July 2025. ^ "Sudan Accuses Foreign Powers of Fueling Militia Violence in Escalating Proxy War" . OZ Arab Media . 5 August 2025. ^ "The Penholder System : Research Report" . Security Council Report . Retrieved 7 August 2024 . ^ a b Townsend, Mark (24 June 2024). "UK 'tried to suppress criticism' of alleged UAE role in arming Sudan's RSF militia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 7 August 2024 . ^ Townsend, Mark (15 April 2024). "UK Foreign Office holding secret talks with Sudan's RSF paramilitary group" . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 7 August 2024 . ^ "Sudan demands UK policy shift for improved ties" . Sudan Tribune . 13 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2025 . ^ Townsend, Mark (29 October 2025). "UK military equipment used by militia accused of genocide found in Sudan, UN told" . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . ^ "Aid freezes and withdrawals leave Sudan's needy battling famine alone" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ "Sudan conflict: USAID cut hits people 'screaming from hunger' " . BBC . 25 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . ^ Walsh, Declan; Prickett, Ivor (19 April 2025). "As Famine Rages in Sudan, U.S. Aid Remains Scarce" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 April 2025 . ^ "U.S. Aid Cuts Make Famine More Likely and Easier to Hide" . Crisis Group . 28 February 2025 . Retrieved 5 March 2025 . ^ "Washington to host Quartet on 29 July" . Africa Intelligence . 24 July 2025 . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "US to Host Sudan Quartet Meeting Wednesday to Push for Political Settlement" . DNE Africa . 27 July 2025 . Retrieved 27 July 2025 . ^ "Sudan Quartet Meeting Postponed After Egypt-UAE Spat: Diplomatic Sources" . Barron's . Retrieved 29 July 2025 . ^ "Sudanese parties reject UAE as mediator in peace talks, citing RSF ties" . Sudan Tribune . 24 July 2025 . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ Uras, Umut (25 April 2023). "Supply shortages becoming 'extremely acute' – UN" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ "As Sudan war rages, rival sides accused of looting, diverting aid" . Al Jazeera . 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ "Sudan civil war: UN receiving reports of starvation deaths" . BBC News . 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024 . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ "President Biden authorises sanctions against Sudan" . BBC . 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ Mariel Ferragamo, Sabine Baumgartner (19 September 2024). "Crisis in Sudan: War, Famine, and a Failing Global Response" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "Operational data portal: Sudan situation" . United Nations Human Rights Council . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ "UN: Sudan now faces world's largest displacement crisis" . Middle East Monitor . 10 November 2025 . Retrieved 16 November 2025 . ^ "Sudan faces the world's worst humanitarian crisis as second anniversary of war nears, UN says" . AP News . 10 April 2025. Archived from the original on 11 April 2025 . Retrieved 10 May 2025 . ^ "Sudan's children are suffering – this is how conflict is destroying their future" . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 18 August 2025 . Retrieved 10 November 2025 . ^ "Humanitarian Cirsis Analysis 2025" (PDF) . SIDA . 30 September 2025 . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ "How many have died in Sudan's civil war? Satellite images and models offer clues" . www.science.org . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . ^ Chothia, Natasha Booty & Farouk (25 October 2021). "Sudan war: A simple guide to what is happening" . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ Sampson, Eve (7 January 2025). "Disaster by the Numbers: The Crisis in Sudan" . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b c "Economy another victim of the war in impoverished Sudan" . France 24 . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million" . Radio Dabanga . 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages" . Africanews . 29 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 March 2024 . ^ a b "$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict" . Sudan Tribune . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Wexler, Alexandra; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 May 2024). "How Chocolate, Soda and Chewing Gum Are Funding War in Sudan" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . ^ a b Suleiman, Ali Sam (19 May 2023). "How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan" . SMEX . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Malashenko, Uliana (27 April 2023). "Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023" . Lead Stories . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ "The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan" . International Policy Digest . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Momanyi, Kevin Philips. "Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked" . TRT Afrika . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims" . Euronews. 27 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (2 June 2023). "Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu)" وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) [The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video)]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest" . Medium . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟" . جهينة (in Arabic). 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum" . Radio Dabanga . 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ " 'Downed Sudan jet' video fake" . Radio Dabanga . 30 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ a b Blackall, Molly; Holmes, Richard (5 May 2023). " 'Ethical' private equity firm helped a notorious Sudan militia to lobby UK MPs" . i . Archived from the original on 7 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023 . ^ "Facebook removes RSF pages from its platforms" . Sudan Tribune . 11 August 2023. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023 . Retrieved 11 August 2023 . ^ "Emirati, Israeli and far-right influencers 'invented Christian killings in Sudan': Report" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Sudan's Doctors Falsely Accused of Siding with the Rapid Support Forces – Social Media Monitoring, July 2023 – Sudan" . reliefweb.int . 5 July 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Biden authorizes future sanctions tied to the conflict in Sudan" . CNN . 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023 . Retrieved 5 May 2023 . ^ "US imposes first sanctions over Sudan conflict" . Aljazeera . 1 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023 . Retrieved 2 June 2023 . ^ Jeffreys, Jack (29 September 2023). "US imposes sanctions on former Sudanese minister and 2 companies backing the paramilitary force" . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ "U.S. sanctions former Sudanese officials for undermining peace and stability" . Sudan Tribune . 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ "New US sanctions target 'contributors to Sudan's instability' " . Radio Dabanga . 29 September 2023 . Retrieved 30 September 2023 . ^ "U.S. sanctions RSF commanders over civilian deaths in Darfur" . Sudan Tribune . 15 May 2024 . Retrieved 16 May 2024 . ^ Phillips, Michael M.; Bariyo, Nicholas (9 January 2025). "U.S. Declares Genocide in Sudan. Critics Say Biden Acted Too Late" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 16 June 2025 . ^ "Treasury Sanctions Sudanese Paramilitary Leader, Weapons Supplier, and Related Companies" . US Treasury Department . 7 January 2025. ^ Mitchell, Ottilie; Macaulay, Cecilia (23 May 2025). "US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Category Commons Category Commons v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Africa v t e North Africa Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) West Africa Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Central Africa Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East Africa Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with excerpts Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-terrain22_162-0
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 German terms commonly used in English Toggle German terms commonly used in English subsection 1.1 Food and drink 1.2 Sports and recreation 1.3 Animals 1.4 Philosophy and history 1.5 Society and culture 1.6 Technology 1.7 Other aspects of everyday life 1.1 Food and drink 1.2 Sports and recreation 1.3 Animals 1.4 Philosophy and history 1.5 Society and culture 1.6 Technology 1.7 Other aspects of everyday life 2 German terms common in English academic context Toggle German terms common in English academic context subsection 2.1 Academia 2.2 Architecture 2.3 Arts 2.3.1 Heraldry 2.3.2 Music 2.3.2.1 Genres 2.3.2.2 Selected works in classical music 2.3.2.3 Carols 2.3.2.4 Modern songs 2.3.3 Theatre 2.3.4 Typography 2.4 Biology 2.5 Chemistry 2.6 Chess 2.7 Economics 2.8 Geography 2.9 Geology 2.10 History 2.10.1 The Third Reich 2.10.2 Other historical periods 2.11 Military terms 2.12 Linguistics 2.13 Literature 2.14 Mathematics and formal logic 2.15 Medicine 2.16 Philosophy 2.17 Physical sciences 2.18 Politics 2.19 Psychology 2.20 Sociology 2.21 Theology 2.1 Academia 2.2 Architecture 2.3 Arts 2.3.1 Heraldry 2.3.2 Music 2.3.2.1 Genres 2.3.2.2 Selected works in classical music 2.3.2.3 Carols 2.3.2.4 Modern songs 2.3.3 Theatre 2.3.4 Typography 2.3.1 Heraldry 2.3.2 Music 2.3.2.1 Genres 2.3.2.2 Selected works in classical music 2.3.2.3 Carols 2.3.2.4 Modern songs 2.3.2.1 Genres 2.3.2.2 Selected works in classical music 2.3.2.3 Carols 2.3.2.4 Modern songs 2.3.3 Theatre 2.3.4 Typography 2.4 Biology 2.5 Chemistry 2.6 Chess 2.7 Economics 2.8 Geography 2.9 Geology 2.10 History 2.10.1 The Third Reich 2.10.2 Other historical periods 2.10.1 The Third Reich 2.10.2 Other historical periods 2.11 Military terms 2.12 Linguistics 2.13 Literature 2.14 Mathematics and formal logic 2.15 Medicine 2.16 Philosophy 2.17 Physical sciences 2.18 Politics 2.19 Psychology 2.20 Sociology 2.21 Theology 3 German terms mostly used for literary effect 4 Terms rarely used in English 5 German quotations used in English 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links List of German expressions in English العربية Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Galego Hrvatski Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of German expressions in English" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article may contain original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( March 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of German expressions in English" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article may contain original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( March 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The English language has incorporated various loanwords , terms, phrases, or quotations from the German language. A loanword is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Some of the expressions are relatively common (e.g., hamburger ), but most are comparatively rare. In many cases, the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its German forebear. English and German both are West Germanic languages , though their relationship has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse and Norman French (as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066) on English as well as the High German consonant shift . In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German. Typically, English spellings of German loanwords suppress any umlauts (the superscript, double-dot diacritic in Ä , Ö , Ü , ä , ö , and ü ) of the original word or replace the umlaut letters with Ae , Oe , Ue , ae , oe , ue , respectively (as is done commonly in German speaking countries when the umlaut is not available; the origin of the umlaut was a superscript E). German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons: German cultural artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names. Developments and discoveries in German-speaking nations in science, scholarship , and classical music have led to German words for new concepts, which have been adopted into English: for example the words doppelgänger and angst in psychology. Discussion of German history and culture requires some German words. Some German words are used in English narrative to identify that the subject expressed is in German, e.g., Frau , Reich . As languages, English and German descend from the common ancestor language West Germanic and further back to Proto-Germanic ; because of this, some English words are essentially identical to their German lexical counterparts, either in spelling ( Hand , Sand , Finger ) or pronunciation ("fish" = Fisch , "mouse" = Maus ), or both ( Arm , Ring ); these are excluded from this list. German common nouns fully adopted into English are in general not initially capitalized, and the German letter " ß " is generally changed to "ss". German terms commonly used in English Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as wurst and pumpernickel , retain German connotations, while others, such as lager and hamburger , retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British English. Food and drink Altbier —a copper coloured, malt-forward, clean and crisp tasting, lighter-bodied beer with moderate bitterness from Rhineland. Berliner Weisse (German spelling: Berliner Weiße )—a sour beer often infused with fruit syrup. Biergarten —an open-air drinking establishment. Bock —a strong beer. Braunschweiger —a liverwurst cold-cut (though, in Germany, Braunschweiger describes a smoked ground beef sausage). Bratwurst (also brat )—a type of frying sausage. Budweiser —a beer, named after Budweis, the German name of Budějovice , a city in Southern Bohemia . Bundt cake (from Bundkuchen ; in German: a Gug(e)lhupf )—a ring cake. Delicatessen (German spelling: Delikatessen )—a speciality food retailer; fine foods. Dunkel (also Dunkles)—a dark beer. Emmentaler (also Emmental)—a yellow, medium-hard Swiss cheese that originated in the area around Emmental , Canton Bern . Frankfurter (also frank or frankfurt)—a type of sausage. Gose —a top-fermenting sour beer that originated in Goslar , Germany. Grätzer —a beer style named after Grätz, the German name of Grodzisk Wielkopolski , a city in Greater Poland Gugelhupf —a type of cake with a hole in the middle. Gummi bear (in German: Gummibär , but the product is only known as Gummibärchen (diminutive))—the non-Anglicized spelling of gummy bear. Hamburger —a sandwich with a meat patty and garnishments. Hasenpfeffer —a type of rabbit (or hare) stew. Hefeweizen —an unfiltered wheat beer (containing yeast). Helles (also Hell)—a pale lager beer. Jagertee (from Austrian-Bavarian dialects; German spelling: Jägertee )—an alcoholic beverage made by mixing overproof rum with black tea , red wine , plum brandy , orange juice , and various spices . Kaiser roll —a round bread roll, originally from Austria. Kellerbier —a lager beer, which is typically neither clarified nor pasteurised. Kinder Surprise (also known as a "Kinder Egg")—a chocolate egg containing a small toy, usually requiring assembly (in Germany: Überraschungsei and Kinder-Überraschung ). However, despite being a German word, the Kinder chocolate brand is actually of Italian origin. Kipfel (also kipferl)—a horn-shaped type of pastry. Kirschwasser —a spirit drink made from cherries (hard liquor / booze). Knackwurst —a cooked sausage. Kohlrabi —a type of cabbage (aka "cabbage turnip"). Kölsch —a beer style from Cologne . Kommissbrot —a dark type of German bread, baked from rye and other flours. Lager —a beer made with bottom-fermenting yeast and stored for some time before serving (in Germany: an Export ). Leberwurst —a pork-liver sausage. Liptauer —a spicy cheese spread made with sheep milk cheese , goat cheese , quark , or cottage cheese , after Liptau, the German name of Liptov , a region in northern Slovakia . Märzen (also Märzenbier)—a medium to full body lager beer. Maß —a unit of volume used for measuring beer; typically 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal), but probably evolved from the old Bavarian unit of measure ( Maßeinheit ) called Quartl (quart). Mozartkugel , (literally "Mozart ball")—a small, round sugar confection made of pistachio marzipan , and nougat , covered with dark chocolate . Muesli —a breakfast cereal. ( Swiss German spelling: Müesli , standard German: Müsli ) Noodle (from German Nudel )—a type of food; a string of pasta. Pfeffernüsse —peppernuts. Pilsener (also Pils or Pilsner)—a pale lager beer named after Pilsen, the German name of Plzeň , a city in Western Bohemia ; contains higher amounts of hops than usual Lager (or Export ) beer, and therefore is a tad more bitter. Powidl —a spread made from plums. Pretzel (standard German spelling: Brezel or Breze)—a flour and yeast-based pastry. Pumpernickel —a type of sourdough rye bread, strongly flavored, dense, and dark in color. Quark —a type of fresh cheese (curd). Radler —a mixture of beer and lemonade . Rollmops —a rolled, pickled herring fillet. Saaz —a variety of hops named after Saaz, the German name of Žatec , a city in Northwestern Bohemia . Sauerkraut (also Kraut , which in German would mean cabbage in general)—fermented cabbage. Schnapps (German spelling: Schnaps )—a distilled alcoholic drink (hard liquor, booze). Schwarzbier —a dark lager beer. Seltzer — carbonated water , a genericized trademark that derives from the German town Selters , which is renowned for its mineral springs . Spritzer (from spritzen meaning "to spray"; the term is most commonly used in Vienna and its surroundings; in German: (Wein-)Schorle , rarely Gespritzter )—a chilled drink from white wine and soda water. Stein (from Steingut meaning "earthenware", referring to the material; in German: Steinkrug , literally earthenware jug)—a large drinking mug, usually for beer. Streusel —a crumb topping on a cake. Strudel —a filled pastry (e.g., Apfelstrudel , milk-cream strudel ). Süffig —a beverage that is especially light and sweet or palatable; only the latter meaning is connoted with German süffig . Tafelspitz —boiled veal or beef in broth , served with a mix of minced apples and horseradish . Weisslacker (also Bierkäse)—a type of cow's milk cheese. Wiener —a hot dog. Wiener Schnitzel —a crumbed veal cutlet. Wurst —a sausage, cold cuts . Zwieback —a "twice baked" bread; rusk, variants: German hard biscuits; Mennonite double yeast roll Sports and recreation Abseil (German spelling: sich abseilen , a reflexive verb, to rope ( Seil ) oneself ( sich ) down ( ab ))—the term "abseiling" is used in the UK and Commonwealth countries, "roping (down)" in various English settings, and "rappelling" in the US. Blitz (from Blitzkrieg , literally 'lightning war'), a team defensive play in American or Canadian football in which the defense sends more players than the offense can block. The term Blitzkrieg was originally used in Nazi Germany during World War II, describing a dedicated kind of fast and ferocious attack. Foosball , probably from the German word for football , Fußball , although foosball itself is referred to as Kicker or Tischfußball in German. Fußball is the word for soccer in general. Karabiner (from Karabinerhaken ; can also mean a Carbine firearm in German), snaplink, a metal loop with a sprung or screwed gate, used in climbing and mountaineering; translates to "riflehook". Kutte (literally 'frock' or 'cowl, monk's habit'), a type of (cut-off) vest made out of denim or leather and traditionally worn by bikers , metalheads , and punks Kletterschuh , a climbing shoe (mountaineering). Mannschaft , a German word for a sports team. Rucksack (more commonly called a backpack in American English ) Schuss , literally a shot ( ski ) down a slope at high speed. Treibball , the name of a dog sport. Turner , a gymnast. Turnverein , a gymnastics club or society. Volksmarching , from Volksmarsch , literally 'people's march'. Animals Dachshund , a dog breed, literally "badger dog" (usually referred to as Dackel in German usage) Doberman Pinscher , a dog breed (usually referred to as Dobermann in German) Hamster , a small rodent often kept as a household pet Olm , an exclusively cave-dwelling aquatic salamander found in Europe. Pomeranian , a dog breed Poodle , a dog breed, from German Pudel Rottweiler , a dog breed Schnauzer , a dog breed (though in German, Schnauzer could also be short for Schnauzbart , meaning "moustache") Siskin , several species of birds (from Sisschen , dialect for Zeisig ) Spitz , a dog breed Philosophy and history Antifa , short for " Antifaschistische Aktion " (anti-fascist action) Lebensraum , literally "living space"; conquered territory, now exclusively associated with the Nazi Party in that historical context . In Germany, the word usually simply means 'habitat' Nazi , short for Nationalsozialist (National Socialist) Neanderthal (modern German spelling: Neandertal ), for German Neandertaler , meaning "of, from, or pertaining to the Neandertal ("Neander Valley")", the site near Düsseldorf where early Homo neanderthalensis fossils were first found. Schadenfreude , "joy from pain" (literally "harm joy"); delight at the misfortune of others Wanderlust , the yearning to travel Zeitgeist , spirit of the time Society and culture Doppelgänger , literally "double-goer", also spelled in English as doppelgaenger ; a double or look-alike. However, in English the connotation is that of a ghostly apparition of a duplicate living person. Dreck , literally "dirt" or "smut", but now meaning trashy, awful (through Yiddish , OED s.v.) Dummkopf , literally "stupid head"; a stupid, ignorant person, similar to "numbskull" in English Fest , festival Fingerspitzengefühl (literally "finger-tip feeling", in German used to mean "empathy", "sensitivity" or "tact") Gemütlichkeit , coziness Gesundheit , literally health ; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed Hausfrau , pejorative: frumpy, petty-bourgeois, traditional, pre-emancipation type housewife whose interests centre on the home, or who is even exclusively interested in domestic matters (colloquial, American English only), sometimes humorously used to replace "wife", but with the same mildly derisive connotation. The German word has a neutral connotation. Kaffeeklatsch , literally "coffee gossip"; afternoon meeting where people (usually referring to women, particularly Hausfrauen ) chitchat while drinking coffee or tea and having cake. Kindergarten , literally "children's garden"; day-care centre, playschool, preschool Kitsch , cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture Kraut , literally "cabbage"; derogatory term for a German Lederhosen (short leather pants for men and boys, often worn with suspenders) Meister , "master", also as a suffix: –meister; in German, Meister typically refers to the highest educational rank of a craftsperson, various ranks, and to sports champions up to Weltmeister . Note: Meister does not refer to the academic master degree (which is now Master or formerly Magister , formerly Diplom -engineer and so forth) Oktoberfest , Bavarian folk festival held annually in Munich during late September and early October Poltergeist , literally "noisy ghost"; an alleged paranormal phenomenon where objects appear to move of their own accord Sitzfleisch , endurance or persistence, especially when requiring sitting for a long time Spiel , literally "game"; an attempt to present and explain a point in a way that the presenter has done often before, usually to sell something. A voluble line of often extravagant talk, "pitch" uber, über , "over"; used to indicate that something or someone is of better or superior magnitude, e.g. Übermensch Wunderkind , literally "wonder child"; a child prodigy Technology –bahn as a suffix, e.g. Infobahn , after Autobahn Bandsalat , literally "tape salad", refers to a tangle of magnetic tape. Blücher, a half-boot named after Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742–1819); also a hand in the British card game Napoleon . Ersatz , replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation. In German, the word has a neutral connotation, e.g. Ersatzrad simply means "spare wheel" (not an inferior one). Flak , Fl ug a bwehr k anone , literally: air-defence cannon , for anti-aircraft artillery or their shells, also used in flak jacket ; or in the figurative sense: "drawing flak" = being heavily criticized Kraft as in kraft paper , a strong paper used to make sacks; Kraft in German just means "strength" or "power" Plandampf , running a scheduled train service with historic steam locomotives, popular with railway enthusiasts. Volkswagen , literally "people's car"; brand of automobile Zeppelin , type of rigid airship , named after its inventor Other aspects of everyday life erlaubt , allowed, granted; opposite of verboten . kaput (German spelling: kaputt ), out-of-order, broken, dead nix , from German nix , dialectal variant of nichts (nothing) Scheiße , an expression and euphemism meaning "shit", usually as an interjection when something goes amiss Ur- (German prefix), original or prototypical; e.g. Ursprache , Urtext verboten , prohibited, forbidden, banned. In English this word has authoritarian connotations. German terms common in English academic context German terms sometimes appear in English academic disciplines, e.g. history, psychology , philosophy, music, and the physical sciences ; laypeople in a given field may or may not be familiar with a given German term. Academia Ansatz , educated guess Doktorvater , doctoral advisor Festschrift , book prepared by colleagues to honor a scholar, often on an important birthday such as the sixtieth. Gedenkschrift , memorial publication Leitfaden , guideline Methodenstreit , disagreement on methodology Privatdozent , in German it describes a lecturer without professorship (typically requires German Habilitation degree). Professoriat , the entity of all professors of a university Wissenschaft , scholarship, research and study in general Architecture Abwurfdach , removal roof of early modern European fortresses Angstloch , literally "fear hole", a small hole in the floor of a medieval castle or fortress through which a basement room (popularly described as a "dungeon") can be accessed Bauhaus , a German style of architecture founded by Walter Gropius in 1918 Bergfried , a tall tower typical of Central European medieval castles Biedermeier , of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century; in German, it might also derogatively describe a certain old-fashioned, ultra-conservative interior styling. It also describes a certain type of literature in the beginning of the industrialization that represents a longing for the traditional life at that time, with themes of nature and calmness, untouched by the modern world. Burgwall , fort rampart Hügelgrab , in archeology, burial mound Jugendstil , art nouveau Kachelofen , a cocklestove, a kind of masonry heater covered in tile Passivhaus , house built to eco-friendly standards, ultra-low energy buildings which need little fuel for heating or cooling Pfostenschlitzmauer , in archeology, a method of construction typical of prehistoric Celtic hillforts of the Iron Age Plattenbau , building made from prefabricated slabs; a typical building style of the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, particularly associated with East Germany Schwedenschanze , early historical Ringwork and Rampart of fortification Sondergotik , a Late Gothic architectural style found in Central Europe between 1350 and 1550 Stolperstein , literally "stumbling stone", metaphorically a "stumbling block" or a stone to "stumble upon", a cobblestone-size (10 by 10 centimetres (3.9 in × 3.9 in)) concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution Viereckschanze , in archaeology, a Celtic fortification of the Iron Age Arts Gesamtkunstwerk , "the whole of a work of art", also "total work of art" or "complete artwork" Gestalt (lit. "shape, figure"), a collection of entities that creates a unified concept (where " the whole is more than the sum of its parts ") Heraldry Seeblatt , heraldic Charge Schwurhand , heraldic Charge Music Affektenlehre , the doctrine of the affections in Baroque music theory Almglocken , tuned cowbells Alphorn , a wind instrument Augenmusik , eye music Ausmultiplikation , a musical technique described by Karlheinz Stockhausen Blockwerk , medieval type of church organ featuring only labial pipes Crumhorn , from German Krummhorn , a type of woodwind instrument Fach , method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, by the range, weight, and color of their voices Fackeltanz , a kind of polonaise associated with German royal wedding celebrations Fife , from Pfeife , a small transverse flute often used in military and marching bands Flatterzunge (literally "flutter tongue"), playing technique for wind instruments Flugelhorn (German spelling: Flügelhorn ), a type of brass musical instrument Glockenspiel , a percussion instrument Heldentenor , "heroic tenor" Hammerklavier , "hammer-keyboard", an archaic term for piano or the name of a specific kind of piano, the fortepiano ; most commonly used in English to refer to Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata Hosenrolle , a term for male character , literally "trousers' role" Kapellmeister , "music director" Katzenjammer , hubbub or uproar; in German, the term Katzenjammer could also mean hangover . Katzenklavier , cat organ, a conjectural instrument employing live cats Kinderklavier , piano for children Klangfarbenmelodie , a term coined by Arnold Schoenberg regarding harmonic theory Konzertmeister , concert master Kuhreihen , song originally used for gathering cows for milking Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv ) a musical phrase that associates with a specific person, thing, or idea Lied (pronounced "leet"), "song"; specifically in English, "art song" Lieder ohne Worte , "songs without words" Liederhandschrift , a manuscript containing medieval songs Liederkranz , (originally male) singing club Liedermacher , singer-songwriter Marktsackpfeife , a type of bagpipes Meistersinger , Master-singer Mensurstrich , barline that is drawn between staves Minnesang , medieval love poetry Musikalisches Würfelspiel , a composing technique featuring the use of random number generators, i.e. dice ( Würfel ) Ohrwurm , catchy tune Orgelbewegung , a movement of organ building featuring a more baroque sound and organ architecture Rauschpfeife , a type of woodwind instrument Rückpositiv (also rendered as Ruckpositiv ) Sängerfest , a Central European tradition of music festivals that also spread to North America Schlager , "a hit" (German schlagen , to hit or beat) Schottische , literally "Scottish", a folk dance Schuhplattler , a regional dance from Upper Bavaria and Austria Singspiel , German musical drama with spoken dialogue Sitzprobe , rehearsal of a musical stage work where singers are sitting and without costumes Sprechgesang and Sprechstimme , forms of musical delivery between speech and singing Strohbass , creaky voice Sturm und Drang , "storm and stress", a brief aesthetic movement in German literature, just before Weimar Classicism Urtext , "original text" (of the composer) Volksmusik , traditional German music Walzer (Waltz), ballroom and folk dance Zukunftsmusik , music of the future Genres Kosmische Musik : a Krautrock -associated genre of electronic music pioneered by Popol Vuh Krautrock : German-like English name for a variety of German rock Neue Deutsche Härte (NDH) : "New German Hardness"; a genre of German rock that mixes traditional hard rock with dance-like keyboard parts. Recently it has begun to appear in English. Neue Deutsche Todeskunst : "New German Death Art": a movement within the darkwave and gothic rock scenes Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW) : "New German Wave". A genre of German music originally derived from punk rock and new wave music . Neue Slowenische Kunst : "New Slovenian Art". An art collective dating back to the 1980s, when Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia . Most prominently associated with the band Laibach , named after the German name for Slovenia's capital city, Ljubljana . Romantische Oper : genre of early nineteenth-century German opera Selected works in classical music Johann Sebastian Bach 's Das wohltemperierte Klavier ( The Well-Tempered Clavier ); Jesus bleibet meine Freude ( Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring ) Brahms 's Schicksalslied ( Song of Destiny ) Kreisler 's Liebesleid ( Pain of Love ), Liebesfreud ( Joy of Love ) Liszt 's Liebesträume ( Dreams of Love ) Mozart 's Eine kleine Nachtmusik ( A Little Serenade ); Die Zauberflöte ( The Magic Flute ) Gustav Mahler 's Kindertotenlieder ( Songs on Dead Children ) Schubert 's Winterreise ( Winter Journey ) Schumann 's Dichterliebe ( The Poet's Love ) Richard Strauss 's Der Rosenkavalier ( Cavalier of the Rose ); Also sprach Zarathustra ( Thus Spoke Zarathustra ); " Vier letzte Lieder " ( Four last songs ) Johann Strauss II 's Die Fledermaus ( The Bat ); An der schönen blauen Donau ( On The Beautiful Blue Danube ) Richard Wagner 's Die Walküre ( The Valkyrie ); Götterdämmerung ( Twilight of the Gods ); both from his opera cycle " Der Ring des Nibelungen " ( The Ring of the Nibelung ) Carols Stille Nacht : " Silent Night " O Tannenbaum : "O Christmas Tree" Modern songs 99 Luftballons : "99 Balloons" (English title: "99 Red Balloons") by Nena Schrei nach Liebe : "Scream for love" by Die Ärzte Feuer frei! : "Fire at will" (literally, "fire freely!") by Rammstein Der Kommissar : "The Commissioner" by Falco Theatre Theaterpädagogik , "theatre pedagogy", the use of theatre as a means for teaching and learning in non-theatrical areas of study Verfremdungseffekt , effect of disassociation or alienation Typography Fraktur , a style of blackletter typeface Schwabacher , a style of blackletter typeface, from the Franconian town of Schwabach Biology Ahnenreihe , line of ancestors Ahnenschwund , pedigree collapse Ahnentafel , line of ancestors Anlage in genetics; also used in the sense of primordium in embryology and temperament in psychology; literal meaning "disposition" or "rudiment" Aufwuchs , growth Aurochs (Modern German: Auerochse ), urus Bauplan , body plan of animals Bereitschaftspotential , readiness potential Edelweiss , German spelling Edelweiß , Leontopodium alpinum Einkorn , Triticum boeoticum or Triticum monococcum , a type of wheat Krummholz , crooked or bent wood due to growth conditions of trees and bushes Lagerstätte , repository; sedimentary deposit rich in fossils Lammergeier or lammergeyer (German: Lämmergeier , also Bartgeier ), the bearded vulture Lampenflora , autotrophic lifeforms (algae) present in caves associated with permanently installed lighting Marmorkrebs , the marbled crayfish Molosser , a type of dog, literally "Molossian", from Molossus , the name of an ancient dog breed which the modern molossers descend from Oberhäutchen (often written oberhautchen in newer literature), the outermost layer of reptile skin; literally "small top skin" ( Häutchen is the diminutive of Haut , the German word for "skin") Schreckstoff (lit. "scare stuff"), a chemical alarm signal emitted by fish Spitzenkörper , structure important in hyphal growth Spreite , laminae found in trace fossils, going back to animal burrows Umwelt , German for "environment", the subjective internal experiences of an animal as shaped by their sensory abilities and nervous system Unkenreflex , a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class Urvogel , a common name for Archaeopteryx [ 1 ] Waldsterben , forest dieback Zeitgeber (chronobiology), external clue that helps to synchronize the internal body clock Zugunruhe (ornithology), pre-migration anxiety in birds and other migratory animals Chemistry Aufbau principle ( physical chemistry ) (German spelling: Aufbauprinzip ) Bismuth , chemical element Darmstadtium , synthetic chemical element Einsteinium , synthetic chemical element Entgegen and its opposite zusammen ( organic chemistry ) Gemisch (chemistry: a randomized mixture of components) Gerade and its opposite ungerade ( quantum mechanics ) Knallgas , gaseous mixture Kugelrohr , distillation apparatus Meitnerium , synthetic chemical element Mischmetall (lit. "mixed metal"), alloy Roentgenium , synthetic chemical element Umpolung , polarity inversion ( organic chemistry ) Wolfram , chemical element, also known as Tungsten Zwitterion , also called inner salt or dipolar ion Chess Allumwandlung , German for "complete promotion" Blitz chess , from German Blitzschach , literally "lightning chess", also known as Fast chess Fingerfehler, slip of the finger Kibitz , from German Kiebitzer , a spectator making comments on the game that can be heard by the players Patzer , German for "weak chess player", literally " blunder " Sitzfleisch, patience during slow play Zeitnot , time pressure Zugzwang , compulsion to move Zwischenzug , in-between move Economics Dollar (German Thaler , Czech : tolar ), from Joachimsthal ( Czech : Jáchymov ), name for the silver coin minted in Bohemia in the 16th century in Joachimsthal (through Dutch (Rijks)daalder ) Energiewende , stands for Energy transition Freigeld , "free money" Freihandel , "free trade" Freiland , "free land" Freiwirtschaft , "free economy" Hacksilber , a type of commodity money Heller (German also Häller ), from Hall am Kocher , name for the coin K: In economics, the letter K, from the German word Kapital , is used to denote Capital [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Luftgeschäft ( Yiddish : לופט געשעפט; may also be written as Luftgeschaeft or Luftgescheft), literally "air business", an unstable business or an unproductive profession. Lumpenproletariat Mittelstand Notgeld , "emergency money" or "necessity money" Takt Wirtschaftswunder Geography Hinterland Inselberg Knickpoint (German Knickpunkt , from knicken "to bend sharply, fold, kink"), a point where the slope of a river changes suddenly Massenerhebung effect Mitteleuropa Mittelgebirge Schlatt (also Flatt ; from Low German) Steilhang (steep slope or face) Thalweg (written "Talweg" in modern German) Geology Aufeis , sheets of layered ice formed from groundwater discharge or upwelling of river water behind ice dams during freezing temperatures Bergschrund Dreikanter Druse , an incrustation of small crystals on the surface of a rock or mineral Fenster , also known as a window , a geologic structure formed by erosion or normal faulting on a thrust system Firn Flysch Gneiss (German Gneis ) Graben Horst Karst Loess (German: Löss ) Randkluft , gap between the rock face and the side of the glacier Rille (German: "groove"), a type of feature of the surface of the Moon Sturzstrom Urstrom , a large glacial age river in Northern Europe Urstromtal Minerals including: Feldspar (German Feldspat ) Hornblende Meerschaum Moldavite (German Moldavit ), from Moldau ( Czech : Vltava ) Quartz (German Quarz ) Wolframite (German Wolframit ) Zinnwaldite (German Zinnwaldit ), from Zinnwald (Czech: Cínovec ) History (Some terms are listed in multiple categories if they are important to each.) The Third Reich Other historical periods Alltagsgeschichte , literally "everyday history" a type of microhistory Aufklarung , in German: Aufklärung , "enlightenment", short for Zeitalter der Aufklärung , "age of enlightenment" Biedermeier , era in early 19th century Germany Chaoskampf (mythology) Diktat Gründerzeit , the period in German history of great artistic and economic developments Junker Kaiser , "emperor" (derived from the title " Caesar ") Kleinstaaterei , the territorial fragmentation of Germany in the early modern period Kulturgeschichte Kulturkampf , literally the 'struggle for culture'; Otto von Bismarck's campaign for secularity which mostly went against Catholics in the newly formed German state, ostensibly a result of Bismarck's suspicion of Catholic loyalty Kulturkreis , a theory in anthropology and ethnology Kulturkugel , literally "culture bullet" or "cultural bullet", a neologism coined by archaeologist J. P. Mallory for his model of cultural diffusion Landflucht Landnahme Nordpolitik Ostflucht Ostpolitik Ostalgie (nostalgia for the former Eastern Bloc , specifically for the GDR ) Perserschutt , "Persian rubble", sculptures that were damaged by the invading Persian army on the Acropolis of Athens in 480 BC Quellenforschung , "research of sources", the study of the sources of, or influences upon, a literary work Regenbogenschüsselchen , a type of prehistoric gold coin of the Celtic Iron Age Realpolitik (political science: "real politics"); usually implies the way politics really works, i.e. via the influence of power and money, rather than a principled approach that the public might expect to be aligned with a party's or nation's values, or rather than a political party's given interpretation. Reichstag (Imperial Diet; see Reichstag building , Imperial Diet , Reichstag , and the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic ) Sammlungspolitik Sippe , an ancient Germanic clan Urmonotheismus Urreligion Völkerschlacht – the "Battle of the Nations" (that is, the Battle of Leipzig , 1813) Völkerwanderung – the migration (and invasions) of the Germanic peoples in the 4th century Weltpolitik – the politics of global domination; contemporarily, "the current climate in global politics ". Wunderkammer , a cabinet of curiosities Military terms Blitzkrieg (literally "lightning war") Flak ( Fl ug a bwehr k anone ), anti-aircraft gun (for derived meanings see under Other aspects of everyday life ) Fliegerhorst, another word for a military airport (Horst = predator bird's nest) Karabiner , a carbine (a firearm). For the climbing hardware, see carabiner above Kriegsspiel , in English also written Kriegspiel , war game (different meanings) Luftwaffe , air force (since WW II, with East Germany and the earlier German Empire using the term Luftstreitkräfte instead for their air services) Panzer refers to tanks and other armored military vehicles, or formations of such vehicles Panzerfaust , "tank fist": anti-tank weapon, a small one-man launcher and projectile. Strafe , punishment, extracted from the slogan Gott strafe England (May God punish England) U-Boot (abbreviated form of Unterseeboot – submarine, but commonly called U-Boot in Germany as well) Vernichtungsgedanke (thought of annihilation) Linguistics Ablaut Abstandsprache Aktionsart Ausbausprache Dachsprache Dreimorengesetz , "three-mora law", the rule for placing stress in Latin Grammatischer Wechsel , "grammatical alternation", a pattern of consonant alternations found in Germanic strong verbs and also in Germanic nouns Junggrammatiker , literally "Young Grammarians", a formative German school of linguists in the late 19th century Lallname , a pet name based on baby talk, especially in ancient languages of Asia Minor Loanword (ironically not a loanword but rather a calque from German Lehnwort ) Mischsprache , mixed language Primärberührung , "primary contact", the development of certain consonant clusters (stop consonant + /t/) in Proto-Germanic Rückumlaut , "reverse umlaut", a regular pattern of vowel alternation (of independent origin from usual ablaut patterns) in a small number of Germanic weak verbs Sitz im Leben (Biblical linguistics mainly; the study of pragmatics has a similar approach) Sprachbund , "speech bond" or"language union", a sociolinguistic term for a group of languages that have become similar because of geographical proximity Sprachgefühl [ de ] , the intuitive sense of what is appropriate in a language Sprachraum Stammbaumtheorie , the tree model of descendance in historical linguistics; also Stammbaum alone, for a phylogenetical tree of languages Suffixaufnahme Umlaut Urheimat , "original homeland", the area originally inhabited by speakers of a (reconstructed) proto-language Ursprache , "proto-language" Verschärfung , "sharpening", several analogous phonetic changes in Gothic, North Germanic and modern Faroese Wanderwort , "migratory term/word", a word which spreads from its original language into several others Winkelhaken , a basic element in the ancient cuneiform script Literature Bildungsroman , a form of coming-of-age story Chaoskampf , "struggle against chaos", a recurring motif in myth and legend Knittelvers , a form of poetry using rhyming couplets Künstlerroman , a novel about an artist's growth to maturity Leitmotiv , a recurring theme Leitwortstil , a phrase repeated to reinforce a theme Nihilartikel , a fake entry in a reference work Sammelband , a set of manuscripts later bound together Quellenkritik , source criticism Sturm und Drang , an 18th-century literary movement; "storm and stress" in English, although the literal translation is closer to "storm and urge". Urtext , "original text" Vorlage , original or mastercopy of a text on which derivates are based Q , abbreviation for Quelle ("source"), a postulated lost document in Biblical criticism Mathematics and formal logic Ansatz (lit. "set down", roughly equivalent to "approach" or "where to begin", a starting assumption) – one of the most-used German loan words in the English-speaking world of science. "Eigen-" in composita such as eigenfunction , eigenvector , eigenvalue , eigenform ; in English "self-" or "own-". They are related concepts in the fields of linear algebra and functional analysis . Entscheidungsproblem Grossencharakter (German spelling: Größencharakter) Hauptmodul (the generator of a modular curve of genus 0) Hauptvermutung Hilbert's Nullstellensatz (without apostrophe in German) Ideal (originally ideale Zahlen , defined by Ernst Kummer ) Krull's Hauptidealsatz (without apostrophe in German) Möbius band (German: Möbiusband ) Positivstellensatz quadratfrei Vierergruppe (also known as Klein four-group) Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } from ( ganze ) Zahlen ((whole) numbers), the integers K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } from Körper ("field"), used for one of the two basic fields R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } or C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } not specifying which one Medicine Anwesenheit Diener , autopsy assistant Entgleisen Gedankenlautwerden Gegenhalten Kernicterus (German spelling: Kernikterus ) Kleeblattschädel LSD , German abbreviation of "Lysergsäurediethylamid" Mitgehen Mitmachen Mittelschmerz ("middle pain", used to refer to ovulation pain) Pfropfschizophrenie Rinderpest Schnauzkrampf Sensitiver Beziehungswahn Sitz bath Spinnbarkeit Verstimmung Vorbeigehen Vorbeireden Wahneinfall Witzelsucht Wurgstimme Philosophy An sich , "in itself" Aufhebung , sublation in dialectics Dasein Ding an sich , "thing in itself" from Kant Geist , mind, spirit or ghost Gott ist tot! , a popular phrase from Nietzsche ; more commonly rendered "God is dead!" in English. Übermensch , also from Nietzsche; the ideal of a Superhuman or Overman. Weltanschauung , calqued into English as " world view "; a comprehensive view or personal philosophy of human life and the universe Welträtsel , "world riddle", a term associated with Nietzsche and biologist Ernst Haeckel concerning the nature of the universe and the meaning of life Wille zur Macht , "the will to power", central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy Physical sciences .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} (See also Chemistry ) Ansatz , an assumption for a function that is not based on an underlying theory Antiblockiersystem Bremsstrahlung (lit. "brake radiation"), electromagnetic radiation emitted from charge particles stopping suddenly Dunkelflaute , a period of time in which little to no energy can be generated with the use of wind and solar power Durchmusterung , the search for celestial objects, especially a survey of stars Farbzentrum ( Solid-state physics ) Foehn wind , also "foehn" (German spelling Föhn ), a warm wind which sometimes appears on the northern side of the Alps in south Germany and Austria Fusel alcohol (German: Fuselalkohol ), from German Fusel , which refers to low-quality liquor Gedanken experiment (German spelling: Gedankenexperiment ); more commonly referred to as a "thought experiment" in English Gegenschein , a faint brightening of the night sky in the region of the antisolar point Gerade and its opposite ungerade ( quantum mechanics ) Graupel , a form of precipitation Heiligenschein (lit. "halo") Hohlraum , a radiation cavity used in thermonuclear weapons design Kirchweger-Kondensationseinrichtung Kugelblitz (the German term for ball lightning ), in theoretical physics : a concentration of light so intense that it forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped Rocks and minerals like Quartz (German spelling: Quarz ), Gneiss and Feldspar (originally Gneis and Feldspat respectively), Meerschaum Reststrahlen (lit. "residual rays") Schiefspiegler , special type of telescope Schlieren (from German Schliere for "streak"), inhomogeneities in transparent material Sollbruchstelle, predetermined breaking point Spiegeleisen Trommel Umklapp process (German spelling: Umklappprozess ) Vierbein , and variations such as vielbein , in general relativity Zitterbewegung Politics Befehl ist Befehl , "an order is an order" Berufsverbot Kritik , a type of argument in policy debates Lumpenproletariat Machtpolitik , power politics Putsch , overthrow of those in power by a small group, coup d'état. (Although commonly understood and used in contemporary High German, too, the word putsch originates from Swiss German and is etymologically related to English "push".) Realpolitik , "politics of reality": foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than ideology or ethics. Rechtsstaat , concept of a state based on law and human rights Siegerjustiz Überfremdung Vergangenheitsbewältigung Psychology Aha-Erlebnis (lit. "aha experience"), a sudden insight or epiphany , compare eureka Angst , feeling of fear, but more deeply and without concrete object Eigengrau (lit. "intrinsic grey") or also Eigenlicht (lit. "intrinsic light"), the colour seen by the eye in perfect darkness Einstellung effect , from Einstellung , which means "attitude" here Ganzfeld effect , from German Ganzfeld (lit. "complete field"), a phenomenon of visual perception Gestalt psychology (German spelling: Gestaltpsychologie ), holistic psychology Gestaltzerfall (lit. "shape decomposition"), a kind of visual agnosia where a complex, holistic shape ( Gestalt ) dissolves into its parts for the perceiver Haltlose personality disorder , from haltlos (lit. "without grip"), aimless Merkwelt , "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness" Schadenfreude , gloating, a malicious satisfaction obtained from the misfortunes of others Sehnsucht , a yearning for an ideal alternative Sorge , a state of worry, but (like Angst ) in a less concrete, more general sense, worry about the world, one's future, etc. Umwelt , environment, literally: "surrounding world"; in semiotics, "self-centred world" Völkerpsychologie (lit. "folk psychology"), a 19th-20th century cultural-social psychology framework associated with Wilhelm Wundt [ 6 ] Weltschmerz (lit. "world-pain"), a deep feeling of sadness experienced by someone who believes that physical reality can never satisfy the demands of the mind Wunderkind (lit. "wonder child"), child prodigy Zeitgeber (lit. "time-giver"), something that resets the circadian clock found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Sociology Gemeinschaft , community Gesellschaft , society Herrschaft , reign Männerbund , elite male society Verstehen , lit. "understanding", interpretive or participatory examination of social phenomena Zeitgeist , spirit of the times or age Theology Gattung, genre [ 7 ] Kunstprosa, artistic prose [ 8 ] Sitz im Leben (setting in life, context) German terms mostly used for literary effect There are a few terms which are recognised by many English speakers but are usually only used to deliberately evoke a German context: Autobahn – particularly common in British English and American English referring specifically to German motorways. Achtung – lit. "attention" Frau and Fräulein – woman and young woman or girl, respectively, in English. Indicating marital state, with Frau – Mrs. and Fräulein – Miss; in Germany, however, the diminutive Fräulein lapsed from common usage in the late 1960s. Regardless of marital status, a woman is now commonly referred to as Frau , because from 1972 the term Fräulein has been officially phased out for being politically incorrect and should only be used if expressly authorized by the woman concerned. Führer (umlaut is usually dropped in English) – always used in English to denote Hitler or to connote a fascistic leader – never used, as is possible in German, to straightforwardly denote a (non-fascist) leader or guide (e.g. Bergführer: mountain guide , Stadtführer: city guide [book], Führerschein: driving licence, Geschäftsführer: managing director, Flugzeugführer: Pilot in command ) Gott mit uns – meaning "God be with us", the motto of the Prussian king was used as a morale slogan amongst soldiers in both World Wars. It was bastardized as "Got mittens" by American and British soldiers, and is usually used nowadays, because of the German defeat in both wars, derisively to mean that wars are not won on religious grounds. Hände hoch – "hands up" Herr – in modern German either the equivalent of Mr. (Mister), to address an adult man, or "master" over something or someone (e.g. Sein eigener Herr sein : to be his own master). Derived from the adjective hehr , meaning "honourable" or "senior", it was historically a nobleman's title, equivalent to "Lord". ( Herr der Fliegen is the German title of Lord of the Flies .) In a religious context it refers to God. Ich bin ein Berliner – famous quotation by John F. Kennedy Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv ) – any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person. Meister – used as a suffix to mean expert ( Maurermeister ) or master; in Germany it means also champion in sports ( Weltmeister , Europameister , Landesmeister ) Nein – no Raus – meaning Out! – shortened (colloquial) (depending on where the speaker is, if on the inside "get out!" = hinaus , if on the outside "come out!" = heraus ). It is the imperative form of the German verb hinausgehen (getting out (of a room/house/etc.)) as in the imperative gehen Sie raus !). [ 9 ] Reich – from the Middle High German rich , as a noun it means "empire" or "realm", cf. the English word bishopric . In titles as part of a compound noun, for example Deutsche Reichsbahn , it is equivalent to the English word "national" or possibly federal (the words "Reich" and "Bund" are somewhat exchangeable in recent history, with the exception of the Nazi state which continued to call itself Reich despite abolishing states). For instance Reichsbahn ([German] National/Federal Railway), or Reichspost (National/Federal Postal Service), specifically indicating in either case that the respective institutions were organised by central authority (called the German Reich at the time), not the states. To some English – and German – speakers, Reich in English strongly connotes Nazism and is sometimes used to suggest fascism or authoritarianism, e.g. "Herr Reichsminister" used as a title for a disliked politician. Ja – yes Jawohl – a German term that connotes an emphatic yes – "Yes, indeed!" in English. It is often equated to "yes, sir" in Anglo-American military films, since it is also a term typically used as an acknowledgement for military commands in the German military. Schnell! – "Quick!" or "Quickly!" Kommandant – commander (in the sense of person in command or commanding officer , regardless of military rank), used often in the military in general ( Standortkommandant : base commander), on battleships and U-boats ( Schiffskommandant or U-Boot-Kommandant ), sometimes used on civilian ships and aircraft. Wunderbar – wonderful Terms rarely used in English Ampelmännchen Besserwisser – someone who always "knows better" Bockmist , lit. "billy goat's dung", meaning "nonsense" or "rubbish" Eierlegende Wollmilchsau – literally "egg-laying wool-milk-sow", a hypothetical solution, object or person fulfilling unrealistically many different demands; also referring sometimes to a (really existing) object, concept or person like this, for example a multi-tool or exceptionally versatile person (jack of all trades) Fahrvergnügen – "driving pleasure"; introduced in a Volkswagen advertising campaign Fremdscham , "vicarious shame", the shame felt for the behavior of someone else Gastarbeiter – "guest worker", foreign-born worker Geisterfahrer – "ghost driver", a wrong-way driver; one who drives in the direction opposite to that prescribed for the given lane. Götterdämmerung – "Twilight of the Gods", a disastrous conclusion of events (also a music drama by Richard Wagner) Kobold – small mischievous fairy creature, traditionally translated as "goblin", "hobgoblin" or "imp" Ordnung muss sein – "There must be order." This proverbial phrase illustrates the importance that German culture places upon order. Schmutz – smut, dirt, filth ... über alles – "above all", originally from "Deutschland über alles", the first line of Hoffmann von Fallersleben 's poem " Das Lied der Deutschen " (The Song of the Germans); see also Über alles (disambiguation) . Verschlimmbessern – to make something worse in an honest but failed attempt to improve it Vorsprung durch Technik – "competitive edge through technology", used in an advertising campaign by Audi Zweihänder – two-handed sword German quotations used in English Some famous English quotations are translations from German. On rare occasions an author will quote the original German as a sign of erudition. Muss es sein? Es muss sein! : "Must it be? It must be!" – Beethoven Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln : "War is politics by other means" (literally: "War is a mere continuation of politics by other means") – Clausewitz : "Vom Kriege", Book I, Chapter 1, Section 24 Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa – das Gespenst des Kommunismus : "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism" – The Communist Manifesto Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch! : " Workers of the world, unite! " – The Communist Manifesto Gott würfelt nicht : "God does not play dice" – Einstein Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht : "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not" – Einstein Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen : "We must know, we will know" – David Hilbert Was kann ich wissen? Was soll ich tun? Was darf ich hoffen? Was ist der Mensch? : "What can I know? What shall I do? What may I hope? What is Man?" – Kant : Kritik der praktischen Vernunft Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk : "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man" – Leopold Kronecker Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen! : "Here I stand, I cannot do differently. God help me. Amen!" – attributed to Martin Luther Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen : "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" – Wittgenstein Einmal ist keinmal : "What happens once might as well never have happened." literally "once is never" – a common German phrase and the theme of The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera Es lebe die Freiheit : "Long live freedom" – Hans Scholl Arbeit macht frei : "Labour creates freedom" literally "work makes (you) free" – A phrase written over the entranceway of extermination camps in the Holocaust. See also Germanism (linguistics) List of pseudo-German words adapted to English List of English words of Dutch origin List of English words of Yiddish origin Anglish Denglisch Yinglish References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2014). "New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers" . Nature . 511 (7507): 79– 82. Bibcode : 2014Natur.511...79F . doi : 10.1038/nature13467 . PMID 24990749 . ^ "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors" . BLS Handbook of Methods . U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 10 April 2008 . ^ Rutherford, Prof. Thomas F. "Modeling Unanticipated Shocks: An Illustrative GAMS/MCP Model" . MPSGE Forum . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Retrieved 10 April 2008 . ^ Drude (9 February 2006). "Economic Curiosity. [Solow model]" . PhysOrg.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2008 . ^ Lequiller, François; Blades, Derek (2006). "ch. 6". Understanding National Accounts (PDF (4MB)) . Economica. Translated by F. Wells. Paris: OECD . p. 160. ISBN 92-64-02566-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . "K" (for the German word "kapital") indicates capital accumulation items. ^ Diriwächter, Rainer (2 May 2012). Völkerpsychologie . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396430.013.0003 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2022 . Retrieved 8 August 2022 . ^ DeMoss, Matthew S. (1 August 2001). Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek . InterVarsity Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8308-1464-0 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . ^ Soulen, Richard N.; R. Kendall Soulen (November 2001). Handbook of biblical criticism . Westminster John Knox Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-664-22314-4 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . ^ "Hinaus or Heraus" . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Further reading J. Alan Pfeffer, Garland Cannon, German Loanwords in English: An Historical Dictionary , Cambridge University Press . 1994. External links Dictionary of Germanisms User-generated collection of Germanisms , including images of spottings. Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources (John Aldrich, University of Southampton) See Section on Contribution of German. High German loanwords in English .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e English words of foreign origin v t e Africa South African Afrikaans Zulu South African Afrikaans Zulu Afrikaans Zulu Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas Asia Arabic star names Chinese Hebrew India Dravidian Hindi Sanskrit Indonesia Japanese Korean Malay Persian Philippines Turkic Urdu Arabic star names star names Chinese Hebrew India Dravidian Hindi Sanskrit Dravidian Hindi Sanskrit Indonesia Japanese Korean Malay Persian Philippines Turkic Urdu Europe Etruscan Greek morphemes Romani Slavic Czech Polish Russian Ukrainian Uralic Finnish Hungarian Sami Celtic Brittonic Gaulish Irish Scottish Gaelic Welsh Germanic Dutch place names Australia German pseudo-German Norwegian Old Norse Scots Swedish Yiddish Italic French expressions with Anglo-Saxon variations pseudo-French Italian musical terms Latin Portuguese Romanian Spanish Etruscan Greek morphemes morphemes Romani Slavic Czech Polish Russian Ukrainian Czech Polish Russian Ukrainian Uralic Finnish Hungarian Sami Finnish Hungarian Sami Celtic Brittonic Gaulish Irish Scottish Gaelic Welsh Brittonic Gaulish Irish Scottish Gaelic Welsh Germanic Dutch place names Australia German pseudo-German Norwegian Old Norse Scots Swedish Yiddish Dutch place names Australia place names Australia Australia German pseudo-German pseudo-German Norwegian Old Norse Scots Swedish Yiddish Italic French expressions with Anglo-Saxon variations pseudo-French Italian musical terms Latin Portuguese Romanian Spanish French expressions with Anglo-Saxon variations pseudo-French expressions with Anglo-Saxon variations pseudo-French Italian musical terms musical terms Latin Portuguese Romanian Spanish Oceania Australian aboriginal Hawaiian Māori Polynesian Australian aboriginal Hawaiian Māori Polynesian Germany-related lists German language German words and phrases Lists of English words of foreign origin Lists of loanwords of Germanic origin Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2019 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from March 2019 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Dynamic lists Articles containing Czech-language text Articles containing German-language text Use dmy dates from May 2020 Module:Interwiki extra: additional interwiki links This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 15:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_expressions_in_English
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Sources 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 In the East 2.2 In the West 2.1 In the East 2.2 In the West 3 Reign Toggle Reign subsection 3.1 Maxentius's rebellion 3.2 Maximian's rebellion 3.3 Civil wars 3.3.1 War against Maxentius 3.3.2 Milvian Bridge 3.3.3 In Rome 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius 3.4 Later rule 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople 3.4.2 Religion and religious policy 3.4.3 Administrative reforms 3.4.4 Monetary reforms 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 3.4.6 Later campaigns 3.4.7 Illness and death 3.1 Maxentius's rebellion 3.2 Maximian's rebellion 3.3 Civil wars 3.3.1 War against Maxentius 3.3.2 Milvian Bridge 3.3.3 In Rome 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius 3.3.1 War against Maxentius 3.3.2 Milvian Bridge 3.3.3 In Rome 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius 3.4 Later rule 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople 3.4.2 Religion and religious policy 3.4.3 Administrative reforms 3.4.4 Monetary reforms 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 3.4.6 Later campaigns 3.4.7 Illness and death 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople 3.4.2 Religion and religious policy 3.4.3 Administrative reforms 3.4.4 Monetary reforms 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 3.4.6 Later campaigns 3.4.7 Illness and death 4 Assessment and legacy Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection 4.1 Veneration as a saint 4.2 Historiography 4.3 Donation of Constantine 4.4 Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia 4.1 Veneration as a saint 4.2 Historiography 4.3 Donation of Constantine 4.4 Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations Toggle Citations subsection 8.1 Bibliography 8.1.1 Ancient sources 8.1.2 Modern sources 8.1 Bibliography 8.1.1 Ancient sources 8.1.2 Modern sources 8.1.1 Ancient sources 8.1.2 Modern sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Constantine the Great Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Constantine I Head of the Colossus of Constantine , Capitoline Museums Roman emperor Reign 25 July 306 – 22 May 337 (alone from 19 September 324) Predecessor Constantius I (in the West) Successor .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Co-rulers .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} See list Galerius (306–311) [ a ] Severus II (306–307) [ b ] Maxentius (306–312) [ c ] Maximian (306–308, 310) [ c ] Licinius (308–324) [ d ] Maximinus II (310–313) [ a ] Valens (316–317) [ e ] Martinian (324) [ e ] Galerius (306–311) [ a ] Severus II (306–307) [ b ] Maxentius (306–312) [ c ] Maximian (306–308, 310) [ c ] Licinius (308–324) [ d ] Maximinus II (310–313) [ a ] Valens (316–317) [ e ] Martinian (324) [ e ] Born Flavius Constantinus 27 February 272 Naissus , Moesia Superior , Roman Empire Died 22 May 337 (aged 65) Achyron, Nicomedia , Bithynia , Roman Empire Burial Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantinople (remains now lost) Spouses Minervina [ f ] Fausta Minervina [ f ] Fausta Issue Detail Crispus Constantine II Constantius II Constantina Constans I Helena Crispus Constantine II Constantius II Constantina Constans I Helena Names Flavius Valerius Constantinus Regnal name Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus Names Flavius Valerius Constantinus Regnal name Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus Dynasty Constantinian Father Constantius Chlorus Mother Helena Religion Ancient Roman religion (until 312) Christianity (from 312) Ancient Roman religion (until 312) Christianity (from 312) Constantine I [ g ] (27 February 272 – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great , or known mononymously as Constantine , was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity . [ h ] He played a pivotal role in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, the Edict of Milan decriminalising Christian practice and ceasing Christian persecution . This was a turning point in the Christianisation of the Roman Empire . He founded the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul ) and made it the capital of the Empire, which it remained for over a millennium. Born in Naissus , a city located in the province of Moesia Superior (now Niš , Serbia), Constantine was the son of Flavius Constantius , a Roman army officer from Moesia Superior, who would become one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy . His mother, Helena , was a woman of low birth, probably from Bithynia . Later canonised as a saint , she is credited for the conversion of her son in some traditions, though others believe that Constantine converted her. He served with distinction under emperors Diocletian and Galerius . He began his career by campaigning in the eastern provinces against the Persians , before being recalled to the west in AD 305 to fight with his father in the province of Britannia . After his father's death in 306, Constantine was proclaimed as augustus (emperor) by his army at Eboracum ( York , England). He eventually emerged victorious in Civil wars of the Tetrarchy against the emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324. Upon his accession, Constantine enacted many reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. To combat inflation, he introduced the solidus , a new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile units ( comitatenses ), often around the emperor, to serve on campaigns against external enemies or Roman rebels, and frontier-garrison troops ( limitanei ) which were capable of countering barbarian raids, but less and less capable of countering full-scale barbarian invasions . Constantine pursued campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers —such as the Franks , the Alemanni , the Goths , and the Sarmatians —and resettled territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century with citizens of Roman society. Although Constantine lived much of his life as a pagan , he later became a catechumen , as he began to favour Christianity in 312, finally being baptised by Eusebius of Nicomedia , an Arian bishop. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the Christian statement of belief known as the Nicene Creed . On his orders, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built at the site claimed to be the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in Christendom . He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" but while he did favour the Christian Church, some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity. [ i ] He is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity , and he did much to push Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the evolution from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages . He built a new imperial residence in the city of Byzantium , which was officially renamed New Rome , while also taking on the name Constantinople in his honour. It subsequently served as the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years—with the Eastern Roman Empire for most of that period commonly referred to retrospectively as the Byzantine Empire in English. In leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the Constantinian dynasty , Constantine's immediate political legacy was the replacement of Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession . His memory was held in high regard during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a symbol of imperial legitimacy. The rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources in the early Renaissance engendered more critical appraisals of his reign, with modern and contemporary scholarship often seeking to balance the extremes of earlier accounts. Sources Constantine was a ruler of major importance and has always been a controversial figure. [ 4 ] The fluctuations in his reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. These are abundant and detailed, but they have been strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period and are often one-sided. [ 5 ] No contemporaneous histories or biographies dealing with his life and rule have survived; the nearest alternative is Eusebius 's Vita Constantini , which offers a mixture of eulogy and hagiography [ 6 ] written between 335 and 339 [ 7 ] to extol Constantine's moral and religious virtues. [ 8 ] The Vita creates a contentiously positive image of Constantine, [ 9 ] and modern historians have frequently challenged its reliability. [ 10 ] The fullest secular life of Constantine is the anonymous Origo Constantini , a work of uncertain date which focuses on military and political events to the neglect of cultural and religious matters. [ 11 ] Lactantius ' De mortibus persecutorum , a political Christian pamphlet on the reigns of Diocletian and the Tetrarchy , provides valuable but tendentious detail on Constantine's predecessors and early life. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The ecclesiastical histories of Socrates , Sozomen , and Theodoret describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine's later reign. Written during the reign of Theodosius II (r. 402–450), a century after Constantine's reign, these ecclesiastical historians obscure the events and theologies of the Constantinian period through misdirection, misrepresentation, and deliberate obscurity. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The contemporary writings of the orthodox Christian Athanasius of Alexandria and the ecclesiastical history of the Arian Philostorgius also survive, though their biases are no less firm. [ 15 ] The epitomes of Aurelius Victor ( De Caesaribus ), Eutropius ( Breviarium ), Festus ( Breviarium ), and the anonymous author of the Epitome de Caesaribus offer compressed secular political and military histories of the period. Although not Christian, the epitomes paint a favourable image of Constantine but omit reference to Constantine's religious policies. [ 12 ] [ 16 ] The Panegyrici Latini , a collection of panegyrics from the late 3rd and early 4th centuries, provides valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine. [ 12 ] [ 17 ] In addition, contemporary architecture—such as the Arch of Constantine in Rome and palaces in Gamzigrad and Córdoba [ 18 ] — epigraphic remains, and the coinage of the era complement the literary sources. [ 12 ] [ 17 ] Early life Constantine was born on 27 February 272. [ 19 ] While his official birthday is recorded in sources, his year of birth is not, and scholars have given several estimates between 271 and 280, with most leaning for 272 or 273. However, the evidence points to 272 being the correct year. [ 19 ] [ j ] He was born inside the city of Naissus, during a time when the unity of the Empire was threatened by the breakaway wars of the Palmyrene Empire . The city (modern Niš , Serbia) was located in Dardania within the province of Moesia Superior . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] His father was Flavius Constantius , [ k ] an Illyrian [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 23 ] [ l ] or, according to his nephew, Julian The Apostate , a Thracian . [ 29 ] His original full name, as well as that of his father, is not known. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] His praenomen is variously given as Lucius , Marcus and Gaius . [ 31 ] [ m ] Whatever the case, praenomina had already disappeared from most public records by this time. [ 33 ] He also adopted the name "Valerius", the nomen of emperor Diocletian , following his father's ascension as caesar . [ 31 ] [ 30 ] Constantine probably spent little time with his father [ 34 ] who was an officer in the Roman army, part of Emperor Aurelian 's imperial bodyguard. Being described as a tolerant and politically skilled man, [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Constantius advanced through the ranks, earning the governorship of Dalmatia from Emperor Diocletian, another of Aurelian's companions from Illyricum , in 284 or 285. [ 37 ] Constantine's mother was Helena , a woman of low social standing, possibly from Drepanum (later renamed Helenopolis ) of Bithynia , which would likely have made her a Greek -speaker. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] It is uncertain whether she was legally married to Constantius or merely his concubine . [ 41 ] Constantine's own language was Latin , and during his public speeches in the church councils, which were held in Greek, he needed Greek translators. [ 42 ] In April 286 Diocletian declared Maximian , another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor. Each emperor would have his own court, his own military and administrative faculties, and each would rule with a separate praetorian prefect as chief lieutenant. [ 43 ] Maximian ruled in the West, from his capitals at Mediolanum ( Milan , Italy) or Augusta Treverorum ( Trier , Germany), while Diocletian ruled in the East, from Nicomedia ( İzmit , Turkey). The division was merely pragmatic: the empire was called "indivisible" in official panegyric, and both emperors could move freely throughout the empire. [ 44 ] In 288, Maximian appointed Constantius to serve as his praetorian prefect in Gaul . Constantius left Helena to marry Maximian's stepdaughter Theodora in 288 or 289. [ 45 ] Diocletian divided the empire again in 293, appointing two caesars to rule over further subdivisions of East and West. Each would be subordinate to his respective augustus but would act with supreme authority in his assigned lands. This system would later be called the Tetrarchy. Diocletian's first appointee for the office of Caesar was Constantius ; his second was Galerius , a native of Felix Romuliana . According to Lactantius , Galerius was a brutal, animalistic man. Although he shared the paganism of Rome's aristocracy, he seemed to them an alien figure, a semi-barbarian. [ 46 ] On 1 March, Constantius was promoted to the office of Caesar , and dispatched to Gaul to fight the rebels Carausius and Allectus . In spite of meritocratic overtones, the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege, and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as Caesar as soon as his father took the position. Constantine went to the court of Diocletian, where he lived as his father's heir presumptive . [ 47 ] In the East Constantine received a formal education at Diocletian's court, where he learned Latin literature, Greek, and philosophy. [ 48 ] The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open, fluid, and socially mobile; in it, Constantine could mix with intellectuals both pagan and Christian. He may have attended the lectures of Lactantius, a Christian scholar of Latin in the city. [ 49 ] Because Diocletian did not completely trust Constantius—none of the Tetrarchs fully trusted their colleagues—Constantine was held as something of a hostage, a tool to ensure Constantius' best behavior. Constantine was nonetheless a prominent member of the court: he fought for Diocletian and Galerius in Asia and served in a variety of tribunates ; he campaigned against barbarians on the Danube in 296 and fought the Persians under Diocletian in Syria in 297, as well as under Galerius in Mesopotamia in 298–299. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] By late 305, according to some, he had become a tribune of the first order, a tribunus ordinis primi . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Constantine had returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of 303, in time to witness the beginnings of Diocletian's " Great Persecution ", the most severe persecution of Christians in Roman history. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] In late 302, Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the oracle of Apollo at Didyma with an inquiry about Christians. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Constantine could recall his presence at the palace when the messenger returned and Diocletian accepted the imperial court's demands for universal persecution. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] On 23 February 303, Diocletian ordered the destruction of Nicomedia s new church, condemned its scriptures to the flames, and had its treasures seized. In the months that followed, churches and scriptures were destroyed, Christians were deprived of official ranks, and priests were imprisoned. [ 59 ] It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution. [ 60 ] In his later writings, he attempted to present himself as an opponent of Diocletian's "sanguinary edicts" against the "Worshippers of God", [ 61 ] [ 62 ] but nothing indicates that he opposed it effectively at the time. Although no contemporary Christian challenged Constantine for his inaction during the persecutions, it remained a political liability throughout his life. [ 63 ] On 1 May 305 Diocletian, as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of 304–305, announced his resignation. In a parallel ceremony in Milan , Maximian did the same. [ 64 ] Lactantius states that Galerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian into resigning and forced him to accept Galerius' allies in the imperial succession. According to Lactantius, the crowd listening to Diocletian's resignation speech believed, until the last moment, that Diocletian would choose Constantine and Maxentius (Maximian's son) as his successors. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] It was not to be: Constantius and Galerius were promoted to augusti , while Severus and Maximinus , Galerius' nephew, were appointed their caesars respectively. Constantine and Maxentius were ignored. [ 67 ] Some of the ancient sources detail plots that Galerius made on Constantine's life in the months following Diocletian's abdication. They assert that Galerius assigned Constantine to lead an advance unit in a cavalry charge through a swamp on the middle Danube, made him enter into single combat with a lion, and attempted to kill him in hunts and wars. Constantine always emerged victorious: the lion emerged from the contest in a poorer condition than Constantine; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to drop at Galerius' feet. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] It is uncertain how much these tales can be trusted. [ 70 ] In the West Constantine recognised the implicit danger in remaining at Galerius' court, where he was held as a virtual hostage. His career depended on being rescued by his father in the West. Constantius was quick to intervene. In the late spring or early summer of 305, Constantius requested leave for his son to help him campaign in Britain. After a long evening of drinking, Galerius granted the request. Constantine's later propaganda describes how he fled the court in the night, before Galerius could change his mind. He rode from post-house to post-house at high speed, hamstringing every horse in his wake. By the time Galerius awoke the following morning, Constantine had fled too far to be caught. Constantine joined his father in Gaul , at Bononia ( Boulogne ) before the summer of 305. [ 71 ] From Bononia they crossed the English Channel to Britain and made their way to Eboracum ( York ), capital of the province of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base. Constantine was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn. [ 72 ] Constantius' campaign, like that of Septimius Severus before it, probably advanced far into the north without achieving great success. [ 73 ] Constantius had become severely sick over the course of his reign and died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum. Before dying, he declared his support for raising Constantine as emperor. The Alamannic king Chrocus , a barbarian taken into service under Constantius, then proclaimed Constantine as augustus. The troops loyal to Constantius' memory followed him in acclamation. Gaul and Britain quickly accepted his rule; [ 74 ] Hispania , which had been in his father's domain for less than a year, rejected it. [ 75 ] Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius' death and his own acclamation. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an Augustus. [ 74 ] The portrait was wreathed in bay . [ 76 ] He requested recognition as heir to his father's throne and passed off responsibility for his unlawful ascension on his army, claiming they had "forced it upon him". [ 77 ] Galerius was put into a fury by the message; he almost set the portrait and messenger on fire. [ 78 ] His advisers calmed him and argued that outright denial of Constantine's claims would mean certain war. [ 79 ] Galerius was compelled to compromise: he granted Constantine the title "caesar" rather than "augustus" (the latter office went to Severus instead). Wishing to make it clear that he alone gave Constantine legitimacy, Galerius personally sent Constantine the emperor's traditional purple robes . Constantine accepted the decision, knowing that it would remove doubts as to his legitimacy. [ 80 ] Reign Constantine's share of the empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies which was stationed along the important Rhine frontier. [ 81 ] He remained in Britain after his promotion to emperor, driving back the tribes of the Picts and securing his control in the northwestern dioceses. He completed the reconstruction of military bases begun under his father's rule, and he ordered the repair of the region's roadways. [ 82 ] He then left for Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ) in Gaul, the Tetrarchic capital of the northwestern Roman Empire. [ 83 ] The Franks learned of Constantine's acclamation and invaded Gaul across the lower Rhine over the winter of 306–307. [ 84 ] He drove them back beyond the Rhine and captured kings Ascaric and Merogais ; the kings and their soldiers were fed to the beasts of Trier Amphitheater in the adventus (arrival) celebrations which followed. [ 85 ] Constantine began a major expansion of Trier. He strengthened the circuit wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates, and he began building a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city. To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall and a massive imperial bathhouse. He sponsored many building projects throughout Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum ( Autun ) and Arelate ( Arles ). [ 88 ] According to Lactantius, Constantine followed a tolerant policy towards Christianity, although he was not yet a Christian. He probably judged it a more sensible policy than open persecution [ 89 ] and a way to distinguish himself from the "great persecutor" Galerius. [ 90 ] He decreed a formal end to persecution and returned to Christians all that they had lost under the first of the persecuting edicts. [ 91 ] Constantine was largely untried and had a hint of illegitimacy about him; he relied on his father's reputation in his early propaganda, which gave as much coverage to his father's deeds as to his. [ 92 ] His military skill and building projects, however, soon gave the panegyrist the opportunity to comment favourably on the similarities between father and son, and Eusebius remarked that Constantine was a "renewal, as it were, in his own person, of his father's life and reign". [ 93 ] Constantinian coinage, sculpture, and oratory also show a tendency for disdain towards the "barbarians" beyond the frontiers. He minted a coin issue after his victory over the Alemanni which depicts weeping and begging Alemannic tribesmen, "the Alemanni conquered" beneath the phrase "Romans' rejoicing". [ 94 ] There was little sympathy for these enemies; as his panegyrist declared, "It is a stupid clemency that spares the conquered foe." [ 95 ] Maxentius's rebellion Following Galerius's recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness. [ 96 ] Maxentius, envious of Constantine's authority, [ 97 ] seized the title of emperor on 28 October 306. Galerius refused to recognise him but failed to unseat him. Severus was sent against Maxentius in April 307, [ 98 ] but during the campaign, Severus' armies, previously under command of Maxentius' father Maximian, defected, and Severus was seized and imprisoned. [ 99 ] Maximian, brought out of retirement by his son's rebellion, left for Gaul to confer with Constantine. He offered to marry his daughter Fausta to Constantine and elevate him to augustan rank. In return, Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius' cause in Italy. Constantine accepted and married Fausta in Trier in summer 307. [ n ] Constantine gave Maxentius his meagre support, offering Maxentius political recognition. [ 103 ] Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however. Over the spring and summer of 307 he had left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian turmoil; [ 104 ] now, instead of giving Maxentius military aid, he sent his troops against Germanic tribes along the Rhine. In 308, he raided the territory of the Bructeri and made a bridge across the Rhine at Colonia Agrippinensium ( Cologne ). In 310, he marched to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks. When not campaigning, he toured his lands advertising his benevolence and supporting the economy and the arts. His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among his people and strengthened his power base in the West. [ 105 ] Maximian returned to Rome in the winter of 307–308 but soon fell out with his son. In early 308, after a failed attempt to usurp Maxentius' title, Maximian returned to Constantine's court. [ 106 ] On 11 November 308 Galerius called a general council at the military city of Carnuntum ( Petronell-Carnuntum , Austria) to resolve the instability in the western provinces. In attendance were Diocletian, briefly returned from retirement, Galerius, and Maximian. Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to caesar. Licinius , one of Galerius' old military companions, was appointed augustus in the western regions. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs. Maximinus was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him. Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine "sons of the augusti", [ 107 ] but neither accepted the new title. By the spring of 310, Galerius was referring to both men as augusti. [ 108 ] Maximian's rebellion In 310 a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul. He announced that Constantine was dead and took up the imperial purple. In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained loyal to their emperor, and Maximian was soon compelled to leave. When Constantine heard of the rebellion, he abandoned his campaign against the Franks and marched his army up the Rhine. [ 110 ] At Cabillunum ( Chalon-sur-Saône ), he moved his troops onto waiting boats to row down the slow waters of the Saône to the quicker waters of the Rhone . He disembarked at Lugdunum ( Lyon ). [ 111 ] Maximian fled to Massilia ( Marseille ), a town better able to withstand a long siege than Arles. It made little difference, however, as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to Constantine. Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes. Constantine granted some clemency but strongly encouraged his suicide. In July 310, Maximian hanged himself . [ 110 ] In spite of the earlier rupture in their relations, Maxentius was eager to present himself as his father's devoted son after his death. [ 112 ] He began minting coins with his father's deified image, proclaiming his desire to avenge Maximian's death. [ 113 ] Constantine initially presented the suicide as an unfortunate family tragedy. By 311, however, he was spreading another version. According to this, after Constantine had pardoned him, Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep. Fausta learned of the plot and warned Constantine, who put a eunuch in his own place in bed. Maximian was apprehended when he killed the eunuch and was offered suicide, which he accepted. [ 114 ] Along with using propaganda, Constantine instituted a damnatio memoriae on Maximian, destroying all inscriptions referring to him and eliminating any public work bearing his image. [ 115 ] The death of Maximian required a shift in Constantine's public image. He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder Emperor Maximian and needed a new source of legitimacy. [ 116 ] In a speech delivered in Gaul on 25 July 310, the anonymous orator reveals a previously unknown dynastic connection to Claudius II , a 3rd-century emperor famed for defeating the Goths and restoring order to the empire. Breaking away from tetrarchic models, the speech emphasises Constantine's ancestral prerogative to rule, rather than principles of imperial equality. The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galerius and Maximian irrelevant to Constantine's right to rule. [ 117 ] Indeed, the orator emphasises ancestry to the exclusion of all other factors: "No chance agreement of men, nor some unexpected consequence of favour, made you emperor," the orator declares to Constantine. [ 118 ] The oration also moves away from the religious ideology of the Tetrarchy, with its focus on twin dynasties of Jupiter and Hercules . Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of Apollo and Victory granting him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign. In the likeness of Apollo, Constantine recognised himself as the saving figure to whom would be granted "rule of the whole world", [ 119 ] as the poet Virgil had once foretold. [ 120 ] The oration's religious shift is paralleled by a similar shift in Constantine's coinage. In his early reign, the coinage of Constantine advertised Mars as his patron. From 310 on, Mars was replaced by Sol Invictus , a god conventionally identified with Apollo. [ 121 ] There is little reason to believe that either the dynastic connection or the divine vision are anything other than fiction, but their proclamation strengthened Constantine's claims to legitimacy and increased his popularity among the citizens of Gaul. [ 122 ] Civil wars War against Maxentius .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Battles of Constantine I v t e Civil wars of the Tetrarchy Segusio Turin Brescia Verona Milvian Bridge Cibalae Mardia Adrianople Hellespont Byzantium Chrysopolis German and Sarmatian campaigns Segusio Turin Brescia Verona Milvian Bridge Cibalae Mardia Adrianople Hellespont Byzantium Chrysopolis By the middle of 310 Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics. [ 123 ] His final act survives: a letter to provincials posted in Nicomedia on 30 April 311, proclaiming an end to the persecutions, and the resumption of religious toleration. [ 124 ] Eusebius maintains "divine providence [...] took action against the perpetrator of these crimes" and gives a graphic account of Galerius' demise: "Without warning suppurative inflammation broke out round the middle of his genitals, then a deep-seated fistula ulcer; these ate their way incurably into his innermost bowels. From them came a teeming indescribable mass of worms, and a sickening smell was given off, for the whole of his hulking body, thanks to over eating, had been transformed even before his illness into a huge lump of flabby fat, which then decomposed and presented those who came near it with a revolting and horrifying sight." [ 125 ] Galerius died soon after the edict's proclamation, [ 126 ] destroying what little remained of the Tetrarchy. [ 127 ] Maximinus mobilised against Licinius and seized Asia Minor . A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the Bosphorus . [ 128 ] While Constantine toured Britain and Gaul, Maxentius prepared for war. [ 129 ] He fortified northern Italy and strengthened his support in the Christian community by allowing it to elect Eusebius as bishop of Rome . [ 130 ] Maxentius' rule was nevertheless insecure. His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and Carthage ; [ 132 ] and Domitius Alexander was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa. [ 133 ] By 312, he was a man barely tolerated, not one actively supported, [ 134 ] even among Christian Italians. [ 135 ] In the summer of 311, Maxentius mobilised against Constantine while Licinius was occupied with affairs in the East. He declared war on Constantine, vowing to avenge his father's "murder". [ 136 ] To prevent Maxentius from forming an alliance against him with Licinius, [ 137 ] Constantine forged his own alliance with Licinius over the winter of 311–312 and offered him his sister Constantia in marriage. Maximinus considered Constantine's arrangement with Licinius an affront to his authority. In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support, which Maxentius accepted. [ 138 ] According to Eusebius, inter-regional travel became impossible, and there was military buildup everywhere. There was "not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day". [ 139 ] Constantine's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius; [ 140 ] even his soothsayers recommended against it, stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavourable omens. [ 141 ] Constantine, with a spirit that left a deep impression on his followers, inspiring some to believe that he had some form of supernatural guidance, [ 142 ] ignored all these cautions. [ 143 ] Early in the spring of 312, [ 144 ] Constantine crossed the Cottian Alps with a quarter of his army, a force numbering about 40,000. [ 145 ] The first town his army encountered was Segusium ( Susa , Italy), a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him. Constantine ordered his men to set fire to its gates and scale its walls. He took the town quickly. Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town and advanced into northern Italy. [ 144 ] At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum ( Turin , Italy), Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry. [ 146 ] In the ensuing Battle of Turin Constantine's army encircled Maxentius' cavalry, flanked them with his own cavalry, and dismounted them with blows from his soldiers' iron-tipped clubs. Constantine's armies emerged victorious. [ 147 ] Turin refused to give refuge to Maxentius' retreating forces, opening its gates to Constantine instead. [ 148 ] Other cities of the north Italian plain sent Constantine embassies of congratulation for his victory. He moved on to Milan, where he was met with open gates and jubilant rejoicing. Constantine rested his army in Milan until mid-summer 312, when he moved on to Brixia ( Brescia ). [ 149 ] Brescia's army was easily dispersed, [ 150 ] and Constantine quickly advanced to Verona where a large Maxentian force was camped. [ 151 ] Ruricius Pompeianus , general of the Veronese forces and Maxentius' praetorian prefect, [ 152 ] was in a strong defensive position since the town was surrounded on three sides by the Adige . Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine's expeditionary force but was defeated. Constantine's forces successfully surrounded the town and laid siege. [ 153 ] Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine. Constantine refused to let up on the siege and sent only a small force to oppose him. In the desperately fought encounter that followed, Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed. [ 154 ] Verona surrendered soon afterwards, followed by Aquileia , [ 155 ] Mutina ( Modena ), [ 156 ] and Ravenna . [ 157 ] The road to Rome was now wide open to Constantine. [ 158 ] Maxentius prepared for the same type of war he had waged against Severus and Galerius: he occupied Rome and prepared for a siege. [ 159 ] He still controlled Rome's Praetorian Guard , was well-stocked with African grain, and was surrounded on all sides by the seemingly impregnable Aurelian Walls . He ordered all bridges across the Tiber cut, reportedly on the counsel of the gods, [ 160 ] and left the rest of central Italy undefended; Constantine secured that region's support without challenge. [ 161 ] Constantine progressed slowly [ 162 ] along the Via Flaminia , [ 163 ] allowing the weakness of Maxentius to draw his regime further into turmoil. [ 162 ] Maxentius' support continued to weaken: at chariot races on 27 October, the crowd openly taunted Maxentius, shouting that Constantine was invincible. [ 164 ] Maxentius, no longer certain that he would emerge from a siege victorious, built a temporary boat bridge across the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine. [ 165 ] On 28 October 312, the sixth anniversary of his reign, he approached the keepers of the Sibylline Books for guidance. The keepers prophesied that, on that very day, "the enemy of the Romans" would die. Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle. [ 166 ] Milvian Bridge Maxentius' forces were still twice the size of Constantine's, and he organised them in long lines facing the battle plain with their backs to the river. [ 167 ] Constantine's army arrived on the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on their standards and their shields. [ 168 ] According to Lactantius "Constantine was directed in a dream to cause the heavenly sign to be delineated on the shields of his soldiers, and so to proceed to battle. He did as he had been commanded, and he marked on their shields the letter Χ, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round thus at the top, being the cipher of Christ. Having this sign (☧), his troops stood to arms." [ 169 ] Eusebius describes a vision that Constantine had while marching at midday in which "he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and bearing the inscription, In Hoc Signo Vinces " ("In this sign thou shalt conquer"). [ 170 ] In Eusebius' account, Constantine had a dream the following night in which Christ appeared with the same heavenly sign and told him to make an army standard in the form of the labarum . [ 171 ] Eusebius is vague about when and where these events took place, [ 172 ] but it enters his narrative before the war begins against Maxentius. [ 173 ] He describes the sign as Chi (Χ) traversed by Rho (Ρ) to form ☧, representing the first two letters of the Greek word ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Christos). [ 174 ] [ 175 ] A medallion was issued at Ticinum in 315 which shows Constantine wearing a helmet emblazoned with the Chi Rho , [ 176 ] and coins issued at Siscia in 317/318 repeat the image. [ 177 ] The figure was otherwise rare and is uncommon in imperial iconography and propaganda before the 320s. [ 178 ] It was not completely unknown, however, being an abbreviation of the Greek word chrēston (good), having previously appeared on the coins of Ptolemy III Euergetes in the 3rd century BC. Following Constantine, centuries of Christians invoked the miraculous or the supernatural when justifying or describing their warfare. [ 179 ] Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius' line. He ordered his cavalry to charge, and they broke Maxentius' cavalry. He then sent his infantry against Maxentius' infantry, pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned. [ 167 ] The battle was brief, [ 180 ] and Maxentius' troops were broken before the first charge. [ 181 ] His horse guards and praetorians initially held their position, but they broke under the force of a Constantinian cavalry charge; they also broke ranks and fled to the river. Maxentius rode with them and attempted to cross the bridge of boats ( Ponte Milvio ), but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by the mass of his fleeing soldiers. [ 182 ] In Rome Constantine entered Rome on 29 October 312 [ 184 ] [ 185 ] and staged a grand adventus in the city which was met with jubilation. [ 186 ] Maxentius' body was fished out of the Tiber and decapitated, and his head was paraded through the streets for all to see. [ 187 ] After the ceremonies, the disembodied head was sent to Carthage, and Carthage offered no further resistance. [ 188 ] Unlike his predecessors, Constantine neglected to make the trip to the Capitoline Hill and perform customary sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter . [ 189 ] However, he did visit the Senatorial Curia Julia , [ 190 ] and he promised to restore its ancestral privileges and give it a secure role in his reformed government; there would be no revenge against Maxentius' supporters. [ 191 ] In response, the Senate decreed him "title of the first name", which meant that his name would be listed first in all official documents, [ 192 ] and they acclaimed him as "the greatest augustus". [ 193 ] He issued decrees returning property that was lost under Maxentius, recalling political exiles, and releasing Maxentius' imprisoned opponents. [ 194 ] An extensive propaganda campaign followed, during which Maxentius' image was purged from all public places. He was written up as a "tyrant" and set against an idealised image of Constantine the "liberator". Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda. [ 195 ] Maxentius' rescripts were declared invalid, and the honours that he had granted to leaders of the Senate were also invalidated. [ 196 ] Constantine also attempted to remove Maxentius' influence on Rome's urban landscape. All structures built by him were rededicated to Constantine, including the Temple of Romulus and the Basilica of Maxentius . [ 197 ] At the focal point of the basilica, a stone statue was erected of Constantine holding the Christian labarum in its hand. Its inscription bore the message which the statue illustrated: "By this sign, Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant." [ 198 ] Constantine also sought to upstage Maxentius' achievements. For example, the Circus Maximus was redeveloped so that its seating capacity was 25 times larger than that of Maxentius' racing complex on the Via Appia . [ 199 ] Maxentius' strongest military supporters were neutralised when Constantine disbanded the Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard . [ 200 ] The tombstones of the Imperial Horse Guard were ground up and used in a basilica on the Via Labicana , [ 201 ] and their former base was redeveloped into the Lateran Basilica on 9 November 312—barely two weeks after Constantine captured the city. [ 202 ] The Legio II Parthica was removed from Albano Laziale , [ 196 ] and the remainder of Maxentius' armies were sent to do frontier duty on the Rhine. [ 203 ] Wars against Licinius In the following years, Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy. In 313, he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine's half-sister Constantia. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Edict of Milan , [ 204 ] officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the empire. [ 205 ] The document had special benefits for Christians, legalising their religion and granting them restoration for all property seized during Diocletian's persecution. It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere—"Divinity" and "Supreme Divinity", summa divinitas . [ 206 ] The conference was cut short, however, when news reached Licinius that his rival Maximinus had crossed the Bosporus and invaded European territory. Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximinus, gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated, as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt at the hands of a character that Licinius wanted elevated to the rank of Caesar; [ 207 ] Licinius, for his part, had Constantine's statues in Emona destroyed. [ 208 ] In either 314 or 316 the two augusti fought against one another at the Battle of Cibalae , with Constantine being victorious. They clashed again at the Battle of Mardia in 317 and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine's sons Crispus and Constantine II , and Licinius' son Licinius Junior were made caesars . [ 209 ] After this arrangement, Constantine ruled the dioceses of Pannonia and Macedonia and took residence at Sirmium , whence he could wage war on the Goths and Sarmatians in 322, and on the Goths in 323, defeating and killing their leader Rausimod . [ 207 ] In 320 Licinius allegedly reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan and began to oppress Christians anew, [ 210 ] generally without bloodshed, but resorting to confiscations and sacking of Christian office-holders. [ 211 ] Although this characterisation of Licinius as anti-Christian is somewhat doubtful, the fact is that he seems to have been far less open in his support of Christianity than Constantine. Therefore, Licinius was prone to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the Imperial system in general, [ 212 ] as the explanation offered by the Church historian Sozomen . [ 213 ] This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. Constantine's Christian eulogists present the war as a battle between Christianity and paganism; Licinius, aided by Gothic mercenaries, represented the past and ancient paganism, while Constantine and his Franks marched under the standard of the labarum . [ citation needed ] Outnumbered but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious in the Battle of Adrianople . Licinius fled across the Bosphorus and appointed Martinian , his magister officiorum , as nominal augustus in the West, but Constantine next won the Battle of the Hellespont and finally the Battle of Chrysopolis on 18 September 324. [ 214 ] Licinius and Martinian surrendered to Constantine at Nicomedia on the promise their lives would be spared: they were sent to live as private citizens in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively, but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had them both arrested and hanged; Licinius' son (the son of Constantine's half-sister) was killed in 326. [ 215 ] Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. [ 216 ] Later rule Foundation of Constantinople Diocletian had chosen Nicomedia in the East as his capital during the Tetrarchy [ 218 ] —not far from Byzantium, well situated to defend Thrace, Asia, and Egypt, all of which had required his military attention. [ 219 ] Constantine had recognised the shift of the empire from the remote and depopulated [ why? ] West to the richer cities of the East, and the military strategic importance of protecting the Danube from barbarian excursions and Asia from a hostile Persia in choosing his new capital [ 220 ] as well as being able to monitor shipping traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. [ 221 ] Licinius' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival centre of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to the Christian and Latin-speaking Rome, and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a centre of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire. [ 222 ] Among the various locations proposed for this alternative capital, Constantine appears to have toyed earlier with Serdica (present-day Sofia ), as he was reported saying that " Serdica is my Rome ". [ 223 ] Sirmium and Thessalonica were also considered. [ 224 ] Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium , which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism during the preceding century by Septimius Severus and Caracalla , who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. [ 225 ] The city was thus founded in 324, [ 226 ] dedicated on 11 May 330 [ 226 ] and renamed Constantinopolis ("Constantine's City" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honour the event. The new city was later protected by the relics of the True Cross , the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo now at the Hermitage Museum also represented Constantine crowned by the tyche of the new city. [ 227 ] The figures of old gods were either replaced or assimilated into a framework of Christian symbolism . Generations later there was the story that a divine vision led Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see led him on a circuit of the new walls. [ 228 ] The capital would often be compared to the 'old' Rome as Nova Roma Constantinopolitana , the "New Rome of Constantinople". [ 216 ] [ 229 ] Religion and religious policy Saint Constantine the Great Mosaic in the Hagia Sophia , section: Maria as patroness of Constantinople, detail: donor portrait of Emperor Constantine I with a model of the city Emperor and Equal to the Apostles Resting place Constantinople Venerated in Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Catholicism Oriental Orthodoxy Anglican Communion Lutheran Church Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Catholicism Oriental Orthodoxy Anglican Communion Lutheran Church Major shrine Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantinople Feast 21 May Constantine was the first emperor to stop the persecution of Christians and to legalise Christianity, along with all other religions and cults in the Roman Empire. In February 313, he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression. [ 230 ] This removed penalties for professing Christianity, under which many had been martyred previously , and it returned confiscated Church property. The edict protected all religions from persecution, not only Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity that they chose. A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius, senior emperor of the Tetrarchy, which granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them. [ 231 ] The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned, as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. Some scholars think that Helena adopted Christianity as an adult, and according to Eusebius she was converted by Constantine, [ 232 ] but other historians debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life. [ 233 ] Constantine possibly retained the title of pontifex maximus which emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion until Gratian renounced the title. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] According to Christian writers, Constantine was over 40 years old when he finally declared himself a Christian, making it clear that he owed his successes only to the protection of the Christian God. [ 236 ] Despite these declarations of being a Christian, he waited to be baptised until on his deathbed, believing that the baptism would release him of any sins he committed in the course of carrying out his policies while emperor. [ 237 ] He supported the Church financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to clergy (such as exemption from certain taxes), promoted Christians to high office, and returned property confiscated during the long period of persecution. [ 238 ] His most famous building projects include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Old St. Peter's Basilica . In constructing the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Constantine went to great lengths to erect the basilica on top of St. Peter 's resting place, so much so that it even affected the design of the basilica, including the challenge of erecting it on the hill where St. Peter rested, making its complete construction time over 30 years from the date Constantine ordered it to be built. Constantine might not have patronised Christianity alone. A triumphal arch was built in 315 to celebrate his victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge which was decorated with images of the goddess Victoria , and sacrifices were made to pagan gods at its dedication, including Apollo , Diana , and Hercules . Absent from the arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. However, the arch was commissioned by the Senate, so the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the Curia at the time as a pagan redoubt. [ 239 ] In 321, he legislated that the venerable Sunday should be a day of rest for all citizens. [ 240 ] In 323, he issued a decree banning Christians from participating in state sacrifices. [ 241 ] After the pagan gods had disappeared from his coinage, Christian symbols appeared as Constantine's attributes, the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum, [ 242 ] as well on the coinage. [ 243 ] The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the emperor to have great influence and authority in the early Christian councils, most notably the dispute over Arianism. Constantine disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them, preferring to establish an orthodoxy. [ 244 ] His influence over the Church councils was to enforce doctrine, root out heresy, and uphold ecclesiastical unity; the Church's role was to determine proper worship, doctrines, and dogma. [ 245 ] North African bishops struggled with Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to Caecilian from 313 to 316. The African bishops could not come to terms, and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute. Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa. In 317, Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile. [ 246 ] More significantly, in 325 he summoned the First Council of Nicaea, most known for its dealing with Arianism and for instituting the Nicene Creed . [ 247 ] He enforced the council's prohibition against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish Passover , which marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition. From then on, the solar Julian calendar was given precedence over the lunisolar Hebrew calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire. [ 248 ] Constantine made some new laws regarding the Jews; some of them were unfavourable towards Jews, although they were not harsher than those of his predecessors. [ 249 ] It was made illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity. [ 249 ] They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] On the other hand, Jewish clergy were given the same exemptions as Christian clergy. [ 249 ] [ 252 ] Administrative reforms Beginning in the mid-3rd century, the emperors began to favour members of the equestrian order over senators, who had a monopoly on the most important offices of the state. Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships, as it was felt that they lacked the specialised military upbringing needed in an age of acute defense needs; [ 253 ] such posts were given to equestrians by Diocletian and his colleagues, following a practice enforced piecemeal by their predecessors. The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels. Exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement. In 326 Constantine reversed this pro-equestrian trend, raising many administrative positions to senatorial rank and thus opening these offices to the old aristocracy; at the same time, he elevated the rank of existing equestrian office-holders to senator, degrading the equestrian order in the process (at least as a bureaucratic rank). [ 254 ] The title of perfectissimus was granted only to mid- or low-level officials by the end of the 4th century. By the new Constantinian arrangement, one could become a senator by being elected praetor or by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank. [ 255 ] From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy. Constantine gained the support of the old nobility with this, [ 256 ] as the Senate was allowed to elect praetors and quaestors in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating magistrates ( adlectio ). An inscription in honour of city prefect Ceionius Rufus Albinus states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the auctoritas it had lost at Caesar's time". [ 257 ] The Senate as a body remained devoid of any significant power; nevertheless, the senators had been marginalised as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century but could dispute such positions alongside more upstart bureaucrats. [ 258 ] Some modern historians see in those administrative reforms an attempt by Constantine at reintegrating the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from a Christianised imperial rule; [ 259 ] however, such an interpretation remains conjectural, given the fact that we do not have the precise numbers about pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial milieu. Some historians suggest that early conversions among the old aristocracy were more numerous than previously supposed. [ 260 ] Constantine's reforms had to do only with the civilian administration. The military chiefs had risen from the ranks since the Crisis of the Third Century [ 261 ] but remained outside the Senate, in which they were included only by Constantine's children. [ 262 ] Monetary reforms In the 3rd century the production of fiat money to pay for public expenses resulted in runaway inflation , and Diocletian tried unsuccessfully to re-establish trustworthy minting of silver coins, as well as silver-bronze " billon " coins (the term "billon" meaning an alloy of precious and base metals that is mostly base metal). Silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates. Constantine stopped minting the Diocletianic "pure" silver argenteus soon after 305, while the "billon" currency continued to be used until the 360s. From the early 300s on, Constantine forsook any attempts at restoring the silver currency, preferring instead to concentrate on minting large quantities of the gold solidus , 72 of which made a pound of gold. New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this "billon" minting ceased in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the centenionalis . [ 263 ] These bronze pieces continued to be devalued, assuring the possibility of keeping fiduciary minting alongside a gold standard. The author of De Rebus Bellicis held that the rift widened between classes because of this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the gold piece, while the poor had to cope with ever-degrading bronze pieces. [ 264 ] Later emperors such as Julian the Apostate insisted on trustworthy mintings of the bronze currency. [ 265 ] Constantine's monetary policies were closely associated with his religious policies; increased minting was associated with the confiscation of all gold, silver, and bronze statues from pagan temples between 331 and 336 which were declared to be imperial property. Two imperial commissioners for each province had the task of getting the statues and melting them for immediate minting, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople. [ 266 ] Executions of Crispus and Fausta Constantine had his eldest son Crispus seized and put to death by "cold poison" at Pola ( Pula , Croatia) sometime between 15 May and 17 June 326. [ 267 ] In July, he had his wife Empress Fausta (stepmother of Crispus) killed in an overheated bath. [ 268 ] Their names were wiped from the face of many inscriptions, references to their lives were eradicated from the literary record, and their memory was condemned. Eusebius, for example, edited out any praise of Crispus from later copies of Historia Ecclesiastica , and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus. [ 269 ] Few ancient sources are willing to discuss possible motives for the events, and the few that do are of later provenance and are generally unreliable. [ 270 ] At the time of the executions it was commonly believed that Empress Fausta was either in an illicit relationship with Crispus or was spreading rumours to that effect. A popular myth arose, modified to allude to the Hippolytus – Phaedra legend, with the suggestion that Constantine killed Crispus and Fausta for their immoralities; [ 271 ] the largely fictional Passion of Artemius explicitly makes this connection. [ 272 ] The myth rests on slim evidence as an interpretation of the executions; only late and unreliable sources allude to the relationship between Crispus and Fausta, and there is no evidence for the modern suggestion that Constantine's "godly" edicts of 326 and the irregularities of Crispus are somehow connected. [ 271 ] Although Constantine created his apparent heirs "caesars", following a pattern established by Diocletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character, alien to the tetrarchic system: Constantine's caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to empire and entirely subordinated to their augustus, as long as he was alive. [ 273 ] Adrian Goldsworthy speculates an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was Constantine's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs, this—and Fausta's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half-brother—being reason enough for killing Crispus; the subsequent execution of Fausta, however, was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in "killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary". [ 274 ] Later campaigns Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence. He lived there for a good portion of his later life. In 328, construction was completed on Constantine's Bridge at Sucidava , (today Celei in Romania ) [ 275 ] in hopes of reconquering Dacia , a province that had been abandoned under Aurelian. In the late winter of 332, Constantine campaigned with the Sarmatians against the Goths . The weather and lack of food reportedly cost the Goths dearly before they submitted to Rome. In 334, after Sarmatian commoners had overthrown their leaders, Constantine led a campaign against the tribe. He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region, as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate. [ 276 ] Constantine resettled some Sarmatian exiles as farmers in Illyrian and Roman districts and conscripted the rest into the army. Constantine reconquered the South of Dacia and the new frontier in Dacia was along the wall and ditch called Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra . [ 277 ] Constantine took the title Dacicus maximus in 336. [ 278 ] In the last years of his life, Constantine made plans for a campaign against Persia . In a letter written to the king of Persia, Shapur , Constantine had asserted his patronage over Persia's Christian subjects and urged Shapur to treat them well. [ 279 ] The letter is undatable. In response to border raids, Constantine sent Constantius to guard the eastern frontier in 335. In 336, Prince Narseh invaded Armenia (a Christian kingdom since 301) and installed a Persian client on the throne. Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere. Constantine planned to be baptised in the Jordan River before crossing into Persia. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of 336–337, seeking peace, but Constantine turned them away. The campaign was called off, however, when Constantine became sick in the spring of 337. [ 280 ] Illness and death From his recent illness, Constantine knew death would soon come. Within the Church of the Holy Apostles , which he had built in Constantinople, Constantine had secretly prepared a final resting-place for himself. [ 281 ] It came sooner than he had expected. Soon after the Feast of Easter 337, Constantine fell seriously ill. [ 282 ] He left Constantinople for the hot baths near his mother's city of Helenopolis ( Altınova ), on the southern shores of the Gulf of Nicomedia (present-day Gulf of İzmit ). Once in Helenopolis, in a church he had built in honour of Lucian the Martyr , he began to pray and offer supplications for God. He soon felt that his life was ending and desired to seek purification of the sins he had committed through baptism. Making his way to the suburbs of Nicomedia, where he summoned the local bishops. [ 283 ] He then told them of his hope to be baptised in the Jordan River , where Christ was baptised, yet praises God, knowing that it is fitting for him to receive the blessing here instead. He then professed the desire to live the rest of his life united with the people of God and His Church. The bishops, Eusebius records, "the prelates performed the sacred ceremonies in the usual manner". [ 284 ] He chose the Arian bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia , bishop of the city where he lay dying, as his baptiser. [ 285 ] It has been thought that Constantine put off baptism as long as he did to be absolved from as much of his sin as possible. [ 286 ] Constantine died soon after at a suburban villa called Achyron, on the last day of the fifty-day festival of Pentecost directly following Pascha (or Easter ), on 22 May 337. [ 287 ] Although Constantine's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius's account, most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle. Emperor Julian (a nephew of Constantine), writing in the mid-350s, observes that the Sassanians escaped punishment for their ill-deeds, because Constantine died "in the middle of his preparations for war". [ 288 ] Similar accounts are given in the Origo Constantini , an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living, which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia ; [ 289 ] the Historiae abbreviatae of Sextus Aurelius Victor , written in 361, which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians; [ 290 ] and the Breviarium of Eutropius , a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor Valens , which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia . [ 291 ] From these and other accounts, some have concluded that Eusebius's Vita was edited to defend Constantine's reputation against what Eusebius saw as a less congenial version of the campaign. [ 292 ] Following his death, his body was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, [ 293 ] in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the De Ceremoniis . [ 294 ] His body survived the plundering of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 but was destroyed at some point afterwards. [ 295 ] A fragment of a sarcophagus that is believed to be Constantine's is currently on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums . Constantine was succeeded by his three sons born of Fausta, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans . His sons, along with his nephew Dalmatius , had already received one division of the empire each to administer as caesars; Constantine may have intended his successors to resume a structure akin to Diocletian's Tetrarchy. [ 296 ] A number of relatives were killed by followers of Constantius, notably Constantine's nephews Dalmatius (who held the rank of caesar) and Hannibalianus , presumably to eliminate possible contenders to an already complicated succession. He also had two daughters, Constantina and Helena , wife of Emperor Julian. [ 297 ] Assessment and legacy Constantine reunited the empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306–308, the Franks again in 313–314, the Goths in 332, and the Sarmatians in 334. By 336, he had reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in 271. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to end raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire. [ 298 ] In the cultural sphere, Constantine revived the clean-shaven face fashion of earlier emperors, originally introduced among the Romans by Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC) and changed into the wearing of the beard by Hadrian (r. 117–138). With some departures, such as Julian the Apostate (r. 360–363), this new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of Phocas (r. 602–610) in the 7th century. [ 299 ] [ 300 ] [ better source needed ] The Holy Roman Empire reckoned Constantine among the venerable figures of its tradition. In the later Byzantine state, it became a great honour for an emperor to be hailed as a "new Constantine"; ten emperors carried the name, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. [ 301 ] Charlemagne used monumental Constantinian forms in his court to suggest that he was Constantine's successor and equal. Charlemagne, Henry VIII , Philip II of Spain , Godfrey of Bouillon , the House of Capet , the House of Habsburg , the House of Stuart , the Macedonian dynasty and the Phokas family claimed descent from Constantine. [ 302 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Geoffrey of Monmouth embroidered a tale that the legendary king of Britain, King Arthur , was also a descendant of Constantine. [ 305 ] Constantine acquired a mythic role as a hero and warrior against heathens. His reception as a saint seems to have spread within the Byzantine empire during wars against the Sasanian Persians and the Muslims in the late 6th and 7th century. [ 306 ] The motif of the Romanesque equestrian, the mounted figure in the posture of a triumphant Roman emperor, became a visual metaphor in statuary in praise of local benefactors. The name "Constantine" enjoyed renewed popularity in western France in the 11th and 12th centuries. [ 307 ] During the Fascist period in Italy in the 20th century , parallels between Constantine and Mussolini became especially popular after the signing of the Lateran Pacts by the Italian State and the Catholic Church in 1929. Mussolini's perceived role in bringing about the historic agreement was sometimes even explicitly compared to Constantine's Edict of Milan. For example, the archbishop of Milan, Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster , claimed that, after sixteen centuries, a second March on Rome had occurred and a second 'religious pact' had been established, linking Mussolini to the spiriti magni of both Constantine and Augustus . [ 308 ] The Niš Constantine the Great Airport is named in honour of him. A large cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Niš, but the project was cancelled. [ 309 ] In 2012, a memorial was erected in Niš in his honour. The Commemoration of the Edict of Milan was held in Niš in 2013. [ 310 ] Constantine is sometimes associated with the religiopolitical ideology known as Caesaropapism , which epitomises the unity of church and state. However, his association with this ideology has been debated. [ 311 ] Veneration as a saint Constantine is commemorated annually as a saint by most, if not all, Eastern Christian Churches . The Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Greek Catholic Churches venerate Saint Constantine (Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος) as isapostolos (ισαπόστολος Κωνσταντίνος)—an equal of the Apostles . [ 312 ] He and his mother, Saint Helena, are commemorated on 21 May, [ 313 ] with liturgical propers composed for the Horologion (e.g., Great Vespers ) [ 314 ] and Divine Liturgy . [ 315 ] Several Orthodox monasteries, shrines and churches claim to have first-class relics of Constantine. [ 316 ] The Coptic Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Constantine on 28 Parmouti . [ 317 ] The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates Saint Constantine and Saint Helena on the Tuesday of the fourth week after Pentecost. [ 318 ] The Armenian Catholic Church commemorates both on 1 July. Constantine is not recognized officially as a saint in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , although he had been referred to as piissimi Imperatoris (most pious Emperor) in editions of the Martyrologium Romanum up until the 1956 edition. Historiography During Constantine's lifetime, Praxagoras of Athens and Libanius , pagan authors, showered Constantine with praise, presenting him as a paragon of virtue. His nephew and son-in-law Julian the Apostate, however, wrote the satire Symposium, or the Saturnalia in 361, after the last of his sons died; it denigrated Constantine, calling him inferior to the great pagan emperors, and given over to luxury and greed. [ 319 ] Following Julian, Eunapius began – and Zosimus continued – a historiographic tradition that blamed Constantine for weakening the empire through his indulgence to the Christians. [ 320 ] During the Middle Ages , European and Near-East Byzantine writers presented Constantine as an ideal ruler, the standard against which any king or emperor could be measured. [ 320 ] The Renaissance rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources prompted a re-evaluation of his career. German humanist Johannes Leunclavius discovered Zosimus' writings and published a Latin translation in 1576. In its preface, he argues that Zosimus' picture of Constantine offered a more balanced view than that of Eusebius and the Church historians. [ 321 ] Cardinal Caesar Baronius criticised Zosimus, favouring Eusebius' account of the Constantinian era. Baronius' Life of Constantine (1588) presents Constantine as the model of a Christian prince. [ 322 ] Edward Gibbon aimed to unite the two extremes of Constantinian scholarship in his work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789) by contrasting the portraits presented by Eusebius and Zosimus. [ 323 ] He presents a noble war hero who transforms into an Oriental despot in his old age, "degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch". [ 324 ] Modern interpretations of Constantine's rule begin with Jacob Burckhardt 's The Age of Constantine the Great (1853, rev. 1880). Burckhardt's Constantine is a scheming secularist, a politician who manipulates all parties in a quest to secure his own power. [ 325 ] Henri Grégoire followed Burckhardt's evaluation of Constantine in the 1930s, suggesting that Constantine developed an interest in Christianity only after witnessing its political usefulness. Grégoire was skeptical of the authenticity of Eusebius's Vita , and postulated a pseudo-Eusebius to assume responsibility for the vision and conversion narratives of that work. [ 326 ] Otto Seeck 's Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt (1920–1923) and André Piganiol 's L'empereur Constantin (1932) go against this historiographic tradition. Seeck presents Constantine as a sincere war hero whose ambiguities were the product of his own naïve inconsistency. [ 327 ] Piganiol's Constantine is a philosophical monotheist, a child of his era's religious syncretism. [ 328 ] Related histories by Arnold Hugh Martin Jones ( Constantine and the Conversion of Europe , 1949) and Ramsay MacMullen ( Constantine , 1969) give portraits of a less visionary and more impulsive Constantine. [ 329 ] These later accounts were more willing to present Constantine as a genuine convert to Christianity. Norman H. Baynes began a historiographic tradition with Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (1929) which presents Constantine as a committed Christian, reinforced by Andreas Alföldi 's The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome (1948), and Timothy Barnes 's Constantine and Eusebius (1981) is the culmination of this trend. Barnes' Constantine experienced a radical conversion which drove him on a personal crusade to convert his empire. [ 330 ] Charles Matson Odahl's Constantine and the Christian Empire (2004) takes much the same tack. [ 331 ] In spite of Barnes' work, arguments continue over the strength and depth of Constantine's religious conversion. [ 332 ] Certain themes in this school reached new extremes in T. G. Elliott's The Christianity of Constantine the Great (1996), which presented Constantine as a committed Christian from early childhood. [ 333 ] Paul Veyne 's 2007 work Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien holds a similar view which does not speculate on the origin of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was meant "to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity". [ 334 ] Peter Heather argues that it is most plausible that Constantine had been a Christian considerably before 312 – possibly even for his entire life – with the public timeline of events instead reflecting his "coming out" as Christian in stages as doing so became politically viable. As a parallel illustrating the cogency of this interpretation, Heather gestures to the later conversion of Constantine's nephew Julian from Christianity to Hellenism, after which he practiced in secret for a decade. [ 335 ] Donation of Constantine Latin Christians considered it inappropriate that Constantine was baptised only on his death bed by an unorthodox bishop, and a legend emerged by the early 4th century that Pope Sylvester I had cured the pagan emperor from leprosy. According to this legend, Constantine was baptised and began the construction of a church in the Lateran Basilica . [ 336 ] [ 337 ] The Donation of Constantine appeared in the 8th century, most likely during the pontificate of Pope Stephen II , in which the freshly converted Constantine gives "the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts, and cities of Italy and the Western regions" to Sylvester and his successors. [ 338 ] In the High Middle Ages , [ 339 ] [ 340 ] this document was used and accepted as the basis for the pope's temporal power , though it was denounced as a forgery by Emperor Otto III [ 341 ] and lamented as the root of papal worldliness by Dante Alighieri . [ 342 ] Philologist and Catholic priest Lorenzo Valla proved in 1440 that the document was indeed a forgery. [ 343 ] Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia During the medieval period, Britons regarded Constantine as a king of their own people, particularly associating him with Caernarfon in Gwynedd . While some of this is owed to his fame and his proclamation as emperor in Britain , there was also confusion of his family with Magnus Maximus 's supposed wife Elen and her son, another Constantine ( Welsh : Custennin ) . In the 12th century Henry of Huntingdon included a passage in his Historia Anglorum that the Emperor Constantine's mother was a Briton, making her the daughter of King Cole of Colchester . [ 344 ] Geoffrey of Monmouth expanded this story in his highly fictionalised Historia Regum Britanniae , an account of the supposed Kings of Britain from their Trojan origins to the Anglo-Saxon invasion . [ 345 ] According to Geoffrey, Cole was King of the Britons when Constantius, here a senator, came to Britain. Afraid of the Romans, Cole submits to Roman law so long as he retains his kingship. However, he dies only a month later, and Constantius takes the throne himself, marrying Cole's daughter Helena. They have their son Constantine, who succeeds his father as King of Britain before becoming Roman emperor. Historically, this series of events is extremely improbable. Constantius had already left Helena by the time he left for Britain. [ 45 ] Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she was a princess. Henry's source for the story is unknown, though it may have been a lost hagiography of Helena. [ 345 ] Family tree v t e CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree v t e Afranius Hannibalianus Eutropia Maximian Western emperor Theodora Constantius I Chlorus Western emperor 250-305-306 Helena 250–330 Maxentius Western emperor Constantia 293–330 ∞ Licinius 250-308-324-325 Flavius Dalmatius censor 1. Galla Julius Constantius d. 337 ∞ 2.Basilina Anastasia Eutropia Fausta 289–326 Constantine I the Great 272-306-337 Minervina Dalmatius caesar Hannibalianus (1) Constantius Gallus (2) Julian 331-360-363 Helena d. 360 Constantina ∞ 1. Hannibalianus 2. Constantius Gallus Constantius II 317-337-361 ∞ Faustina Constantine II Western emperor 316-337-340 Constans I Western emperor 320-337-350 (daughter) ∞ Justus Crispus d. 326 Jovian 331-363-364 Marina Severa Valentinian I Western emperor VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY Justina Constantia 361–383 Gratian Western emperor 359-367-383 Galla Theodosius I Eastern emperor THEODOSIAN DYNASTY Afranius Hannibalianus Eutropia Maximian Western emperor Theodora Constantius I Chlorus Western emperor 250-305-306 Helena 250–330 Maxentius Western emperor Constantia 293–330 ∞ Licinius 250-308-324-325 Flavius Dalmatius censor 1. Galla Julius Constantius d. 337 ∞ 2.Basilina Anastasia Eutropia Fausta 289–326 Constantine I the Great 272-306-337 Minervina Dalmatius caesar Hannibalianus (1) Constantius Gallus (2) Julian 331-360-363 Helena d. 360 Constantina ∞ 1. Hannibalianus 2. Constantius Gallus Constantius II 317-337-361 ∞ Faustina Constantine II Western emperor 316-337-340 Constans I Western emperor 320-337-350 (daughter) ∞ Justus Crispus d. 326 Jovian 331-363-364 Marina Severa Valentinian I Western emperor VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY Justina Constantia 361–383 Gratian Western emperor 359-367-383 Galla Theodosius I Eastern emperor THEODOSIAN DYNASTY Family of Constantine the Great Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti , names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings Claudius Gothicus 268–270 fabricated ancestry Julia Helena Constantius I 305–306 Maximiana Theodora Constantine I 306–337 Flavius Dalmatius Hannibalianus Flavia Julia Constantia Licinius 308–324 Anastasia Bassianus Galla Julius Constantius Basilina Licinius II Eutropia Virius Nepotianus Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Julian 360–363 Helena Nepotianus 2: Constantine's children Minervina Constantine I 306–337 Fausta Crispus Constantine II 337–340 Constans 337–350 Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Faustina Constantius II 337–361 Helena Julian 360–363 Gratian 367–383 Constantia Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti , names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings Claudius Gothicus 268–270 fabricated ancestry Claudius Gothicus 268–270 fabricated ancestry Julia Helena Constantius I 305–306 Constantius I 305–306 Maximiana Theodora Constantine I 306–337 Constantine I 306–337 Flavius Dalmatius Hannibalianus Flavia Julia Constantia Licinius 308–324 Licinius 308–324 Anastasia Bassianus Galla Julius Constantius Basilina Licinius II Eutropia Virius Nepotianus Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Julian 360–363 Julian 360–363 Helena Nepotianus 2: Constantine's children Minervina Constantine I 306–337 Constantine I 306–337 Fausta Crispus Constantine II 337–340 Constantine II 337–340 Constans 337–350 Constans 337–350 Hannibalianus Constantina Constantius Gallus Faustina Constantius II 337–361 Constantius II 337–361 Helena Julian 360–363 Julian 360–363 Gratian 367–383 Gratian 367–383 Constantia See also Byzantine Empire portal Saints portal Bronze colossus of Constantine Colossus of Constantine Fifty Bibles of Constantine German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine Life of Constantine List of Byzantine emperors List of people known as the great Notes ^ a b Emperor of the East ^ Emperor of the West ^ a b In the West; unrecognised outside Italy ^ Originally emperor of the West; became emperor of the East after 313. ^ a b In the East; nominal emperor of the West. ^ Minervina may have been his concubine . ^ / ˈ k ɒ n s t ən t aɪ n , - t iː n / KON -stən-tyne, -teen ; Latin : Flāvius Valerius Cōnstantīnus , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Classical Latin : [konstanˈtiːnus] ; Koine Greek : Κωνσταντῖνος , romanized: Kōnstantînos ^ With the possible exception of Philip the Arab ( r. 244–249 ). See Philip the Arab and Christianity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ Constantine was not baptised until just before his death. [ 3 ] ^ Constantine's age at the time of his death was 65 years and 3 months, as recorded by Eustathius . Socrates , Sozomen , Zonaras , Skoutariotes , Theophanes , Symeon and Kedrenos all record 65 years. Eutropius and Jerome ( c. 380) give 66 years, as Latin writers often used inclusive counting . Aurelius Victor gives 62, likely a corruption of .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} lxvi into lxii , and his epitomer further corrupts the number into 63 ( lxiii ), while also computing his regnal years wrong. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] ^ The claim that Constantius descended from Claudius Gothicus , and thus also from the Flavian dynasty , is most certainly a fabrication. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of the Flavian emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their benefactors. [ 25 ] ^ On the other hand, Timothy Barnes argues that when ancient writers used the words Illyricum and Thrace / Thracians to describe where Constantius came from, they were speaking of broad geographic terms rather than precise origins. [ 28 ] ^ Constantius' regnal name is attested as both "Gaius Flavius Constantius" and "Marcus Flavius Constantius". However, the latter is almost certainly the correct form, as it was also the praenomen of his adopted father Maximian. [ 32 ] ^ The event is the focus of the Panegyrici Latini VI. The exact chronology of events is uncertain. Constantine and Fausta's wedding is sometimes dated to 31 March, but this is probably a mistake. It probably took place in September 307. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shahîd, Irfan (1984). "The First Christian Roman Emperor: Philip or Constantine?" . Rome and the Arabs . Dumbarton Oaks . pp. 65– 93. ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (1980). "Philip the Arab and Christianity" . Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte . 29 (4): 463– 473. ISSN 0018-2311 . JSTOR 4435734 . ^ Harris, Jonathan (2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4742-5467-0 . ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 272. ^ Lenski et al. , pp. 2–3, 14, 23–25; Southern 2001 , p. 169; Cameron 2005 , pp. 90–91. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 265–268. ^ Drake 1988 . ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.11; cited in Odahl 2001 , p. 3 ^ Lenski et al. , p. 5; Storch 1971 . ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 265–271; Cameron 2005 , pp. 90–92; Elliott 1996 , pp. 162–171. ^ Lieu & Montserrat 1996 , pp. 39–40; Odahl 2001 , p. 3; Lenski et al. , p. 26. ^ a b c d e Lenski et al. , pp. 14–32; Odahl 2001 , pp. 6–14. ^ a b Barnes 1981 , pp. 12–14; MacKay 1999 , p. 207. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 225. ^ Odahl 2001 , pp. 6, 10. ^ Lieu & Montserrat 1996 , pp. 2–6; Warmington 1999 , pp. 166–167. ^ a b Wienand 2012 , pp. 26–86. ^ Lenski et al. , pp. 20–21, 288–291; Odahl 2001 , pp. 8–11. ^ a b c Doležal 2022 , pp. 221–237. ^ Bernard 2019 , p. 543. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 3, 39–42; Elliott 1996 , p. 17; Odahl 2001 , pp. 15–16; Pohlsander 2004b ; Southern 2001 , p. 169, 341; Barnes 1982 , pp. 39–42; Jones 1978 , pp. 13–14; Lenski et al. , p. 59; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 14; Rodgers 1989 ; Wright 1987 . ^ Wilkes, John (2012). "Dardani" . In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary . Oxford University Press. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8 . ^ a b Kazhdan 1991 , pp. 524–525. ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris , p. 223. ^ Salway, Benet (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" (PDF) . Journal of Roman Studies . 84 : 124– 145. doi : 10.2307/300873 . ISSN 0075-4358 . JSTOR 300873 . S2CID 162435434 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2020. ^ Stanislav Doležal, The Reign of Constantine, 306–337. Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire . Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022; pp. 2–3: "In a sense, this book is dedicated to the " Illyrian Emperors ", i.e. those emperors who were born in the Western Balkans and saved, stabilised, and reformed the empire. This line begins with Claudius II (268— 270) and then moves on to Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270—275), and Probus (276—282).3 After a brief interruption by the reigns of Carus and his two sons (282—284), whose birthplace we do not know, the Illyr-ians continued their run with Diocletian (284—305) and three of his colleagues: Maximian (285—305), Constantius (293—306), and Galerius (293—311). A 4th-century historian said of them: "Illyricum was actually the native land of all of them: so although they were deficient in culture, they had nevertheless been sufficiently schooled by the hardships of the countryside and of military service to be the best men for the state". 4 This is not the end of the Illyrian Emperors: Severus (305—307), Maximinus Daia (305—313), Licinius (308—324), and Constantine himself (306—337) can also be counted among them." ^ Odahl 2001 , pp. 36-41 . ^ Barnes 2011 , p. 30 . ^ Tougher, Shaun (2007). Julian the Apostate . Edinburgh University Press. doi : 10.1515/9781474473286 . ISBN 9780748618873 . ^ a b Otto Seeck : " Constantius 1 " (in German) . In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart, 1900, col. 1013–1026. ^ a b c Conrad Benjamin: " Constantinus 2 " (in German) . In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart, 1900, col. 1013–1026. ^ Barnes 1982 , p. 5. ^ Wilson, Steven (2003). The Means Of Naming: A Social History . Routledge . p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-36836-4 . ^ MacMullen 1969 , p. 21. ^ Panegyrici Latini 8(5), 9(4); Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 8.7; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.13.3 ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 13, 290. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 3; Lenski et al. , pp. 59–60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 16–17. ^ Hillner, Julia (2023). Helena Augusta: Mother of the Empire . Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-087529-9 . ^ Drijvers, Jan Willem (1991). Helena Augusta . BRILL. pp. 9– 17. ISBN 978-90-04-24676-8 . ^ Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia . SAGE. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7 . Constantine's mother, Helena, was a Greek from Asia Minor and also a devoted Christian who seemed to have influenced his choices. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 3, 39–42; Barnes 1982 , p. 39–40; Elliott 1996 , p. 17; Lenski et al. , pp. 59, 83; Odahl 2001 , p. 16; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 14. ^ Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva Spector (2012). Conflict, conquest, and conversion: two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East . New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-51109-4 . ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 8–14; Lenski et al. , pp. 46–50; Treadgold 1997 , pp. 14–15. ^ Bowman 2005 , p. 70; Potter 2004 , p. 283. ^ a b Barnes 1981 , p. 3; Elliott 1996 , p. 20; Lenski et al. , pp. 59–60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 47, 299; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 14. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.1; cited in Barnes 1981 , pp. 13, 290 ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 3, 8–9; Lenski et al. , pp. 40–43, 54; Elliott 1996 , p. 20; Odahl 2001 , pp. 46–47, 56–57; Pohlsander 2004a , pp. 8–9, 14; Treadgold 1997 , p. 17. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 73–74; Lenski et al. , pp. 60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 72, 301. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 73–74; Fowden 1988 , pp. 175–176. ^ Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum , 16.2 ^ a b Elliott 1996 , pp. 29–30; Lenski et al. , p. 60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 72–74. ^ Pohlsander 2004a , p. 15. ^ Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25 ^ Elliott 1996 , p. 30; Odahl 2001 , p. 73. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6–11 ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 21; Elliott 1996 , pp. 35–36; MacMullen 1969 , p. 24; Odahl 2001 , p. 67; Potter 2004 , p. 338. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.49–52 ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 21; Odahl 2001 , pp. 67, 73, 304; Potter 2004 , p. 338. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 22–25; MacMullen 1969 , pp. 24–30; Odahl 2001 , pp. 67–69; Potter 2004 , p. 337. ^ MacMullen 1969 , pp. 24–25. ^ Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25 ^ Odahl 2001 , p. 73. ^ Elliott 1987 , pp. 425–426; Lenski et al. , p. 126. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 25–27; Lenski et al. , p. 60; Odahl 2001 , pp. 69–72; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 15; Potter 2004 , pp. 341–342. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.2–6 ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 26; Potter 2004 , p. 342. ^ Lenski et al. , pp. 60–61; Odahl 2001 , pp. 72–74; Pohlsander 2004a , p. 15. ^ Origo 4; Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.3–9; Praxagoras fr. 1.2; Aurelius Victor 40.2–3; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.2; Zosimus 2.8.3; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.21 ^ Lenski et al. , p. 61; MacMullen 1969 , p. 32; Odahl 2001 , p. 73. ^ Lenski et al. , p. 61. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 27; Elliott 1987 , pp. 39–40; Lenski et al. , p. 61; Odahl 2001 , p. 75–77; Pohlsander 2004a , pp. 15–16; Potter 2004 , pp. 344–345; Southern 2001 , pp. 169–170, 341; MacMullen 1969 , p. 32. ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 27, 298; Elliott 1996 , p. 39; Odahl 2001 , p. 77–78, 309; Pohlsander 2004a , pp. 15–16. ^ Alföldi 1948 , pp. 233–234; Southern 2001 , pp. 170, 341. ^ a b Barnes 1981 , pp. 27–29; Jones 1978 , p. 59; Lenski et al. , pp. 61–62; Odahl 2001 , pp. 78–80. ^ Jones 1978 , p. 59. ^ Jones 1978 , p. 59; MacMullen 1969 , p. 39. ^ Treadgold 1997 , p. 28. ^ Gibbon, Edward (2018). History of The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire . [Otbebookpublishing]. ISBN 978-3-96272-518-1 . OCLC 1059411020 . ^ Barnes 1981 , pp. 28–29; Rees 2002 , p. 160; Lenski et al. , p. 62; Odahl 2001 , pp. 78–80. ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 29; Elliott 1996 , p. 41; Jones 1978 , p. 41; MacMullen 1969 , p. 39; Odahl 2001 , pp. 79–80. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 16–17. ^ Odahl, 80–81. ^ Odahl, 81. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 39; Odahl, 81–82. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen, Constantine , 39–40; Odahl, 81–83. ^ Odahl, 82–83. ^ "Detail :: Last Statues of Antiquity" . laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk . ^ Odahl, 82–83. See also: William E. Gwatkin, Jr. Roman Trier ." The Classical Journal 29 (1933): 3–12. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9; Barnes, "Lactantius and Constantine", 43–46; Odahl, 85, 310–311. ^ Odahl, 86. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 28. ^ Rodgers, 236. ^ Panegyrici Latini 7(6)3.4; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.22, qtd. and tr. Odahl, 83; Rodgers, 238. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 40. ^ Qtd. in MacMullen, Constantine , 40. ^ Zosimus, 2.9.2; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; MacMullen, Constantine , 39. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 29; Odahl, 86; Potter, 346. ^ Barnes, New Empire , 5. Galerius and Maximinus ceased to be recognized as consuls at this time. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 30–31; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 41–42; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87; Potter, 348–349. ^ Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara S. (2023). In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini . University of California Press. pp. 180– 185. ISBN 978-0-520-34282-8 . The ceremony took place after 25 July, as there are coins that refer to Constantine as caesar while also commemorating his dies imperii . ^ Rees 2002 , p. 165 . ^ Sang, J. C. (1979). Panegyrici Latini, VI and VII: Translated with Introductions and Commentary . University of Cape Town. pp. 6– 14, favouring late April/early May instead. ISBN 978-0-19-924918-3 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 31; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 87–88; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 15–16. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 34; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63–65; Odahl, 89; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 15–16. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 32; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 89, 93. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 32–34; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 42–43; Jones, 61; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65; Odahl, 90–91; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 17; Potter, 349–350; Treadgold, 29. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 33; Jones, 61. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 36–37. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 34–35; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65–66; Odahl, 93; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 17; Potter, 352. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 34. ^ Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 20. ^ Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 30.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 40–41, 305. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. ^ Potter, 352. ^ Panegyrici Latini 6(7); Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 35–37, 301; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66; Odahl, 94–95, 314–315; Potter, 352–353. ^ Panegyrici Latini 6(7)1. Qtd. in Potter, 353. ^ Panegyrici Latini 6(7).21.5. ^ Virgil, Ecologues 4.10. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 36–37; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 67; Odahl, 95. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 36–37; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 50–53; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66–67; Odahl, 94–95. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 31–35; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.16; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96, 316. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 304; Jones, 66. ^ Eusebius (1965). The History of the Church . Penguin Classics. p. 278. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 39; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 43–44; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 39–40; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 44; Odahl, 96. ^ Odahl, 96. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 38; Odahl, 96. ^ Hillner, Julia (2017). "Constantia, half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius". Constantia . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi : 10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8065 . ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 37; Curran, 66; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; MacMullen, Constantine , 62. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 37. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 37–39. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 38–39; MacMullen, Constantine , 62. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 40; Curran, 66. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine , 44–45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.15.1–2, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, Constantine , 65. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; MacMullen, Constantine , 71. ^ Panegyrici Latini 12(9)2.5; Curran, 67. ^ Curran, 67. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 70–71. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Odahl, 101. ^ Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5.1–3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 101. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Jones, 70; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 101–102. ^ Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5–6; 4(10)21–24; Jones, 70–71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 102, 317–318. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41; Jones, 71; Odahl, 102. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 41–42; Odahl, 103. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103–104. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; MacMullen, Constantine , 71; Odahl, 104. ^ Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine , 71. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 71. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 105. ^ Jones, 71. ^ Odahl, 104. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 72; Odahl, 107. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71–72; Odahl, 107–108. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 42–43; MacMullen, Constantine , 78; Odahl, 108. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Curran, 67; Jones, 72; Odahl, 108. ^ a b Odahl, 108. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Digeser, 122; Jones, 72; Odahl, 106. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4–6, tr. J. L. Creed, Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.28, tr. Odahl, 105. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113; Odahl, 105. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.27–29; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43, 306; Odahl, 105–106, 319–320. ^ Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113. ^ Cameron and Hall, 208. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 306; MacMullen, Constantine , 73; Odahl, 319. ^ Cameron and Hall, 206–207; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 114; Nicholson, 311. ^ Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing Roman Imperial Coinage 7 Ticinum 36. ^ R. Ross Holloway, Constantine and Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 3, citing Kraft, "Das Silbermedaillon Constantins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm", Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 5–6 (1954/55): 151–178. ^ Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. ^ Rowley, Matthew; Hodgson, Natasha R., eds. (2022). Miracles, political authority and violence in medieval and early modern history . Themes in medieval and early modern history. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-367-76728-0 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Curran, 68. ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 78. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 43; Curran, 68; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine , 78; Odahl, 108. ^ Head of the bronze colossus , Capitoline Museums ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 44 . ^ MacMullen, Constantine , 81; Odahl, 108. ^ Cameron, 93; Curran, 71–74; Odahl, 110. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44; Curran, 72; Jones, 72; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine , 78; Odahl, 108. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44–45. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44; MacMullen, Constantine , 81; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45; Curran, 72; MacMullen, Constantine , 81; Odahl, 109. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45–46; Odahl, 109. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 46; Odahl, 109. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 46. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 44. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45–47; Cameron, 93; Curran, 76–77; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45. ^ Curran, 80–83. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 47. ^ Curran, 83–85. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 45; Curran, 76; Odahl, 109. ^ Curran, 101. ^ Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum , 5.90, cited in Curran, 93–96. ^ Odahl, 109. ^ The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict, while the subsequent edicts by Licinius—of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively—were not issued in Milan. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 25. ^ Drake, "Impact", 121–123. ^ a b Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , 229. ^ Byfield, Ted, ed. The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years . vol. III. p. 148. "The sign in the sky that changed history" . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , pp. 38–39. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , pp. 41–42. ^ Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , pp. 229–230. ^ Timothy E. Gregory, A History of Byzantium . Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7 , p. 54. ^ Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-nicene Fathers: Second Series . New York: Cosimo, 2007, ISBN 978-1-60206-508-6 , p. 418, footnote 6. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 42–43. ^ Scarre, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors , 215. ^ a b MacMullen, Constantine . ^ The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE): The Anchors of the Fisherman . BRILL. 17 March 2020. p. 36. ISBN 978-90-04-42568-2 . ^ Sherrard, ed. Krieger, Byzantium , Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, New Jersey, 1966 p. 15. ^ Sinnigen & Boak, A History of Rome to A.D. 565 , 6th ed., Macmillan, New York, 1977 pp. 409–310. ^ Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries , Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1988, p. 40. ^ Sherrard, ed. Krieger, Byzantium , Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, New Jersey, 1966 p. 18. ^ Gilbert Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale , 24. ^ Petrus Patricius excerpta Vaticana , 190: Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον εν Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά δημόσια· φιλών τε τήν πόλιν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν "η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική εστι." ^ Ramsey MacMullen, Constantine , Routledge ed., 1987, 149. ^ Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale , 15/19. ^ a b "Constantinople" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Oxford University Press , Oxford, 1991, p. 508. ISBN 0-19-504652-8 ^ Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD Archived 16 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine at "The Road to Byzantium: Luxury Arts of Antiquity". The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House (30 March 2006 – 3 September 2006). ^ Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.9. ^ According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum , vol. 164 (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" ( Nova Roma or Nea Rhome ). Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis (Michael Grant, The Climax of Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), 133). It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" ( Deutera Rhome ) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople. ^ Bowder, Diana (1987). The Age of Constantine and Julian . Barnes & Noble Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-06-490601-2 . ^ See Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34–35. ^ Young 2006 , p. 6 and n. 24. ^ R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55. ^ " Gratian " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 February 2008. ^ Pontifex Maximus Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Livius article by Jona Lendering retrieved 21 August 2011. ^ Peter Brown , The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60. ^ Drake 2000 , p. 395. ^ R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55–56. ^ Robin Lane Fox, apud Jonathan Bardill, Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76423-0 , p. 307, note 27. ^ Codex Justinianeus 3.12.2. ^ Codex Theodosianus 16.2.5. ^ Cf. Paul Veyne, Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , 163. ^ R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, p. 44, ISBN 0-300-03642-6 ^ Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 14–15; The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 15. ^ Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) pp. 15–16. ^ Frend, W. H. C., "The Donatist Church; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa," (1952 Oxford), pp. 156–162. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium (First American ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 54– 57. ISBN 0-394-53778-5 . OCLC 18164817 . ^ "Church Fathers: Life of Constantine, Book III (Eusebius), chapter 18" . New Advent . ^ a b c Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell , 187. ^ Stemberger, Gunter (1999). Jews and Christians in the Holy Land . A&C Black. pp. 37– 38. ISBN 978-0-567-23050-8 . If a Jew has bought and circumcised a Christian slave or one belonging to any other religious community, he may under no circumstances keep the circumcised person in slavery; rather, whoever suffers such a thing shall obtain the privilege of freedom. ^ Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World . Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-134-40317-2 . Constantine forbade the circumcision of Christian slaves, and declared any slave circumcised despite this prohibition a free man ^ Cameron, 107. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 241. ^ As equestrian order refers to people of equestrian census that had an actual position in the state bureaucracy, thousands of whom had no state function; cf. Claude Lepelley , "Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo", IN Giardina, ed., Società romana e impero tardoantico , Bari: Laterza, 1986, V. 1, quoted by Carrié & Rouselle, p. 660. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 247; Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain , 658. ^ Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain , 658–659. ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae , archived from the original on 20 July 2012 , retrieved 5 February 2016 ; Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , p. 659 ^ Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , 660. ^ Cf. Arnhein, The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire , quoted by Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism , 101. ^ Carrié & Rousselle, p.657 citing T. D. Barnes, "Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy", Journal of Roman Studies , 85, 1995. ^ Cf. Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain , 49. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 247. ^ Walter Scheidel, "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", 174/175. ^ De Rebus Bellicis , 2. ^ Sandro Mazzarino, according to Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 246. ^ Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain , 245–246. ^ Guthrie, 325–326. ^ Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 70–72. ^ Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 72. ^ Encyclopedia of Roman Empire . MobileReference.com. 2008. ISBN 978-1-60501-314-5 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . ^ a b Guthrie, 326–327. ^ Art. Pass 45; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 71–72. ^ Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire , 237/238. ^ Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell , 189 & 191. ^ Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3 , pp. 64–126. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 250. ^ Madgearu, Alexandru(2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3 , pp. 64–126. ^ Odahl, 261. ^ Eusebius, VC 4.9ff, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 259. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 258–259. See also: Fowden, "Last Days", 146–148, and Wiemer, 515. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.58–60; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 259. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.61; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 259. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62.4. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 75–76; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. ^ Amerise, Marilena (2005). Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande: storia di una scomoda eredità [ The baptism of Constantine the Great: The story of an uncomfortable legacy ]. Hermes: Bulletin for Classical Philology , supplements (in Italian). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08721-6 . ISSN 0341-0064 . OCLC 61029662 . ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.64; Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 147; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. ^ Julian, Orations 1.18.b. ^ Origo Constantini 35. ^ Sextus Aurelius Victor, Historiae abbreviatae XLI.16. ^ Eutropius, Breviarium X.8.2. ^ Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 148–149. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 75–76. ^ A. A. Vasiliev (1848). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" (PDF) . Dumbarton Oaks Papers . 4 : 1+3–26. doi : 10.2307/1291047 . JSTOR 1291047 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2019. ^ Majeska, George P (1984). Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries . Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-101-8 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 – via Google Knihy. ^ Edward J. Watts (2020). The Final Pagan Generation: Rome's Unexpected Path to Christianity . University of California Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-520-37922-0 . ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 71, figure 9. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 72. ^ Byzantine Chronicle. "Imperial first times/last times" . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ "Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project" . Forum Ancient Coins . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 91. ^ Jane E. Everson (2001). The Italian Romance Epic in the Age of Humanism: The Matter of Italy and the World of Rome . Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-816015-1 . ^ Stewart James Mottram (2008). Empire and Nation in Early English Renaissance Literature . Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84384-182-1 . ^ Richard L. Kagan (2009). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain . JHU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4214-0165-2 . ^ Mulligan, pp. 262–264. ^ Fourlas 2020. ^ Seidel, 237–239. ^ Bettegazzi, Nicolò; Lamers, Han; Reitz-Joosse, Bettina (December 2019). "Viewing Rome in the Latin Literature of the Ventennio Fascista : Francesco Giammaria's Capitolium Novum " . Fascism . 8 (2). Brill: 172. doi : 10.1163/22116257-00802002 . hdl : 10852/76385 . ISSN 2211-6249 . ^ "Niš: Vinik osta pusto brdo" . NOVOSTI . ^ "Edict of Milan celebration to begin in Niš" . 17 January 2013. ^ Averil Cameron, "Introduction", in Constantine: History, Historiography, and Legend , ed. Samuel N. C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat (New York: Routledge, 1998), 3; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 91 ^ Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 305. ^ Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine , 92–93. ^ "Holy Great Rulers Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles: Great Vespers" (PDF) . Liturgical Texts and Music: Part of the Royal Doors Family . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ "Holy Great Rulers Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles: Divine Liturgy" (PDF) . Liturgical Texts and Music: Part of the Royal Doors Family . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ "530 - Λεἰψανα του Μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου" . Η ΛΕΙΨΑΝΟΘΗΚΗ (in Greek) . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ "Commemorations for Baramhat 28" . CopticChurch.Net . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Findikyan, Bishop Daniel. "Liturgical Year of the Armenian Apostolic Church" . Armenian Apostolic Church of Holy Resurrection . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 272–223. ^ a b Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 273. ^ Johannes Leunclavius , Apologia pro Zosimo adversus Evagrii, Nicephori Callisti et aliorum acerbas criminationes ( Defence of Zosimus against the Unjustified Charges of Evagrius, Nicephorus Callistus, and Others ) (Basel, 1576), cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 273, and Odahl, 282. ^ Caesar Baronius, Annales Ecclesiastici 3 (Antwerp, 1623), cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274, and Odahl, 282. ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 18, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274, and Odahl, 282. See also Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6–7. ^ Gibbon, Decline and Fall , 1.256; David P. Jordan, "Gibbon's 'Age of Constantine' and the Fall of Rome", History and Theory 8:1 (1969): 71–96. ^ Jacob Burckhardt, Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen (Basel, 1853; revised edition, Leipzig, 1880), cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 7–8. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius , 274. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 8–9; Odahl, 283. ^ Odahl, 283; Mark Humphries, "Constantine", review of Constantine and the Christian Empire , by Charles Odahl, Classical Quarterly 56:2 (2006), 449. ^ Averil Cameron, "Introduction", in Constantine: History, Historiography, and Legend , ed. Samuel N. C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat (New York: Routledge, 1998), 3. ^ Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 10. ^ Quand notre monde est devenu chretien , Fabian E. Udoh, review, Theological Studies , June 2008. ^ Peter Heather, Christendom (London: Allen Lane, 2022), pp. 11–20. ^ Canella, Tessa. Gli Actus Silvestri fra Oriente e Occidente: Storia e diffusione di una leggenda Costantiniana . Academia. pp. 243– 244 . Retrieved 10 May 2021 . ^ Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 298–301. ^ Constitutum Constantini 17, qtd. in Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 301–303. ^ Gregory, A History of Byzantium , 49. ^ Van Dam, Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge , 30. ^ Henry Charles Lea, "The 'Donation of Constantine'". The English Historical Review 10: 37 (1895), 86–87. ^ Inferno 19.115; Paradisio 20.55; cf. De Monarchia 3.10. ^ Fubini, 79–86; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6. ^ Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum , Book I, ch. 37. ^ a b Greenway, Diana (Ed.); Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People . Oxford University Press. p. civ. ISBN 978-0-19-822224-8 . Bibliography Ancient sources Athanasius of Alexandria. Apologia contra Arianos ( Defence against the Arians ) c. 349 . Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Athanasius of Alexandria Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi ( Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea ) c. 352 . Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Athanasius of Alexandria Historia Arianorum ( History of the Arians ) c. 357 . Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Sextus Aurelius Victor , Liber de Caesaribus ( Book on the Caesars ) c. 361 . Codex Theodosianus ( Theodosian Code ) 439. Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes 2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R. W. B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble . Retrieved 25 August 2009. Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes 2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R. W. B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble . Retrieved 25 August 2009. Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Codex Justinianeus ( Justinianic Code or Code of Justinian ). Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian , in The Civil Law . 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Krueger, Paul, ed. (1954). Codex Justinianus (in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 – via the Internet Archive. Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian , in The Civil Law . 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Krueger, Paul, ed. (1954). Codex Justinianus (in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 – via the Internet Archive. Constantine the Great, Speech to the Assembly of the Saints . Girardet, Klaus Martin (2013). Konstantin, Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen – Oratio ad sanctorum coetum. Einleitung, griechischer Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar. Fontes Christiani vol. 55. Freiburg: Herder, ISBN 978-3-451-30957-1 . Girardet, Klaus Martin (2013). Konstantin, Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen – Oratio ad sanctorum coetum. Einleitung, griechischer Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar. Fontes Christiani vol. 55. Freiburg: Herder, ISBN 978-3-451-30957-1 . Constantine the Great, Letters Maraval, Pierre (2010). Constantin, Lettres et discours. La roue à livres, volume 57. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, ISBN 978-2-251-33958-0 . Maraval, Pierre (2010). Constantin, Lettres et discours. La roue à livres, volume 57. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, ISBN 978-2-251-33958-0 . Epitome de Caesaribus ( Epitome on the Caesars ) c. 395 . Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores . Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores . Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. De Rebus Bellicis ( On Military Matters ) fourth/fifth century. Eunapius , History from Dexippus first edition c. 390 , second edition c. 415 . [Fragmentary] Eusebius of Caesarea . Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books c. 300 , eighth and ninth book c. 313 , tenth book c. 315 , epilogue c. 325 . Williamson, G. A., trans. Church History . London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Oratio de Laudibus Constantini ( Oration in Praise of Constantine , sometimes the Tricennial Oration ) 336. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) c. 336 –339. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine . 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0 . Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine . 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7 . Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books c. 300 , eighth and ninth book c. 313 , tenth book c. 315 , epilogue c. 325 . Williamson, G. A., trans. Church History . London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Williamson, G. A., trans. Church History . London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Oratio de Laudibus Constantini ( Oration in Praise of Constantine , sometimes the Tricennial Oration ) 336. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) c. 336 –339. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine . 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0 . Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine . 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7 . Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine . 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0 . Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine . 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7 . Eutropius , Breviarium ab Urbe Condita ( Abbreviated History from the City's Founding ) c. 369 . Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius . London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius . London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 28 September 2009. Rufus Festus , Breviarium Festi ( The Abbreviated History of Festus ) c. 370 . Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People . Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People . Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, New York: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Jerome , Chronicon ( Chronicle ) c. 380 . Pearse, Roger, et al. ., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome , in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts . Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Pearse, Roger, et al. ., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome , in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts . Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Jordanes , De origine actibusque Getarum [ Getica ] ( The Origin and Deeds of the Goths ) c. 551 . Mierow, Charles C. , trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009. The Gothic History of Jordanes . 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0 . The Christian Roman Empire series Mierow, Charles C. , trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009. The Gothic History of Jordanes . 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0 . The Christian Roman Empire series Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009. The Gothic History of Jordanes . 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0 . The Christian Roman Empire series Lactantius , De mortibus persecutorum ( On the Deaths of the Persecutors ) c. 313–315 . Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante-Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante-Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Libanius , Orationes ( Orations ) c. 362 –365. Optatus , Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum ( Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists ) first edition c. 365 –367, second edition c. 385 . Vassall-Phillips, O. R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists . London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at The Tertullian Project by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Optatus (1997). Edwards, Mark (ed.). Optatus: Against the Donatists . Translated by Edwards, Mark. doi : 10.3828/978-0-85323-752-5 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-0-85323-752-5 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) Vassall-Phillips, O. R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists . London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at The Tertullian Project by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 9 June 2009. Optatus (1997). Edwards, Mark (ed.). Optatus: Against the Donatists . Translated by Edwards, Mark. doi : 10.3828/978-0-85323-752-5 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-0-85323-752-5 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) Origo Constantini Imperiatoris ( The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine ) c. 340 –390. Rolfe, J. C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana , in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History . Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Rolfe, J. C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana , in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History . Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius . Retrieved 16 August 2009. Orosius , Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII ( Seven Books of History Against the Pagans ) c. 417 . XII Panegyrici Latini ( Twelve Latin Panegyircs ) relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321. Philostorgius , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 433 . Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople . London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople . London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Praxagoras of Athens , Historia ( History of Constantine the Great ) c. 337 . [Fragmentary] Socrates of Constantinople (Scholasticus), Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 443 . Zenos, A. C., trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Zenos, A. C., trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009. Sozomen , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 445 . Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Theodoret , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 448 . Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Zosimus , Historia Nova ( New History ) c. 500 . Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus . London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus . London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009. Modern sources Alföldi, Andreas (1948) [1948]. The conversion of Constantine and pagan Rome . Translated by Harold Mattingly. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814356-7 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Anderson, Perry (2013) [1974]. Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism . Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78168-008-7 . Armstrong, Gregory T. (1964). "Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine". Journal of the American Academy of Religion . XXXII : 1– 7. doi : 10.1093/jaarel/XXXII.1.1 . Armstrong, Gregory T. (1974). "Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians . 33 (1): 5– 16. doi : 10.2307/988835 . JSTOR 988835 . Barnes, T. D. (1973). "Lactantius and Constantine". Journal of Roman Studies . 63 : 29– 46. doi : 10.2307/299163 . JSTOR 299163 . S2CID 163051414 . Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1 . Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine . doi : 10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 . ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0 . S2CID 162343436 . Barnes, T. D. (1985). "Constantine and the Christians of Persia". Journal of Roman Studies . 75 : 126– 136. doi : 10.2307/300656 . JSTOR 300656 . S2CID 162744718 . Barnes, Timothy (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1727-2 . Bernard, Outtier; et al. (2019). Armenia between Byzantium and the Orient . BRILL. pp. 230– 580. ISBN 978-90-04-39774-3 . Bowman, Alan K. (2005). "Diocletian and the first tetrarchy, a.d. 284–305". The Cambridge Ancient History . pp. 67– 89. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.004 . ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1 . Cameron, Averil (2005). "The Reign of Constantine, a.d. 306–337" . The Cambridge Ancient History . Vol. 12. pp. 90– 109. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.005 . ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1 . Carrié, Jean-Michel; Rouselle, Aline (1999). L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337 . Paris: Seuil. ISBN 2-02-025819-6 . Christol, Michel ; Nony, D. (2003). Rome et son Empire . Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2-02-025819-6 . Corcoran, Simon (1996). The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324 . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815304-X . Curran, John (2000). Pagan City and Christian Capital (Hardcover ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815278-7 . Paperback ISBN 0-19-925420-6 Dagron, Gilbert (1984). Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 a 451 . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-038902-3 . Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma (2000). The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome . London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3 . Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire . Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-97464-0 . Downey, Glanville (1957). "Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors". Speculum . 32 (1): 48– 61. doi : 10.2307/2849245 . JSTOR 2849245 . S2CID 161904593 . Drake, H. A. (1988). "What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the "Vita Constantini" ". Classical Philology . 83 : 20– 38. doi : 10.1086/367077 . S2CID 162370910 . Drake, H. A. (1995). "Constantine and Consensus". Church History . 64 (1): 1– 15. doi : 10.2307/3168653 . JSTOR 3168653 . S2CID 163129848 . Drake, H. A. (1996). "Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance". Past & Present (153): 3– 36. doi : 10.1093/past/153.1.3 . Drake, H. A. (2000). Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3 . Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix . 41 (4): 420– 438. doi : 10.2307/1088714 . JSTOR 1088714 . Elliott, T. G. (1991). "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini" ". Phoenix . 45 (2): 162– 171. doi : 10.2307/1088553 . JSTOR 1088553 . Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great . Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5 . Fowden, Garth (1988). "Between Pagans and Christians". Journal of Roman Studies . 78 : 173– 182. doi : 10.2307/301456 . JSTOR 301456 . S2CID 163374397 . Fowden, Garth (1994). "The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and their Influence". Journal of Roman Studies . 84 : 146– 170. doi : 10.2307/300874 . JSTOR 300874 . S2CID 161959828 . Fubini, Riccardo (1996). "Humanism and Truth: Valla Writes Against the Donation of Constantine". Journal of the History of Ideas . 57 : 79– 86. doi : 10.1353/jhi.1996.0004 . S2CID 170927536 . Gibbon, Edward (1952) [1789]. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 2 volumes. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13719-4 . Grant, Robert M. (1975). "Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea". The Journal of Religion . 55 : 1– 12. doi : 10.1086/486406 . S2CID 170410226 . Guthrie, Patrick (1966). "The Execution of Crispus". Phoenix . 20 (4): 325– 331. doi : 10.2307/1087057 . JSTOR 1087057 . Helgeland, John (1974). "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337". Church History . 43 (2): 149– 163. doi : 10.2307/3163949 . JSTOR 3163949 . S2CID 162376477 . Jones, A. H. M. ; J. R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire . Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6 . Jordan, David P. (1969). "Gibbon's "Age of Constantine" and the Fall of Rome". History and Theory . 8 (1): 71– 96. doi : 10.2307/2504190 . JSTOR 2504190 . Kazhdan, Alexander P. , ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 . Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe . Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4 . Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4 . Lieu, Samuel N. C. ; Montserrat, Dominic (1996). From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09335-4 . MacKay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian". Classical Philology . 94 (2): 198– 209. doi : 10.1086/449431 . S2CID 161141658 . MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine . New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6 . Mattingly, David . An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire . London: Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0 McLay, Denis (2015), "An Examination of the Role of Ossius, Bishop of Córdoba, in the Arian Controversy" , Dissertation – Durham University Nicholson, Oliver (2000). "Constantine's Vision of the Ecross". Vigiliae Christianae . 54 (3): 309– 323. doi : 10.1163/157007200X00189 . Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5 . Pears, Edwin (1909). "The Campaign against Paganism A.D. 824". The English Historical Review . XXIV (XCIII): 1– 17. doi : 10.1093/ehr/XXIV.XCIII.1 . Vaudour, Catherine (1984). "La céramique normande". Études Normandes . 33 (2): 79– 106. doi : 10.3406/etnor.1984.2597 . Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine . London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4 . Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Pohlsander, Hans (2004b). "Constantine I (306–337)" . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7 . Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5 Rees, Roger (2002). Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric . doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249183.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-19-924918-3 . Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine". The Classical Quarterly . 39 : 233– 246. doi : 10.1017/S0009838800040611 . S2CID 170720156 . Scheidel, Walter. "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". In Scheidel, ed., Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-975835-7 Seidel, Linda (1976). "Constantine 'and' Charlemagne". Gesta . 15 (1/2): 237– 239. doi : 10.2307/766771 . JSTOR 766771 . S2CID 193434433 . Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3 . Storch, Rudolph H. (1971). "The 'Eusebian Constantine' ". Church History . 40 (2): 145– 155. doi : 10.2307/3162367 . JSTOR 3162367 . S2CID 162937055 . Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6 . Udoh, Fabian E. "Quand notre monde est devenu chretien", review, Theological Studies , June 2008 Veyne, Paul . L'Empire Gréco-Romain , Paris: Seuil, 2005. ISBN 2-02-057798-4 Veyne, Paul . Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , Paris: Albin Michel, 2007. ISBN 978-2-226-17609-7 Warmington, Brian (1999). "Some Constantinian References in Ammianus" . In Drijvers, J.W. (ed.). The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus . Routledge. pp. 166– 167. ISBN 0-415-20271-X . Weiss, Peter (2003). "The vision of Constantine". Journal of Roman Archaeology . 16 : 237– 259. doi : 10.1017/S1047759400013088 . S2CID 162396067 . Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (1994). "Libanius on Constantine". The Classical Quarterly . 44 (2): 511– 524. doi : 10.1017/S0009838800043962 . S2CID 170876695 . Wienand, Johannes (2012). Der Kaiser als Sieger . doi : 10.1524/9783050059044 . ISBN 978-3-05-005904-4 . Wienand, Johannes (ed.). Contested Monarchy. Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD . Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015. Williams, Stephen (1997). Diocletian and the Roman Recovery . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91827-8 . Woods, David (1998). "On the Death of the Empress Fausta" . Greece and Rome . 45 : 70– 86. doi : 10.1093/gr/45.1.70 . Woods, D. (1997). "Where Did Constantine I Die?". The Journal of Theological Studies . 48 (2): 531– 535. doi : 10.1093/jts/48.2.531 . Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers . 41 : 493– 507. doi : 10.2307/1291584 . JSTOR 1291584 . Young, Frances M. (2006). "Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). Origins to Constantine . The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1– 34. ISBN 978-1-107-42361-9 . Further reading Arjava, Antii. Women and Law in Late Antiquity . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815233-7 Barbero, Alessandro (2016). Costantino il vincitore [Constantine the victor]. Rome: Salerno, ISBN 978-88-6973-138-9 . Baynes, Norman H. (1930). Constantine the Great and the Christian Church . London: Milford. Burckhardt, Jacob (1949). The Age of Constantine the Great . London: Routledge. Cameron, Averil (1993). The later Roman empire: AD 284–430 . London: Fontana Press. ISBN 978-0-00-686172-0 . Cowan, Ross (2016). Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Demandt, Alexander ; Engemann, Josef (eds) (2006). Konstantin der Große. Geschichte – Archäologie – Rezeption [Constantine the Great. History – Archaeology – Reception]. Trier: Rheinisches Landesmuseum, ISBN 3-923319-67-3 . Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Eadie, John W., ed. (1971). The conversion of Constantine . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-083645-9 . Fourlas, Benjamin (2020). "St Constantine and the Army of Heroic Men Raised by Tiberius II Constantine in 574/575. Some Thoughts on the Historical Significance of the Early Byzantine Silver Hoard at Karlsruhe". Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 62, 2015 [published 2020], 341–375. doi : 10.11588/jrgzm.2015.1.77142 Girardet, Klaus Martin (2010). Der Kaiser und sein Gott. Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Großen [The Emperor and his God. Christianity in the Thought and Religious Policy of Constantine the Great]. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-022788-8 . Goltz, Andreas; Schlange-Schöningen, Heinrich (eds) (2008). Konstantin der Große. Das Bild des Kaisers im Wandel der Zeiten [Constantine the Great. The image of the emperor through the ages]. Köln: Böhlau, ISBN 978-3-412-20192-0 . Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6 Hartley, Elizabeth. Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor . York: Lund Humphries, 2004. ISBN 978-0-85331-928-3 . Heather, Peter J. " Foedera and Foederati of the Fourth Century." In From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms , edited by Thomas F. X. Noble, 292–308. New York: Routledge, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-32741-5 Paperback ISBN 0-415-32742-3 Leithart, Peter J. Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. Downers Grove: IL, InterVarsity Press 2010 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 . New Haven, Connecticut; London: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-300-03642-8 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-300-07148-5 Pelikán, Jaroslav (1987). The excellent empire: the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church . San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-254636-4 . Velikov, Yuliyan (2013). Imperator et Sacerdos . Veliko Turnovo University Press. ISBN 978-954-524-932-7 (in Bulgarian) External links Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Complete chronological list of Constantine's extant writings (archived 19 February 2013) Firth, John B. "Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church" . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Letters of Constantine: Book 1 , Book 2 , & Book 3 Encyclopædia Britannica, Constantine I Henry Stuart Jones (1911). " Constantine (emperors) ". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . 6. (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 988–992. Charles George Herbermann and Georg Grupp (1908). " Constantine the Great ". In Catholic Encyclopedia . 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. BBC North Yorkshire's site on Constantine the Great Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York' Commemorations Roman Legionary AD 284–337: The Age of Diocletian and Constantine the Great Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith Constantine the Great Constantinian dynasty Born: 27 February 272 Died: 22 May 337 Regnal titles Preceded by Constantius Chlorus Roman emperor 306–337 With: Galerius , Severus II , Maxentius , Maximian , Licinius , Maximinus II , Valerius Valens & Martinian Succeeded by Constantine II Constantius II Constans Political offices Preceded by Constantius Chlorus Galerius Roman consul 307 with Maximian Succeeded by Diocletian Galerius Preceded by Galerius Maximinus Roman consul II–III 312–313 with Licinius Maximinus Succeeded by C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Petronius Annianus Preceded by C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Petronius Annianus Roman consul IV 315 with Licinius Succeeded by Antonius Caecina Sabinus Vettius Rufinus Preceded by Licinius Crispus Roman consul V–VI 319–320 with Licinius II Constantine II Succeeded by Crispus Constantine II Preceded by Sex. Anicius Paulinus Julius Julianus Roman consul VII 326 with Constantius II Succeeded by Flavius Constantius Valerius Maximus Preceded by Januarinus Vettius Iustus Roman consul VIII 329 with Constantine II Succeeded by Gallicanus Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus Legendary titles Preceded by Constantius Chlorus King of Britain Succeeded by Octavius v t e History of the Catholic Church v t e General History of the Catholic Church By country or region Ecclesiastical history Timeline Papacy Papal primacy Catholic ecumenical councils First seven Catholic Bible Biblical canon Vulgate Crusading movement History of the Roman Curia Religious institutes Christian monasticism Catholic culture Art Role in civilization Vatican City Papal States Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches History of Catholic theology History of the Catholic Church By country or region By country or region Ecclesiastical history Timeline Papacy Papal primacy Papal primacy Catholic ecumenical councils First seven First seven Catholic Bible Biblical canon Vulgate Biblical canon Vulgate Crusading movement History of the Roman Curia Religious institutes Christian monasticism Catholic culture Art Role in civilization Art Role in civilization Vatican City Papal States Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches History of Catholic theology Early Church (30–325/476) Origins and Apostolic Age (30–100) Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period (100–325) Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Late antiquity (313–476) Great Church (180–451) Roman state church (380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Origins and Apostolic Age (30–100) Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Mary John the Baptist Apostles in the New Testament Commissioning Peter John Paul Commissioning Peter John Paul Stephen Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period (100–325) Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Persecution Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Canon Tertullian Origen Late antiquity (313–476) Great Church (180–451) Roman state church (380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Great Church (180–451) Roman state church (380–451) Constantine the Great Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Constantine the Great Christianity Christianity Arian controversy Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Old St. Peter's Basilica First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Early Middle Ages Benedict of Nursia Monasticism Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East–West Schism Benedict of Nursia Monasticism Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East–West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Clash against the empire Crusades Universities Scholasticism First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Clash against the empire Crusades Universities Scholasticism First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Late Middle Ages Thomas Aquinas Pope Boniface VIII Western Schism Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Age of Discovery Thomas Aquinas Pope Boniface VIII Western Schism Avignon Papacy Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Age of Discovery Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Exsurge Domine Dissolution of the monasteries Council of Trent Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Peter Canisius Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine European wars of religion Thirty Years' War Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Exsurge Domine Dissolution of the monasteries Council of Trent Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Peter Canisius Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine European wars of religion Thirty Years' War Baroque period to the French Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Age of Enlightenment Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Age of Enlightenment Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution 19th century Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX United States Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX United States Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum 20th century Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Nazi Germany Mit brennender Sorge Pope John XXIII Pacem in terris Second Vatican Council Ecumenism Judaism Pope Paul VI ( coronation ) Pope John Paul I Mother Teresa USSR Pope John Paul II HIV/AIDS World Youth Day 1995 Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Nazi Germany Mit brennender Sorge Pope John XXIII Pacem in terris Second Vatican Council Ecumenism Judaism Pope Paul VI ( coronation ) Pope John Paul I Mother Teresa USSR Pope John Paul II HIV/AIDS World Youth Day 1995 1995 21st century Sexual abuse scandal Islam World Youth Day 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 Pope Benedict XVI Pope Francis Laudato si' Patriarch Kirill COVID-19 pandemic Pope Leo XIV Sexual abuse scandal Islam World Youth Day 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 2000 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 2019 2023 Pope Benedict XVI Pope Francis Laudato si' Patriarch Kirill COVID-19 pandemic Pope Leo XIV Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnant v t e Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–284 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Later Roman Empire 284–641 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 641–1453 Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Artists ULAN ULAN People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX Constantine the Great 272 births 337 deaths 3rd-century births 4th-century Christian saints 4th-century Roman consuls 4th-century Roman emperors Ancient Romans in Britain Angelic visionaries Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles Byzantine royal saints City founders Constantinian dynasty Converts to Christianity from ancient Roman religions Deified Roman emperors Eastern Orthodox saints Filicides Flavii Gothicus Maximus Illyrian emperors Illyrian people Participants in the First Council of Nicaea People from Niš Sons of Roman emperors Tetrarchy Valerii Articles containing Latin-language text Pages with Classical Latin IPA Articles containing Koine Greek-language text Articles with German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Greek-language sources (el) Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2024 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2025 Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Welsh-language text CS1 Latin-language sources (la) CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 maint: ref duplicates default Commons link is locally defined CS1: unfit URL This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 08:54 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#cite_note-315
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Beginnings Toggle Beginnings subsection 1.1 Early concepts 1.2 Bussard report 1.3 Approval 1.1 Early concepts 1.2 Bussard report 1.3 Approval 2 Design concepts 3 Transfer to NASA 4 Test site 5 Kiwi Toggle Kiwi subsection 5.1 Kiwi A 5.2 Kiwi B 5.1 Kiwi A 5.2 Kiwi B 6 Phoebus 7 Pewee 8 Nuclear Furnace 9 Safety tests 10 Cancelation 11 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 11.1 Nuclear rocket propulsion 11.2 Site rehabilitation 11.1 Nuclear rocket propulsion 11.2 Site rehabilitation 12 Reactor test summary 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading Project Rover العربية Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Português Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Kiwi A Prime on test stand Country of origin United States Designer Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Manufacturer Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Application Research and development Successor NERVA Status Retired Liquid-fuel engine Propellant Liquid hydrogen Performance Thrust, vacuum 245,000 N (55,000 lbf ) Chamber pressure 3,450 kilopascals (500 psi ) Specific impulse , vacuum 834 seconds (8.18 km/s) Burn time 480 seconds Restarts 1 Dimensions Length 140 centimeters (54 in) (core) Diameter 80 centimeters (32 in) (core) Nuclear reactor Operational 1959 to 1964 Status Decommissioned Main parameters of the reactor core Fuel ( fissile material ) Highly enriched uranium Fuel state Solid Neutron energy spectrum Thermal Primary control method Control drums Primary moderator Nuclear graphite Primary coolant Liquid hydrogen Reactor usage Power (thermal) 937 MW References References [ 1 ] Notes Data is for Kiwi B4E version. Project Rover was a United States project to develop a nuclear-thermal rocket that ran from 1955 to 1973 at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). It began as a United States Air Force project to develop a nuclear-powered upper stage for an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). The project was transferred to NASA in 1958 after the Sputnik crisis triggered the Space Race . It was managed by the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO), a joint agency of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and NASA . Project Rover became part of NASA's Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application ( NERVA ) project and henceforth dealt with the research into nuclear rocket reactor design, while NERVA involved the overall development and deployment of nuclear rocket engines, and the planning for space missions. Nuclear reactors for Project Rover were built at LASL Technical Area 18 (TA-18), also known as the Pajarito Canyon Site. They were tested there at very low power and then shipped to Area 25 (known as Jackass Flats) at the AEC's Nevada Test Site . Testing of fuel elements and other materials science was done by the LASL N-Division at TA-46 using various ovens and later a custom test reactor, the Nuclear Furnace. Project Rover resulted in the development of three reactor types: Kiwi (1955 to 1964), Phoebus (1964 to 1969), and Pewee (1969 to 1972). Kiwi and Phoebus were large reactors, while Pewee was much smaller, conforming to the smaller budget available after 1968. The reactors were fueled by highly enriched uranium , with liquid hydrogen used as both a rocket propellant and reactor coolant. Nuclear graphite and beryllium were used as neutron moderators and neutron reflectors . The engines were controlled by drums with graphite or beryllium on one side and boron (a nuclear poison ) on the other, and the energy level adjusted by rotating the drums. Because hydrogen also acts as a moderator, increasing the flow of propellant also increased reactor power without the need to adjust the drums. Project Rover tests demonstrated that nuclear rocket engines could be shut down and restarted many times without difficulty, and could be clustered if more thrust was desired. Their specific impulse (efficiency) was roughly double that of chemical rockets. The nuclear rocket enjoyed strong political support from the influential chairman of the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy , Senator Clinton P. Anderson from New Mexico (where LASL was located), and his allies, Senators Howard Cannon from Nevada and Margaret Chase Smith from Maine . This enabled it to survive multiple cancellation attempts that became ever more serious in the cost cutting that prevailed as the Vietnam War escalated and after the space race ended with the Apollo 11 Moon landing. Projects Rover and NERVA were canceled over their objection in January 1973, and none of the reactors ever flew. Beginnings Early concepts During World War II , some scientists at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory , including Stan Ulam , Frederick Reines and Frederic de Hoffmann , speculated about the development of nuclear-powered rockets, [ 2 ] and in 1947, Ulam and Cornelius Joseph "C. J." Everett wrote a paper in which they considered using atomic bombs as a means of rocket propulsion. This became the basis for Project Orion . [ 3 ] In December 1945, Theodore von Karman and Hsue-Shen Tsien wrote a report for the United States Army Air Forces . While they agreed that it was not yet practical, Tsien speculated that nuclear-powered rockets might one day be powerful enough to launch satellites into orbit. [ 4 ] In 1947, North American Aviation's Aerophysics Laboratory published a large paper surveying many of the problems involved in using nuclear reactors to power airplanes and rockets. The study was specifically aimed at an aircraft with a range of 16,000 kilometers (10,000 mi) and a payload of 3,600 kilograms (8,000 lb), and covered turbopumps , structure, tankage, aerodynamics and nuclear reactor design. They concluded that hydrogen was best as a propellant and that graphite would be the best neutron moderator , but assumed an operating temperature of 3,150 °C (5,700 °F), which was beyond the capabilities of available materials. The conclusion was that nuclear-powered rockets were not yet practical. [ 4 ] The public revelation of atomic energy at the end of the war generated a great deal of speculation, and in the United Kingdom, Val Cleaver , the chief engineer of the rocket division at De Havilland , and Leslie Shepard , a nuclear physicist at the University of Cambridge , independently considered the problem of nuclear rocket propulsion. They became collaborators, and in a series of papers published in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society in 1948 and 1949, they outlined the design of a nuclear-powered rocket with a solid-core graphite heat exchanger . They reluctantly concluded that nuclear rockets were essential for deep space exploration, but not yet technically feasible. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Bussard report In 1953, Robert W. Bussard , a physicist working on the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , wrote a detailed study. He had read Cleaver and Shepard's work, [ 7 ] that of Tsien, [ 8 ] and a February 1952 report by engineers at Consolidated Vultee . [ 9 ] He used data and analyses from existing chemical rockets, along with specifications for existing components. His calculations were based on the state of the art of nuclear reactors. [ 10 ] Most importantly, the paper surveyed several ranges and payload sizes; Consolidated's pessimistic conclusions had partly been the result of considering only a narrow range of possibilities. [ 9 ] The result, Nuclear Energy for Rocket Propulsion , stated that the use of nuclear propulsion in rockets is not limited by considerations of combustion energy and thus low molecular weight propellants such as pure hydrogen may be used. While a conventional engine could produce an exhaust velocity of 2,500 meters per second (8,300 ft/s), a hydrogen-fueled nuclear engine could attain an exhaust velocity of 6,900 meters per second (22,700 ft/s) under the same conditions. He proposed a graphite-moderated reactor due to graphite's ability to withstand high temperatures and concluded that the fuel elements would require protective cladding to withstand corrosion by the hydrogen propellant. [ 10 ] Bussard's study had little impact at first, mainly because only 29 copies were printed, and it was classified as Restricted Data and therefore could only be read by someone with the required security clearance. [ 11 ] In December 1953, it was published in Oak Ridge's Journal of Reactor Science and Technology . While still classified, this gave it a wider circulation. [ 7 ] Darol Froman , the Deputy Director of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), and Herbert York , the director of the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore , were interested, and established committees to investigate nuclear rocket propulsion. Froman brought Bussard out to Los Alamos to assist for one week per month. [ 12 ] Approval Robert Bussard's study also attracted the attention of John von Neumann , and he formed an ad hoc committee on Nuclear Propulsion of Missiles. Mark Mills , the assistant director at Livermore was its chairman, and its other members were Norris Bradbury from LASL; Edward Teller and Herbert York from Livermore; Abe Silverstein , the associate director of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory ; and Allen F. Donovan from Ramo-Wooldridge . [ 12 ] After hearing input on various designs, the Mills committee recommended that development proceed, with the aim of producing a nuclear upper stage for an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). York created a new division at Livermore, and Bradbury created a new one called N Division at Los Alamos under the leadership of Raemer Schreiber , to pursue it. [ 13 ] In March 1956, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) recommended allocating $100 million ($1157 million in 2024) to the nuclear rocket engine project over three years for the two laboratories to conduct feasibility studies and construction of test facilities. [ 14 ] Eger V. Murphree and Herbert Loper at the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) were more cautious. The Atlas missile program was proceeding well, and if successful would have sufficient range to hit targets in most of the Soviet Union . At the same time, nuclear warheads were becoming smaller, lighter and more powerful. The case for a new technology that promised heavier payloads over longer distances seemed weak. However, the nuclear rocket had acquired a powerful political patron in Senator Clinton P. Anderson from New Mexico (where LASL was located), the deputy chairman of the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), who was close to von Neumann, Bradbury and Ulam. He managed to secure funding. [ 14 ] All work on the nuclear rocket was consolidated at Los Alamos, where it was given the codename Project Rover; Livermore was assigned responsibility for development of the nuclear ramjet , which was codenamed Project Pluto . [ 15 ] Project Rover was directed by an active duty USAF officer on secondment to the AEC, Lieutenant Colonel Harold R. Schmidt. He was answerable to another seconded USAF officer, Colonel Jack L. Armstrong, who was also in charge of Pluto and the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) projects. [ 16 ] Design concepts In principle, the design of a nuclear thermal rocket engine is quite simple: a turbopump would force hydrogen through a nuclear reactor, where it would be heated by the reactor to very high temperatures and then exhausted through a rocket nozzle to produce thrust. [ 17 ] Complicating factors were immediately apparent. The first was that a means had to be found of controlling reactor temperature and power output. The second was that a means had to be devised to hold the propellant. The only practical way to store hydrogen was in liquid form, and this required a temperature below 20 K (−253.2 °C). The third was that the hydrogen would be heated to a temperature of around 2,500 K (2,230 °C), and materials would be required that could withstand such temperatures and resist corrosion by hydrogen. [ 17 ] Liquid hydrogen was theoretically the best possible propellant, but in the early 1950s it was expensive, and available only in small quantities. [ 18 ] In 1952, the AEC and the National Bureau of Standards had opened a plant near Boulder, Colorado , to produce liquid hydrogen for the thermonuclear weapons program. [ 19 ] Before settling on liquid hydrogen, LASL considered other propellants such as methane ( CH 4 ) and ammonia ( NH 3 ). Ammonia, used in the tests conducted from 1955 to 1957, was inexpensive, easy to obtain, liquid at 239 K (−34 °C), and easy to pump and handle. It was, however, much heavier than liquid hydrogen, reducing the engine's impulse ; it was also found to be even more corrosive, and had undesirable neutronic properties. [ 20 ] For the fuel, they considered plutonium-239 , uranium-235 and uranium-233 . Plutonium was rejected because while it forms compounds easily, they could not reach temperatures as high as those of uranium. Uranium-233 was seriously considered, as compared to uranium-235 it is slightly lighter, has a higher number of neutrons per fission event, and a high probability of fission. It therefore held the prospect of saving some weight in fuel, but its radioactive properties make it more difficult to handle, and in any case it was not readily available. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Highly enriched uranium was therefore chosen. [ 23 ] For structural materials in the reactor, the choice came down to graphite or metals. [ 21 ] Of the metals, tungsten emerged as the frontrunner, but it was expensive, hard to fabricate, and had undesirable neutronic properties. To get around its neutronic properties, it was proposed to use tungsten-184 , which does not absorb neutrons. [ 24 ] Graphite was chosen as it is cheap, gets stronger at temperatures up to 3,300 K (3,030 °C), and sublimes rather than melts at 3,900 K (3,630 °C). [ 25 ] To control the reactor, the core was surrounded by control drums coated with graphite or beryllium (a neutron moderator) on one side and boron (a neutron poison ) on the other. The reactor's power output could be controlled by rotating the drums. [ 26 ] To increase thrust, it is sufficient to increase the flow of propellant. Hydrogen, whether in pure form or in a compound like ammonia, is an efficient nuclear moderator, and increasing the flow also increases the rate of reactions in the core. This increased reaction rate offsets the cooling provided by the hydrogen. As the hydrogen heats up, it expands, so there is less in the core to remove heat, and the temperature will level off. These opposing effects stabilize the reactivity and a nuclear rocket engine is therefore naturally very stable, and the thrust is easily controlled by varying the hydrogen flow without changing the control drums. [ 27 ] LASL produced a series of design concepts, each with its own codename: Uncle Tom, Uncle Tung, Bloodhound and Shish. [ 28 ] By 1955, it had settled on a 1,500 megawatt (MW) design called Old Black Joe. In 1956, this became the basis of a 2,700 MW design intended to be the upper stage of an ICBM. [ 21 ] Transfer to NASA By 1957, the Atlas missile project was proceeding well, and with smaller and lighter warheads becoming available, the need for a nuclear upper stage had all but disappeared. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] On 2 October 1957, the AEC proposed cutting Project Rover's budget, but the proposal was soon overtaken by events. [ 31 ] Two days later, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite. This fired fears and imaginations around the world and demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and undermined American notions of military, economic and technological superiority. [ 32 ] This precipitated the Sputnik crisis , and triggered the Space Race , a new area of competition in the Cold War . [ 33 ] Anderson wanted to give responsibility for the US space program to the AEC, [ 34 ] but US President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which absorbed NACA. [ 35 ] Donald A. Quarles , the Deputy Secretary of Defense , met with T. Keith Glennan , the new administrator of NASA, and Hugh Dryden , his deputy on 20 August 1958, [ 36 ] the day after they were sworn into office at the White House , [ 37 ] and Rover was the first item on the agenda. Quarles was eager to transfer Rover to NASA, as the project no longer had a military purpose. [ 16 ] Silverstein, whom Glennan had brought to Washington, D.C., to organize NASA's spaceflight program, [ 38 ] had long had an interest in nuclear rocket technology. He was the first senior NACA official to show interest in rocket research, [ 39 ] had initiated investigation into the use of hydrogen as a rocket propellant, [ 40 ] was involved in the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) project, built NASA's Plum Brook Reactor , and had created a nuclear rocket propulsion group at Lewis under Harold Finger . [ 41 ] Responsibility for the non-nuclear components of Project Rover was officially transferred from the United States Air Force (USAF) to NASA on 1 October 1958, [ 42 ] the day NASA officially became operational and assumed responsibility for the US civilian space program. [ 43 ] Project Rover became a joint NASA-AEC project. [ 42 ] Silverstein appointed Finger from Lewis to oversee the nuclear rocket development. On 29 August 1960, NASA created the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) to oversee the nuclear rocket project. [ 44 ] Finger was appointed as its manager, with Milton Klein from AEC as his deputy. [ 45 ] A formal "Agreement Between NASA and AEC on Management of Nuclear Rocket Engine Contracts" was signed by NASA Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans and AEC General Manager Alvin Luedecke on 1 February 1961. This was followed by an "Inter-Agency Agreement on the Program for the Development of Space Nuclear Rocket Propulsion (Project Rover)", which they signed on 28 July 1961. [ 46 ] SNPO also assumed responsibility for SNAP, with Armstrong becoming assistant to the director of the Reactor Development Division at AEC, and Lieutenant Colonel G. M. Anderson, formerly the SNAP project officer in the disbanded Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Office (ANPO), became chief of the SNAP Branch in the new division. [ 45 ] On 25 May 1961, President John F. Kennedy addressed a joint session of Congress . "First," he announced, "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." He then went on to say: "Secondly, an additional 23 million dollars, together with 7 million dollars already available, will accelerate development of the Rover nuclear rocket. This gives promise of someday providing a means for even more exciting and ambitious exploration of space, perhaps beyond the Moon, perhaps to the very end of the Solar System itself." [ 47 ] Test site Nuclear reactors for Project Rover were built at LASL Technical Area 18 (TA-18), also known as the Pajarito Site. Fuel and internal engine components were fabricated in the Sigma complex at Los Alamos. Testing of fuel elements and other materials science was done by the LASL N Division at TA-46 using various ovens and later a custom test reactor, the Nuclear Furnace. Staff from the LASL Test (J) and Chemical Metallurgy Baker (CMB) divisions also participated in Project Rover. [ 48 ] Two reactors were built for each engine; one for zero power critical experiments at Los Alamos and another used for full-power testing. [ 30 ] The reactors were tested at very low power before being shipped to the test site. [ 48 ] In 1956, the AEC allocated 127,200 hectares (314,000 acres) of an area known as Jackass Flats in Area 25 of the Nevada Test Site for use by Project Rover. [ 49 ] Work commenced on test facilities there in mid-1957. All materials and supplies had to be brought in from Las Vegas . Test Cell A consisted of a farm of hydrogen gas bottles and a concrete wall 0.91 meters (3 ft) thick to protect the electronic instrumentation from radiation from the reactor. The control room was located 3.2 kilometers (2 mi) away. The plastic coating on the control cables was chewed by burrowing rodents and had to be replaced. The reactor was test-fired with its exhaust plume in the air so that any radioactive fission products picked up from the core could be safely dispersed. [ 21 ] The reactor maintenance and disassembly building (R-MAD) was in most respects a typical hot cell used by the nuclear industry, with thick concrete walls, lead glass viewing windows, and remote manipulation arms. It was exceptional only for its size: 76 meters (250 ft) long, 43 meters (140 ft) and 19 meters (63 ft) high. This allowed the engine to be moved in and out on a railroad car. [ 21 ] The "Jackass and Western Railroad", as it was light-heartedly described, was said to be the world's shortest and slowest railroad. [ 50 ] There were two locomotives: the electric L-1, which was remotely controlled, and the diesel-electric L-2, which was manually controlled, with radiation shielding around the cab . [ 21 ] Test Cell C was supposed to be completed in 1960, but NASA and AEC did not request funds for additional construction that year; Anderson provided them anyway. Then there were construction delays, forcing him to personally intervene. [ 51 ] In August 1961, the Soviet Union ended the nuclear test moratorium that had been in place since November 1958, so Kennedy resumed US testing in September. [ 52 ] With a second crash program at the Nevada Test site, labor became scarce, and there was a strike. [ 53 ] When that ended, the workers had to come to grips with the difficulties of dealing with hydrogen, which could leak through microscopic holes too small to permit the passage of other fluids. On 7 November 1961, a minor accident caused a violent hydrogen release. The complex finally became operational in 1964. SNPO envisaged the construction of a 20,000 MW nuclear rocket engine, so construction supervisor, Keith Boyer had the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company construct two gigantic 1,900,000-liter (500,000 U.S. gal) cryogenic storage dewars . An engine maintenance and disassembly building (E-MAD) was added. It was larger than a football field, with thick concrete walls and shield bays where engines could be assembled and disassembled. There was also an engine test stand (ETS-1); two more were planned. [ 53 ] There was also a radioactive material storage facility (RMSF). This was a 8.5 hectares (21 acres) site roughly equidistant from the E-MAD, Test Cell "C", and ETS-1. It was enclosed by a cyclone wire fence with quartz perimeter lighting. The single-track railroad that connected facilities carried one branch through a single main gate into the storage area, which then separated into seven spurs. Two spurs led into 55.3-square-meter (595 sq ft) bunkers. The facility was used to store a wide variety of radioactively contaminated items. [ 54 ] In February 1962, NASA announced the establishment of the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS) at Jackass Flats, and in June an SNPO branch was established at Las Vegas (SNPO-N) to manage it. [ 46 ] Construction workers were housed in Mercury, Nevada . Later thirty trailers were brought to Jackass Flats to create a village named "Boyerville" after the supervisor, Keith Boyer. [ 21 ] Kiwi The first phase of Project Rover, Kiwi, was named after the flightless bird of the same name from New Zealand, [ 21 ] as the Kiwi rocket engines were not intended to fly either. Their function was to verify the design and test the behavior of the materials used. [ 25 ] The Kiwi program developed a series of non-flyable test nuclear engines, with the primary focus on improving the technology of hydrogen-cooled reactors. Between 1959 and 1964, a total of eight reactors were built and tested. Kiwi was considered to have served as a proof of concept for nuclear rocket engines. [ 55 ] Kiwi A The first test of the Kiwi A, the first model of the Kiwi rocket engine, was conducted at Jackass Flats on 1 July 1959. Kiwi A had a cylindrical core 132.7 centimeters (50 in) high and 83.8 centimeters (30 in) in diameter. A central island contained heavy water that acted both as a coolant and as a moderator to reduce the amount of uranium oxide required. The control rods were located inside the island, which was surrounded by 960 graphite fuel plates loaded with 4-micrometer (0.00016 in) uranium oxide fuel particles and a layer of 240 graphite plates. [ 56 ] The core was surrounded by 43.2 centimeters (20 in) of graphite wool moderator and encased in an aluminum shell. Gaseous hydrogen was used as a propellant, at a flow rate of 3.2 kilograms per second (7.1 lb/s). Intended to produce 100 MW, the engine ran at 70 MW for 5 minutes. The core temperature was much higher than expected, up to 2,900 K (2,630 °C), due to cracking of the graphite plates, which was enough to cause some of the fuel to melt. [ 56 ] A series of improvements were made for the next test on 8 July 1960 to create an engine known as Kiwi A Prime. The fuel elements were extruded into cylinders and coated with niobium carbide ( NbC ) to resist corrosion. Six were stacked end-to-end and then placed in the seven holes in the graphite modules to create 137-centimeter (54 in) long fuel modules. This time the reactor attained 88 MW for 307 seconds, with an average core exit gas temperature of 2,178 K. The test was marred by three core module failures, but the majority suffered little or no damage. [ 57 ] The test was observed by Anderson and delegates to the 1960 Democratic National Convention . At the convention, Anderson added support for nuclear rockets to the Democratic Party platform. [ 58 ] The third and final test of the Kiwi A series was conducted on 19 October 1960. The Kiwi A3 engine used 27-inch (69 cm) long cylindrical fuel elements in niobium carbide liners. The test plan called for the engine to be run at 50 MW (half power) for 106 seconds, and then at 92 MW for 250 seconds. The 50 MW power level was achieved with a propellant flow of 2.36 kilograms per second (5.2 lb/s), but exit gas temperature was 1,861 K, which was over 300 K higher than expected. After 159 seconds, the power was increased to 90 MW. To stabilize the exit gas temperature at 2,173 K, the fuel rate was increased to 3.81 kilograms per second (8.4 lb/s). It was later discovered that the neutronic power measuring system was incorrectly calibrated, and the engine was actually run at an average of 112.5 MW for 259 seconds, well above its design capacity. Despite this, the core suffered less damage than in the Kiwi A Prime test. [ 59 ] Kiwi A was considered a success as a proof of concept for nuclear rocket engines. It demonstrated that hydrogen could be heated in a nuclear reactor to the temperatures required for space propulsion, and that the reactor could be controlled. [ 60 ] Finger went ahead and called for bids from industry for the development of NASA's Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application ( NERVA ) based upon the Kiwi engine design. [ 61 ] Rover henceforth became part of NERVA; while Rover dealt with the research into nuclear rocket reactor design, NERVA involved the development and deployment of nuclear rocket engines, and the planning of space missions. [ 62 ] Kiwi B LASL's original objective had been a 10,000 MW nuclear rocket engine capable of launching 11,000 kilograms (25,000 lb) into a 480 kilometers (300 mi) orbit. This engine was codenamed Condor, after the large flying birds , in contrast to the small flightless Kiwi. However, in October 1958, NASA had studied putting a nuclear upper stage on a Titan I missile, and concluded that in this configuration a 1,000 MW reactor upper stage could put 6,400 kilograms (14,000 lb) into orbit. This configuration was used in studies of Nova , and became the goal of Project Rover. LASL planned to conduct two tests with Kiwi B, an intermediate 1,000 MW design, in 1961 and 1962, followed by two tests of Kiwi C, a prototype engine, in 1963, and have a reactor in-flight test (RIFT) of a production engine in 1964. [ 26 ] For Kiwi B, LASL made several design changes to get the required higher performance. The central core was eliminated, the number of coolant holes in each hexagonal fuel element was increased from four to seven, and the graphite reflector was replaced with a 20-centimeter (8 in) thick beryllium one. [ 59 ] Although beryllium was more expensive, more difficult to fabricate, and highly toxic, it was also much lighter, resulting in a saving of 1,100 kilograms (2,500 lb). Due to the delay in getting Test Cell C ready, some features intended for Kiwi C were also incorporated in Kiwi B2. These included a nozzle cooled by liquid hydrogen instead of water, a new Rocketdyne turbopump, and a bootstrap start, [ 26 ] in which the reactor was started up under its own power only. [ 63 ] The test of Kiwi B1A, the last test to use gaseous hydrogen instead of liquid, was initially scheduled for 7 November 1961. On the morning of the test, a leaking valve resulted in a violent hydrogen explosion that blew out the walls of the shed and injured several workers; many suffered ruptured eardrums, and one fractured a heel bone. The reactor was undamaged, but there was extensive damage to the test car and the instrumentation, resulting in the test being postponed for a month. A second attempt on 6 December was aborted when it was discovered that many of the diagnostic thermocouples had been installed backward. Finally, on 7 December, the test got under way. It was intended to run the engine at 270 MW for 300 seconds, but the test was scrammed after only 36 seconds at 225 MW because hydrogen fires started to appear. All the thermocouples performed correctly, so a great deal of useful data was obtained. The average hydrogen mass flow during the full power portion of the experiment was 9.1 kilograms per second (20 lb/s). [ 64 ] [ 65 ] LASL next intended to test Kiwi B2, but structural flaws were found that required a redesign. Attention then switched to B4, a more radical design, but when they tried to put the fuel clusters into the core, the clusters were found to have too many neutrons, and it was feared that the reactor might unexpectedly start up. The problem was traced to absorption of water from the normally dry New Mexico air during storage. It was corrected by adding more neutron poison. After this, fuel elements were stored in an inert atmosphere. N Division then decided to test with the backup B1 engine, B1B, despite grave doubts about it based on the results of the B1A test, in order to obtain more data on the performance and behavior of liquid hydrogen. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] On startup on 1 September 1962, the core shook, but reached 880 MW. Flashes of light around the nozzle indicated that fuel pellets were being ejected; it was later determined that eleven had been. Rather than shut down, the testers rotated the drums to compensate, and were able to continue running at full power for a few minutes before a sensor blew and started a fire, and the engine was shut down. Most but not all of the test objectives were met. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The next test of the series was of Kiwi B4A on 30 November 1962. A flame flash was observed when the reactor reached 120 MW. Power was increased to 210 MW, and held there for 37 seconds. Power was then increased to 450 MW, but flashes then became frequent, and the engine was shut down after 13 seconds. After the test it was discovered that 97% of the fuel elements were broken. [ 69 ] The difficulties of using liquid hydrogen were appreciated, and the cause of the vibration and failures was diagnosed as hydrogen leaking into the gap between the core and the pressure vessel. [ 70 ] Unlike a chemical engine that would likely have blown up after suffering damage, the engine remained stable and controllable throughout. The tests demonstrated that a nuclear rocket engine would be rugged and reliable in space. [ 67 ] Kennedy visited Los Alamos on 7 December 1962 for a briefing on Project Rover. [ 71 ] It was the first time a US president had visited a nuclear weapons laboratory. He brought with him a large entourage that included Lyndon Johnson , McGeorge Bundy , Jerome Wiesner , Harold Brown , Donald Hornig , Glenn Seaborg , Robert Seamans, Harold Finger and Clinton Anderson. The next day, they flew to Jackass Flats, making Kennedy the only president to ever visit a nuclear test site. Project Rover had received $187 million in 1962, and AEC and NASA were asking for another $360 million in 1963. Kennedy drew attention to his administration's budgetary difficulties, and his officials and advisors debated the future of Project Rover and the space program in general. [ 72 ] Finger assembled a team of vibration specialists from other NASA centers, and along with staff from LASL, Aerojet and Westinghouse, conducted a series of "cold flow" reactor tests using fuel elements without fissionable material. Nitrogen, helium and hydrogen gas was pumped through the engine to induce vibrations. It was determined that they were caused by instability in the way the liquid flowed through the clearance gaps between adjacent fuel elements. A series of minor design changes were made to address the vibration problem. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the Kiwi B4D test on 13 May 1964, the reactor was automatically started and briefly run at full power (990 MW) with no vibration problems. The test had to be terminated after 64 seconds when nozzle tubes ruptured and caused a hydrogen leak around the nozzle that started a fire. Cooldown was performed with both hydrogen and 3,266 kilograms (7,200 lb) of nitrogen gas. On inspection after the test, no damaged fuel elements were found. [ 75 ] The final test was the Kiwi B4E test on 28 August in which the reactor was operated for twelve minutes, eight of which were at full power (937 MW). This was the first test to use uranium carbide pellets instead of uranium oxide, with a 0.0508-millimeter (0.002 in) niobium carbide coating. These were found to oxidize on heating, causing a loss of carbon in the form of carbon monoxide gas. To minimize this, the particles were made larger (50 to 150 micrometers (0.0020 to 0.0059 in) in diameter), and given a protective coating of pyrolytic graphite. On 10 September, Kiwi B4E was restarted, and run at 882 MW for two and a half minutes, demonstrating the ability of a nuclear rocket engine to be shut down and restarted. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] In September 1964, tests were conducted with a Kiwi B4 engine and PARKA, a Kiwi reactor used for testing at Los Alamos. The two reactors were run 4.9 meters (16 ft), 2.7 meters (9 ft) and 1.8 meters (6 ft) apart, and measurements taken of reactivity. These tests showed that neutrons produced by one reactor did indeed cause fissions in another, but that the effect was negligible: 3, 12 and 24 cents respectively. The tests demonstrated that adjacent nuclear rocket engines would not interfere with each other, and could therefore be clustered, just as chemical ones often were. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Phoebus The next step in LASL's research program was to build a larger reactor. [ 80 ] The size of the core determines how much hydrogen, which is necessary for cooling, can be pushed through it; and how much uranium fuel can be loaded into it. [ 81 ] In 1960, LASL began planning a 4,000 MW reactor with an 89-centimeter (35 in) core as a successor to Kiwi. LASL decided to name it Phoebe , after the Greek Moon goddess. Another nuclear weapon project already had that name, though, so it was changed to Phoebus, an alternative name for Apollo. Phoebus ran into opposition from SNPO, which wanted a 20,000 MW reactor. LASL thought that the difficulties of building and testing such a large reactor were being taken too lightly; just to build the 4,000 MW design required a new nozzle and improved turbopump from Rocketdyne. A prolonged bureaucratic conflict ensued. [ 80 ] In March 1963, SNPO and the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) commissioned Space Technology Laboratories (STL) to produce a report on what kind of nuclear rocket engine would be required for possible missions between 1975 and 1990. These missions included early manned planetary interplanetary round-trip expeditions (EMPIRE), planetary swingbys and flybys, and a lunar shuttle. The conclusion of this nine-volume report, which was delivered in March 1965, and of a follow-up study, was that these missions could be carried out with a 4,100 MW engine with a specific impulse of 825 seconds (8.09 km/s). This was considerably smaller than had originally been thought necessary. From this emerged a specification for a 5,000 MW nuclear rocket engine, which became known as NERVA II. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] LASL and SNPO came to an agreement that LASL would build two versions of Phoebus: the small Phoebus I, with an 89-centimeter (35 in) core for testing advanced fuels, materials and concepts, and the larger 140-centimeter (55 in) Phoebus II that would serve as a prototype for NERVA II. Both would be based on Kiwi. The focus was placed on achieving more power than was possible with Kiwi units and maintaining the maximum power for a longer duration. The work on Phoebus I was started in 1963, with a total of three engines being built, called 1A, 1B and 1C. [ 80 ] Phoebus 1A was tested on 25 June 1965, and run at full power (1,090 MW) for ten and a half minutes. Unfortunately, the intense radiation environment caused one of the capacitance gauges to produce erroneous readings. When confronted by one gauge that said that the hydrogen propellant tank was nearly empty, and another that said that it was quarter full, and unsure which was correct, the technicians in the control room chose to believe the one that said it was quarter full. This was the wrong choice; the tank was indeed nearly empty, and the propellant ran dry. Without liquid hydrogen to cool it, the engine, operating at 2,270 K (2,000 °C), quickly overheated and exploded. About a fifth of the fuel was ejected; most of the rest melted. [ 80 ] [ 84 ] The test area was left for six weeks to give highly radioactive fission products time to decay. A grader with a rubber squeegee on its plow was used to pile up contaminated dirt so it could be scooped up. When this did not work, a 150 kW (200 hp) vacuum cleaner was used to pick up the dirt. Fragments on the test pad were initially collected by a robot, but this was too slow, and men in protective suits were used, picking up pieces with tongs and dropping then into paint cans surrounded by lead and mounted on small-wheeled dollies. That took care of the main contamination; the rest was chipped, swept, scrubbed, washed or painted away. The whole decontamination effort took four hundred people two months to complete, and cost $50,000. The average dose of radiation received by the clean up workers was 0.66 rems (0.0066 Sv ), while the maximum was 3 rems (0.030 Sv); LASL limited its employees to 5 rems (0.050 Sv) per annum. [ 80 ] The next test was of Phoebus 1B. It was powered up on 10 February 1967, and run at 588 MW for two and a half minutes. To avoid a repeat of the mishap that had occurred to Phoebus 1A, a 30,000-liter (8,000 U.S. gal), high pressure 5,200- kilopascal (750 psi ) cryogenic storage dewar was installed to provide an emergency liquid hydrogen supply in the event that there was a failure of the primary propellant supply system. A second test was conducted on 23 February 1967, when it was run for 46 minutes, of which 30 minutes were above 1,250 MW, and a maximum power of 1,450 MW and gas temperature of 2,444 K (2,171 °C) was achieved. The test was a success, but some corrosion was found. [ 85 ] This was followed by a test of the larger Phoebus 2A. A preliminary low power (2,000 MW) run was conducted on 8 June 1968, then a full power run on 26 June. The engine was operated for 32 minutes, 12.5 minutes of which was above 4,000 MW, and a peak power of 4,082 MW was reached. At this point the chamber temperature was 2,256 K (1,983 °C), and total flow rate was 118.8 kilograms per second (262 lb/s). The maximum power level could not be reached because at this point the temperatures of the clamp band segments connecting the core to the pressure vessel reached their limit of 417 K (144 °C). A third run was conducted on 18 July, reaching a power of 1,280 MW, a fourth later that day, with a power of around 3,500 MW. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] A puzzling anomaly was that the reactivity was lower than expected. The liquid hydrogen might have overchilled the beryllium reflector, causing it to somehow lose some of its moderating properties. Alternatively, there are two spin isomers of hydrogen : parahydrogen is a neutron moderator but orthohydrogen is a poison, and perhaps the high neutron flux had changed some of the parahydrogen to orthohydrogen. [ 88 ] Pewee Pewee was the third phase of Project Rover. LASL reverted to bird names, naming it after the North American pewee . It was small, easy to test, and a convenient size for uncrewed scientific interplanetary missions or small nuclear "tugs". Its main purpose was to test advanced fuel elements without the expense of a full-sized engine. Pewee took only nineteen months to develop from when SNPO authorized it in June 1967 to its first full-scale test in December 1968. [ 89 ] Pewee had a 53-centimeter (21 in) core containing 36 kilograms (80 lb) 402 fuel elements and 132 support elements. Of the 402 fuel elements, 267 were fabricated by LASL, 124 by the Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory , and 11 at the AEC's Y-12 National Security Complex . Most were coated with niobium carbide ( NbC ) but some were coated with zirconium carbide ( ZrC ) instead; most also had a protective molybdenum coating. There were concerns that a reactor so small might not achieve criticality , so zirconium hydride (a good moderator) was added, and the thickness of the beryllium reflector was increased to 20 centimeters (8 in). There were nine control drums. The whole reactor, including the aluminum pressure vessel, weighed 2,570 kilograms (5,670 lb). [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Pewee 1 was started up three times: for check out on 15 November 1968, for a short duration test on 21 November, and for a full power endurance test on 4 December. The full power test had two holds during which the reactor was run at 503 MW (1.2 MW per fuel element). The average exit gas temperature was 2,550 K (2,280 °C), the highest ever recorded by Project Rover. The chamber temperature was 2,750 K (2,480 °C), another record. The test showed that the zircon carbide was more effective at preventing corrosion than niobium carbide. No particular effort had been made to maximize the specific impulse, that not being the reactor's purpose, but Pewee achieved a vacuum specific impulse of 901 seconds (8.84 km/s), well above the target for NERVA. So too was the average power density of 2,340 MW/m 3 ; the peak density reached 5,200 MW/m 3 . This was 20% higher than Phoebus 2A, and the conclusion was that it might be possible to build a lighter yet more powerful engine still. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] LASL took a year to modify the Pewee design to solve the problem of overheating. In 1970, Pewee 2 was readied in Test Cell C for a series of tests. LASL planned to do twelve full-power runs at 2,427 K (2,154 °C), each lasting for ten minutes, with a cooldown to 540 K (267 °C) between each test. SNPO ordered LASL to return Pewee to E-MAD. [ 89 ] The problem was the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which President Richard Nixon had signed into law on 1 January 1970. [ 92 ] SNPO believed that radioactive emissions were well within the guidelines, and would have no adverse environmental effects, but an environmental group claimed otherwise. [ 89 ] SNPO prepared a full environmental impact study for the upcoming Nuclear Furnace tests. [ 93 ] In the meantime, LASL planned a Pewee 3 test. This would be tested horizontally, with a scrubber to remove fission products from the exhaust plume. It also planned a Pewee 4 to test fuels, and a Pewee 5 to test afterburners. None of these tests were ever carried out. [ 89 ] Nuclear Furnace The Nuclear Furnace was a small reactor only a tenth of the size of Pewee that was intended to provide an inexpensive means of conducting tests. Originally it was to be used at Los Alamos, but the cost of creating a suitable test site was greater than that of using Test Cell C. It had a tiny core 146 centimeters (57 in) long and 34 centimeters (13 in) in diameter that held 49 hexagonal fuel elements. Of these, 47 were uranium carbide-zirconium carbide "composite" fuel cells and two contained a seven-element cluster of single-hole pure uranium-zirconium carbide fuel cells. Neither type had previously been tested in a nuclear rocket propulsion reactor. In all, this was about 5 kg of highly enriched (93%) uranium-235. To achieve criticality with so little fuel, the beryllium reflector was over 36 centimeters (14 in) thick. Each fuel cell had its own cooling and moderating water jacket. Gaseous hydrogen was used instead of liquid to save money. A scrubber was developed. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] [ 94 ] The objectives of the Nuclear Furnace tests were to verify the design, and test the new composite fuels. Between 29 June and 27 July 1972, NF-1 was operated four times at full power (44 MW) and a fuel exit gas temperature of 2,444 K (2,171 °C) for a total of 108.8 minutes. The NF-1 was operated 121.1 minutes with a fuel exit gas temperature above 2,222 K (1,949 °C). It also achieved an average power density 4,500 to 5,000 MW/m 3 with temperatures up to 2,500 K (2,230 °C). [ 95 ] The scrubber worked well, although some krypton-85 leaked. The Environmental Protection Agency was able to detect minute amounts, but none outside the test range. [ 89 ] The tests indicated that composite fuel cells would be good for two to six hours operation at 2,500 to 2,800 K (2,230 to 2,530 °C), which the carbide fuels would give similar performance at 3,000 to 3,200 K (2,730 to 2,930 °C), assuming that problems with cracking could be overcome with improved design. For ten hours of operation, graphite-matrix would be limited to 2,200 to 2,300 K (1,930 to 2,030 °C), the composite could go up to 2,480 K (2,210 °C), and the pure carbide to 3,000 K (2,730 °C). Thus, the test program ended with three viable forms of fuel cell. [ 94 ] Safety tests In May 1961, Kennedy gave his approval for reactor in-flight tests (RIFT). In response, LASL established a Rover Flight Safety Office, and SNPO created a Rover Flight Safety Panel, which supported RIFT. NASA's RIFT planning called for up to four reactors to fall into the Atlantic Ocean. LASL had to determine what would happen when a reactor hit the water at several thousand kilometers per hour. In particular, it needed to know whether it would go critical or explode when flooded with seawater, a neutron moderator. There was also concern about what would happen when it sank 3.2 kilometers (2 mi) down to the bottom of the Atlantic, where it would be under a crushing pressure. The possible impact on marine life, and indeed what marine life was down there, all had to be considered. [ 96 ] LASL started by immersing fuel elements in water. It then went on to conduct a simulated water entry test (SWET) during which a 30-centimeter (12 in) piston was used to force water into a reactor as fast as possible. To simulate an impact, a mock reactor was dropped onto concrete from a height of 23 meters (75 ft). It bounced 4.6 meters (15 ft) in the air; the pressure vessel was dented and many fuel elements were cracked but calculations showed that it would neither go critical nor explode. However, RIFT involved NERVA sitting atop a Saturn V rocket 91 meters (300 ft) high. To find out what would happen if the booster exploded on the launch pad, a mock reactor was slammed into a concrete wall using a rocket sled . The core was compressed by 5%, and calculations showed that the core would indeed go critical and explode, with a force equivalent to about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) of high explosive, which would likely be negligible compared to the damage caused by an exploding booster. Disturbingly, this was much lower than the 11 kilograms (25 lb) that was predicted theoretically, indicating that the mathematical modeling was deficient. [ 96 ] When it was determined that NERVA was not required for Apollo, and would therefore not be needed until the 1970s, RIFT was postponed, [ 72 ] and then canceled entirely in December 1963. Although its reinstatement was frequently discussed, it never occurred. [ 97 ] This eliminated the need for further SWET, but concerns remained about the safety of nuclear rocket engines. While an impact or an explosion could not cause a nuclear explosion, LASL was concerned about what would happen if the reactor overheated. A test was devised to create the most devastating catastrophe possible. A special test was devised known as Kiwi-TNT. Normally the control drums rotated at a maximum speed of 45° per second to the fully open position at 180°. This was too slow for the devastating explosion sought, so for Kiwi-TNT they were modified to rotate at 4,000° per second. The test was carried out on 12 January 1965. Kiwi-TNT was mounted on a flatbed railroad car, nicknamed the Toonerville Trolley , and parked 190 meters (630 ft) from Test Cell C. The drums were rotated to the maximum setting at 4,000° per second and the heat vaporized some of the graphite, resulting in a colorful explosion that sent fuel elements flying through the air, followed by a highly radioactive cloud with radioactivity estimated at 1.6 megacuries (59 PBq ). [ 96 ] Most of the radioactivity in the cloud was in the form of caesium-138 , strontium-92 , iodine-134 , zirconium-97 and krypton-88 , which have short half-lives measured in minutes or hours. The cloud rose 790 meters (2,600 ft) into the air and drifted southwest, eventually blowing over Los Angeles and out to sea. It was tracked by two Public Health Service (PHS) aircraft which took samples. The PHS had issued film badge dosimeters to people living on the edge of the test area, and took milk samples from dairy farms in the cloud's path. They revealed that exposure to people living outside the Nevada Test Site was negligible. Radioactive fallout on the ground also dissipated rapidly. Search teams scoured the area collecting debris. The largest was a piece of the pressure vessel weighing 67 kilograms (148 lb) which was found 230 meters (750 ft) away; another, weighing 44 kilograms (98 lb) was found 520 meters (1,700 ft) away. [ 98 ] The explosion was relatively small, estimated as being the equivalent of 90 to 140 kilograms (200 to 300 lb) of black powder . It was far less violent than an explosion of TNT , and hence the large pieces that were found. The test showed that the reactor could not be destroyed in space by blowing it up into small pieces, so another method had to be found for disposing of it at the end of a space mission. LASL decided to take advantage of the engine's restartability to dispose of a nuclear rocket by firing it into a high orbit, where it would either remain indefinitely, or via orbital decay return to Earth centuries later –by which time most of the radioactivity would have decayed away. The Soviet Union protested the test, claiming that it was a nuclear test in violation of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , but the US replied that it was a subcritical test involving no explosion. However, the State Department was very unhappy with LASL's Kiwi-TNT designation, as this implied an explosion, and it made it harder to charge the Soviets with violating the treaty. [ 98 ] There were three fatal accidents during Project Rover. One worker was killed in a motor vehicle accident. Another died from burns after tipping gasoline on classified computer tapes and setting them alight to dispose of them. A third entered a nitrogen tank and was asphyxiated. [ 99 ] Cancelation Rover was always a controversial project, and defending it from critics required a series of bureaucratic and political battles. In 1961, the Bureau of the Budget (BOB) and President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) mounted a challenge to Rover on the grounds of its cost, but this push was defeated by the JCAE, where Rover enjoyed the staunch support of Anderson and Howard Cannon in the Senate , and Overton Brooks and James G. Fulton in the House . [ 100 ] PSAC and BOB tried again in 1964; NASA's budget requests were cut, but Rover emerged intact. [ 101 ] In the late 1960s, the rising cost of the Vietnam War put increased pressure on budgets. Newly elected members of the House looked at Rover and NERVA with a critical eye, seeing it as a gateway to an expensive open-ended post-Apollo deep-space exploration program. But Rover retained influential support from Anderson, Cannon and Margaret Chase Smith from Maine in the Senate, and Fulton and George P. Miller (who replaced Brooks as chairman of the United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology on the latter's death in September 1961) in the House. [ 102 ] Congress defunded NERVA II in the 1967 budget, but Johnson needed Anderson's support for his Medicare legislation, and on 7 February 1967 agreed to provide money for NERVA II from his own contingency fund. [ 103 ] Klein, who had succeeded Finger as head of the SNPO in 1967, faced two hours of questioning on NERVA II before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics , which had cut the NASA budget. Defunding NERVA II saved $400 million, mainly in new facilities that would be required to test it. AEC and NASA acquiesced, because it had been demonstrated that NERVA I could perform the missions expected of NERVA II. [ 104 ] NERVA had many potential missions. NASA considered using Saturn V and NERVA on a " Grand Tour " of the Solar System. A rare alignment of the planets that happens every 174 years occurred between 1976 and 1980, allowing a spacecraft to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. With NERVA, that spacecraft could weigh up to 24,000 kilograms (52,000 lb). This was assuming NERVA had a specific impulse of only 825 seconds (8.09 km/s); 900 seconds (8.8 km/s) was more likely, and with that it could place a 77,000-kilogram (170,000 lb) space station the size of Skylab into orbit around the Moon. Repeat trips to the Moon could be made with NERVA powering a nuclear shuttle. There was also the mission to Mars, which Klein diplomatically avoided mentioning, [ 105 ] knowing that, even in the wake of the Apollo 11 Moon landing, the idea was unpopular with Congress and the general public. [ 106 ] The cost-cutting pressure increased after Nixon replaced Johnson as president in 1969. NASA program funding was reduced in the 1969 budget, shutting down the Saturn V production line, [ 107 ] but NERVA remained. Klein endorsed a plan whereby the Space Shuttle lifted a NERVA engine into orbit, then returned for the fuel and payload. This could be repeated, as the NERVA engine was restartable. [ 105 ] [ 108 ] NERVA retained the steadfast support of Anderson, Cannon and Smith, but Anderson was aging and tiring, and now delegated many of his duties to Cannon. NERVA received $88 million in fiscal year (FY) 1970 and $85 million in FY 1971, with funds coming jointly from NASA and the AEC. [ 109 ] When Nixon tried to cancel NERVA in 1971, Anderson's and Smith's votes killed Nixon's pet project, the Boeing 2707 supersonic transport . It was a stunning defeat for the president. [ 110 ] In the budget for FY 1972, funding for the shuttle was cut, but NERVA survived. [ 111 ] Although its budget request was just $17.4 million, Congress allocated $69 million; Nixon spent only $29 million of it. [ 109 ] [ a ] In 1972, Congress again supported NERVA. A bi-partisan coalition headed by Smith and Cannon appropriated $100 million for it; a NERVA engine that would fit inside the shuttle's cargo bay was estimated to cost about $250 million over a decade. They added a stipulation that there would be no more reprogramming NERVA funds to pay for other NASA activities. The Nixon administration decided to cancel NERVA anyway. On 5 January 1973, NASA announced that NERVA (and therefore Rover) was terminated. [ 112 ] Staff at LASL and the Space Nuclear Systems Office (SNSO), as SNPO had been renamed in 1970, [ 113 ] were stunned; the project to build a small NERVA that could be carried on board the Space Shuttle had been proceeding well. Layoffs began immediately, and the SNSO was abolished in June. [ 112 ] After 17 years of research and development, Projects Rover and NERVA had spent about $1.4 billion, but no nuclear-powered rocket has ever flown. [ 114 ] Legacy Nuclear rocket propulsion In 1983, the Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars") identified missions that could benefit from rockets more powerful than chemical rockets, and some that could only be undertaken by such rockets. [ 115 ] A nuclear propulsion project, SP-100, was created in February 1983 with the aim of developing a 100 kW nuclear rocket system. The concept incorporated a pebble-bed reactor , a concept developed by James R. Powell at the Brookhaven National Laboratory , which promised higher temperatures and improved performance over NERVA. [ 116 ] From 1987 to 1991 it was funded as a secret project codenamed Project Timber Wind . [ 117 ] The proposed rocket was later expanded into a larger design after the project was transferred to the Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (SNTP) program at the Air Force Phillips Laboratory in October 1991. NASA conducted studies as part of its Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) but felt that SNTP offered insufficient improvement over the nuclear rockets developed by Project Rover, and was not required by any SEI missions. The SNTP program was terminated in January 1994, [ 116 ] after about $200 million was spent. [ 118 ] An engine for interplanetary travel from Earth orbit to Mars orbit, and back, was studied in 2013 at the MSFC with a focus on nuclear thermal rocket engines. [ 119 ] Since they are at least twice as efficient as the most advanced chemical engines, they allow quicker transfer times and increased cargo capacity. The shorter flight duration, estimated at 3–4 months with nuclear engines, [ 120 ] compared to 8–9 months using chemical engines, [ 121 ] would reduce crew exposure to potentially harmful and difficult to shield cosmic rays . [ 122 ] Nuclear engines like the Pewee of Project Rover, were selected in the Mars Design Reference Architecture (DRA), [ 123 ] and on 22 May 2019, Congress approved $125 million in funding for the development of nuclear rockets. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] In January 2023, NASA and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) announced that they would collaborate on the development of a nuclear thermal rocket engine that would be tested in space to develop nuclear propulsion capability for use in crewed NASA missions to Mars. [ 126 ] Site rehabilitation With the closure of the SNPO, the Nevada Operations Office of Department of Energy assumed responsibility for Jackass Flats. [ 127 ] A radiological survey was carried out in 1973 and 1974, [ 128 ] followed by a cleanup of severe radioactive contamination at the RMSF, R-MAD, ETS-1, and Test Cells A and C. The E-MAD was still in use, and was not part of the effort. Between 1978 and 1984, $1.624 million was spent on clean up activities. [ 129 ] Highly contaminated items removed included a Phoebus nozzle, and two 24.9- tonne (27.5- short-ton ) and two 14-tonne (15-short-ton) reactor shields from the R-MAD. These were taken to radioactive waste management sites at Area 3 and Area 5. Some 5,563 cubic meters (7,276 cu yd) of contaminated soil and 4,250 cubic meters (5,560 cu yd) of contaminated metal and concrete were also removed for disposal. Another 631 cubic meters (825 cu yd) of clean metal and equipment were removed as salvage. [ 130 ] Test Cell A was demolished between December 2004 and July 2005. This involved the removal of toxic and hazardous materials that included asbestos and foil surrounding electrical conduits that contained levels of cadmium above landfill limits. Paint was found to contain polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), but not above landfill limits. About 27 tonnes (30 short tons) of lead bricks were found in various places and removed. There were also some traces of uranium and plutonium. The main challenge was the demolition of the concrete shield wall containing traces of europium -151, europium-153 and cobalt -59, which neutron absorption transforms into radioactive europium-152, europium-154 and cobalt-60. Care had to be taken to avoid creating hazardous radioactive dust during the demolition of the wall, which was carried out with explosives. [ 49 ] [ 131 ] Demolition of the R-MAD facility commenced in October 2009 and was completed in August 2010. [ 132 ] Reactor test summary Reactor Test date Starts Average full power (MW) Time at full power (s) Propellant temperature (chamber) (K) Propellant temperature (exit) (K) Chamber pressure (kPa) Flow rate (kg/s) Vacuum specific impulse (s) Kiwi A July 1959 1 70 300 1778 3.2 724 Kiwi A Prime July 1960 1 88 307 2206 1125 3.0 807 Kiwi A3 October 1960 1 112.5 259 2172 1415 3.8 800 Kiwi B1A December 1961 1 225 36 1972 974 9.1 763 Kiwi B1B September 1962 1 880 2278 2413 34.5 820 Kiwi B4A November 1962 1 450 1556 1814 19.0 677 Kiwi B4D May 1964 1 915 64 2006 2378 3606 31.1 837 Kiwi B4E August 1964 2 937 480 1972 2356 3427 31.0 834 Phoebus 1A June 1965 1 1090 630 2278 2444 3772 31.4 849 Phoebus 1B February 1967 2 1290 1800 2094 2306 5075 38.1 825 Phoebus 2A June 1968 4 4082 744 2256 2283 3827 119.0 821 Pewee November 1968 3 503 2400 1803 2539 4344 18.8 865 NF-1 June 1972 5 44 6528 2444 1.7 849 Source: [ 1 ] Footnotes ^ With the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 , Congress would strip the president of this ability. [ 109 ] Notes ^ a b Finseth 1991 , p. C-2. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Everett, C. J.; Ulam, S.M. (August 1955). On a Method of Propulsion of Projectiles by Means of External Nuclear Explosions. Part I (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2012. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , p. 8. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 4. ^ "Leslie Shepherd" . Telegraph . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2019 . ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 10, 217. ^ Bussard 1953 , p. 90. ^ a b Bussard 1953 , p. 5. ^ a b Bussard 1953 , pp. 1–2. ^ Bussard 1953 , p. ii. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 10–11. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 11–13. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 17–19. ^ Corliss & Schwenk 1971 , pp. 13–14. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 29–30. ^ a b Spence 1968 , pp. 953–954. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 45. ^ Sloop 1978 , p. 68. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 221. ^ a b c d e f g h Dewar 2007 , pp. 17–21. ^ Borowski 1987 , p. 7. ^ Finseth 1991 , p. 3. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 171–174. ^ a b Corliss & Schwenk 1971 , p. 14. ^ a b c Dewar 2007 , p. 61. ^ Corliss & Schwenk 1971 , pp. 37–38. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 21–22. ^ Corliss & Schwenk 1971 , pp. 14–15. ^ a b Fishbine et al. 2011 , p. 20. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 23. ^ Logsdon 1976 , pp. 13–15. ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 , p. 1. ^ "Senator Would Give Space task to the AEC" . The New York Times . 24 January 1958. p. 13 . Retrieved 15 August 2019 . ^ Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966 , pp. 101–106. ^ Rosholt 1969 , p. 43. ^ Rosholt 1969 , p. 41. ^ Rosholt 1969 , pp. 37–38. ^ Sloop 1978 , p. 75. ^ Sloop 1978 , pp. 89–91. ^ Bowles 2006 , pp. 58–61. ^ a b Rosholt 1969 , p. 67. ^ Ertel & Morse 1969 , p. 13. ^ Rosholt 1969 , p. 124. ^ a b Engler 1987 , p. 16. ^ a b Rosholt 1969 , pp. 254–255. ^ "Excerpt from the 'Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs' " . NASA. 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 July 2019 . ^ a b Sandoval 1997 , pp. 6–7. ^ a b Nelson, Jerel G.; Kruzic, Mike (September 2007). Nuclear Rocket Test Facility Decommissioning Including Controlled Explosive Demolition of a Neutron-Activated Shield Wall (Report). Department of Energy . Retrieved 10 August 2019 . ^ Corliss & Schwenk 1971 , p. 41. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 54–55. ^ "Nuclear Test Ban Treaty" . JFK Library . Retrieved 12 July 2019 . ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 52–54. ^ Miller 1984 , p. 6. ^ Koenig 1986 , p. 5. ^ a b Finseth 1991 , pp. 12–14. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 17–21. ^ Portee 2001 , p. 34. ^ a b Finseth 1991 , pp. 21–24. ^ Koenig 1986 , pp. 7–8. ^ Heppenheimer 1999 , p. 106. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 47. ^ Finseth 1991 , p. 99. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 24–32. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 63, 185. ^ a b Paxton 1978 , p. 26. ^ a b c d Dewar 2007 , p. 64. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 32–40. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 40–47. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 67. ^ "Los Alamos remembers visit by JFK" . LA Monitor . 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019 . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 66–67. ^ Finseth 1991 , p. 47. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 67–68. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 47–51. ^ Koenig 1986 , pp. 5, 9–10. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 53–57. ^ Orndoff & Evans 1976 , p. 1. ^ Finseth 1991 , p. 59. ^ a b c d e Dewar 2007 , pp. 82–85. ^ Corliss & Schwenk 1971 , p. 28. ^ Chovit, Plebuch & Kylstra 1965 , pp. I-1, II-1, II-3. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 87. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 63–67. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 67–70. ^ Finseth 1991 , pp. 72–78. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 108. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 108–109. ^ a b c d e f g Dewar 2007 , pp. 110–112. ^ a b Finseth 1991 , pp. 78–83. ^ a b c Koenig 1986 , pp. 11–12. ^ Council on Environmental Quality 2007 , p. 2. ^ Newell & Hollingsworth 1971 , pp. 1–6. ^ a b Finseth 1991 , pp. 83–88. ^ Koenig 1986 , pp. 15–16. ^ a b c Dewar 2007 , pp. 179–180. ^ Finseth 1991 , p. 5. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 180–184. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 185. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 39–44. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 92–93. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 53, 99–100. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 91–97. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 99–101. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , pp. 115–120. ^ Heppenheimer 1999 , pp. 178–179. ^ Koenig 1986 , p. 7. ^ Heppenheimer 1999 , p. 139. ^ a b c Heppenheimer 1999 , pp. 423–424. ^ Dewar 2007 , pp. 123–126. ^ Heppenheimer 1999 , pp. 270–271. ^ a b Dewar 2007 , p. 130. ^ United States Congress 1971 , p. 66. ^ Dewar 2007 , p. 207. ^ Haslett 1995 , p. 3-1. ^ a b Haslett 1995 , pp. 1–1, 2-1–2-5. ^ Lieberman 1992 , pp. 3–4. ^ Haslett 1995 , p. 3-7. ^ Smith, Rick (10 January 2013). "NASA Researchers Studying Advanced Nuclear Rocket Technologies" . space-travel.com . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . ^ Fishbine et al. 2011 , p. 17. ^ "How long would a trip to Mars take?" . NASA. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . ^ Burke et al. 2013 , p. 2. ^ Borowski, McCurdy & Packard 2013 , p. 1. ^ Cain, Fraser (1 July 2019). "Earth to Mars in 100 days: The Power of Nuclear Rockets" . phys.org . Retrieved 10 July 2019 . ^ Foust, Jeff (22 May 2019). "Momentum grows for nuclear thermal propulsion" . SpaceNews . Retrieved 10 July 2019 . ^ Frazier, Sarah; Thompson, Tabatha (25 January 2023). "NASA, DARPA Will Test Nuclear Engine for Future Mars Missions" (Press release). NASA. 23-012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023 . Retrieved 27 March 2023 . ^ Miller 1984 , p. 5. ^ Miller 1984 , pp. 26–28. ^ Miller 1984 , pp. 34–44. ^ Miller 1984 , pp. 48–49. ^ Kruzic, Michael R. (June 2008). Nuclear Rocket Facility Decommissioning Project: Controlled Explosive Demolition of Neutron-Activated Shield Wall (Report). Department of Energy . Retrieved 10 August 2019 . ^ "Accelerated Demolition of the Reactor Maintenance, Assembly, and Disassembly Facility and the Pluto Disassembly Facility" (PDF) . Department of Energy . Retrieved 10 August 2019 . References Borowski, S. K. (18–22 July 1987). Nuclear Propulsion – A Vital Technology for the Exploration of Mars and the Planets Beyond (PDF) . Case for Mars III. Boulder, Colorado: NASA . Retrieved 7 August 2019 . Borowski, S. K.; McCurdy, D. R.; Packard, T. W. (2013). Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP): A Proven Growth Technology for Human NEO / Mars Exploration Missions (PDF) . 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2012 . Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE . Retrieved 16 July 2019 . Bowles, Mark D. (June 2006). Science in Flux: NASA's Nuclear Program at the Plum Brook Station . Washington, D.C.: NASA. hdl : 2060/20060027114 . SP-4317. Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6 . LCCN 79001042 . OCLC 4664449 . SP-4205 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Burke, L. M.; Borowski, S. K.; McCurdy, D. R.; Packard, T. W. (2013). "A One-Year, Short-Stay Crewed Mars Mission Using Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Electric Propulsion (BNTEP) – A Preliminary Assessment". NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI). Conference Proceedings, March 2012 . Hampton, Virginia: NASA/Langley Research Center. ProQuest 2128302586 . Bussard, Robert (1953). Nuclear Energy for Rocket Propulsion (Report). Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Retrieved 6 July 2019 . Chovit, A. R.; Plebuch, R. K.; Kylstra, C. D. (1 March 1965). Mission Oriernted Advanced Nuclear System Parameters Study (PDF) (Report). Redondo Beach, California . Retrieved 19 July 2019 . Corliss, William R.; Schwenk, Francis C. (1971). Nuclear Propulsion for Space . Understanding the Atom. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: US Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. OCLC 293250 . Retrieved 7 July 2019 . Council on Environmental Quality (December 2007). A Citizen's Guide to the NEPA: Having Your Voice Heard . Washington, D.C.: Office of the President of the United States . Retrieved 21 July 2019 . Dewar, James (2007). To The End of the Solar System: The Story of the Nuclear Rocket (2nd ed.). Burlington: Apogee. ISBN 978-1-894959-68-1 . OCLC 1061809723 . Engler, Richard (1987). Atomic Power in Space: a History . Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy. Bibcode : 1987apsh.book...... . doi : 10.2172/6427889 . OSTI 6427889 . Retrieved 10 July 2019 . Ertel, Ivan D.; Morse, Mary Louise (1969). The Apollo Spacecraft – A Chronology. Volume I: Through November 7, 1962 (PDF) . NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 258337950 . SP-4009 . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . Finseth, J. L. (1991). Overview of Rover Engine Tests – Final Report (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NASA . Retrieved 8 July 2019 . Fishbine, Brian; Hanrahan, Robert; Howe, Steven; Malenfant, Richard; Scherer, Carolynn; Sheinberg, Haskell; Ramos, Octavio Jr. (2011). "-Nuclear Rockets: To Mars and Beyond" (PDF) . National Security Science . No. 1. pp. 16– 24 . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . Haslett (May 1995). Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Program Final Report (PDF) (Report). Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico: Phillips Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . Heppenheimer, T. A. (1999). The Space Shuttle Decision (PDF) . Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-58834-014-7 . SP-4221 . Retrieved 10 August 2019 . Koenig, Daniel R. (May 1986). Experience Gained from the Space Nuclear Rocket Program (Rover) (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-10062-H . Retrieved 8 July 2019 . Lieberman, Robert J. (16 December 1992). Audit Report on the Timber Wind Special Access Program (PDF) (Report). Arlington, Virginia: United States Department of Defense. 93-033 . Retrieved 18 July 2019 . Logsdon, John M. (1976). The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bibcode : 1976dtgt.book.....L . OCLC 849992795 . Miller, M. G. (December 1984). Nevada Test Site Area 25 Radiological Survey and Cleanup Project (PDF) (Report). Las Vegas, Nevada: Reynold Electrical and Engineering . Retrieved 10 August 2019 . Newell, Homer E. ; Hollingsworth, R. E. (December 1971). Environmental Statement. Reactor Testing: FY 1972. Nuclear Rocket Development Station, Nevada (PDF) (Report). Las Vegas, Nevada: NASA; AEC . Retrieved 21 July 2019 . Orndoff, J.D.; Evans, A.E. (9 October 1976). STF Simulation With PARKA And Application To Diagnostic Instrumentation Evaluation (Report). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. LA-UR-76-2067 . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . Paxton, Hugh C. (March 1978). Thirty Years at Pajarito Canyon Site (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. LA-7121-H . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . Portee, David S. (February 2001). Humans to Mars (PDF) . NASA Monographs in Aerospace History No. 21. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4521 . Retrieved 15 August 2019 . Rosholt, Robert L. (1969). An Administrative History of NASA, 1958–1963 (PDF) . NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 643260325 . SP-4101 . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . Sandoval, Steve (November 1997). "Memories of Project Rover" (PDF) . Reflections . Vol. 2, no. 10. pp. 6– 7 . Retrieved 14 July 2019 . Sloop, John L. (1978). Liquid Hydrogen as a Propulsion Fuel, 1945–1959 (PDF) . NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4104 . Retrieved 6 August 2019 . Spence, Roderick W. (31 May 1968). "The Rover Nuclear Rocket Program". Science . 160 (3831): 953– 959. Bibcode : 1968Sci...160..953S . doi : 10.1126/science.160.3831.953 . ISSN 0036-8075 . JSTOR 1724472 . PMID 17768883 . Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury . The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 569889 . SP-4201. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . United States Congress (1971). Nuclear Rocket Engine Program: Joint Hearings before the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences and Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Ninety=Second Congress, First Session, February 23 and 24, 1971 . Reports on Atomic Energy. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 13 November 2019 . Further reading El-Genk, Mohamed S., ed. (1994). Prelude to the Future: A Brief History of Nuclear Thermal Propulsion in the United States: A Critical Review of Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, 1984-1993 . New York: American Institute of Physics. ISBN 1-56396-317-5 . OCLC 31345137 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Nuclear propulsion v t e Spacecraft Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion Bussard ramjet Fission-fragment rocket Fission sail Fusion rocket Gas core reactor rocket Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear photonic rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear salt-water rocket Nuclear thermal rocket Radioisotope rocket US Project Orion NERVA Project Longshot Project Rover Project Prometheus Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter UK Project Daedalus USSR/Russia RD-0410 TOPAZ nuclear reactor TMK TEM Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion Bussard ramjet Fission-fragment rocket Fission sail Fusion rocket Gas core reactor rocket Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear photonic rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear salt-water rocket Nuclear thermal rocket Radioisotope rocket Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion Bussard ramjet Fission-fragment rocket Fission sail Fusion rocket Gas core reactor rocket Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear photonic rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear salt-water rocket Nuclear thermal rocket Radioisotope rocket US Project Orion NERVA Project Longshot Project Rover Project Prometheus Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Project Orion NERVA Project Longshot Project Rover Project Prometheus Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter UK Project Daedalus Project Daedalus USSR/Russia RD-0410 TOPAZ nuclear reactor TMK TEM RD-0410 TOPAZ nuclear reactor TMK TEM Sea vessels Nuclear marine propulsion Nuclear navy Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System Nuclear marine propulsion Nuclear navy Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System Aircraft Nuclear-powered aircraft US Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program Convair NB-36H Convair X-6 Project Pluto WS-125 USSR/Russia Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119 Myasishchev M-60 9M730 Burevestnik Nuclear-powered aircraft Nuclear-powered aircraft US Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program Convair NB-36H Convair X-6 Project Pluto WS-125 Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program Convair NB-36H Convair X-6 Project Pluto WS-125 USSR/Russia Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119 Myasishchev M-60 9M730 Burevestnik Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119 Myasishchev M-60 9M730 Burevestnik Ground Chrysler TV-8 Ford FX-Atmos Ford Nucleon Ford Seattle-ite XXI Simca Fulgur Chrysler TV-8 Ford FX-Atmos Ford Nucleon Ford Seattle-ite XXI Simca Fulgur Category Category Nuclear technology Spaceflight Media from Commons Nuclear spacecraft propulsion Nuclear research reactors Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2019 Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch Featured articles This page was last edited on 26 October 2025, at 11:00 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Rover
|
Main page Li komun chambre Nuni eventes Resenti chanjos Arbitriari pagine Helpo Donationes Create account Log in Donationes Create account Log in Chefi pagine Main Page Diskusione Lekte View source View history Lekte View source View history Tum kel kupla hir Afini chanjos Enporta Permananti linke Page information Sita disi artikle Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Download as PDF Printindi versione Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Disum es li Wikipedie in Novial ! Nus nun have 2,066 artikles . This is the start page of the Wikipedia in Novial . We now have 2,066 articles. Liste del artikles in disi Wikipedie Resenti skriptet Rotterdam , Immanuel Kant , Robert Smith , Tórshavn , Knut Hamsun R. L. Stine , Dushanbe , Handbale , Fema Giuseppe Verdi , Johannes Brahms , Liste de literature in Novial ( Omni skriptos ye tempe ) Bonvenio al wikipedie in li novial lingue! Welcome to the Wikipedia in the Novial language! You can read about the international auxiliary language Novial here . مرحبا بكم في ويكيبيديا بلغة نوفيال! يمكنك الاطلااع على اللغة العالمية لنوفيال . Рады бачыць Вас у Вікіпедыі на мове Навіяль. Вы можаце даведацца болей пра міжнародную дапаможную мову Навіяль тут Добре дошли в Уикипедия на новиал! Можете да прочетете повече за международния помощен език новиал . Dobrodošli na Wikipediju na Novijalu! Ovdje možete čitati o međunarodnom pomoćnom jeziku, Novial. Benvinguts a la Viquipèdia en idioma novial! Podeu trobar informació sobre la llengua auxiliar internacional novial aquí . Vítejte na Wikipedii v jazyce Novial! Novial je mezinárodní pomocný jazyk. Croeso i Wicipedia yn yr iaith Novial! Gellwch ddarllen mwy am yr Iaith Gynorthwyol Ryngwladol yma . Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial Her kan du på dansk læse om det internationale hjælpesprog novial. Willkommen bei der Wikipedia auf Novial! Hier kannst du mehr über die internationale Plansprache Novial erfahren. Καλωσήρθατε στη wikipedia στη γλώσσα Νόβιαλ! Μάθετε περισσότερα για τη διεθνή βοηθητική γλώσσα Νόβιαλ ... Bonvenon al Vikipedio en la lingvo Novialo! Vi povas legi pri la internacia lingvo Novialo ĉi tie . ¡Bienvenidos a Wikipedia en idioma novial! Puedes leer aquí sobre la lengua auxiliar internacional novial. Tere tulemast noviaalikeelsesse vikipeediasse! Siit saad rahvusvahelise tehiskeele noviaali kohta rohkem teada. به ویکیپدیا به زبان نوویال خوش آمدید! میتوانید در مورد این زبان کمکی جهانی اینجا بخوانید. Tervetuloa Wikipediaan novialiksi! Lue kansainvälisestä apukielestä, novialista , . Bienvenue sur la Wikipédia en Novial ! Lisez tout sur la langue internationale auxiliaire ici . Wolkom by de wikipedy yn it Novial! Hjir kinne jo lêze oer de helptaal Novial. Benvido á wikipedia na lingua Novial! Podes leer aquí sobre a linguaxe internacional Novial. Bonata cel Wikipedi fe basa Novial! Yu abil na doxo tem intrenasyonli sahay-basa Novial hinloka . ברוכים הבאים לוויקיפדיה בשפת נוביאל. אתם יכולים לקרוא על שפת נוביאל כאן . Üdvözlünk a novial nyelvű Wikipédiában! Itt olvashatsz a novial nevű nemzetközi segédnyelvről. Interlingua Benvenite al Wikipedia in le lingua novial! Vos pote leger super le lingua auxiliar international novial hic . Selamat datang di Wikipedia bahasa Novial! Anda dapat membaca bahasa pembantu internasional Novial . Velkomin á Wikipediu á Novial tungumálinu! Hægt er að lesa meira um alþjóðatungumálið Novial hér . Dobrodošli na Vikipediji v jezyku Novial! Добродошли на Википедији в језыку Новиал! Tu možeš čitati bolje o medžunarodnom pomočnom jezyku Novial. Ту можеш читати болье о меджународном помочном језыку Новиал. Benvenuti nella Wikipedia in Novial! Potete sapere di più su questa lingua ausiliaria internazionale leggendo qui . ノヴィアル語版ウィキペディアへようこそ! 国際補助語ノヴィアルについては こちら をご覧ください。 노비알 위키백과에 오신 것을 환영합니다! 노비알에 대해서는 여기 를 참조하세요. Tu bi xêr hatî wîkîpediya di zimanê novîyal da. Tu kanî li ser vî zimanî li vir bixûnê. Уикипедияның ноуиалша тарауына қош келдіңіз! Ноуиал деген халықаралық көмекші тіл туралы мынадан оқуыңызға болады. Gratus advenisti apud Vicipaediam Novialem! Ut de lingua auxiliari inter nationes adhibita Noviale legas, vide hoc . Merħba fil-Wikipedia bl-ilsien Novial! Tista' taqra aktar dwar l-ilsien internazzjonali awżiljarju Novial hawn ¡Ximopanōltih Noviallahtōlli Huiquipedia! Tihuelītih tiquinemi nicān huehca ōmpa Cemānāhuac Noviallahtōltechcopa. Welkom bij de Wikipedia in het Novial! Hier kunt u meer lezen over deze kunsttaal. Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial. Her kan du lese om det internasjonale hjelpespråket novial. Malaus ka king Wikipedia king Novial! Malyari kang mamasa tungkul king amanung internacional, ing Novial, keni . Witajcie w Wikipedii w języku novial! Możecie przeczytać więcej o tym języku tutaj . Bem-vindo à Wikipédia na língua Novial! Você pode ler mais sobre a língua auxiliar internacional Novial aqui . Novial simipi Wikipidiyaman allinmi hamusqaykichik! Novial simi , mamallaqtapura yanapayuq simi, yachaqayta atinki. Wellkomme en de Wikkipedija op Novial. Hee künnd Er jët mieh övver de Kunnß Shprooch Novial lesse. Bun venit la Wikipedia în limba Novial! Puteţi citi mai multe despre limba Novial aici (articol în limba engleză) Добро пожаловать в Википедию на языке Новиаль. Вы можете почитать о вспомогательном международном языке Новиаль здесь . Vitajte na Wikipédii v Noviali! Prečítajte si viac o jazyku Novial . Pozdravljeni na Wikipediji v Novialu! Več o jeziku Novial si lahko preberete . Maligayang pagdating sa Wikipedia sa wikang Novial! Pwede kang magbasa tungkol sa Novial, isang internasyonal na wikang auksilyar, dito . :ยินดีต้อนรับสู่วิกิพีเดียภาษาโนเวียล คุณสามารถเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับ ภาษาประดิษฐ์โนเวียล ได้ Novial dilindeki Wikipedia'ya hoşgeldiniz! Uluslararası yardımcı dil olan Novial dili hakkında daha fazla bilgi için buraya bakabilirisiniz. نوویال ویکیپیڈیا میں خوش آمدید! : بین الاقوامی زبان اضافی، نوویال کے بارے میں مزید مطالعہ آپ یہاں کرسکتے ہیں۔ Benokömö ini Vükiped in pük: Novial. Reidolös yegedi Volapükik dö pük bevünetik at. Welkom op de Wikipedia in 't Novial! Ier ka'j meêr lezen over deze kunsttaele. 欢迎來到诺维亚语维基百科！ 您可以在 这裡 得到有关国际辅助语言诺维亚语的资讯。 Artikle del die In probableso teorie e statistike, li geometriki distributione es un ek du diskreti distributiones de probableso: li probableso distributione del nombre X de Bernoulli probos besonat por obtena un sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ...}, o li probableso distributione del nombre Y = X − 1 de falios ante li unesmi sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }. Qui ek disus on nomisa "li" geometrike distributione es afere de konventione e konvenienteso. Di li probableso de sukseso an chaki probo es p , tand li probableso ke on besona n probos por obtena un sukseo es: Pr ( X = n ) = ( 1 − p ) n − 1 p {\displaystyle \Pr(X=n)=(1-p)^{n-1}p\,} por n = 1, 2, 3, .... Equivalentim li probableso ke es n falilos ante li unesmi sukseso es: Pr ( Y = n ) = ( 1 − p ) n p {\displaystyle \Pr(Y=n)=(1-p)^{n}p\,} por n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... In ambi kasus, li sequense de probablesos es geometri sequense. Examplim, konsidera ke ordinari ludo-kube bli jeta repetitim til li unesmi foye ke "1" apari. Li probableso distributione del nombre de foyes ke lu bli jeta es suportat sur li infiniti ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ... } e es geometriki distributione kun p = 1/6. Plu... Kategories Natural sienties e Matematike : Astronomia - Biologia - Ekologia - Fisike - Geologia - Kemie - Matematike - Teral sienties Filosofia e Sosial sienties : Antropologia - Ekonomike - Filosofia - Geografia - Historie - Lege - Linguistike - Politikal sientie - Psikologia - Religione - Sosiologia Aplikati sienties e teknologia : Agrikulture - Edukatione - Injenieria - Informatike - Komerse - Komputal sientie - Medisine - Teknologia Artes e Kulture : Arkitekture - Artes - Lingues - Literature - Manjaje - Mitologia - Musike - Sporte Novial : Otto Jespersen - Un International Lingue - Novial Lexike Instruktiones Li lingue kom deskriptet da Otto Jespersen in lon 1928 e 1930 libres es li modele kel on mus seku in disi wikipedie. The language as described by Otto Jespersen in his 1928 and 1930 books is the standard to be followed in this wikipedia. An International Language (1928) Novial Lexike (1930) Nus anke pova usa li novialides, ma lu mus es indikat al komense del pagine. We can also use the Novialides, but it should be indicated at the top of the page. Liste de artikles kel chaki wikipedie deve kontena. Listes de novi vordes usat in dis ensiklopedie. Listes de vordes in Novial Lexike segun teme. Sande-boxe Shablones Wikipedie:Shablonal mesajes Wikipedie:Shablones Shablonal sande-boxe Wikipedies in altri lingues Plu kam 1.000.000 artikles: English (anglum) · Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) · Svenska (suedum) · Deutsch (germanum) · Français (fransum) · Nederlands (nederlandum) · Русский (rusum) · Italiano (italum) · Español (spanum) · Polski (polonum) · Winaray (winaray) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamum) · 日本語 (japanum) · 中文 (chinum) · العربية (arabum) · Português (portugalum) · Українська (ukrainum) · مصرى (egipti arabum) Plu kam 300.000 artikles: فارسی (persum) · Català (katalanum) · Српски (serbum) · Bahasa Indonesia (indonesum) · Norsk bokmål (norvegum) · 한국어 (koreum) · Suomi (finnum) · Magyar (hungarum) · Česká (chekum) · Srpskohrvatski/Српскохрватски (serbo-kroatum) · Română (rumanum) · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara (baskum) · Türkçe (turkum) · Bahasa Melayu (malaysum) Wikipedies in altri konstrukteti lingues : Esperanto · Volapük · Ido · Interlingua · Kotava · Interlingue (Occidental) · Lingua Franca Nova · Lojban Kompleti liste Relati projektes Wikipedia bli organisa dal Wikimedia Fundatione , non-profite organisatione, kel organisa anke altri projektes : Meta-Wiki Koordinatione de toti Wikimedia projektes Wikinews Liberi internet-jurnale Wikiversity Liberi lernomateriales Commons Komuni materiales Wikiquote Kolektione de sitates Wikivoyage Liberi gidere pro voyajeres Wikibooks Liberi texte-libres Wikispecies Kolektione de biologikal spesies Wikidata Komuni informationes Wiktionary Liberi lexike Wikisource Li biblioteke kun liberi kontenaje Disum es li Wikipedie in Novial ! Nus nun have 2,066 artikles . This is the start page of the Wikipedia in Novial . We now have 2,066 articles. Liste del artikles in disi Wikipedie Resenti skriptet Rotterdam , Immanuel Kant , Robert Smith , Tórshavn , Knut Hamsun R. L. Stine , Dushanbe , Handbale , Fema Giuseppe Verdi , Johannes Brahms , Liste de literature in Novial ( Omni skriptos ye tempe ) Liste del artikles in disi Wikipedie Rotterdam , Immanuel Kant , Robert Smith , Tórshavn , Knut Hamsun R. L. Stine , Dushanbe , Handbale , Fema Giuseppe Verdi , Johannes Brahms , Liste de literature in Novial ( Omni skriptos ye tempe ) Bonvenio al wikipedie in li novial lingue! Welcome to the Wikipedia in the Novial language! You can read about the international auxiliary language Novial here . مرحبا بكم في ويكيبيديا بلغة نوفيال! يمكنك الاطلااع على اللغة العالمية لنوفيال . Рады бачыць Вас у Вікіпедыі на мове Навіяль. Вы можаце даведацца болей пра міжнародную дапаможную мову Навіяль тут Добре дошли в Уикипедия на новиал! Можете да прочетете повече за международния помощен език новиал . Dobrodošli na Wikipediju na Novijalu! Ovdje možete čitati o međunarodnom pomoćnom jeziku, Novial. Benvinguts a la Viquipèdia en idioma novial! Podeu trobar informació sobre la llengua auxiliar internacional novial aquí . Vítejte na Wikipedii v jazyce Novial! Novial je mezinárodní pomocný jazyk. Croeso i Wicipedia yn yr iaith Novial! Gellwch ddarllen mwy am yr Iaith Gynorthwyol Ryngwladol yma . Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial Her kan du på dansk læse om det internationale hjælpesprog novial. Willkommen bei der Wikipedia auf Novial! Hier kannst du mehr über die internationale Plansprache Novial erfahren. Καλωσήρθατε στη wikipedia στη γλώσσα Νόβιαλ! Μάθετε περισσότερα για τη διεθνή βοηθητική γλώσσα Νόβιαλ ... Bonvenon al Vikipedio en la lingvo Novialo! Vi povas legi pri la internacia lingvo Novialo ĉi tie . ¡Bienvenidos a Wikipedia en idioma novial! Puedes leer aquí sobre la lengua auxiliar internacional novial. Tere tulemast noviaalikeelsesse vikipeediasse! Siit saad rahvusvahelise tehiskeele noviaali kohta rohkem teada. به ویکیپدیا به زبان نوویال خوش آمدید! میتوانید در مورد این زبان کمکی جهانی اینجا بخوانید. Tervetuloa Wikipediaan novialiksi! Lue kansainvälisestä apukielestä, novialista , . Bienvenue sur la Wikipédia en Novial ! Lisez tout sur la langue internationale auxiliaire ici . Wolkom by de wikipedy yn it Novial! Hjir kinne jo lêze oer de helptaal Novial. Benvido á wikipedia na lingua Novial! Podes leer aquí sobre a linguaxe internacional Novial. Bonata cel Wikipedi fe basa Novial! Yu abil na doxo tem intrenasyonli sahay-basa Novial hinloka . ברוכים הבאים לוויקיפדיה בשפת נוביאל. אתם יכולים לקרוא על שפת נוביאל כאן . Üdvözlünk a novial nyelvű Wikipédiában! Itt olvashatsz a novial nevű nemzetközi segédnyelvről. Interlingua Benvenite al Wikipedia in le lingua novial! Vos pote leger super le lingua auxiliar international novial hic . Selamat datang di Wikipedia bahasa Novial! Anda dapat membaca bahasa pembantu internasional Novial . Velkomin á Wikipediu á Novial tungumálinu! Hægt er að lesa meira um alþjóðatungumálið Novial hér . Dobrodošli na Vikipediji v jezyku Novial! Добродошли на Википедији в језыку Новиал! Tu možeš čitati bolje o medžunarodnom pomočnom jezyku Novial. Ту можеш читати болье о меджународном помочном језыку Новиал. Benvenuti nella Wikipedia in Novial! Potete sapere di più su questa lingua ausiliaria internazionale leggendo qui . ノヴィアル語版ウィキペディアへようこそ! 国際補助語ノヴィアルについては こちら をご覧ください。 노비알 위키백과에 오신 것을 환영합니다! 노비알에 대해서는 여기 를 참조하세요. Tu bi xêr hatî wîkîpediya di zimanê novîyal da. Tu kanî li ser vî zimanî li vir bixûnê. Уикипедияның ноуиалша тарауына қош келдіңіз! Ноуиал деген халықаралық көмекші тіл туралы мынадан оқуыңызға болады. Gratus advenisti apud Vicipaediam Novialem! Ut de lingua auxiliari inter nationes adhibita Noviale legas, vide hoc . Merħba fil-Wikipedia bl-ilsien Novial! Tista' taqra aktar dwar l-ilsien internazzjonali awżiljarju Novial hawn ¡Ximopanōltih Noviallahtōlli Huiquipedia! Tihuelītih tiquinemi nicān huehca ōmpa Cemānāhuac Noviallahtōltechcopa. Welkom bij de Wikipedia in het Novial! Hier kunt u meer lezen over deze kunsttaal. Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial. Her kan du lese om det internasjonale hjelpespråket novial. Malaus ka king Wikipedia king Novial! Malyari kang mamasa tungkul king amanung internacional, ing Novial, keni . Witajcie w Wikipedii w języku novial! Możecie przeczytać więcej o tym języku tutaj . Bem-vindo à Wikipédia na língua Novial! Você pode ler mais sobre a língua auxiliar internacional Novial aqui . Novial simipi Wikipidiyaman allinmi hamusqaykichik! Novial simi , mamallaqtapura yanapayuq simi, yachaqayta atinki. Wellkomme en de Wikkipedija op Novial. Hee künnd Er jët mieh övver de Kunnß Shprooch Novial lesse. Bun venit la Wikipedia în limba Novial! Puteţi citi mai multe despre limba Novial aici (articol în limba engleză) Добро пожаловать в Википедию на языке Новиаль. Вы можете почитать о вспомогательном международном языке Новиаль здесь . Vitajte na Wikipédii v Noviali! Prečítajte si viac o jazyku Novial . Pozdravljeni na Wikipediji v Novialu! Več o jeziku Novial si lahko preberete . Maligayang pagdating sa Wikipedia sa wikang Novial! Pwede kang magbasa tungkol sa Novial, isang internasyonal na wikang auksilyar, dito . :ยินดีต้อนรับสู่วิกิพีเดียภาษาโนเวียล คุณสามารถเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับ ภาษาประดิษฐ์โนเวียล ได้ Novial dilindeki Wikipedia'ya hoşgeldiniz! Uluslararası yardımcı dil olan Novial dili hakkında daha fazla bilgi için buraya bakabilirisiniz. نوویال ویکیپیڈیا میں خوش آمدید! : بین الاقوامی زبان اضافی، نوویال کے بارے میں مزید مطالعہ آپ یہاں کرسکتے ہیں۔ Benokömö ini Vükiped in pük: Novial. Reidolös yegedi Volapükik dö pük bevünetik at. Welkom op de Wikipedia in 't Novial! Ier ka'j meêr lezen over deze kunsttaele. 欢迎來到诺维亚语维基百科！ 您可以在 这裡 得到有关国际辅助语言诺维亚语的资讯。 Bonvenio al wikipedie in li novial lingue! Bonvenio al wikipedie in li novial lingue! Welcome to the Wikipedia in the Novial language! You can read about the international auxiliary language Novial here . Welcome to the Wikipedia in the Novial language! You can read about the international auxiliary language Novial here . مرحبا بكم في ويكيبيديا بلغة نوفيال! يمكنك الاطلااع على اللغة العالمية لنوفيال . مرحبا بكم في ويكيبيديا بلغة نوفيال! يمكنك الاطلااع على اللغة العالمية لنوفيال . Рады бачыць Вас у Вікіпедыі на мове Навіяль. Вы можаце даведацца болей пра міжнародную дапаможную мову Навіяль тут Рады бачыць Вас у Вікіпедыі на мове Навіяль. Вы можаце даведацца болей пра міжнародную дапаможную мову Навіяль тут Добре дошли в Уикипедия на новиал! Можете да прочетете повече за международния помощен език новиал . Добре дошли в Уикипедия на новиал! Можете да прочетете повече за международния помощен език новиал . Dobrodošli na Wikipediju na Novijalu! Ovdje možete čitati o međunarodnom pomoćnom jeziku, Novial. Dobrodošli na Wikipediju na Novijalu! Ovdje možete čitati o međunarodnom pomoćnom jeziku, Novial. Benvinguts a la Viquipèdia en idioma novial! Podeu trobar informació sobre la llengua auxiliar internacional novial aquí . Benvinguts a la Viquipèdia en idioma novial! Podeu trobar informació sobre la llengua auxiliar internacional novial aquí . Vítejte na Wikipedii v jazyce Novial! Novial je mezinárodní pomocný jazyk. Vítejte na Wikipedii v jazyce Novial! Novial je mezinárodní pomocný jazyk. Croeso i Wicipedia yn yr iaith Novial! Gellwch ddarllen mwy am yr Iaith Gynorthwyol Ryngwladol yma . Croeso i Wicipedia yn yr iaith Novial! Gellwch ddarllen mwy am yr Iaith Gynorthwyol Ryngwladol yma . Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial Her kan du på dansk læse om det internationale hjælpesprog novial. Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial Her kan du på dansk læse om det internationale hjælpesprog novial. Willkommen bei der Wikipedia auf Novial! Hier kannst du mehr über die internationale Plansprache Novial erfahren. Willkommen bei der Wikipedia auf Novial! Hier kannst du mehr über die internationale Plansprache Novial erfahren. Καλωσήρθατε στη wikipedia στη γλώσσα Νόβιαλ! Μάθετε περισσότερα για τη διεθνή βοηθητική γλώσσα Νόβιαλ ... Καλωσήρθατε στη wikipedia στη γλώσσα Νόβιαλ! Μάθετε περισσότερα για τη διεθνή βοηθητική γλώσσα Νόβιαλ ... Bonvenon al Vikipedio en la lingvo Novialo! Vi povas legi pri la internacia lingvo Novialo ĉi tie . Bonvenon al Vikipedio en la lingvo Novialo! Vi povas legi pri la internacia lingvo Novialo ĉi tie . ¡Bienvenidos a Wikipedia en idioma novial! Puedes leer aquí sobre la lengua auxiliar internacional novial. ¡Bienvenidos a Wikipedia en idioma novial! Puedes leer aquí sobre la lengua auxiliar internacional novial. Tere tulemast noviaalikeelsesse vikipeediasse! Siit saad rahvusvahelise tehiskeele noviaali kohta rohkem teada. Tere tulemast noviaalikeelsesse vikipeediasse! Siit saad rahvusvahelise tehiskeele noviaali kohta rohkem teada. به ویکیپدیا به زبان نوویال خوش آمدید! میتوانید در مورد این زبان کمکی جهانی اینجا بخوانید. به ویکیپدیا به زبان نوویال خوش آمدید! میتوانید در مورد این زبان کمکی جهانی اینجا بخوانید. Tervetuloa Wikipediaan novialiksi! Lue kansainvälisestä apukielestä, novialista , . Tervetuloa Wikipediaan novialiksi! Lue kansainvälisestä apukielestä, novialista , . Bienvenue sur la Wikipédia en Novial ! Lisez tout sur la langue internationale auxiliaire ici . Bienvenue sur la Wikipédia en Novial ! Lisez tout sur la langue internationale auxiliaire ici . Wolkom by de wikipedy yn it Novial! Hjir kinne jo lêze oer de helptaal Novial. Wolkom by de wikipedy yn it Novial! Hjir kinne jo lêze oer de helptaal Novial. Benvido á wikipedia na lingua Novial! Podes leer aquí sobre a linguaxe internacional Novial. Benvido á wikipedia na lingua Novial! Podes leer aquí sobre a linguaxe internacional Novial. Bonata cel Wikipedi fe basa Novial! Yu abil na doxo tem intrenasyonli sahay-basa Novial hinloka . Bonata cel Wikipedi fe basa Novial! Yu abil na doxo tem intrenasyonli sahay-basa Novial hinloka . ברוכים הבאים לוויקיפדיה בשפת נוביאל. אתם יכולים לקרוא על שפת נוביאל כאן . ברוכים הבאים לוויקיפדיה בשפת נוביאל. אתם יכולים לקרוא על שפת נוביאל כאן . Üdvözlünk a novial nyelvű Wikipédiában! Itt olvashatsz a novial nevű nemzetközi segédnyelvről. Üdvözlünk a novial nyelvű Wikipédiában! Itt olvashatsz a novial nevű nemzetközi segédnyelvről. Interlingua Benvenite al Wikipedia in le lingua novial! Vos pote leger super le lingua auxiliar international novial hic . Interlingua Benvenite al Wikipedia in le lingua novial! Vos pote leger super le lingua auxiliar international novial hic . Selamat datang di Wikipedia bahasa Novial! Anda dapat membaca bahasa pembantu internasional Novial . Selamat datang di Wikipedia bahasa Novial! Anda dapat membaca bahasa pembantu internasional Novial . Velkomin á Wikipediu á Novial tungumálinu! Hægt er að lesa meira um alþjóðatungumálið Novial hér . Velkomin á Wikipediu á Novial tungumálinu! Hægt er að lesa meira um alþjóðatungumálið Novial hér . Dobrodošli na Vikipediji v jezyku Novial! Добродошли на Википедији в језыку Новиал! Tu možeš čitati bolje o medžunarodnom pomočnom jezyku Novial. Ту можеш читати болье о меджународном помочном језыку Новиал. Dobrodošli na Vikipediji v jezyku Novial! Добродошли на Википедији в језыку Новиал! Tu možeš čitati bolje o medžunarodnom pomočnom jezyku Novial. Ту можеш читати болье о меджународном помочном језыку Новиал. Benvenuti nella Wikipedia in Novial! Potete sapere di più su questa lingua ausiliaria internazionale leggendo qui . Benvenuti nella Wikipedia in Novial! Potete sapere di più su questa lingua ausiliaria internazionale leggendo qui . ノヴィアル語版ウィキペディアへようこそ! 国際補助語ノヴィアルについては こちら をご覧ください。 ノヴィアル語版ウィキペディアへようこそ! 国際補助語ノヴィアルについては こちら をご覧ください。 노비알 위키백과에 오신 것을 환영합니다! 노비알에 대해서는 여기 를 참조하세요. 노비알 위키백과에 오신 것을 환영합니다! 노비알에 대해서는 여기 를 참조하세요. Tu bi xêr hatî wîkîpediya di zimanê novîyal da. Tu kanî li ser vî zimanî li vir bixûnê. Tu bi xêr hatî wîkîpediya di zimanê novîyal da. Tu kanî li ser vî zimanî li vir bixûnê. Уикипедияның ноуиалша тарауына қош келдіңіз! Ноуиал деген халықаралық көмекші тіл туралы мынадан оқуыңызға болады. Уикипедияның ноуиалша тарауына қош келдіңіз! Ноуиал деген халықаралық көмекші тіл туралы мынадан оқуыңызға болады. Gratus advenisti apud Vicipaediam Novialem! Ut de lingua auxiliari inter nationes adhibita Noviale legas, vide hoc . Gratus advenisti apud Vicipaediam Novialem! Ut de lingua auxiliari inter nationes adhibita Noviale legas, vide hoc . Merħba fil-Wikipedia bl-ilsien Novial! Tista' taqra aktar dwar l-ilsien internazzjonali awżiljarju Novial hawn Merħba fil-Wikipedia bl-ilsien Novial! Tista' taqra aktar dwar l-ilsien internazzjonali awżiljarju Novial hawn ¡Ximopanōltih Noviallahtōlli Huiquipedia! Tihuelītih tiquinemi nicān huehca ōmpa Cemānāhuac Noviallahtōltechcopa. ¡Ximopanōltih Noviallahtōlli Huiquipedia! Tihuelītih tiquinemi nicān huehca ōmpa Cemānāhuac Noviallahtōltechcopa. Welkom bij de Wikipedia in het Novial! Hier kunt u meer lezen over deze kunsttaal. Welkom bij de Wikipedia in het Novial! Hier kunt u meer lezen over deze kunsttaal. Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial. Her kan du lese om det internasjonale hjelpespråket novial. Velkommen til Wikipedia på novial. Her kan du lese om det internasjonale hjelpespråket novial. Malaus ka king Wikipedia king Novial! Malyari kang mamasa tungkul king amanung internacional, ing Novial, keni . Malaus ka king Wikipedia king Novial! Malyari kang mamasa tungkul king amanung internacional, ing Novial, keni . Witajcie w Wikipedii w języku novial! Możecie przeczytać więcej o tym języku tutaj . Witajcie w Wikipedii w języku novial! Możecie przeczytać więcej o tym języku tutaj . Bem-vindo à Wikipédia na língua Novial! Você pode ler mais sobre a língua auxiliar internacional Novial aqui . Bem-vindo à Wikipédia na língua Novial! Você pode ler mais sobre a língua auxiliar internacional Novial aqui . Novial simipi Wikipidiyaman allinmi hamusqaykichik! Novial simi , mamallaqtapura yanapayuq simi, yachaqayta atinki. Novial simipi Wikipidiyaman allinmi hamusqaykichik! Novial simi , mamallaqtapura yanapayuq simi, yachaqayta atinki. Wellkomme en de Wikkipedija op Novial. Hee künnd Er jët mieh övver de Kunnß Shprooch Novial lesse. Wellkomme en de Wikkipedija op Novial. Hee künnd Er jët mieh övver de Kunnß Shprooch Novial lesse. Bun venit la Wikipedia în limba Novial! Puteţi citi mai multe despre limba Novial aici (articol în limba engleză) Bun venit la Wikipedia în limba Novial! Puteţi citi mai multe despre limba Novial aici (articol în limba engleză) Добро пожаловать в Википедию на языке Новиаль. Вы можете почитать о вспомогательном международном языке Новиаль здесь . Добро пожаловать в Википедию на языке Новиаль. Вы можете почитать о вспомогательном международном языке Новиаль здесь . Vitajte na Wikipédii v Noviali! Prečítajte si viac o jazyku Novial . Vitajte na Wikipédii v Noviali! Prečítajte si viac o jazyku Novial . Pozdravljeni na Wikipediji v Novialu! Več o jeziku Novial si lahko preberete . Pozdravljeni na Wikipediji v Novialu! Več o jeziku Novial si lahko preberete . Maligayang pagdating sa Wikipedia sa wikang Novial! Pwede kang magbasa tungkol sa Novial, isang internasyonal na wikang auksilyar, dito . Maligayang pagdating sa Wikipedia sa wikang Novial! Pwede kang magbasa tungkol sa Novial, isang internasyonal na wikang auksilyar, dito . :ยินดีต้อนรับสู่วิกิพีเดียภาษาโนเวียล คุณสามารถเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับ ภาษาประดิษฐ์โนเวียล ได้ :ยินดีต้อนรับสู่วิกิพีเดียภาษาโนเวียล คุณสามารถเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับ ภาษาประดิษฐ์โนเวียล ได้ Novial dilindeki Wikipedia'ya hoşgeldiniz! Uluslararası yardımcı dil olan Novial dili hakkında daha fazla bilgi için buraya bakabilirisiniz. Novial dilindeki Wikipedia'ya hoşgeldiniz! Uluslararası yardımcı dil olan Novial dili hakkında daha fazla bilgi için buraya bakabilirisiniz. نوویال ویکیپیڈیا میں خوش آمدید! : بین الاقوامی زبان اضافی، نوویال کے بارے میں مزید مطالعہ آپ یہاں کرسکتے ہیں۔ نوویال ویکیپیڈیا میں خوش آمدید! : بین الاقوامی زبان اضافی، نوویال کے بارے میں مزید مطالعہ آپ یہاں کرسکتے ہیں۔ Benokömö ini Vükiped in pük: Novial. Reidolös yegedi Volapükik dö pük bevünetik at. Benokömö ini Vükiped in pük: Novial. Reidolös yegedi Volapükik dö pük bevünetik at. Welkom op de Wikipedia in 't Novial! Ier ka'j meêr lezen over deze kunsttaele. Welkom op de Wikipedia in 't Novial! Ier ka'j meêr lezen over deze kunsttaele. 欢迎來到诺维亚语维基百科！ 您可以在 这裡 得到有关国际辅助语言诺维亚语的资讯。 欢迎來到诺维亚语维基百科！ 您可以在 这裡 得到有关国际辅助语言诺维亚语的资讯。 Artikle del die In probableso teorie e statistike, li geometriki distributione es un ek du diskreti distributiones de probableso: li probableso distributione del nombre X de Bernoulli probos besonat por obtena un sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ...}, o li probableso distributione del nombre Y = X − 1 de falios ante li unesmi sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }. Qui ek disus on nomisa "li" geometrike distributione es afere de konventione e konvenienteso. Di li probableso de sukseso an chaki probo es p , tand li probableso ke on besona n probos por obtena un sukseo es: Pr ( X = n ) = ( 1 − p ) n − 1 p {\displaystyle \Pr(X=n)=(1-p)^{n-1}p\,} por n = 1, 2, 3, .... Equivalentim li probableso ke es n falilos ante li unesmi sukseso es: Pr ( Y = n ) = ( 1 − p ) n p {\displaystyle \Pr(Y=n)=(1-p)^{n}p\,} por n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... In ambi kasus, li sequense de probablesos es geometri sequense. Examplim, konsidera ke ordinari ludo-kube bli jeta repetitim til li unesmi foye ke "1" apari. Li probableso distributione del nombre de foyes ke lu bli jeta es suportat sur li infiniti ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ... } e es geometriki distributione kun p = 1/6. Plu... Kategories Natural sienties e Matematike : Astronomia - Biologia - Ekologia - Fisike - Geologia - Kemie - Matematike - Teral sienties Filosofia e Sosial sienties : Antropologia - Ekonomike - Filosofia - Geografia - Historie - Lege - Linguistike - Politikal sientie - Psikologia - Religione - Sosiologia Aplikati sienties e teknologia : Agrikulture - Edukatione - Injenieria - Informatike - Komerse - Komputal sientie - Medisine - Teknologia Artes e Kulture : Arkitekture - Artes - Lingues - Literature - Manjaje - Mitologia - Musike - Sporte Novial : Otto Jespersen - Un International Lingue - Novial Lexike Instruktiones Li lingue kom deskriptet da Otto Jespersen in lon 1928 e 1930 libres es li modele kel on mus seku in disi wikipedie. The language as described by Otto Jespersen in his 1928 and 1930 books is the standard to be followed in this wikipedia. An International Language (1928) Novial Lexike (1930) Nus anke pova usa li novialides, ma lu mus es indikat al komense del pagine. We can also use the Novialides, but it should be indicated at the top of the page. Liste de artikles kel chaki wikipedie deve kontena. Listes de novi vordes usat in dis ensiklopedie. Listes de vordes in Novial Lexike segun teme. Sande-boxe Shablones Wikipedie:Shablonal mesajes Wikipedie:Shablones Shablonal sande-boxe Wikipedies in altri lingues Plu kam 1.000.000 artikles: English (anglum) · Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) · Svenska (suedum) · Deutsch (germanum) · Français (fransum) · Nederlands (nederlandum) · Русский (rusum) · Italiano (italum) · Español (spanum) · Polski (polonum) · Winaray (winaray) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamum) · 日本語 (japanum) · 中文 (chinum) · العربية (arabum) · Português (portugalum) · Українська (ukrainum) · مصرى (egipti arabum) Plu kam 300.000 artikles: فارسی (persum) · Català (katalanum) · Српски (serbum) · Bahasa Indonesia (indonesum) · Norsk bokmål (norvegum) · 한국어 (koreum) · Suomi (finnum) · Magyar (hungarum) · Česká (chekum) · Srpskohrvatski/Српскохрватски (serbo-kroatum) · Română (rumanum) · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara (baskum) · Türkçe (turkum) · Bahasa Melayu (malaysum) Wikipedies in altri konstrukteti lingues : Esperanto · Volapük · Ido · Interlingua · Kotava · Interlingue (Occidental) · Lingua Franca Nova · Lojban Kompleti liste Relati projektes Wikipedia bli organisa dal Wikimedia Fundatione , non-profite organisatione, kel organisa anke altri projektes : Meta-Wiki Koordinatione de toti Wikimedia projektes Wikinews Liberi internet-jurnale Wikiversity Liberi lernomateriales Commons Komuni materiales Wikiquote Kolektione de sitates Wikivoyage Liberi gidere pro voyajeres Wikibooks Liberi texte-libres Wikispecies Kolektione de biologikal spesies Wikidata Komuni informationes Wiktionary Liberi lexike Wikisource Li biblioteke kun liberi kontenaje Artikle del die In probableso teorie e statistike, li geometriki distributione es un ek du diskreti distributiones de probableso: li probableso distributione del nombre X de Bernoulli probos besonat por obtena un sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ...}, o li probableso distributione del nombre Y = X − 1 de falios ante li unesmi sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }. Qui ek disus on nomisa "li" geometrike distributione es afere de konventione e konvenienteso. Di li probableso de sukseso an chaki probo es p , tand li probableso ke on besona n probos por obtena un sukseo es: Pr ( X = n ) = ( 1 − p ) n − 1 p {\displaystyle \Pr(X=n)=(1-p)^{n-1}p\,} por n = 1, 2, 3, .... Equivalentim li probableso ke es n falilos ante li unesmi sukseso es: Pr ( Y = n ) = ( 1 − p ) n p {\displaystyle \Pr(Y=n)=(1-p)^{n}p\,} por n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... In ambi kasus, li sequense de probablesos es geometri sequense. Examplim, konsidera ke ordinari ludo-kube bli jeta repetitim til li unesmi foye ke "1" apari. Li probableso distributione del nombre de foyes ke lu bli jeta es suportat sur li infiniti ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ... } e es geometriki distributione kun p = 1/6. Plu... li probableso distributione del nombre X de Bernoulli probos besonat por obtena un sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ...}, o li probableso distributione del nombre Y = X − 1 de falios ante li unesmi sukseso, suportat sur li ensemble { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }. Qui ek disus on nomisa "li" geometrike distributione es afere de konventione e konvenienteso. Di li probableso de sukseso an chaki probo es p , tand li probableso ke on besona n probos por obtena un sukseo es: por n = 1, 2, 3, .... Equivalentim li probableso ke es n falilos ante li unesmi sukseso es: por n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... In ambi kasus, li sequense de probablesos es geometri sequense. Examplim, konsidera ke ordinari ludo-kube bli jeta repetitim til li unesmi foye ke "1" apari. Li probableso distributione del nombre de foyes ke lu bli jeta es suportat sur li infiniti ensemble { 1, 2, 3, ... } e es geometriki distributione kun p = 1/6. Plu... Kategories Natural sienties e Matematike : Astronomia - Biologia - Ekologia - Fisike - Geologia - Kemie - Matematike - Teral sienties Filosofia e Sosial sienties : Antropologia - Ekonomike - Filosofia - Geografia - Historie - Lege - Linguistike - Politikal sientie - Psikologia - Religione - Sosiologia Aplikati sienties e teknologia : Agrikulture - Edukatione - Injenieria - Informatike - Komerse - Komputal sientie - Medisine - Teknologia Artes e Kulture : Arkitekture - Artes - Lingues - Literature - Manjaje - Mitologia - Musike - Sporte Novial : Otto Jespersen - Un International Lingue - Novial Lexike Natural sienties e Matematike : Astronomia - Biologia - Ekologia - Fisike - Geologia - Kemie - Matematike - Teral sienties Filosofia e Sosial sienties : Antropologia - Ekonomike - Filosofia - Geografia - Historie - Lege - Linguistike - Politikal sientie - Psikologia - Religione - Sosiologia Aplikati sienties e teknologia : Agrikulture - Edukatione - Injenieria - Informatike - Komerse - Komputal sientie - Medisine - Teknologia Artes e Kulture : Arkitekture - Artes - Lingues - Literature - Manjaje - Mitologia - Musike - Sporte Novial : Otto Jespersen - Un International Lingue - Novial Lexike Instruktiones Li lingue kom deskriptet da Otto Jespersen in lon 1928 e 1930 libres es li modele kel on mus seku in disi wikipedie. The language as described by Otto Jespersen in his 1928 and 1930 books is the standard to be followed in this wikipedia. An International Language (1928) Novial Lexike (1930) Nus anke pova usa li novialides, ma lu mus es indikat al komense del pagine. We can also use the Novialides, but it should be indicated at the top of the page. Liste de artikles kel chaki wikipedie deve kontena. Listes de novi vordes usat in dis ensiklopedie. Listes de vordes in Novial Lexike segun teme. Sande-boxe Shablones Wikipedie:Shablonal mesajes Wikipedie:Shablones Shablonal sande-boxe Li lingue kom deskriptet da Otto Jespersen in lon 1928 e 1930 libres es li modele kel on mus seku in disi wikipedie. The language as described by Otto Jespersen in his 1928 and 1930 books is the standard to be followed in this wikipedia. An International Language (1928) Novial Lexike (1930) Nus anke pova usa li novialides, ma lu mus es indikat al komense del pagine. We can also use the Novialides, but it should be indicated at the top of the page. Liste de artikles kel chaki wikipedie deve kontena. Listes de novi vordes usat in dis ensiklopedie. Listes de vordes in Novial Lexike segun teme. Sande-boxe Shablones Wikipedie:Shablonal mesajes Wikipedie:Shablones Shablonal sande-boxe Wikipedies in altri lingues Plu kam 1.000.000 artikles: English (anglum) · Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) · Svenska (suedum) · Deutsch (germanum) · Français (fransum) · Nederlands (nederlandum) · Русский (rusum) · Italiano (italum) · Español (spanum) · Polski (polonum) · Winaray (winaray) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamum) · 日本語 (japanum) · 中文 (chinum) · العربية (arabum) · Português (portugalum) · Українська (ukrainum) · مصرى (egipti arabum) Plu kam 300.000 artikles: فارسی (persum) · Català (katalanum) · Српски (serbum) · Bahasa Indonesia (indonesum) · Norsk bokmål (norvegum) · 한국어 (koreum) · Suomi (finnum) · Magyar (hungarum) · Česká (chekum) · Srpskohrvatski/Српскохрватски (serbo-kroatum) · Română (rumanum) · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara (baskum) · Türkçe (turkum) · Bahasa Melayu (malaysum) Wikipedies in altri konstrukteti lingues : Esperanto · Volapük · Ido · Interlingua · Kotava · Interlingue (Occidental) · Lingua Franca Nova · Lojban Kompleti liste Plu kam 1.000.000 artikles: English (anglum) · Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) · Svenska (suedum) · Deutsch (germanum) · Français (fransum) · Nederlands (nederlandum) · Русский (rusum) · Italiano (italum) · Español (spanum) · Polski (polonum) · Winaray (winaray) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamum) · 日本語 (japanum) · 中文 (chinum) · العربية (arabum) · Português (portugalum) · Українська (ukrainum) · مصرى (egipti arabum) English (anglum) · Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) · Svenska (suedum) · Deutsch (germanum) · Français (fransum) · Nederlands (nederlandum) · Русский (rusum) · Italiano (italum) · Español (spanum) · Polski (polonum) · Winaray (winaray) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamum) · 日本語 (japanum) · 中文 (chinum) · العربية (arabum) · Português (portugalum) · Українська (ukrainum) · مصرى (egipti arabum) Plu kam 300.000 artikles: فارسی (persum) · Català (katalanum) · Српски (serbum) · Bahasa Indonesia (indonesum) · Norsk bokmål (norvegum) · 한국어 (koreum) · Suomi (finnum) · Magyar (hungarum) · Česká (chekum) · Srpskohrvatski/Српскохрватски (serbo-kroatum) · Română (rumanum) · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara (baskum) · Türkçe (turkum) · Bahasa Melayu (malaysum) فارسی (persum) · Català (katalanum) · Српски (serbum) · Bahasa Indonesia (indonesum) · Norsk bokmål (norvegum) · 한국어 (koreum) · Suomi (finnum) · Magyar (hungarum) · Česká (chekum) · Srpskohrvatski/Српскохрватски (serbo-kroatum) · Română (rumanum) · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara (baskum) · Türkçe (turkum) · Bahasa Melayu (malaysum) Wikipedies in altri konstrukteti lingues : Esperanto · Volapük · Ido · Interlingua · Kotava · Interlingue (Occidental) · Lingua Franca Nova · Lojban Esperanto · Volapük · Ido · Interlingua · Kotava · Interlingue (Occidental) · Lingua Franca Nova · Lojban Kompleti liste Relati projektes Wikipedia bli organisa dal Wikimedia Fundatione , non-profite organisatione, kel organisa anke altri projektes : Meta-Wiki Koordinatione de toti Wikimedia projektes Wikinews Liberi internet-jurnale Wikiversity Liberi lernomateriales Commons Komuni materiales Wikiquote Kolektione de sitates Wikivoyage Liberi gidere pro voyajeres Wikibooks Liberi texte-libres Wikispecies Kolektione de biologikal spesies Wikidata Komuni informationes Wiktionary Liberi lexike Wikisource Li biblioteke kun liberi kontenaje Wikipedia bli organisa dal Wikimedia Fundatione , non-profite organisatione, kel organisa anke altri projektes : Meta-Wiki Koordinatione de toti Wikimedia projektes Wikinews Liberi internet-jurnale Wikiversity Liberi lernomateriales Commons Komuni materiales Wikiquote Kolektione de sitates Wikivoyage Liberi gidere pro voyajeres Wikibooks Liberi texte-libres Wikispecies Kolektione de biologikal spesies Wikidata Komuni informationes Wiktionary Liberi lexike Wikisource Li biblioteke kun liberi kontenaje Chefi pagine Pages with broken file links Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Disi pagine blid lastim modifika: 18:07 ye 20 novembre 2014. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Privacy policy Pri Wikipedia Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefi_pagine
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Policies and guidelines 1.2 Essays 1.1 Policies and guidelines 1.2 Essays 2 Reasons someone might make a bold argument that isn't even an essay 3 Examples 4 See also Wikipedia : Is that even an essay? Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version This is an essay . It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article or a Wikipedia policy , as it has not been reviewed by the community and may reflect various opinions. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY? WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY? WP:NOTANESSAY WP:NOTANESSAY WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY? WP:ISTHATEVENANESSAY? WP:NOTANESSAY WP:NOTANESSAY This page in a nutshell: Wikipedia editors will from time to time make arguments that are not grounded in any existing consensus on Wikipedia. Sometimes you will come across an editor authoritatively making an argument that you've never heard before on a talk page. If the argument is sufficiently removed from any existing policy or guideline , it may make you wonder, is that even an essay? Background Policies and guidelines Wikipedia is governed by a large body of policies and guidelines that are often ambiguous, open to interpretation, and subject to change. However, these rules and norms represent opinions and positions that have been vetted by the broader Wikipedia community, and have decisive weight in discussions on Wikipedia talk pages. Essays Less authoritative than policies or guidelines are essays , which can be written by any Wikipedia editor, and are not necessarily reflective of opinions supported by community consensus . Nevertheless, citing essays is often useful in discussions, as it shows that at least one person has had this opinion before, and is a lot shorter than writing out an entire argument. Reasons someone might make a bold argument that isn't even an essay Oftentimes, editors who are new to Wikipedia will make dramatic sounding statements as if they were paraphrasing policy when in fact it is not even an essay. This could be because they've seen other editors make similar arguments about actual policy and can't even begin to fathom the labyrinthine depths of the projectspace , because of the Dunning Kruger effect , or because they really, earnestly believe that they are right. Regardless, you should bite them by quoting this essay at them because newcomers are delicious . Alternatively, an experienced editor may make a similar mistake because they've either misremembered the actual policy, or possibly because a guideline changed while they weren't paying attention. Or it could be that they're intentionally misrepresenting policy because they're trying to get a leg up on you. Either way, citing this essay is definitely the best possible way to respond, as the purpose of Wikipedia talk pages is to maximize shame and frustration for all editors involved. Examples The following are examples of things that are not even essays: Arguing that an organization is automatically notable because it is a charity. Claiming that factual reporting in a reliable source should be ignored because the same publication also publishes opinion pieces that express a bias relevant to the article's subject. Saying that a TV reporter is notable simply because they're on TV a lot. Any sort of argument based on the premise that an article or its content belongs to a specific editor . See also Wikipedia:The value of essays Wikipedia:Please bite the newcomers Wikipedia:Please do not murder the newcomers Wikipedia:Don't cite essays or proposals as if they were policy Wikipedia:Quote your own essay .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard Wikipedia essays Wikipedia essays about Wikipedian fallacies Humorous Wikipedia essays This page was last edited on 16 December 2025, at 23:50 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Is_that_even_an_essay%3F
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Novel and title 3.2 Script 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.1 Novel and title 3.2 Script 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 6 Release and reception Toggle Release and reception subsection 6.1 1990s restoration 6.2 2015 restoration 6.1 1990s restoration 6.2 2015 restoration 7 Themes 8 Accolades 9 Legacy 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Pather Panchali العربية অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Pather Panchali Theatrical release poster Directed by Satyajit Ray Screenplay by Satyajit Ray Based on Pather Panchali by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay Starring .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Subir Banerjee Kanu Banerjee Karuna Banerjee Uma Dasgupta Chunibala Devi Tulsi Chakraborty Subir Banerjee Kanu Banerjee Karuna Banerjee Uma Dasgupta Chunibala Devi Tulsi Chakraborty Cinematography Subrata Mitra Edited by Dulal Dutta Music by Ravi Shankar Production company Government of West Bengal Distributed by Aurora Film Corporation (1955) Merchant Ivory Productions Sony Pictures Classics (1995) [ a ] Release date 26 August 1955 ( 1955-08-26 ) (India) 26 August 1955 ( 1955-08-26 ) (India) Running time 112–126 minutes [ b ] Country India Language Bengali Budget ₹ 150,000 [ c ] ($14,700–31,500) [ d ] Box office est. ₹1 Cr [ 8 ] ( $21 million ) Pather Panchali ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Bengali pronunciation: [pɔtʰer pãtʃali] ⓘ , transl. Song Of The Little Road ) is a 1955 Indian drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray in his directorial debut. It is an adaptation of Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 's 1929 Bengali novel of the same name . The film stars Subir Banerjee , Kanu Banerjee , Karuna Banerjee , Uma Dasgupta , and Chunibala Devi in leading roles. As the first instalment of The Apu Trilogy , the film depicts the childhood hardships of the protagonist Apu and his elder sister Durga amid the harsh realities of rural poverty. The film is widely acclaimed as a classic of Indian cinema and is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films in the history of cinema. The film was shot mainly on location , had a limited budget , [ c ] featured mostly amateur actors, and was made by an inexperienced crew. Lack of funds led to frequent interruptions in production, which took nearly three years, but the West Bengal government pulled Ray out of debt by buying the film for the equivalent of $60,000, which it turned into a profit of $700,000 by 1980. [ 9 ] The sitar player Ravi Shankar composed the film's soundtrack and score using classical Indian ragas . Subrata Mitra was in charge of the cinematography while editing was handled by Dulal Dutta . Following its premiere on 3 May 1955 during an exhibition at New York's Museum of Modern Art , Pather Panchali was released in Calcutta the same year to an enthusiastic reception. A special screening was attended by the Chief Minister of West Bengal and the Prime Minister of India. Critics have praised its realism, humanity, and soul-stirring qualities and Subir Banerjee's performance as Apu (which is widely regarded as one of the best child acting in movie), [ 10 ] while detractors called the film's slow pace a drawback. Scholars have commented on the film's lyrical quality and realism (influenced by Italian neorealism ), its portrayal of the poverty and small delights of daily life, and the use of what the author Darius Cooper has termed the "epiphany of wonder", among other themes. The tale of Apu's life is continued in the two subsequent installments of Ray's trilogy: Aparajito ( The Unvanquished , 1956) and Apur Sansar ( The World of Apu , 1959). Pather Panchali is described as a turning point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that pioneered the parallel cinema movement, which espoused authenticity and social realism. The first film from independent India to attract major international critical attention, it won India's National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 1955, the Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival , and several other awards, establishing Ray as one of the country's most distinguished filmmakers. It is often featured in lists of the greatest films ever made . Plot In the late-1910s in Nischindipur, rural Bengal , Harihar Roy earns a meagre living as a pujari (priest) but dreams of a better career as a poet and playwright. His wife Sarbajaya cares for their children, Durga and Apu, and Harihar's elderly cousin, Indir Thakrun. Because of their limited resources, Sarbajaya resents having to share her home with the old Indir, who often steals food from their already bare kitchen. Durga is fond of Indir and often gives her fruit stolen from a wealthy neighbour's orchard. One day, the neighbour's wife accuses Durga of stealing a bead necklace (which Durga denies) and blames Sarbajaya for encouraging her tendency to steal. As the elder sibling, Durga cares for Apu with motherly affection but spares no opportunity to tease him. Together, they share life's simple joys: sitting quietly under a tree, viewing pictures in a travelling vendor's bioscope , running after the candy man who passes through, and watching a jatra (folk theatre) performed by an acting troupe. Every evening, they are delighted by the sound of a distant train's whistle. Sarbajaya grows increasingly resentful of Indir and becomes more openly hostile, which causes Indir to take temporary refuge in the home of another relative. One day, while Durga and Apu run to catch a glimpse of the train, Indir—who is feeling unwell—goes back home, and the children find she has died upon their return. With prospects drying up in the village, Harihar travels to the city to seek a better job. He promises that he will return with money to repair their dilapidated house, but is gone longer than expected. During his absence, the family sinks deeper into poverty, and Sarbajaya grows increasingly desperate and anxious. One day during the monsoon season, Durga plays in the downpour, catches a cold and develops a high fever. Her condition worsens as a thunderstorm batters the crumbling house with rain and wind, and she dies the next morning. Harihar returns home and starts to show Sarbajaya the merchandise he has brought from the city. A silent Sarbajaya breaks down at her husband's feet, and Harihar cries out in grief as he discovers that Durga has died. The family decide to leave their ancestral home for Benaras . As they pack, Apu finds the necklace Durga had earlier denied stealing; he throws it into a pond. Apu and his parents leave the village on an ox-cart, while a snake is seen slithering into their now barren house. Cast Kanu Banerjee as Harihar Roy Karuna Banerjee as Sarbajaya Roy Subir Banerjee as Apurba "Apu" Roy Runki Banerjee as Durga Roy (child) Uma Dasgupta as Durga Roy (teenager) Chunibala Devi as Indir Thakrun, the old aunt Tulsi Chakraborty as Prasanna, the schoolteacher Haren Banerjee as Chinibas, the sweets seller Production Novel and title Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay 's novel Pather Panchali is a classic bildungsroman (a type of coming-of-age story ) in the canon of Bengali literature . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] It first appeared as a serial in a Calcutta periodical in 1928, [ 13 ] and was published as a book the next year. [ 14 ] The novel depicts a poor family's struggle to survive in their rural ancestral home and the growing up of Apu, the son of the family. The later part of the novel, where Apu and his parents leave their village and settle in Benaras , formed the basis of Aparajito ( The Unvanquished , 1956), the second film of the Apu trilogy . [ 15 ] Satyajit Ray (2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992), working as a graphic designer for Signet Press , created the illustrations for an abridged edition of the book in 1944. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] At that time, Ray read the unabridged novel; [ 18 ] Signet's owner D. K. Gupta told Ray that the abridged version would make a great film. [ 19 ] The idea appealed to Ray, and around 1946–47, when he considered making a film, [ 20 ] he turned to Pather Panchali because of certain qualities that "made it a great book: its humanism, its lyricism, and its ring of truth". [ 21 ] The author's widow permitted Ray to make a film based on the novel; the agreement was in principle only, and no financial arrangement was made. [ 22 ] The Bengali word path literally means path, and pather means "of the path". Panchali is a type of narrative folk song that used to be performed in Bengal and was the forerunner of another type of folk performance, the jatra . [ 23 ] English translations of the Bengali title include Song of the Little Road , [ 13 ] The Lament of the Path , [ 5 ] [ 24 ] Song of the Road , [ 25 ] and Song of the Open Road . [ 26 ] Script Pather Panchali did not have a script; it was made from Ray's drawings and notes. [ 27 ] Ray completed the first draft of the notes during his sea voyage to and from London in 1950. [ 28 ] Before principal photography began, he created a storyboard dealing with details and continuity. [ 29 ] Years later, he donated those drawings and notes to Cinémathèque Française . [ 30 ] In Apur Panchali (the Bengali translation of My Years with Apu: A Memoir , 1994), Ray wrote that he had omitted many of the novel's characters and that he had rearranged some of its sequences to make the narrative better as cinema. [ 31 ] Changes include Indir's death, which occurs early in the novel at a village shrine in the presence of adults, while in the film Apu and Durga find her corpse in the open. The scene of Apu and Durga running to catch a glimpse of the train is not in the novel, in which neither child sees the train, although they try. Durga's fatal fever is attributed to a monsoon downpour in the film, but is unexplained in the novel. The ending of the film—the family's departure from the village—is not the end of the novel. [ 15 ] Ray tried to extract a simple theme from the random sequences of significant and trivial episodes of the Pather Panchali novel, while preserving what W. Andrew Robinson describes as the "loitering impression" it creates. [ 15 ] According to Ray, "the script had to retain some of the rambling quality of the novel because that in itself contained a clue to the feel of authenticity: life in a poor Bengali village does ramble". [ 21 ] For Robinson, Ray's adaptation focuses mainly on Apu and his family, while Bandopadhyay's original featured greater detail about village life in general. [ 32 ] Casting Kanu Banerjee (who plays Harihar) was an established Bengali film actor. Karuna Banerjee (Sarbajaya) was an amateur actress from the Indian People's Theatre Association , and the wife of Ray's friend. Uma Dasgupta, who successfully auditioned for the part of Durga, also had prior theatre experience. [ 33 ] For the role of Apu, Ray advertised in newspapers for boys of ages five to seven. None of the candidates who auditioned fulfilled Ray's expectations, but his wife spotted a boy in their neighbourhood, and this boy, Subir Banerjee, was cast as Apu. The surname of three of the main actors and two supporting actors happened to be Banerjee , but they were not related to each other. The hardest role to fill was the wizened old Indir. Ray eventually found Chunibala Devi, a retired stage actress living in one of Calcutta's red-light districts , as the ideal candidate. Several minor roles were played by the villagers of Boral , where Pather Panchali was filmed. [ 33 ] Filming Shooting started on 27 October 1952. [ 35 ] Boral, a village near Calcutta , was selected in early 1953 as the main location for principal photography, and night scenes were shot in-studio. [ 35 ] The technical team included several first-timers, including Ray himself and cinematographer Subrata Mitra , who had never operated a film camera. Art director Bansi Chandragupta had professional experience, having worked with Jean Renoir on The River (1951). Both Mitra and Chandragupta went on to establish themselves as respected professionals. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Mitra had met Ray on the set of The River , where Mitra was allowed to observe the production, take photographs and make notes about lighting for personal reference. Having become friends, Mitra kept Ray informed about the production and showed his photographs. Ray was impressed enough by them to promise him an assistant's position on Pather Panchali , and when production neared, invited him to shoot the film. As the 21-year-old Mitra had no prior filmmaking experience, the choice was met with scepticism by those who knew of the production. Mitra himself later speculated that Ray was nervous about working with an established crew. [ 38 ] Funding was a problem from the outset. No producer was willing to finance the film, as it lacked stars, songs and action scenes. [ 22 ] [ 39 ] On learning of Ray's plan, one producer, Mr Bhattacharya of Kalpana Movies, contacted author Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 's widow to request the filming rights and get the film made by Debaki Bose , a well-established director. The widow declined as she had already permitted Ray to make the film. [ 40 ] The estimated budget for the production was ₹ 70,000 (about US$14,613 in 1955). [ 39 ] [ d ] One producer, Rana Dutta, gave money to continue shooting, but had to stop after some of his films flopped. [ 41 ] Ray thus had to borrow money to shoot enough footage to persuade prospective producers to finance the whole film. [ 22 ] To raise funds, he continued to work as a graphic designer, pawned his life insurance policy and sold his collection of gramophone records. Production manager Anil Chowdhury convinced Ray's wife, Bijoya, to pawn her jewels. [ 41 ] Ray still ran out of money partway through filming, which had to be suspended for nearly a year. Thereafter shooting was done only in intermittent bursts. [ 42 ] Ray later admitted that the delays had made him tense and that three miracles saved the film: "One, Apu's voice did not break. Two, Durga did not grow up. Three, Indir Thakrun did not die". [ 43 ] Bidhan Chandra Roy , the Chief Minister of West Bengal , was requested by an influential friend of Ray's mother to help the production. [ 42 ] The Chief Minister obliged, and government officials saw the footage. [ 44 ] The Home Publicity Department of the West Bengal government assessed the cost of backing the film and sanctioned a loan, given in instalments, allowing Ray to finish production. [ 43 ] [ e ] The government misunderstood the nature of the film, believing it to be a documentary for rural uplift, [ 42 ] and recorded the loan as being for "roads improvement", a reference to the film's title. [ 45 ] Monroe Wheeler , head of the department of exhibitions and publications at New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), [ 46 ] who was in Calcutta in 1954, heard about the project and met Ray. He considered the incomplete footage to be of very high quality and encouraged Ray to finish the film so that it could be shown at a MoMA exhibition the following year. [ 42 ] Six months later, American director John Huston visited India for some early location scouting for The Man Who Would Be King (eventually made in 1975). [ 47 ] Wheeler had asked Huston to check the progress of Ray's project. [ 48 ] Huston saw excerpts of the unfinished film and recognised "the work of a great film-maker". [ 47 ] Because of Huston's positive feedback, MoMA helped Ray with additional money. [ 49 ] Including the delays and hiatuses in production, it took three years to complete the shooting of Pather Panchali . [ 50 ] Influences The realist narrative style of Pather Panchali was influenced by Italian neorealism and the works of French director Jean Renoir . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] In 1949 Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River (1951). [ 53 ] Ray, a founding member of the Calcutta Film Society (established in 1947), helped him scout for locations in the countryside. [ 53 ] When Ray told him about his longstanding wish to film Pather Panchali , Renoir encouraged him to proceed. [ 54 ] In 1950 Ray was sent to London by his employer, the advertising agency D.J. Keymer, to work at their headquarters. During his six months in London, he watched about 100 films. [ 55 ] Among these, Vittorio De Sica 's neorealist film Bicycle Thieves (1948) had a profound impact on him. In a 1982 lecture, Ray said that he had come out of the theatre determined to become a filmmaker. [ 55 ] The film made him believe that it was possible to make realistic cinema that was shot on location with an amateur cast. [ 56 ] The international success of Akira Kurosawa 's Japanese film Rashomon (1950) and Bimal Roy 's 1953 Hindi film Do Bigha Zamin (which was shot partly on location and was about a peasant family) led Ray to believe that Pather Panchali would find an international audience. [ 41 ] Ray also had more indigenous influences, such as Bengali literature and the native Indian theatrical tradition , particularly the rasa theory of classical Sanskrit drama . Darius Cooper describes the complicated doctrine of rasa as " center[ed] predominantly on feelings experienced not only by the characters but also conveyed in a certain artistic way to the spectator". [ 57 ] Soundtrack The soundtrack of the film was composed by the sitar player Ravi Shankar , who was at an early stage of his career, having debuted in 1939. [ 58 ] The background scores feature pieces based on several ragas of Indian classical music , played mostly on the sitar. The soundtrack, described in a 1995 issue of The Village Voice as "at once plaintive and exhilarating", [ 59 ] is featured in The Guardian ' s 2007 list of 50 greatest film soundtracks. [ 60 ] It has also been cited as an influence on The Beatles , specifically George Harrison . [ 61 ] Shankar saw about half the film in a roughly edited version before composing the background score, but he was already familiar with the story. [ 47 ] [ 62 ] According to Robinson, when Ray met Shankar the latter hummed a tune that was folk-based but had "a certain sophistication". [ 47 ] This tune, usually played on a bamboo flute, became the main theme for the film. The majority of the score was composed within the duration of a single night, in a session that lasted for about eleven hours. [ 47 ] Shankar also composed two solo sitar pieces—one based on the raga Desh (traditionally associated with rain), and one sombre piece based on the raga Todi . [ 63 ] He created a piece based on the raga Patdeep , played on the tar shehnai , by Dakshina Mohan Tagore to accompany the scene in which Harihar learns of Durga's death. [ 64 ] The film's cinematographer, Subrata Mitra, performed on the sitar for parts of the soundtrack. [ 65 ] Release and reception Ray and his crew worked long hours on post-production , managing to submit it just in time for Museum of Modern Art's Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India exhibition of May 1955. [ 66 ] The film, billed as The Story of Apu and Durga , lacked subtitles. It was one of a series of six evening performances at MoMA, including the US debut of sarod player Ali Akbar Khan and the classical dancer Shanta Rao . Pather Panchali ' s MoMA opening on 3 May was well received. [ 64 ] A film still of Apu having his hair brushed by his sister Durga and mother Sarbojaya was featured in The Family of Man , [ 67 ] a 1955 MoMA exhibition. Pather Panchali had its domestic premiere at the annual meeting of the Advertising Club of Calcutta; the response there was not positive, and Ray felt "extremely discouraged". [ 68 ] Before its theatrical release in Calcutta, Ray designed large posters, including a neon sign showing Apu and Durga running, which was strategically placed in a busy location in the city. Pather Panchali was released in Basusree , a Calcutta cinema on 26 August 1955 and received a poor initial response. The screenings started filling up within a week or two, buoyed by word of mouth. It opened again at another cinema, where it ran for seven weeks. [ 68 ] A delay in subtitling led to the postponement of the UK release until December 1957. It went on to achieve great success in the US in 1958, running for eight months at the Fifth Avenue Playhouse in New York. [ 69 ] It was a record run for the Fifth Avenue cinema. [ 70 ] The Bengali government earned a profit of $50,000 from its initial US release, [ 71 ] [ 72 ] and decades later the film grossed $402,723 from its 2015 limited release. [ 73 ] The film reportedly grossed an estimated total of ₹100 million ( $21 million ) at the worldwide box office, as of 2017 [update] . [ 8 ] In India the film's reception was enthusiastic. The Times of India wrote: "It is absurd to compare it with any other Indian cinema... Pather Panchali is pure cinema". [ 74 ] Chief Minister Roy arranged a special screening in Calcutta for Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , who came out of the theatre impressed. [ 75 ] Despite opposition from some within the governments of West Bengal and India because of its depiction of poverty, Pather Panchali was sent to the 1956 Cannes Film Festival with Nehru's personal approval. [ 76 ] It was screened towards the end of the festival, coinciding with a party given by the Japanese delegation, and only a small number of critics attended. Although some were initially unenthusiastic at the prospect of yet another Indian melodrama , the film critic Arturo Lanocita found "the magic horse of poetry... invading the screen". [ 77 ] Pather Panchali was subsequently named Best Human Document at the festival. [ 77 ] Lindsay Anderson commented after the Cannes screening that Pather Panchali had "the quality of ultimate unforgettable experience". [ 78 ] In subsequent years, critics have given positive reviews. A 1958 review in Time described Pather Panchali as "perhaps the finest piece of filmed folklore since Robert Flaherty 's Nanook of the North ". [ 24 ] In her 1982 book 5001 Nights at the Movies , Pauline Kael wrote: "Beautiful, sometimes funny, and full of love, it brought a new vision of India to the screen". [ 79 ] Basil Wright considered it "a new and incontrovertible work of art". [ 80 ] [ f ] James Berardinelli wrote in 1996 that the film "touches the souls and minds of viewers, transcending cultural and linguistic barriers". [ 81 ] In 2006 Philip French of The Observer called it "one of the greatest pictures ever made". [ 82 ] Twenty years after the release of Pather Panchali , Akira Kurosawa summarised the effect of the film as overwhelming and lauded its ability "to stir up deep passions". [ 83 ] The reaction was not uniformly positive. On seeing the film, François Truffaut is reported to have said: "I don't want to see a movie of peasants eating with their hands". [ 45 ] Bosley Crowther , the most influential critic of The New York Times , [ 84 ] wrote in 1958, "any picture as loose in structure or as listless in tempo as this one is would barely pass as a 'rough cut' with the editors in Hollywood", even though he praised its gradually emerging poignancy and poetic quality. [ 25 ] The Harvard Crimson argued in 1959 that its fragmentary nature "contributes to the film's great weakness: its general diffuseness, its inability to command sustained attention. For Pather Panchali , remarkable as it may be, is something of a chore to sit through". [ 85 ] Early in the 1980s, Ray was criticised by Nargis Dutt , an Indian parliamentarian and former actress, for "exporting poverty". [ 86 ] Darius Cooper writes that while many critics celebrated the Apu trilogy "as a eulogy of third-world culture, others criticized it for what they took to be its romanticization of such a culture". [ 87 ] Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote that "its story is simple almost to the point of banality, it is rewarding if taken as a dramatized documentary". [ 88 ] As of May 2021, the film has a 97% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on an aggregate of 69 reviews with an average score of 9.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A film that requires and rewards patience in equal measure, Pather Panchali finds director Satyajit Ray delivering a classic with his debut". [ 89 ] In 2018 the film earned the 15th spot when BBC released the top 100 foreign language films ever, [ 90 ] and filmmaker Christopher Nolan called it "one of the best films ever made". [ 91 ] 1990s restoration In the 1990s, Merchant Ivory Productions , with assistance from the Academy Film Archive [ 92 ] and Sony Pictures Classics , undertook a project to restore the prints. The restored prints, along with several other Ray films, were released in select US theatres. [ 81 ] Pather Panchali is available in DVD in Region 2 ( DVD region code ) PAL and Region 1 NTSC formats. Artificial Eye Entertainment is the distributor of Region 2 while Columbia Tri-Star is the distributor of Region 1 format. [ 2 ] [ a ] 2015 restoration In 2013, the video distribution company The Criterion Collection , in collaboration with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ' Film Archive , began the restoration of the original negatives of the Apu trilogy, including Pather Panchali . These negatives had been severely damaged by a fire in London in 1993, and all film cans and fragments belonging to the Ray films were sent to the Motion Picture Academy for storage, where they lay unseen for two decades. [ 93 ] It was discovered upon re-examination that, although many parts of the films were indeed destroyed by fire or the effects of age, other parts were salvageable. The materials were shipped to a restoration laboratory in Bologna, Italy: L'Immagine Ritrovata . Over a thousand hours of labor by hand were expended in restoring and scanning the negatives and, in the end, about 40 percent of the Pather Panchali negative was restored. [ 93 ] For those parts of the negative that were missing or unusable, duplicate negatives and fine-grain masters from various commercial or archival sources were used. [ 93 ] The Criterion Collection's own lab then spent six months creating the digital version of all three films, at times choosing to preserve the distinctive look of the films even at the cost of retaining some imperfections. [ 93 ] On 4 May 2015, the restored Pather Panchali premiered at the Museum of Modern Art, a little more than 60 years to the day after the film's world premiere at the same venue. [ 94 ] Several days later, all three films opened at New York's Film Forum , where they were originally scheduled to run for three weeks. Because of overwhelming public demand—with one writer commenting that "audiences can't seem to get enough" [ 95 ] —the films were held over at that theater until 30 June. The trilogy was then sent to be exhibited in many other cities throughout the U.S. and Canada. [ 96 ] The restoration work was widely acclaimed, with commentators calling the look of the restored films "gorgeous", [ 94 ] "pristine" [ 97 ] and "incredible". [ 98 ] Themes Author Andrew Robinson, in the book The Apu Trilogy: Satyajit Ray and the Making of an Epic (2010), notes that it is challenging to narrate the plot of Pather Panchali and the "essence of the film lies in the ebb and flow of its human relationships and in its everyday details and cannot be reduced to a tale of events". [ 99 ] In his 1958 New York Times review, Crowther writes that Pather Panchali delicately illustrates how "poverty does not always nullify love" and how even very poor people can enjoy the little pleasures of their world. [ 25 ] Marie Seton describes how the film intersperses the depiction of poverty and the delights and pleasures of youth. She represents the bond between Durga and Indir, and their fate, as signifying a philosophical core: that both the young and the old die. Seton writes of the film's "lyrical" qualities, noting especially the imagery immediately before the onset of monsoon. [ 100 ] Robinson writes about a peculiar quality of "lyrical happiness" in the film, and states that Pather Panchali is "about unsophisticated people shot through with great sophistication, and without a trace of condescension or inflated sentiment". [ 101 ] Darius Cooper discusses the use of different rasa in the film, [ 102 ] observing Apu's repeated "epiphany of wonder", [ 103 ] [ g ] brought about not only by what the boy sees around him, but also when he uses his imagination to create another world. [ 104 ] For Cooper, the immersive experience of the film corresponds to this epiphany of wonder. Stephen Teo uses the scene in which Apu and Durga discover railway tracks as an example of the gradual build-up of epiphany and the resulting immersive experience. [ 105 ] Sharmishtha Gooptu discusses the idea that the idyllic village life portrayed in Pather Panchali represents authentic Bengali village life, which disappeared during the upheavals of Partition in 1947. She suggests that the film seeks to connect an idealised, pre-partition past with the actual present of partitioned Bengal, [ 106 ] and that it uses prototypes of rural Bengal to construct an image of the ideal village. [ 107 ] In contrast to this idealism, Mitali Pati and Suranjan Ganguly point out how Ray used eye-level shots, natural lighting, long takes and other techniques to achieve realism. [ 108 ] Mainak Biswas has written that Pather Panchali comes very close to the concept of Italian neorealism, as it has several passages with no dramatic development, even though the usual realities of life, such as the changing of seasons or the passing of a day, are concretely filmed. [ 109 ] Accolades Pather Panchali has won many national and international awards. [ 110 ] At India's 3rd National Film Awards in 1955, it was named Best Feature Film and Best Bengali Feature Film . [ 111 ] The next year, it competed for the Palme d'Or at Cannes, [ 112 ] where it won Best Human Document [ 110 ] and an OCIC Award – Special Mention. [ 113 ] More awards from film festivals across the world followed: the Vatican Award (Rome), [ 114 ] the Golden Carabao (Manila), [ 110 ] and the Diploma of Merit ( Edinburgh ) in 1956; [ 114 ] the Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film ( Berlin ), the Golden Gate for Best Director and Best Picture ( San Francisco ) in 1957; [ 114 ] Best Film ( Vancouver ), and the Critics' Award for Best Film (Stratford) in 1958. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] It also won several awards for best foreign-language film: at the National Board of Review Awards 1958 ; [ 116 ] at the Afro Arts Theater, New York, 1959; [ 114 ] the Kinema Jumpo Award in Japan, 1966; [ 114 ] and the Bodil Award in Denmark, 1969. [ 117 ] In 1958 it had been nominated for Best Film at the 11th British Academy Film Awards . [ 118 ] Sight & Sound , the British Film Institute 's (BFI) magazine, has included Pather Panchali several times in its Critics' Polls of the greatest-ever films. In 1962, it ranked 11th; [ 119 ] in 1992, 6th; [ 120 ] and in 2002, 22nd. [ 121 ] It also topped the British Film Institute's user poll of "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time in 2002. [ 122 ] The magazine ranked the film 42nd in its 2012 critics' poll of "Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time" [ 123 ] and 48th in its 2012 directors' poll. [ 124 ] In the most recent 2022 edition of BFI's Greatest films of all time list the film ranked 35th in the critics poll [ 125 ] and 22nd in the director's poll. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] In 1998, in a similar critics' poll from Asian film magazine Cinemaya , Pather Panchali was ranked the second-greatest film of all time. [ 128 ] The Village Voice ranked the film at number 12 (tied with The Godfather ) in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics. [ 129 ] In 2010, The Guardian ranked the film 12th in its list of 25 greatest arthouse films . [ 130 ] Pather Panchali was included in various other all-time lists, including Time Out ' s "Centenary Top One Hundred Films" in 1995, [ 131 ] the San Francisco Chronicle "Hot 100 Films From the Past" in 1997, [ 132 ] the Rolling Stone "100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years" in 1999, [ 133 ] " The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" in 2002, [ 134 ] the BFI Top Fifty "Must See" Children's Films in 2005, [ 135 ] and BFI's "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time. [ 136 ] It was included in NDTV 's list of "India's 20 greatest films", [ 137 ] and in 2013 in CNN-IBN 's list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time". [ 138 ] Akira Kurosawa ranked Pather Panchali at No. 37 on his Top 100 favourite films of all time list. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] The Apu trilogy as a whole was included in film critic Roger Ebert 's list of "100 Great Movies" in 2001 [ 141 ] and in Time ' s All-Time 100 best movies list in 2005. [ 142 ] Legacy Pather Panchali was followed by two films that continued the tale of Apu's life— Aparajito ( The Unvanquished ) in 1956 and Apur Sansar ( The World of Apu ) in 1959. Together, the three films constitute the Apu trilogy . Aparajito portrays the adolescent Apu, his education in a rural school and a Calcutta college. Its central theme is the poignant relationship between a doting mother and her ambitious young son. Apur Sansar depicts Apu's adult life, his reaction to his wife's premature death, and his final bonding with his son whom he abandoned as an infant. The sequels also won many national and international awards. Ray did not initially plan to make a trilogy: he decided to make the third film only after being asked about the possibility of a trilogy at the 1957 Venice Film Festival , [ 143 ] where Aparajito won the Golden Lion . [ 144 ] Apur Panchali (2014) is a Bengali film directed by Kaushik Ganguly , which depicts the real-life story of Subir Bannerjee, the actor who portrayed Apu in Pather Panchali . [ 145 ] Aparajito , a 2022 Bengali film directed by Anik Dutta , tells the story of the making of Pather Panchali . [ 146 ] Pather Panchali was the first film made in independent India to receive major critical attention internationally, placing India on the world cinema map. [ 80 ] [ 147 ] It was one of the first examples of Parallel Cinema , a new tradition of Indian film-making in which authenticity and social realism were key themes, [ 148 ] breaking the rule of the Indian film establishment. [ 34 ] [ 149 ] Although Pather Panchali was described as a turning point in Indian cinema , [ 150 ] some commentators preferred the view that it refined a "realist textual principle" that was already there. [ 51 ] In 1963 Time noted that thanks to Pather Panchali , Satyajit Ray was one of the "hardy little band of inspired pioneers" of a new cinematic movement that was enjoying a good number of imitators worldwide. [ 151 ] The film has since been considered as a "global landmark" and "among the essential moviegoing experiences". [ 152 ] On 2 May 2013, commemorating Ray's birthday, the Indian version of the search engine Google displayed a doodle featuring the train sequence. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After Pather Panchali , Ray went on to make 36 more films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts . He worked on scripting , casting, scoring , cinematography , art direction and editing, as well as designing his own credit titles and publicity material. He developed a distinctive style of film-making [ 155 ] based, as was the case with Pather Panchali , on visual lyricism and strongly humanistic themes. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Thus, Ray established himself as an internationally recognized auteur of cinema. [ 155 ] Notes ^ a b Aurora Film Corporation was the distributor, according to credits shown in the film. MoMA and the distributor Edward Harrison were instrumental in the film's MoMA screening and later US release. [ 1 ] ( Bee, Hellczer & McFadden 2013 , p. 204) A DVD review in dvdbeaver.com listed Artificial Eye Entertainment as the distributor of Region 2 and Columbia Tri-Star as the distributor of Region 1 format DVDs. [ 2 ] ^ Different sources identify different running times for the film. A Museum of Modern Art anthology states 112 minutes.( Bee, Hellczer & McFadden 2013 , p. 204) An LA Weekly notice states 115 minutes. [ 3 ] Stuart Jeffries of The Guardian states 125 minutes in a 2010 report. [ 4 ] Rovi Hal Erickson of The New York Times states 126 minutes in a review summary in NYT Critics' Pick. [ 5 ] In 2005 Doug Pratt states 125 minutes but mentions that most references list the running time at about 10 minutes less than that. ( Pratt 2005 , p. 908) The British Board of Film Classification lists separate running times for film (110 minutes 55 seconds) and video (119 minutes 31 seconds) versions. [ 6 ] ^ a b Satyajit Ray wrote in My Years with Apu: A Memoir (1994) that the budget was ₹70,000 ( Ray 1996 , p. 36), and the loan from the government of West Bengal was ₹70,000 . ( Ray 1996 , p. 60) During an interview in 1970, in reply to the question "How much did the production of Pather Panchali cost in all, if you count in the value of the rupee today?", Ray said, "In those days it cost a little over ₹150,000 , whereas an average film now costs twice that much". ( Isaksson 2007 , p. 40) ^ a b The exchange rate in 1955 was ₹4.76 per 1 US dollar (US$). [ 7 ] ^ Ray writes that the amount of loan was Rs 70,000. ( Ray 2005 , p. 77) ^ The comment by Basil Wright appears in James Chapman's 2003 book Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . The year of the comment is not mentioned. ( Chapman 2003 , p. 323) ^ Darius Cooper uses the term "epiphany of wonder" to denote the rasa of camatkara . He quotes Abhinavabharati by Abhinavagupta to explain the camatkara rasa : "... camatkara is an uninterrupted ( acchina ) state of immersion ( avesha ) in an enjoyment characterized by the presence of a sensation of inner fullness ( trpti ). It might be said indeed that camatkara is the action proper to a tasting ( cam ) or enjoying subject, i.e., to a person immersed in the inner movement ( trpti ) of a magical ( adbhuta ) enjoyment". ( Cooper 2000 , pp. 24–25) Cooper says that through Apu the "universe is revealed. To Apu is given the dominant quality of camatkara , and it is through this sense of wonder that Apu is made to discover and enjoy not only the world that constantly surrounds him but also that other world created by his pratibha or imagination".( Cooper 2000 , p. 25) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Sengoopta, Chandak (16 November 2009). "Apu-In-The-Word" . Outlook . p. 2/5. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . ^ a b Tooze, Gary. "Pather Panchali" . dvdbeaver.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . ^ "Pather Panchali" . LA Weekly . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ Jeffries, Stuart (19 October 2010). "Pather Panchali: No 12 best arthouse film of all time" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ a b Hal Erickson, Rovi (2013). "Pather Panchali (1955)" . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ "Pather Panchali (1957)" . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Antweiler, Werner (2019). "Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1950–2018" (PDF) . University of British Columbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2019 . ^ a b Ray, Bibekananda (2017). Conscience of The Race . Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting . p. 424. ISBN 9788123026619 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 . Retrieved 15 December 2018 . ^ Sumit MITRA (1 February 2014). "Pather Panchali: Its history, the genius behind it, and Satyajit Ray's style of working" . India Today . Archived from the original on 23 July 2021 . Retrieved 23 July 2021 . ^ Ehrlich, David (9 October 2017). "The Best Child Performances in Movie History — IndieWire Critics Survey" . IndieWire . Retrieved 1 October 2025 . ^ Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013 , p. 277. ^ Gugelberger 1996 , p. 173. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 74. ^ Sekhar, Saumitra (2012). "Pather Panchali" . In Islam, Sirajul ; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ a b c Robinson 1989 , p. 75. ^ Ray 2010 , p. 22. ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 58. ^ Ray 2010 , pp. 22–23. ^ Ray 2010 , p. 23. ^ Isaksson 2007 , p. 39. ^ a b Ray 2005 , p. 33. ^ a b c Robinson 1989 , p. 77. ^ Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). "Panchali" . In Islam, Sirajul ; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ a b Harrison, Edward (20 October 1958). "Cinema: New Picture" . Time . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . (subscription required) ^ a b c Crowther, Bosley (23 September 1958). "Screen: Exotic Import; Pather Panchali' From India Opens Here" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . ^ Herman, Jan; Thomas, Kevin (28 May 1998). "The Orange Screen; A Peek at the Best; Pather Panchali and October represent pinnacles of film achievement" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . ^ Ray 2010 , p. 44. ^ Ray 2010 , p. 42. ^ Ray 2010 , pp. 45–46. ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 76. ^ Ray 2010 , p. 45. ^ Robinson 1989 , pp. 75–76. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , pp. 78–80. ^ a b Cousins 2004 , pp. 237–238. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 78. ^ Ettedgui 1999 , pp. 48–59. ^ Gulzar, Nihalni & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 539. ^ Ettedgui 1999 , p. 50. ^ a b Ray 2010 , p. 51. ^ Ray 1996 , pp. 33–34. ^ a b c Robinson 1989 , p. 82. ^ a b c d Robinson 1989 , p. 83. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 84. ^ Ray 2010 , p. 77. ^ a b "Filmi Funda Pather Panchali (1955)" . The Telegraph . India. 20 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ McGill, Douglas c. (16 August 1988). "Monroe Wheeler, Board Member of Modern Museum, Is Dead at 89" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2008 . ^ a b c d e Robinson 1989 , p. 87. ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 86. ^ Amitav Ghosh in his essay "Satyajit Ray" in Khair 2005 , pp. 3–4 ^ Mehta 1998 , p. 222. ^ a b Ruberto & Wilson 2007 , p. 16. ^ Corrigan & White 2012 , p. 252. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 67. ^ Ray 1996 , p. 17. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 71. ^ Ray 1996 , p. 25. ^ Cooper 2000 , pp. 1–4. ^ Lavezzoli 2006 , p. 53. ^ Hoberman, J (11 April 1995). "The Hunger Artist" . The Village Voice . p. 51. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ "The 50 greatest film soundtracks" . The Observer . 18 March 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 48–9. ^ Ray 2010 , p. 92. ^ Robinson 1989 , pp. 87–88. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 88. ^ Ettedgui 1999 , p. 49. ^ Silver, Charles (13 November 2012). "Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali " . Inside Out . Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . ^ Throckmorton, J.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, L.; Collective, R.M.; Krane, S. (2015). Postdate: Photography and Inherited History in India . University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-28569-9 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2022 . Retrieved 1 September 2022 . ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 89. ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 105. ^ Mehta, Rini Bhattacharya; Pandharipande, Rajeshwari V. (January 2010). Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora . Anthem Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84331-889-7 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2022 . Retrieved 8 May 2022 . ^ Gooptu 2010 , p. 274 . ^ "Assembly Proceedings; Official Report" . Assembly Proceedings; Official Report (in Bengali). West Bengal Legislative Assembly . 1961. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021 . Retrieved 15 December 2018 . Pather Panchali has not only paid its way so far as production cost is concerned but it has given us some income not only in India but it has earned 50,000 dollars in America and other countries. ^ "Pather Panchali (1958) – Financial Information" . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 20 November 2018 . Retrieved 14 December 2018 . ^ Seton 2003 , p. 87. ^ Basu, Dilip. "Films of Satyajit Ray: Getting Started" . Satyajit Ray Film and Study Collection . University of California – Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 103. ^ a b Seton 2003 , p. 9. ^ Seton 2003 , p. 88. ^ Kael 2011 , p. 569. ^ a b Chapman 2003 , p. 323. ^ a b Berardinelli, James (1996). "Review: Pather Panchali" . ReelViews. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . ^ French, Philip (5 May 2002). "Pather Panchali" . The Observer . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2006 . ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 91. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (8 March 1981). "Bosley Crowther, 27 Years a Critic of Films for Times, is Dead at 75" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . ^ Quint, Peter E. (2 November 1959). "Pather Panchali" . The Harvard Crimson . Archived from the original on 8 May 2005 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 327. ^ Cooper 2000 , p. 2. ^ Kauffmann, Stanley (1966). A world on Film . Delta Books. p. 367. ^ Pather Panchali at Rotten Tomatoes ^ "The 100 greatest foreign-language films" . bbc.com . 30 October 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018 . Retrieved 1 November 2018 . ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (4 April 2018). "Dunkirk director Christopher Nolan hails India's Pather Panchali as 'one of the best films ever made' " . The Independent . Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "Preserved Projects" . Academy Film Archive . Archived from the original on 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ a b c d "The Restoration" . Janus Films . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ a b Hoffman, Jordan (5 May 2015). "Back on the little road: Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali returns in all its glory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Hubert, Craig (22 June 2015). "5 Films to See This Week: "54", "The Apu Trilogy", and More" . Artinfo . Louise Blouin Media . Archived from the original on 12 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ "Play Dates" . Janus Films. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Stevens, Dana (21 May 2015). "The Big River" . Slate . Archived from the original on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Boone, Steven; Tallerico, Brian (11 May 2015). "Cinematic Poetry: The Restoration of "The Apu Trilogy" . RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Robinson 2010 , Chapter 5. Pather Panchali : Crtique. ^ Seton 2003 , pp. 81–84. ^ Robinson 1989 , pp. 95–96. ^ Cooper 2000 , pp. 24–40. ^ Cooper 2000 , pp. 24–26. ^ Cooper 2000 , p. 25. ^ Teo 2013 , p. 49. ^ Gooptu 2010 , p. 148. ^ Gooptu 2010 , p. 149. ^ Pati & Ganguly 1996 , p. 417. ^ Biswas 2007 , pp. 87–88. ^ a b c "Awards for Satyajit Ray" . Ray Film and Study Collection . University of California – Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . ^ "3rd National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ "Awards 1956 : All Awards" . Festival de Cannes . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ Lyden 2009 , pp. 61–62. ^ a b c d e f Robinson 1989 , p. 366. ^ "Indian Film Honored; Pather Panchali Wins Prize at Stratford, Ont., Fete" . The New York Times . 14 July 1958. p. 16. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . ^ "1958 Award Winners" . National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . ^ "Awards 1969, Bodil Awards" (in Danish). Filmmedarbejderforeningen. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ "Film And British Film in 1958" . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . ^ Johnson, Eric. " Sight and Sound Poll 1962: Critics" . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ "The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992" . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . ^ "Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002: The rest of the critics' list" . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . ^ "User Poll: Indian Top 10" . British Film Institute . 2002. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. ^ Christie, Ian (1 August 2012). "The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time" . Sight & Sound . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ "Directors' top 100" . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . ^ "The Greatest Films of All Time" . bfi.org . ^ "Directors' 100 Greatest Films of All Time" . bfi.org . ^ "Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali is the only Indian movie in the Sight and Sound's 100 greatest movies of all time list" . www.telegraphindia.com . 6 December 2022. ^ Totaro, Donato (31 January 2003). "The "Sight & Sound" of Canons" . Offscreen Journal . Canada Council for the Arts. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ "Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll" . The Village Voice . 1999. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2006 . ^ "Pather Panchali: No 12 best arthouse film of all time" . theguardian . 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ "Top 100 Films (Centenary) from Time Out Film Guide" . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ "Hot 100 Films From the Past by San Francisco Chronicle Film Critics" . Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ "100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years by Rolling Stone Magazine" . Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" . The New York Times . 2002. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ "The Top Fifty "Must See" Children's Films by the British Film Institute (BFI)" . Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ "Top 10 Indian Films" . British Film Institute. 2002. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . ^ "India's 20 greatest films" . NDTV . Archived from the original on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . ^ "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time" . CNN-IBN . 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . ^ "From Stanley Kubrick to Martin Scorsese: Akira kurosawa once named his top 100 favourite films of all time" . Far Out . 12 January 2021. ^ "Akira Kurosawa's List of His Favourite Movies" . Open Culture . ^ Ebert, Roger (4 March 2001). "The Apu Trilogy (1959)" . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ Schickel, Richard (30 January 2010). "All-time 100 Movies" . Time . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . ^ Wood 1972 , p. 61. ^ Bergan 2006 , p. 497. ^ Ganguly, Ruman (29 March 2013). "Parambrata starts shooting for Apur Panchali " . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Shekhar, Mayank (4 May 2022). "Finest film on the making of a film" . Mid-day . Archived from the original on 6 June 2022 . Retrieved 21 August 2022 . ^ Gulzar, Nihalni & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 612. ^ Likhi, Abhilaksh (15 August 1999). "Sense & Cinema" . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . ^ Das Gupta 1980 , pp. 32–42. ^ Bhaskaran, Gautaman (5 September 2004). "Ray's eternal song" . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . ^ "A Religion of Film" . Time . 20 September 1963. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . (subscription required) ^ Clark, Mike (30 October 2003). "New on DVD" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . ^ Saxena, Anupam (2 May 2013). "Google doodles Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali on filmmaker's birth anniversary" . NDTV. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . ^ "Satyajit Ray's 92nd Birthday" . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . ^ a b Santas 2002 , p. 18. ^ Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2004 , p. 32. ^ Goristas, Helen (May 2002). "Satyajit Ray" . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Bibliography Bee, Harriet Schoenhotz; Hellczer, Cassandra; McFadden, Sarah, eds. (2013). MoMA Highlights: 350 Works from The Museum of Modern Art, New York . The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 978-0-87070-846-6 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Bergan, Ronald (2006). Film . Dorking Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4053-1280-6 . Biswas, Moinak (2007). "In the mirror of an alternative globalism: the neorealist encounter in India". In Ruberto, Laura E.; Wilson, Kristi M. (eds.). Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema . Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3324-2 . Chapman, James (2003). Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-162-8 . Cooper, Darius (2000). The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62980-2 . Corrigan, Timothy; White, Patricia (2012). The Film Experience: An Introduction . Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-68170-8 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Cousins, Mark (2004). The Story of Film: A Worldwide History of Film from the Host of the BBC's Scene by Scene . Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-612-5 . Das Gupta, Chidananda (Autumn 1980). "New Directions in Indian Cinema". Film Quarterly . 34 (1). University of California Press: 32. doi : 10.1525/fq.1980.34.1.04a00070 . ISSN 0015-1386 . OCLC 1569205 . Ettedgui, Peter (1999). Cinematography: Screencraft . Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80382-5 . Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change . Trentham Books. ISBN 1-85856-329-1 . Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (2013). Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-77284-9 . Gooptu, Sharmistha (2010). Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation' . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-84334-5 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Gugelberger, Georg M. (1996). The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America . Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1844-6 . Gulzar ; Nihalni, Govind ; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). "Biographies". Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan. ISBN 81-7991-066-0 . Isaksson, Folke (2007). "Conversation with Satyajit Ray". In Cardullo, Bert (ed.). Satyajit Ray: Interviews . University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-937-8 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Kael, Pauline (2011). 5001 Nights at the Movies . Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-250-03357-4 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Khair, Tabish (2005). Amitav Ghosh: A Critical Companion . Orient Longman. ISBN 81-7824-113-7 . Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5 . Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 1-4234-0609-5 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2020 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Lyden, John (2009). The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44853-6 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Mehta, Ved (1998). "City of Dreadful Night". A Ved Mehta Reader: The Craft of the Essay . Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07561-8 . Pati, Mitali; Ganguly, Suranjan (1996). "Perspectives on Bengali film and literature". In Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (eds.). Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7 . Pratt, Douglas (2005). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More! . UNET 2 Corporation. ISBN 978-1-932916-01-0 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Ray, Satyajit (2010). Apur Panchali (in Bengali). Ananda Publishers . ISBN 978-81-7215-367-0 . Ray, Satyajit (1996). My Years with Apu . Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-024780-0 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Ray, Satyajit (2005). Our Films, Their Films . Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-1565-5 . Robinson, Andrew (1989). Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06946-6 . Robinson, Andrew (2010). The Apu Trilogy: Satyajit Ray and the Making of an Epic . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78672-962-0 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2022 . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . Ruberto, Laura E.; Wilson, Kristi M. (2007). Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema . Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3324-2 . Santas, Constantine (2002). Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8304-1580-7 . Seton, Marie (2003). Portrait of a Director: Satyajit Ray . Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-302972-4 . Teo, Stephen (2013). The Asian Cinema Experience: Styles, Spaces, Theory . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57146-3 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Wood, R (1972). The Apu trilogy . November Books Ltd. ISBN 0-85631-003-4 . External links Pather Panchali at IMDb Pather Panchali at the British Film Institute [ better source needed ] Pather Panchali at Rotten Tomatoes Pather Panchali at Ray Film and Study Collection University of California – Santa Cruz Constant Compass: Uma Das Gupta in Pather Panchali an essay by Durga Chew-Bose at the Criterion Collection .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Works by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay v t e Novels Pather Panchali Aranyak Adarsha Hindu Hotel Chander Pahar Hire Manik Jale Debjan Pather Panchali Aranyak Adarsha Hindu Hotel Chander Pahar Hire Manik Jale Debjan Characters Shankar Ray Choudhuri Diego Alvarez Taranath Tantrik Shankar Ray Choudhuri Diego Alvarez Taranath Tantrik Film adaptations The Apu Trilogy Pather Panchali Aparajito The World of Apu Chander Pahar Chander Pahar Amazon Obhijaan Adarsha Hindu Hotel Baksa Badal Nishi Padma Amar Prem Nimantran Distant Thunder Fuleswari Alo Bhalobasar Onek Naam Colours of Innocence The Apu Trilogy Pather Panchali Aparajito The World of Apu Pather Panchali Aparajito The World of Apu Chander Pahar Chander Pahar Amazon Obhijaan Chander Pahar Amazon Obhijaan Adarsha Hindu Hotel Baksa Badal Nishi Padma Amar Prem Nimantran Distant Thunder Fuleswari Alo Bhalobasar Onek Naam Colours of Innocence Franchises The Apu Trilogy Chander Pahar The Apu Trilogy Chander Pahar v t e Satyajit Ray v t e Filmography Bibliography Accolades Filmography Bibliography Accolades Films directed The Apu Trilogy Pather Panchali (1955) Aparajito (1956) The World of Apu (1959) Calcutta Trilogy Pratidwandi (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Jana Aranya (1976) Goopy–Bagha Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Feluda Sonar Kella (1974) Joi Baba Felunath (1978) Others Parash Pathar (1958) Jalsaghar (1958) Devi (1960) Teen Kanya (1961) Kanchenjungha (1962) Abhijan (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Charulata (1964) Kapurush (1965) Mahapurush (1965) Nayak (1966) Chiriyakhana (1967) Days and Nights in the Forest (1970) Distant Thunder (1973) The Chess Players (1977) Pikoo (1980) Sadgati (1981) Ghare Baire (1984) Ganashatru (1989) Shakha Proshakha (1990) Agantuk (1991) Documentaries Rabindranath Tagore (1961) Two (1964) Sikkim (1971) The Inner Eye (1972) Bala (1976) Sukumar Ray (1987) The Apu Trilogy Pather Panchali (1955) Aparajito (1956) The World of Apu (1959) Pather Panchali (1955) Aparajito (1956) The World of Apu (1959) Calcutta Trilogy Pratidwandi (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Jana Aranya (1976) Pratidwandi (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Jana Aranya (1976) Goopy–Bagha Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Feluda Sonar Kella (1974) Joi Baba Felunath (1978) Sonar Kella (1974) Joi Baba Felunath (1978) Others Parash Pathar (1958) Jalsaghar (1958) Devi (1960) Teen Kanya (1961) Kanchenjungha (1962) Abhijan (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Charulata (1964) Kapurush (1965) Mahapurush (1965) Nayak (1966) Chiriyakhana (1967) Days and Nights in the Forest (1970) Distant Thunder (1973) The Chess Players (1977) Pikoo (1980) Sadgati (1981) Ghare Baire (1984) Ganashatru (1989) Shakha Proshakha (1990) Agantuk (1991) Parash Pathar (1958) Jalsaghar (1958) Devi (1960) Teen Kanya (1961) Kanchenjungha (1962) Abhijan (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Charulata (1964) Kapurush (1965) Mahapurush (1965) Nayak (1966) Chiriyakhana (1967) Days and Nights in the Forest (1970) Distant Thunder (1973) The Chess Players (1977) Pikoo (1980) Sadgati (1981) Ghare Baire (1984) Ganashatru (1989) Shakha Proshakha (1990) Agantuk (1991) Documentaries Rabindranath Tagore (1961) Two (1964) Sikkim (1971) The Inner Eye (1972) Bala (1976) Sukumar Ray (1987) Rabindranath Tagore (1961) Two (1964) Sikkim (1971) The Inner Eye (1972) Bala (1976) Sukumar Ray (1987) Written only Goopy - Bagha Goopy Bagha Phire Elo (1991) Goopy Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya (2014) Feluda Kissa Kathmandu Mein (1986) Baksho Rahashya (1996) Bombaiyer Bombete (2003) Kailashey Kelenkari (2007) Tintorettor Jishu (2008) Gorosthaney Sabdhan (2010) Royal Bengal Rahashya (2011) Badshahi Angti (2014) Double Feluda (2016) Others The Alien (unproduced) Target (1995) Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Bombay Talkies (2013) Chaar (2014) Anukul (2017) Professor Shonku O El Dorado (2019) Goopy - Bagha Goopy Bagha Phire Elo (1991) Goopy Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya (2014) Goopy Bagha Phire Elo (1991) Goopy Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya (2014) Feluda Kissa Kathmandu Mein (1986) Baksho Rahashya (1996) Bombaiyer Bombete (2003) Kailashey Kelenkari (2007) Tintorettor Jishu (2008) Gorosthaney Sabdhan (2010) Royal Bengal Rahashya (2011) Badshahi Angti (2014) Double Feluda (2016) Kissa Kathmandu Mein (1986) Baksho Rahashya (1996) Bombaiyer Bombete (2003) Kailashey Kelenkari (2007) Tintorettor Jishu (2008) Gorosthaney Sabdhan (2010) Royal Bengal Rahashya (2011) Badshahi Angti (2014) Double Feluda (2016) Others The Alien (unproduced) Target (1995) Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Bombay Talkies (2013) Chaar (2014) Anukul (2017) Professor Shonku O El Dorado (2019) The Alien (unproduced) Target (1995) Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Bombay Talkies (2013) Chaar (2014) Anukul (2017) Professor Shonku O El Dorado (2019) Books Our Films, Their Films Jakhan Choto Chilam Bishoy Chalachchitra Our Films, Their Films Jakhan Choto Chilam Bishoy Chalachchitra Characters Feluda Professor Shonku Tarini Khuro Lalmohan Ganguly Feluda Professor Shonku Tarini Khuro Lalmohan Ganguly Related Sandesh magazine Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute Sandesh magazine Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute Category Category v t e National Film Award for Best Feature Film v t e 1953–1960 Shyamchi Aai (1953) Mirza Ghalib (1954) Pather Panchali (1955) Kabuliwala (1956) Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957) Sagar Sangamey (1958) Apur Sansar (1959) Anuradha (1960) Shyamchi Aai (1953) Mirza Ghalib (1954) Pather Panchali (1955) Kabuliwala (1956) Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957) Sagar Sangamey (1958) Apur Sansar (1959) Anuradha (1960) 1961–1980 Bhagini Nivedita (1961) Dada Thakur (1962) Shehar Aur Sapna (1963) Charulata (1964) Chemmeen (1965) Teesri Kasam (1966) Hatey Bazarey (1967) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1968) Bhuvan Shome (1969) Samskara (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Swayamvaram (1972) Nirmalyam (1973) Chorus (1974) Chomana Dudi (1975) Mrigayaa (1976) Ghatashraddha (1977) No Award (1978) Shodh (1979) Akaler Shandhaney (1980) Bhagini Nivedita (1961) Dada Thakur (1962) Shehar Aur Sapna (1963) Charulata (1964) Chemmeen (1965) Teesri Kasam (1966) Hatey Bazarey (1967) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1968) Bhuvan Shome (1969) Samskara (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Swayamvaram (1972) Nirmalyam (1973) Chorus (1974) Chomana Dudi (1975) Mrigayaa (1976) Ghatashraddha (1977) No Award (1978) Shodh (1979) Akaler Shandhaney (1980) 1981–2000 Dakhal (1981) Chokh (1982) Adi Shankaracharya (1983) Damul (1984) Chidambaram (1985) Tabarana Kathe (1986) Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai (1987) Piravi (1988) Bagh Bahadur (1989) Marupakkam (1990) Agantuk (1991) Bhagwat Gita (1992) Charachar (1993) Unishe April (1994) Kathapurushan (1995) Lal Darja (1996) Thaayi Saheba (1997) Samar (1998) Vanaprastham (1999) Shantham (2000) Dakhal (1981) Chokh (1982) Adi Shankaracharya (1983) Damul (1984) Chidambaram (1985) Tabarana Kathe (1986) Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai (1987) Piravi (1988) Bagh Bahadur (1989) Marupakkam (1990) Agantuk (1991) Bhagwat Gita (1992) Charachar (1993) Unishe April (1994) Kathapurushan (1995) Lal Darja (1996) Thaayi Saheba (1997) Samar (1998) Vanaprastham (1999) Shantham (2000) 2001–2020 Dweepa (2001) Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (2002) Shwaas (2003) Page 3 (2004) Kaalpurush (2005) Pulijanmam (2006) Kanchivaram (2007) Antaheen... (2008) Kutty Srank (2009) Adaminte Makan Abu (2010) Deool and Byari (2011) Paan Singh Tomar (2012) Ship of Theseus (2013) Court (2014) Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) Kaasav (2016) Village Rockstars (2017) Hellaro (2018) Marakkar (2019) Soorarai Pottru (2020) Dweepa (2001) Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (2002) Shwaas (2003) Page 3 (2004) Kaalpurush (2005) Pulijanmam (2006) Kanchivaram (2007) Antaheen... (2008) Kutty Srank (2009) Adaminte Makan Abu (2010) Deool and Byari (2011) Paan Singh Tomar (2012) Ship of Theseus (2013) Court (2014) Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) Kaasav (2016) Village Rockstars (2017) Hellaro (2018) Marakkar (2019) Soorarai Pottru (2020) 2021–present Rocketry: The Nambi Effect (2021) Aattam (2022) 12th Fail (2023) Rocketry: The Nambi Effect (2021) Aattam (2022) 12th Fail (2023) v t e National Film Award for Best Bengali Feature Film v t e 1954–1960 Chheley Kaar (1954) Pather Panchali (1955) Kabuliwala (1956) Andhare Alo (1957) Sagar Sangamey (1958) Bicharak (1959) Devi (1960) Certificate of Merit Jadu Bhatta and Annapurnar Mandir (1954) Rani Rashmoni and Rai Kamal (1955) Mahakavi Girishchandra and Ek Din Ratre (1956) Louha-Kapat and Harano Sur (1957) Sagar Sangamey , Jalsaghar and Daak Harkara (1958) – (1959) Ganga (1960) Chheley Kaar (1954) Pather Panchali (1955) Kabuliwala (1956) Andhare Alo (1957) Sagar Sangamey (1958) Bicharak (1959) Devi (1960) Chheley Kaar (1954) Pather Panchali (1955) Kabuliwala (1956) Andhare Alo (1957) Sagar Sangamey (1958) Bicharak (1959) Devi (1960) Certificate of Merit Jadu Bhatta and Annapurnar Mandir (1954) Rani Rashmoni and Rai Kamal (1955) Mahakavi Girishchandra and Ek Din Ratre (1956) Louha-Kapat and Harano Sur (1957) Sagar Sangamey , Jalsaghar and Daak Harkara (1958) – (1959) Ganga (1960) Jadu Bhatta and Annapurnar Mandir (1954) Rani Rashmoni and Rai Kamal (1955) Mahakavi Girishchandra and Ek Din Ratre (1956) Louha-Kapat and Harano Sur (1957) Sagar Sangamey , Jalsaghar and Daak Harkara (1958) – (1959) Ganga (1960) 1961–1980 Samapti (1961) Kancher Swarga (1962) Uttar Falguni (1963) Aarohi (1964) Akash Kusum (1965) – (1966) Arogya Niketan (film) (1967) Apanjan (1968) Natun Pata (1969) Malyadan (1970) Nimantran (1971) Strir Patra (1972) Ashani Sanket (1973) Sonar Kella (1974) Palanka (1975) – (1976) – (1977) Dooratwa (1978) – (1979) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Certificate of Merit Saptapadi and Punascha (1961) Nishithe (1962) Saat Paake Bandha and Jatu Griha (1963) Anustup Chhanda (1964) Subarnarekha and Raja Rammohun (1965) Discontinued after 1965 Samapti (1961) Kancher Swarga (1962) Uttar Falguni (1963) Aarohi (1964) Akash Kusum (1965) – (1966) Arogya Niketan (film) (1967) Apanjan (1968) Natun Pata (1969) Malyadan (1970) Nimantran (1971) Strir Patra (1972) Ashani Sanket (1973) Sonar Kella (1974) Palanka (1975) – (1976) – (1977) Dooratwa (1978) – (1979) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Samapti (1961) Kancher Swarga (1962) Uttar Falguni (1963) Aarohi (1964) Akash Kusum (1965) – (1966) Arogya Niketan (film) (1967) Apanjan (1968) Natun Pata (1969) Malyadan (1970) Nimantran (1971) Strir Patra (1972) Ashani Sanket (1973) Sonar Kella (1974) Palanka (1975) – (1976) – (1977) Dooratwa (1978) – (1979) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Certificate of Merit Saptapadi and Punascha (1961) Nishithe (1962) Saat Paake Bandha and Jatu Griha (1963) Anustup Chhanda (1964) Subarnarekha and Raja Rammohun (1965) Discontinued after 1965 Saptapadi and Punascha (1961) Nishithe (1962) Saat Paake Bandha and Jatu Griha (1963) Anustup Chhanda (1964) Subarnarekha and Raja Rammohun (1965) Discontinued after 1965 1981–2000 Adalat o Ekti Meye (1981) Nagmoti (1982) Vasundhra (1983) Ghare Baire (1984) Parama (1985) Phera (1986) Antarjali Jatra (1987) – (1988) Ganashatru (1989) Atmaja (1990) Antardhan (1991) Tahader Katha (1992) Antareen (1993) Amodini (1994) Yugant (1995) Sanghat (1996) Dahan (1997) Asukh (1998) Paromitar Ek Din (1999) Dekha (2000) Adalat o Ekti Meye (1981) Nagmoti (1982) Vasundhra (1983) Ghare Baire (1984) Parama (1985) Phera (1986) Antarjali Jatra (1987) – (1988) Ganashatru (1989) Atmaja (1990) Antardhan (1991) Tahader Katha (1992) Antareen (1993) Amodini (1994) Yugant (1995) Sanghat (1996) Dahan (1997) Asukh (1998) Paromitar Ek Din (1999) Dekha (2000) 2001–2020 Hemanter Pakhi (2001) Shubho Mahurat (2002) Chokher Bali (2003) Krantikaal (2004) Herbert (2005) Anuranan and Podokkhep (2006) Ballygunge Court (2007) Shob Charitro Kalponik (2008) Abohomaan (2009) Ami Aadu (2010) Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona (2011) Shabdo (2012) Bakita Byaktigato (2013) Nirbashito (2014) Shankhachil (2015) Bishorjan (2016) Mayurakshi (2017) Ek Je Chhilo Raja (2018) Gumnaami (2019) Avijatrik (2020) Hemanter Pakhi (2001) Shubho Mahurat (2002) Chokher Bali (2003) Krantikaal (2004) Herbert (2005) Anuranan and Podokkhep (2006) Ballygunge Court (2007) Shob Charitro Kalponik (2008) Abohomaan (2009) Ami Aadu (2010) Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona (2011) Shabdo (2012) Bakita Byaktigato (2013) Nirbashito (2014) Shankhachil (2015) Bishorjan (2016) Mayurakshi (2017) Ek Je Chhilo Raja (2018) Gumnaami (2019) Avijatrik (2020) 2021–present Kalkokkho (2021) Kaberi Antardhan (2022) Kalkokkho (2021) Kaberi Antardhan (2022) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best International Film v t e 1934–1975 Man of Aran (1934) No Award (1935) Carnival in Flanders (1936) The Eternal Mask (1937) La Grande Illusion (1938) Port of Shadows (1939) The Baker's Wife (1940) Pépé le Moko (1941) No Award (1942–1949) The Titan (1950) Rashomon (1951) The Sound Barrier (1952) A Queen Is Crowned (1953) Romeo and Juliet (1954) The Prisoner (1955) The Silent World (1956) Ordet (1957) Pather Panchali (1958) Wild Strawberries (1959) The World of Apu (1960) Die Brücke (1961) Sundays and Cybèle (1962) 8½ (1963) World Without Sun (1964) Juliet of the Spirits (1965) The Sleeping Car Murders (1966) Elvira Madigan (1967) War and Peace (1968) Shame (1969) The Wild Child (1970) Claire's Knee (1971) The Sorrow and the Pity (1972) Cries and Whispers (1973) Amarcord (1974) The Story of Adele H. (1975) Man of Aran (1934) No Award (1935) Carnival in Flanders (1936) The Eternal Mask (1937) La Grande Illusion (1938) Port of Shadows (1939) The Baker's Wife (1940) Pépé le Moko (1941) No Award (1942–1949) The Titan (1950) Rashomon (1951) The Sound Barrier (1952) A Queen Is Crowned (1953) Romeo and Juliet (1954) The Prisoner (1955) The Silent World (1956) Ordet (1957) Pather Panchali (1958) Wild Strawberries (1959) The World of Apu (1960) Die Brücke (1961) Sundays and Cybèle (1962) 8½ (1963) World Without Sun (1964) Juliet of the Spirits (1965) The Sleeping Car Murders (1966) Elvira Madigan (1967) War and Peace (1968) Shame (1969) The Wild Child (1970) Claire's Knee (1971) The Sorrow and the Pity (1972) Cries and Whispers (1973) Amarcord (1974) The Story of Adele H. (1975) 1976–present The Marquise of O (1976) That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) Autumn Sonata (1978) La Cage aux Folles (1979) The Tin Drum (1980) A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov (1981) Mephisto (1982) Fanny and Alexander (1983) A Sunday in the Country (1984) Ran (1985) Otello (1986) Jean de Florette / Manon des Sources (1987) Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) Story of Women (1989) Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Europa Europa (1991) Indochine (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) Shanghai Triad (1995) Ridicule (1996) Shall We Dance? (1997) Central Station (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) Amores perros (2001) Talk to Her (2002) The Barbarian Invasions (2003) The Sea Inside (2004) Paradise Now (2005) Volver (2006) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Mongol (2008) A Prophet (2009) Of Gods and Men (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) The Past (2013) Wild Tales (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Salesman (2016) Foxtrot (2017) Cold War (2018) Parasite (2019) La Llorona (2020) A Hero (2021) Close (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) The Seed of the Sacred Fig (2024) It Was Just an Accident (2025) The Marquise of O (1976) That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) Autumn Sonata (1978) La Cage aux Folles (1979) The Tin Drum (1980) A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov (1981) Mephisto (1982) Fanny and Alexander (1983) A Sunday in the Country (1984) Ran (1985) Otello (1986) Jean de Florette / Manon des Sources (1987) Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) Story of Women (1989) Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Europa Europa (1991) Indochine (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) Shanghai Triad (1995) Ridicule (1996) Shall We Dance? (1997) Central Station (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) Amores perros (2001) Talk to Her (2002) The Barbarian Invasions (2003) The Sea Inside (2004) Paradise Now (2005) Volver (2006) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Mongol (2008) A Prophet (2009) Of Gods and Men (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) The Past (2013) Wild Tales (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Salesman (2016) Foxtrot (2017) Cold War (2018) Parasite (2019) La Llorona (2020) A Hero (2021) Close (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) The Seed of the Sacred Fig (2024) It Was Just an Accident (2025) 1955 films 1950s coming-of-age drama films Bengali-language Indian films Best Feature Film National Film Award winners Indian coming-of-age drama films Films about poverty in India Films based on Indian novels Films directed by Satyajit Ray Films set in India Indian epic films Indian black-and-white films Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray Films scored by Ravi Shankar Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners 1950s Bengali-language films 1955 directorial debut films 1955 drama films Films based on works by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments Pages using the Phonos extension Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn) Rotten Tomatoes ID same as Wikidata Rotten Tomatoes template using name parameter CS1 Danish-language sources (da) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use Indian English from August 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2021 Articles containing Bengali-language text Template film date with 1 release date Pages with Bengali IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing French-language text Commons category link is on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023 Featured articles This page was last edited on 15 December 2025, at 18:55 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pather_Panchali
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Dimensions and planes of existence Toggle Dimensions and planes of existence subsection 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 2 Theoretical joint points Toggle Theoretical joint points subsection 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 3 The "problem of psychology" Toggle The "problem of psychology" subsection 3.1 Solution 3.1 Solution 4 Consciousness and human behavior 5 Toward the integration of human knowledge 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Tree of knowledge system العربية Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The tree of knowledge ( ToK ) system is a new [ when? ] map of Big History that traces cosmic evolution across four different planes of existence, identified as Matter, Life, Mind and Culture that are mapped respectively by the physical, biological, psychological and social domains of science. The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System was developed by Gregg Henriques , who is a professor and core faculty member in the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University . [ 1 ] The ToK System is part of a larger Unified Theory of Knowledge that Henriques describes as a consilient scientific humanistic philosophy for the 21st Century. The official Unified Theory of Knowledge website describes the ToK System as: [ 2 ] [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. The outline of the ToK System was first published in 2003 in Review of General Psychology . [ 3 ] Two special issues of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in December 2004 [ 4 ] and January 2005 [ 5 ] were devoted to the elaboration and evaluation of the model. In 2008, a special issue of Theory & Psychology [ 6 ] was devoted to the ToK System. In 2011, Henriques published A New Unified Theory of Psychology . That same year he also launched the blog Theory of Knowledge: A Unified Approach to Psychology and Philosophy on Psychology Today , which remains active. There is also a Theory Of Knowledge Society and discussion listserve that is devoted to discussing Henriques' work and other big picture viewpoints. In some ways, the ToK System reflects a fairly common hierarchy of nature and of the sciences that has been represented in one way or another since the time of Auguste Comte , who in the 19th century used a hierarchical conception of nature to argue for the existence of sociology. It also has clear parallels with Aristotle's conception of the scales of nature and the first four levels of the Great Chain of Being . Despite some overlap with a number of traditional schemes, the ToK System is properly thought of as a new theory of both ontic reality and our scientific knowledge of that reality. One of the most important and salient features of the Tree of Knowledge is how it represents reality as consisting of four different planes of existence. The theory is that, following Matter, Life, Mind and Culture each represent complex adaptive landscapes that are organized and mediated by novel emergent information processing and communication systems. Specifically, DNA/RNA store information that is processed by cells which then engage in intercellular communication to create the plane of existence called Life. Similarly, the brain and nervous system store and process information in animals which then engage in communication networks on the complex adaptive plane called Mind. Finally, linguistic storage and processing and communication between human beings generates the emergence of the Culture-Person plane of existence. The separable planes of existence or dimension of complexity argument is one of the most crucial aspects of the system. Many have argued nature is hierarchically leveled; for example, a list of such levels might be subatomic particles , atoms , molecules , cells , organ structures, multi-celled organisms, consciousness , and society is common. The ToK System embraces a view of nature as levels, but adds the notion that there are also separable dimensions of complexity . The difference becomes particularly clear in the extension of the ToK System into the Periodic Table of Behavior . The Periodic Table of Behavior (PTB) shows that natural science can be arranged in terms of the four fundamental dimensions (i.e., matter, life, mind, and culture) and three fundamental levels of analysis (i.e., part, whole, group). The PTB also demonstrates that behavior is a central concept in science. Epistemologically, natural scientists view the world via a third person behavioral lens. Ontologically, science is about mapping different kinds of behaviors that take place in nature at various levels and dimensions of analysis. The second central insight of the ToK System is that it shows how natural science is a particular kind of justification system that emerges out of Culture based on novel methods and specific epistemological commitments and assumptions (i.e., an exterior view point, quantification and experimentation). This epistemology and methodology functions to justify scientific ontology, which in turn maps the ontic reality. Specifically, the domains of the physical, biological, (basic) psychological and social sciences map the ontic dimensions of matter, life, mind and culture. The Periodic Table of Behavior further shows how science is a justification system that is arranged to map behavioral frequencies at different dimensions of complexity and levels of analysis. Dimensions and planes of existence This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Matter/Object — Physical sciences The dimension of matter refers to the set of material objects and their behaviors through time. In accordance with modern cosmology , matter is theorized to have emerged from a pure energy singularity at the Big Bang . Space and time were also born at such a point. Nonliving material objects range in complexity from subatomic particles to large organic molecules. The physical sciences (i.e., physics , chemistry , geology, astronomy ) describe the behavior of material objects. [ 3 ] Life/Organism — Biological sciences The dimension of life refers to organisms and their behaviors through time. Living objects are considered a unique subset of material objects. Just as quantum particles form the fundamental units of material complexity, genes are the fundamental units of living information. Although many questions about the emergence of life remain unanswered, in accordance with modern biology, the ToK posits that natural selection operating on genetic combinations through time is the unified theory of biology and forms the foundational understanding for the emergence of organic complexity. [ 3 ] Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences Mind/cognition in the ToK system refers to the set of mental behaviors. Mental behaviors are behaviors of animals mediated by the nervous system that produce a functional effect on the animal-environment relationship. As such, Mind/cognition is essentially synonymous with what behavioral psychologists have meant when they use the term behavior. Thus, a fly avoiding a fly swatter, a rat pushing a bar or a human getting a drink of water are all mental behaviors. Mind is not synonymous with sentience or the capacity for mental experience, although such processes are presumed to emerge in the mental/cognitive dimension. Cognition , in the broad sense of the term is meaning bodily-neuro-social information processing, as in EEEE Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, Extended. While cognitive science stands for naturalist study of mind, psychology is an approach grounded in the tradition of humanities, especially philosophy. Thus, by defining mind as mental behavior, Henriques argues that the ToK System provides a way to bridge the epistemological differences between cognitive and behavioral science . [ 3 ] Henriques argues that comparative psychology , ethology, and (animal) cognitive behavioral neuroscience should all be thought of as parts of the discipline that maps the animal-mental domain. Culture/Person — Human social sciences Culture in the ToK system refers to the set of sociolinguistic behaviors, which range from large scale nation states to individual human justifications for particular actions. Just as genetic information processing is associated with the Life dimension and neuronal information processing associated with the Mind dimension, symbolic information processing emerges with the Cultural dimension. [ 3 ] Henriques argues that human cognitive science, human psychology and the social sciences (i.e., anthropology, sociology, political science, and economics) work to map this domain. Theoretical joint points Quantum gravity Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are quantum mechanics , the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and general relativity , the science of the macroscopic (e.g., galaxies ). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical Theory of Everything , yet progress is being made, most notably through string theory , loop quantum gravity , black hole thermodynamics and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe. The modern synthesis The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with natural selection which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well-substantiated joint point. Behavioral investment theory Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of behaviorism with the information science of cognitive neuroscience that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and ontogenetically through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of phylogeny and ontogeny . A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain-behavior paradigms: (1) cognitive science ; (2) behavioral science ; (3) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4) neuroscience; and (5) cybernetics / systems theory . David C. Geary noted the similarities between his "motive-to-control" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model "seem[ed] to fill in many of the proximate mechanisms and evolutionary pressures that define the life-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind-culture joint point." [ 7 ] Justification systems theory The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the "question-answer" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others. JUST consists of three key postulates: The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1) analytically true and what is (2) good for the group and (3) good for the individual. The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1) experiential; (2) private narrator; and (3) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains. The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems. The "problem of psychology" The ToK System emerged as a consequence of Henriques wrestling with what he calls "the problem of psychology". Henriques argues that the most difficult problem in psychology as a discipline is that while there is incredible diversity offered by different approaches to psychology, and there is no consensus model of what psychology actually is. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Specifically, Henriques argues that the field lacks a clear definition, an agreed upon subject matter, and a coherent conceptual framework . The problem has been long standing, identified as the "crisis" by Lev Vygotsky in the mid 1920s. Henriques further argues that the patent tendency of psychology has been toward theoretical and substantial fragmentation and increasing insularity among the "specialties." In other words, the discipline has fragmented into different schools of thought and methodology, with no overall framework to interpret and integrate the research of different areas. At its best, the different approaches are a strength of psychology; different approaches lead to novel ideas, and prevent psychologists from clinging to a paradigm that fails to explain a phenomenon. At its worst, adherents of one particular school cling to their beliefs concerning the relative importance of their research and disregard or are ignorant of different approaches. In most cases, individual psychologists have to determine for themselves which elements of which perspective to apply, and how to integrate them into their overall understanding. Henriques argues that the problem of psychology is a central feature of modern knowledge systems. In A New Unified Theory of Psychology , he described it as follows: The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The reason for psychology's fragmentation, according to the ToK System, is that there has been no meta-theoretical frame that allows scholars to agree on the basic questions that need to be addressed. As such, the different schools of thought in psychology are like the blind men who each grab a part of the elephant and proclaim they have discovered its true nature. With its novel depiction of evolving dimensions of complexity, the ToK allows scholars finally to see the elephant. In his 2003 Review of General Psychology paper, [ 8 ] Henriques used the ToK System with the attempt to clarify and align the views of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud . These luminaries were chosen because when one considers their influence and historical opposition, it can readily be argued that they represent two schools of thought that are the most difficult to integrate. Henriques used the meta-perspective offered by the ToK to argue how one can retain the key insights from each school of thought, identify errors and points of confusion, and integrate the insights into a coherent whole. Cultural and personality psychologist, Michael Katzko, [ 10 ] however critiques Henriques' position on "the problem of psychology": There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] Solution The problem of psychology, according to the ToK, is its conceptual incoherence, which Henriques identifies by the following: When the various conceptions of psychology (e.g., behavioral, humanistic, cognitive) are viewed through the lens of the ToK System, psychology spans two different dimensions of complexity: the mental and the cultural. In other words, the discipline has historically spanned two fundamentally separate problems: If, as previously thought, nature simply consisted of levels of complexity, psychology would not be crisply defined in relationship to biology or the social sciences. And, indeed, it is frequently suggested that psychology exists in an amorphous space between biology and the social sciences. However, with its dimension of complexity depiction, the ToK System suggests that psychology can be crisply defined as the science of mind, which is the third dimension of complexity. Furthermore, because human behavior exists in the fourth dimension, psychology must be divided into two broad scientific domains of Psychological formalism is defined as the science of mind and corresponds to the behavior of animal objects. Human psychology is considered to be a unique subset of psychological formalism that deals with human behavior at the level of the individual. Because human behavior is immersed in the larger socio-cultural context (level four in the ToK System), human psychology is considered a hybrid discipline that merges the pure science of psychology with the social sciences. It is important to point out that there are other disciplines the ToK System would classify as “hybrids.” Molecular genetics, for example, is a hybrid between chemistry and biology and neuroscience is a hybrid between biology and psychology. As with Henriques' proposed conception of human psychology, both of these disciplines adopt an object level perspective (molecular and cellular, respectively) on phenomena that simultaneously exist as part of meta-level system processes (life and mind, respectively). [ 9 ] Though David A. F. Haaga "congratulate[d] Dr. Henriques' ambitious, scholarly, provocative paper", and "found the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy, the theoretical joint points, the evolutionary history, and the levels of emergent properties highly illuminating", he asks the rhetorical questions, If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] In a similar vein, Scott O. Lilienfeld, who described Henriques' effort as "thoughtful", contended that psychology is "an inherently fuzzy concept that resists precise definition" and that "attempts to define psychology [would be] likely to hamper rather than foster consilience across disciplines". Lilienfield went on further to suggest that the scientist-practitioner gap in psychology lies not in definitional issues, but in different "epistemic attitudes" between these two groups. He stated that scientists have an epistemic attitude of empiricism , (where questions regarding human nature are settled by scientific evidence), and that practitioners have an epistemic attitude of romanticism , (where questions of human nature are settled by intuition). Lilienfeld suggested that the solution to the scientist-practitioner gulf isn't definitional, but in "train[ing] future clinical scientists to appreciate the proper places of romanticism and empiricism within science". [ 13 ] Consciousness and human behavior A frequent question and point of confusion in the ToK System is the definition and meaning of consciousness . As mentioned above, mind is not synonymous with consciousness. And, to understand consciousness from a ToK vantage point, it is crucial to recognize that the term is often ambiguous in its meaning. Two primary meanings are sentience , which is the capacity for mental experience and self-awareness , which is the capacity to be aware of one's awareness. Sentience is conceptualized as a "level 3" phenomenon, possessed by many animals other than humans and is defined as a "perceived" electro-neuro-chemical representation of animal-environment relations. The ingredient of neurological behavior that allows for the emergence of mental experience is considered the "hard" problem of consciousness and the ToK System does not address this question explicitly. In contrast, through the Justification Hypothesis (see below), the ToK System involves a very direct analysis of the other issue of consciousness, that of self-awareness . Another frequent question that is raised is "Where does individual human behavior fall on the ToK?" To analyze human behavior from the context of the ToK, one uses the ToK like a prism to separate the dimensions of behavior into physiochemical, biogenetic, neuropsychological and sociolinguistic. Thus if we imagine a conversation between a husband and wife as follows: Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” The words represent the sociolinguistic dimension and are understood as a function of justification. Justification systems are seen both at the level of individual, micro-social and societal (i.e., the context of justification in which men work and women stay at home). The actions of the husband and wife in terms of facial expression , body movement, etc. are seen as the mental dimension and are understood as a function of behavioral investment. The physiological make up of the organ systems and cells of each body is seen as the biogenetic dimension. Finally, the position, temperature, molecular make up is seen as the physiochemical dimension. Each of the more basic dimensions represent conditions of possibility that allow for the emergence of the higher dimension of process. Thus, insufficient oxygen disrupts organic processes which in turn renders neuropsychological and sociolinguistic processes impossible. Toward the integration of human knowledge As stated above, the ToK System proposes a new epistemology with the goal of moving academic knowledge toward what E.O. Wilson termed consilience . Consilience is the interlocking of fact and theory into a coherent, holistic view of knowledge. Henriques argues that the ToK affords new perspectives on how knowledge is obtained because it depicts how science emerges from culture and that the four dimensions of complexity correspond to four broad classes of science: the physical, biological, psychological and social sciences. Henriques further argues that developing such a system for integrating knowledge is not just an academic enterprise. He suggests that in an increasingly complex world, the fragmented state of knowledge can be seen as one of the most pressing social problems of our time. Henriques also believes that history seems to attest that the absence of a collective worldview ostensibly condemns humanity to an endless series of conflicts that inevitably stem from incompatible, partially correct, locally situated justification systems. Thus, from Henriques' perspective, there are good reasons for believing that if there was a shared, general background of explanation, humanity might be able to achieve much greater levels of harmonious relations. In a 2008 article on the ToK, [ 14 ] Henriques cites Oliver Reiser 's 1958 call for unifying scientific knowledge that Henriques implies is similar in theme to the ToK: With its depiction of the dimensions of complexity and interlocking theoretical joint points, Henriques' believes that his ToK System offers new avenues that might allow scholars to meet Reiser’s call for academic synthesis. Henriques, like Reiser, believes that with a shared sense of purpose and a common background of explanation, people might yet be able to integrate bodies of knowledge into a unified interpretation of humanity, with humanity's place in nature and its potentialities for creating the good society. See also Tree of knowledge (philosophy) by René Descartes Tinbergen's four questions Behavioral repertoire Consilience Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Descriptive psychology General System Theory Psychological behaviorism Social meaning-making The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution – 1959 book by C. P. Snow Unified theory of cognition Unity of science Metasystem transition References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " "About Me" section of the ToK System website" . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . ^ " "The Tree of Knowledge System" section of the 8 key ideas in the Unified Theory of Knowledge website" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ a b c d e Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 1): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 60, No 12" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 2): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 61, No 1" . Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Theory & Psychology - Volume 18, Number 6, Dec 01, 2008" . Sage Journals . ^ Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2003). The tree of knowledge system and the theoretical unification of psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. ^ Homepage of Michael Katzko ^ Katzko, M. W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology , 18, 817–828. Abstract ^ Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. ^ Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. ^ Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Final draft ^ Reiser, O.L. (1958). The integration of human knowledge. Boston: Porter Sargent. Bibliography Anchin, J.C. (2008). The critical role of the dialectic in viable metatheory: A commentary on Henriques' Tree of Knowledge System for integrating human knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 801–816. Full text Calhoun, L.G. (2004). The unification of psychology: A noble quest. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60, 1283–1289. Abstract Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. Full text Gilbert, P. (2004). A much needed macro level view: A commentary on Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1223–1226. Full text Goertzen, J.R. (2008). On the possibility of unification: The reality and nature of the crisis in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18, 829–852. Full text Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. Full text Hayes, S.C. (2004). Taxonomy as a contextualist views it. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1231–1236. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). A new vision for the field: Introduction to the second special issue on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61, 3–6. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). Toward a useful mass movement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 121–139. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. Full text Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Henriques, G.R. (2004). The development of the unified theory and the future of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 39, 16–21. Final draft Henriques, G.R., & Cobb, H.C. (2004). Introduction to the special issues on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1203–1205. Full text Henriques, G.R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Unified professional psychology: Implications for combined-integrated doctoral training programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1051–1063. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. Full text Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Henriques, G.R. (2002). The harmful dysfunction analysis and the differentiation between mental disorder and disease. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 1, 157–173. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2000). Depression: Disease or behavioral shutdown mechanism? Journal of Science and Health Policy, 1, 152–165. Full text Jones, R. (2005). From that dirty little science grows a Tree of Knowledge. The Madison, 1, 36–45. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 817–828. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2004). Psychology's dilemma: An institutional neurosis? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1237–1242. Full text Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Unity within psychology, and unity between science and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1243–1247. Full text Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. Full text Mayer, J.D. (2004). How does psychotherapy influence personality? A theoretical integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1291–1315. Full text Presbury, J. (2004). Rooting the tree of knowledge: A response to Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1255–1258. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2008). Theoretical unification as a practical project: Kant and the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 757–777. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2005). Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 67–80. Full text Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rand, K.L., & Ilardi, S.S. (2005). Toward a consilient science of psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 7–20. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2008). Religion as a large-scale justification system: Does the Justification Hypothesis explain animistic attribution? Theory & Psychology, 18, 779–799. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2006). Durkheim's aphorism, the Justification Hypothesis, and the nature of social facts. Sociological Viewpoints, fall issue, 57–70. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2005). From mirror self-recognition to the looking glass self: Exploring the justification hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 47–65 . Full text Shealy, C.N. (2005). Justifying the justification hypothesis: Scientific-humanism, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 81–106. Full text Slife, B. (2005). Testing the limits of Henriques' proposal: Wittgensteinian lessons and hermenuetic dialogue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 107–120. Full text Stam, H.J. (2004). Unifying psychology: Epistemological act or disciplinary maneuver? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1259–1262. Full text Stanovich, K.E. (2004). Metarepresentation and the great cognitive divide: A commentary on Henriques' "Psychology Defined". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1263–1266. Full text Stricker, G. (2004). The unification of psychology and psychological organizations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1267–1269. Full text Vazire, S., & Robins, R.W. (2004). Beyond the Justification Hypothesis: A Broader Theory of the Evolution of Self-Consciousness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1271–1273. Full text Viney, W. (2004). Pluralism in the sciences is not easily dismissed. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1275–1278. Full text Yanchar, S.C. (2004). Some discontents with theoretical unification. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1279–1281. Full text External links The Official Tree of Knowledge Website Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques at the Psychology Wiki This page uses content from the English-language version of Psychology Wiki . The original article was at Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . The text of both The Psychology Wiki and Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License . Science studies Systems Systems theory Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2020 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2022 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2023 Articles needing additional references from April 2024 All articles needing additional references This page was last edited on 5 November 2025, at 05:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_system#cite_note-5
|
Sherutni patrin Maladipnasko than Neve paruvimata Ekh patrin savigodi Zhutipen Denimata Creare cont Autentificare Denimata Creare cont Autentificare Sherutni patrin Pagina principală Vakyarimata Lectură Vedeți sursa Istoric Lectură Vedeți sursa Istoric So phandel pes kathe Pashvipnaske paruvimata Bićhal file Savaxtutno phandipen Informații despre pagină Prinjardo phandipen ko lekh Obține URL scurtat Descărcați codul QR Comută la vechiul parser Creare carte Descărcare ca PDF Printisaripnaski versiya Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecii Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Element Wikidata Mishto avilyan ki Vikipidiya , i mesti enchiklopidiya savya vi tu shai te lekhaves (xramosares) la. 10. pervonai 2026 , 13:24 UTC Kashte janes mai but sar te das vast te baryol i Vikipidiya, drabar (chitisar) o sikavno . Akana, andi Vlax Romani Vikipidiya si 756 lekha (artikolurya) so bariven. Lasho lekh Johann Trollmann Johann Rukeli Trollmann (1907-1943) And-o Trintonay [3-to chon] e bershesko 1933 kerdili kompetisiya e boksaki and-i Jermaniya tay yek but iklislo angluno (kampiyono) and-i kategoriya e dopash pharengi. Lesko alav sas Erich Seeling, no o komite e sportesko, kay sas sa nasista, peravda les kotar-o titlo odoleske so sas but, nas Jermano. 3i k-o Baredivay, na achilo niyek kampiyono and-akaya kategoriya. Kerdili palem i kompetisiya mashkar duy neve boksera: Yek "Ariyano", o Adolf Witt, tay p-e aver rig, o Yohan Rukeli Trollman. Akaya nevi kompetisia na fayol sas e nasistenke, odoleske so o Trollman sas Sinto, pinjardo sar Sinto : leske sportesko alav sas o "Zigeuner". Numay nas so te keren, ov sas but pinjardo tay sa e jermana kamen sas les but, sas zorales popularo. E Nazista na kamen sas te asbaven o xataripen e bute gadjenko tay mukhle les te kerel i kompetisiya, na chudine les avri. Mamuy leske sas o Witt, odoleske numay ov sas les shansa te marel e Trollmanes tay e Nazista usaren sas chachipenaske te peravdol o "Zigeuner", kay te iklon kadiyal kotar-i problema. Buter… Dikh Shopnya Roma Romane gilavne Phuvipen Manushikanimos Devlesko janglipen Janglipen Dikh Zhutipen Do you speak Vlax Romani ? Help us to revive the Romani Vikipidiya! See Vikipidiya:Mishto avilyan and discuss the future of this project on Vikipidiya:Maladipnasko than . Dikh Indekso Α B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dikh Kipo Vinya Dikh Mishto avilyan ki Vikipidiya , i mesti enchiklopidiya savya vi tu shai te lekhaves (xramosares) la. 10. pervonai 2026 , 13:24 UTC Kashte janes mai but sar te das vast te baryol i Vikipidiya, drabar (chitisar) o sikavno . Akana, andi Vlax Romani Vikipidiya si 756 lekha (artikolurya) so bariven. Mishto avilyan ki Vikipidiya , i mesti enchiklopidiya savya vi tu shai te lekhaves (xramosares) la. 10. pervonai 2026 , 13:24 UTC Kashte janes mai but sar te das vast te baryol i Vikipidiya, drabar (chitisar) o sikavno . Akana, andi Vlax Romani Vikipidiya si 756 lekha (artikolurya) so bariven. Kashte janes mai but sar te das vast te baryol i Vikipidiya, drabar (chitisar) o sikavno . Akana, andi Vlax Romani Vikipidiya si 756 lekha (artikolurya) so bariven. Lasho lekh Johann Trollmann Johann Rukeli Trollmann (1907-1943) And-o Trintonay [3-to chon] e bershesko 1933 kerdili kompetisiya e boksaki and-i Jermaniya tay yek but iklislo angluno (kampiyono) and-i kategoriya e dopash pharengi. Lesko alav sas Erich Seeling, no o komite e sportesko, kay sas sa nasista, peravda les kotar-o titlo odoleske so sas but, nas Jermano. 3i k-o Baredivay, na achilo niyek kampiyono and-akaya kategoriya. Kerdili palem i kompetisiya mashkar duy neve boksera: Yek "Ariyano", o Adolf Witt, tay p-e aver rig, o Yohan Rukeli Trollman. Akaya nevi kompetisia na fayol sas e nasistenke, odoleske so o Trollman sas Sinto, pinjardo sar Sinto : leske sportesko alav sas o "Zigeuner". Numay nas so te keren, ov sas but pinjardo tay sa e jermana kamen sas les but, sas zorales popularo. E Nazista na kamen sas te asbaven o xataripen e bute gadjenko tay mukhle les te kerel i kompetisiya, na chudine les avri. Mamuy leske sas o Witt, odoleske numay ov sas les shansa te marel e Trollmanes tay e Nazista usaren sas chachipenaske te peravdol o "Zigeuner", kay te iklon kadiyal kotar-i problema. Buter… Dikh Shopnya Roma Romane gilavne Phuvipen Manushikanimos Devlesko janglipen Janglipen Dikh Lasho lekh Johann Trollmann Johann Rukeli Trollmann (1907-1943) And-o Trintonay [3-to chon] e bershesko 1933 kerdili kompetisiya e boksaki and-i Jermaniya tay yek but iklislo angluno (kampiyono) and-i kategoriya e dopash pharengi. Lesko alav sas Erich Seeling, no o komite e sportesko, kay sas sa nasista, peravda les kotar-o titlo odoleske so sas but, nas Jermano. 3i k-o Baredivay, na achilo niyek kampiyono and-akaya kategoriya. Kerdili palem i kompetisiya mashkar duy neve boksera: Yek "Ariyano", o Adolf Witt, tay p-e aver rig, o Yohan Rukeli Trollman. Akaya nevi kompetisia na fayol sas e nasistenke, odoleske so o Trollman sas Sinto, pinjardo sar Sinto : leske sportesko alav sas o "Zigeuner". Numay nas so te keren, ov sas but pinjardo tay sa e jermana kamen sas les but, sas zorales popularo. E Nazista na kamen sas te asbaven o xataripen e bute gadjenko tay mukhle les te kerel i kompetisiya, na chudine les avri. Mamuy leske sas o Witt, odoleske numay ov sas les shansa te marel e Trollmanes tay e Nazista usaren sas chachipenaske te peravdol o "Zigeuner", kay te iklon kadiyal kotar-i problema. Buter… Dikh Shopnya Roma Romane gilavne Phuvipen Manushikanimos Devlesko janglipen Janglipen Dikh Johann Trollmann Johann Rukeli Trollmann (1907-1943) And-o Trintonay [3-to chon] e bershesko 1933 kerdili kompetisiya e boksaki and-i Jermaniya tay yek but iklislo angluno (kampiyono) and-i kategoriya e dopash pharengi. Lesko alav sas Erich Seeling, no o komite e sportesko, kay sas sa nasista, peravda les kotar-o titlo odoleske so sas but, nas Jermano. 3i k-o Baredivay, na achilo niyek kampiyono and-akaya kategoriya. Kerdili palem i kompetisiya mashkar duy neve boksera: Yek "Ariyano", o Adolf Witt, tay p-e aver rig, o Yohan Rukeli Trollman. Akaya nevi kompetisia na fayol sas e nasistenke, odoleske so o Trollman sas Sinto, pinjardo sar Sinto : leske sportesko alav sas o "Zigeuner". Numay nas so te keren, ov sas but pinjardo tay sa e jermana kamen sas les but, sas zorales popularo. E Nazista na kamen sas te asbaven o xataripen e bute gadjenko tay mukhle les te kerel i kompetisiya, na chudine les avri. Mamuy leske sas o Witt, odoleske numay ov sas les shansa te marel e Trollmanes tay e Nazista usaren sas chachipenaske te peravdol o "Zigeuner", kay te iklon kadiyal kotar-i problema. Buter… Roma Romane gilavne Phuvipen Manushikanimos Devlesko janglipen Janglipen Zhutipen Do you speak Vlax Romani ? Help us to revive the Romani Vikipidiya! See Vikipidiya:Mishto avilyan and discuss the future of this project on Vikipidiya:Maladipnasko than . Dikh Indekso Α B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dikh Kipo Vinya Dikh Zhutipen Do you speak Vlax Romani ? Help us to revive the Romani Vikipidiya! See Vikipidiya:Mishto avilyan and discuss the future of this project on Vikipidiya:Maladipnasko than . Dikh Indekso Α B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dikh Kipo Vinya Dikh Α B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Vinya Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu O palutno paruvipen 08:57, 11 shovtonai 2022. Pagina a fost tradusă din limbaj wiki în HTML cu Parsoid . Acest text este disponibil sub licența Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice ; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. Vedeți detalii la Termenii de utilizare . Pativyako forovipen Katar Vikipidiya Termenurya Cod de conduită Dezvoltatori Statistici Declarație cookie Versiune mobilă
|
https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherutni_patrin
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Name and characteristics 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 1st century–Chalcedon 2.2 Post-Chalcedonian schism 2.3 Under Islamic conquest 2.4 Attempted reunions 2.5 19th–early 20th centuries 2.5.1 Attempted Western missions and schisms 2.5.2 Ethiopian autocephaly and Oriental unity 2.6 Late 20th–early 21st centuries 2.1 1st century–Chalcedon 2.2 Post-Chalcedonian schism 2.3 Under Islamic conquest 2.4 Attempted reunions 2.5 19th–early 20th centuries 2.5.1 Attempted Western missions and schisms 2.5.2 Ethiopian autocephaly and Oriental unity 2.5.1 Attempted Western missions and schisms 2.5.2 Ethiopian autocephaly and Oriental unity 2.6 Late 20th–early 21st centuries 3 Organization and leadership Toggle Organization and leadership subsection 3.1 Adherents 3.1 Adherents 4 Theology Toggle Theology subsection 4.1 Christology 4.2 Worship 4.1 Christology 4.2 Worship 5 Relationship to the Church of the East 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Oriental Orthodox Churches Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Oriental Orthodox Churches .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Clockwise from top: Etchmiadzin Armenian Apostolic Cathedral ; Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral ; Saint George Syriac Orthodox Cathedral ; Holy Trinity Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral ; Malankara Orthodox Catholicate Palace ; Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral . Classification Non-Chalcedonian Orientation Eastern Christianity Theology Oriental Orthodox theology Polity Episcopal Structure Communion Autocephalous churches Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Coptic Orthodox Church Armenian Apostolic Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Syriac Orthodox Church Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Language Coptic , Classical Syriac , Geʽez , Armenian , Malayalam , Koine Greek , local languages Liturgy Alexandrian , West Syriac and Armenian Founder Jesus Christ , according to sacred tradition Separated from Roman state church Members 60–87 million Patriarchs Alexandria Antioch Other names Oriental Orthodoxy , Miaphysite churches , Oriental Orthodox Communion Part of a series on Oriental Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodox churches Coptic Syriac Armenian Indian Cilicia Orthodox Tewahedo Ethiopian Eritrean Coptic Syriac Armenian Indian Cilicia Orthodox Tewahedo Ethiopian Eritrean Ethiopian Eritrean Independent churches Coptic : British Orthodox Tewahedo : Tigrayan Syriac : Malabar Independent Coptic : British Orthodox Tewahedo : Tigrayan Syriac : Malabar Independent Autonomous churches Coptic : French Coptic Orthodox Church Armenian : Constantinople , Jerusalem Syriac : Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Coptic : French Coptic Orthodox Church Armenian : Constantinople , Jerusalem Syriac : Jacobite Syrian Christian Church History and theology History of Oriental Orthodoxy : Coptic history Tewahedo history Syriac history Saint Thomas Christians Ecumenical Councils: Nicaea I Constantinople I Ephesus I Ephesus II Ephesus III Dvin I Dvin II Dvin III Dvin IV Manzikert Capharthutha Shirakavan Hromkla Theology: Miaphysitism Oriental Orthodox theology Non-Chalcedonian Christianity History of Oriental Orthodoxy : Coptic history Tewahedo history Syriac history Saint Thomas Christians Ecumenical Councils: Nicaea I Constantinople I Ephesus I Ephesus II Ephesus III Dvin I Dvin II Dvin III Dvin IV Manzikert Capharthutha Shirakavan Hromkla Theology: Miaphysitism Oriental Orthodox theology Non-Chalcedonian Christianity Liturgy and practices Anaphora & Rites: Alexandrian Rite Anaphora of Saint Gregory Armenian Rite West Syriac Rite Liturgy of Saint James Liturgy of Saint Basil Liturgy of Saint Cyril Malankara Rite Holy Qurobo Calendars: Armenian Coptic Ethiopian Julian Gregorian Bible: Peshitta Coptic Bible Armenian Bible Orthodox Tewahedo Bible Cross: Coptic cross Armenian Cross St. Thomas Cross Ethiopian cross Anaphora & Rites: Alexandrian Rite Anaphora of Saint Gregory Armenian Rite West Syriac Rite Liturgy of Saint James Liturgy of Saint Basil Liturgy of Saint Cyril Malankara Rite Holy Qurobo Calendars: Armenian Coptic Ethiopian Julian Gregorian Bible: Peshitta Coptic Bible Armenian Bible Orthodox Tewahedo Bible Cross: Coptic cross Armenian Cross St. Thomas Cross Ethiopian cross Major figures Cyril of Alexandria Mor Addai Abgar V Gregory the Illuminator Nine Saints of Ethiopia Tiridates III Mar Awgin Athanasius of Alexandria Ephrem the Syrian Ezana of Axum Frumentius Shenoute Mesrop Mashtots Dioscorus of Alexandria Severus of Antioch Abraham of Farshut Yared Simon the Tanner Gregory of Narek Nerses IV Michael the Syrian Bar Hebraeus Tekle Haymanot Giyorgis of Segla Mar Thoma I Gregorios Abdal Jaleel Geevarghese Gregorios Cyril of Alexandria Mor Addai Abgar V Gregory the Illuminator Nine Saints of Ethiopia Tiridates III Mar Awgin Athanasius of Alexandria Ephrem the Syrian Ezana of Axum Frumentius Shenoute Mesrop Mashtots Dioscorus of Alexandria Severus of Antioch Abraham of Farshut Yared Simon the Tanner Gregory of Narek Nerses IV Michael the Syrian Bar Hebraeus Tekle Haymanot Giyorgis of Segla Mar Thoma I Gregorios Abdal Jaleel Geevarghese Gregorios Related topics Abuna Catholicos Catholicos of India Patriarch of Antioch Maphrian Ethiopian titles Apostolic Church-Ordinance Coptic monasticism Coptic saints Debtera Coonan Cross Oath Ethiopian chant Fast of Nineveh Coptic fasting Tewahedo fasting Timkat Abuna Catholicos Catholicos of India Patriarch of Antioch Maphrian Ethiopian titles Apostolic Church-Ordinance Coptic monasticism Coptic saints Debtera Coonan Cross Oath Ethiopian chant Fast of Nineveh Coptic fasting Tewahedo fasting Timkat Links and resources Category Media Templates WikiProject Category Media Templates WikiProject Christianity portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ Nativity Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Jesus Christ Nativity Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Bible Foundations Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Church Creed New Covenant Bible Foundations Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Church Creed New Covenant Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation Universalism God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation Universalism History Tradition Apostles Peter Paul Mary Early Christianity Church Fathers Constantine Councils Augustine Ignatius East–West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther History Tradition Apostles Peter Paul Mary Early Christianity Church Fathers Constantine Councils Augustine Ignatius East–West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denominations (full list) Western Latin-rite Catholic Independent Catholic Protestant Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Quaker Reformed Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox East Syriac Eastern Catholic Eastern Protestant Restorationist Adventist Jehovah's Witness Latter Day Saint Swedenborgian Unitarian Denominations (full list) Western Latin-rite Catholic Independent Catholic Protestant Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Quaker Reformed Latin-rite Catholic Independent Catholic Protestant Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Quaker Reformed Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Quaker Reformed Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox East Syriac Eastern Catholic Eastern Protestant Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox East Syriac Eastern Catholic Eastern Protestant Restorationist Adventist Jehovah's Witness Latter Day Saint Swedenborgian Unitarian Adventist Jehovah's Witness Latter Day Saint Swedenborgian Unitarian Related topics Civilization Criticism Culture Ecumenism Glossary Index Liturgy Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Worship Civilization Criticism Culture Ecumenism Glossary Index Liturgy Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Worship Glossary Index Outline Christianity portal Glossary Index Outline Christianity portal v t e v t e The Oriental Orthodox Churches are Eastern Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite Christology , [ 1 ] with approximately 60 million members worldwide. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] However, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, individually, claim approximately 87 million baptized members. [ 3 ] In 2020, it was estimated that the Oriental Orthodox Churches have 71,865,000 members. [ 4 ] The Oriental Orthodox Churches adhere to the Nicene Christian tradition. Oriental Orthodoxy is one of the oldest branches in Christianity . [ 3 ] As some of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Oriental Orthodox Churches have played a prominent role in the history and culture of countries and regions such as Armenia , Egypt , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Sudan , the Levant , Iraq and the Malabar region of southern India . As autocephalous churches, their bishops are equal by virtue of episcopal ordination . Their doctrines recognize only the first three ecumenical councils as valid. [ 5 ] [ 1 ] The Oriental Orthodox communion is composed of six autocephalous national churches : the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria ; the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and its constituent the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church in India; the Armenian Apostolic Church comprising the autocephalous Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin in Armenia and the Catholicosate of Cilicia in the Levant and of diaspora; the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church , the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 3 ] The Malabar Independent Syrian Church —based in India—and the British Orthodox Church in the UK are independent Oriental Orthodox churches, having formerly been part of one of the mainstream Oriental Orthodox churches. [ 8 ] Oriental Orthodox Christians consider themselves to be the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , and its bishops as the successors of Christ's apostles . Three primary rites are practiced by the churches: the western-influenced Armenian Rite , the West Syriac Rite of the Syriac Church (including its Malankara Rite ) and the Alexandrian Rite of the Copts , Ethiopians and Eritreans . Oriental Orthodox Churches shared communion with the imperial Roman church before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, and with the Church of the East until the Synod of Beth Lapat in AD 484, [ 9 ] separating primarily over differences in Christology. The majority of Oriental Orthodox Christians live in Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Syria , Turkey and Armenia, with smaller Syriac communities in Western Asia decreasing due to persecution . [ 3 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There are also many in other parts of the world, formed through diaspora , conversions , and missionary activity. Name and characteristics The name "Oriental Orthodox Churches" was formally adopted at the Conference of Addis Ababa in 1965. At the time there were five participating churches, the Eritrean Church not yet being autocephalous. [ 13 ] Other names by which the churches have been known include Old Oriental , Ancient Oriental , Lesser Eastern , Anti-Chalcedonian , Non-Chalcedonian , Pre-Chalcedonian , Miaphysite or Monophysite . [ 14 ] [ 13 ] The Catholic Church has referred to these churches as "the Ancient Churches of the East." [ 15 ] The Oriental Orthodox Churches are in full communion with each other, but not with the Eastern Orthodox Church or any other churches. Like the Catholics or Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Churches includes several self-governing churches. Slow dialogue towards restoring communion between the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox groups was renewed in the mid-20th century; [ 16 ] [ 17 ] and dialogue is also underway between Oriental Orthodoxy and the Catholic Church, and others. [ 18 ] In 2017, for example, the mutual recognition of baptism was restored between the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Catholic Church. [ 19 ] Also baptism is mutually recognized between the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Catholic Church. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The Oriental Orthodox Churches are generally considered to be more conservative with regard to social issues . All mainstream Oriental Orthodox Churches are members of the World Council of Churches . [ 22 ] History 1st century–Chalcedon Early Christians established prominent churches throughout the Middle East and North Africa, most notably Antioch , Jerusalem , Alexandria , and Constantinople . Other prominent sees were established in present-day Sudan and Ethiopia, according to John Chrysostom . [ 23 ] These churches, altogether, formed the state church of the Roman Empire by 381. After Christological controversies denouncing Arianism and Nestorianism was proclaimed through the imperial Roman church from the ecumenical councils of Nicaea and Ephesus , [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] the churches comprising the state-sanctioned and recognized Roman church would then schism over Miaphysitism and Chalcedonianism . Amongst those accepting the Chalcedonian Definition at the Council of Chalcedon , those now- Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches believed that Christ is "one person in two natures." [ 28 ] To the hierarchs who would lead Oriental Orthodoxy, the description of Christ as "one person in two natures" was tantamount to accepting the once-condemned Nestorianism, which expressed itself in a terminology incompatible with their understanding of Christology. Nestorianism was understood as seeing Christ in two separate natures—human and divine—each with different actions and experiences; in contrast Cyril of Alexandria advocated the formula "one nature of God the Incarnate Logos" [ 29 ] (or as others translate, "one Incarnate nature of the Word"). [ 30 ] Post-Chalcedonian schism Following the Chalcedonian council, the majority of the early Church of Alexandria , Antioch , and Armenia rejected the terms of the council. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] This would later cause the predominantly-Greek, Chalcedonian minority to establish the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria , separate from the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. [ 32 ] It would also lead to schisms in Antioch, resulting in the separate Syriac Orthodox, Melkite Catholic , and Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch . [ 33 ] The Oriental Orthodox Churches were therefore often called "monophysite" by the imperial Roman Christians—although they continually reject this label—as it is associated with Eutychian monophysitism ; they prefer the term "miaphysite." [ 34 ] [ 35 ] The Oriental Orthodox would later be accused of Eutychian monophysitism by Evangelical Protestants proselytizing in predominantly Eastern and Oriental Orthodox regions. [ 36 ] In the years following Chalcedon, the patriarchs of Constantinople intermittently remained in communion with the non-Chalcedonian patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch (see Henotikon ), while Rome remained out of communion with the latter and in unstable communion with Constantinople. It was not until 518 that the new Byzantine Emperor, Justin I —who accepted Chalcedon—demanded that the church in the Roman Empire accept the council's decisions. [ 37 ] Under Islamic conquest During the early Muslim conquests , Egypt was conquered from the Eastern Romans/Byzantines. According to Coptic bishop John of Nikiû , the Muslims "despoiled the Egyptians of their possessions and dealt cruelly with them" whilst also noting Amr ibn al-As "took none of the property of the Churches, and he committed no act of spoilation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days." [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Despite the conquest of Egypt and initial peace between Christians and Muslims, Egypt's Umayyad rulers taxed Christians at a higher rate than Muslims, driving merchants towards Islam and undermining the economic base of the Coptic Church. [ 40 ] Although the Coptic Orthodox Church did not disappear, the Umayyad tax policies made it difficult for the church to retain the Egyptian elites. [ 41 ] Within Roman Syria and during the Muslim conquest of the Levant , John III of the Sedre and other Syriac Orthodox bishops were brought before Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari to engage in an open debate regarding Christianity and represent the entire Christian community—including non-Syriac Orthodox communities, such as Greek Orthodox Syrians. [ 42 ] Since the early Muslim conquests, Oriental Orthodox Christians have endured moments of peace and persecution between themselves and the Arab - Islamic communities governing the Middle East and North Africa. The Copts have endured persecution into the 21st century, with some facing abduction and forced conversion . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] The Armenian and Syriac Orthodox churches also faced persecution and genocide, with the one Syriac scholar stating, "Oriental Christianity was literally decimated finally through the cruel representative of the Mongolian-Islamic fanaticism." [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Attempted reunions By 862, the Armenian Apostolic and Syriac Orthodox churches held the Council of Shirakavan with the Eastern Orthodox Church in efforts to seek Christian unity and clarify Christological positions. [ 47 ] By the 12th century, the Council of Hromkla was held between the Armenians and the Greeks, to finalize an attempted union with the Eastern Orthodox Church. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In the 15th century, during the Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence , the Oriental Orthodox attempted to enter full communion with the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox. [ 50 ] 19th–early 20th centuries Attempted Western missions and schisms By the 19th century, French-born former Catholic Jules Ferrette was allegedly ordained into the episcopacy by Ignatius Peter IV of Antioch to establish an Oriental Orthodox mission in the West . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Joseph Rene Vilatte was also ordained into the episcopacy by Malankara bishops Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares , Athanasius Paulose Kadavil , and Gregorios of Parumala . Vilatte was named "Mar Timotheos, Metropolitan of North America", with the apparent blessings of Ignatius Peter IV. [ 53 ] There are claims that nobody has ever seen the original Syriac language form of Vilatte's credentials. [ 54 ] : 67 [ 55 ] : 159 According to Brandreth, no Syriac authority had authenticated the signatures depicted in a photostatic copy of a purported translation of the Syriac document. [ 56 ] : 34 By the early 20th century, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church re-established the Catholicos of the East . Syriac Orthodox patriarch Ignatius Abded Mshiho II enthroned Murimattathil Paulose Ivanios as Baselios Paulose I, Catholicos of the East, on the Apostolic Throne of St. Thomas at St. Mary's Church in Niranam on 15 September 1912. [ 57 ] The Malankara Orthodox Syrian and Jacobite Syrian Church disputed ecclesiastical authority over the Indian subcontinent. [ 58 ] In 1932, following controversies surrounding Ferrette and Vilatte, and clergy claiming apostolic succession through them, Ignatius Aphrem I of Antioch issued a notice which stated, amongst other things: [ 59 ] "[T]o all whom it may concern that there are in the United States of America and in some countries of Europe , particularly in England , a number of schismatic bodies which have come into existence after direct expulsion from official Christian communities and have devised for themselves a common creed and a system of jurisdiction of their invention." "To deceive Christians of the West being a chief objective of the schismatic bodies, they take advantage of their great distance from the East , and from time to time make public statements claiming without truth to derive their origin and apostolic succession from some Apostolic Church of the East, the attractive rites and ceremonies of which they adopt and with which they claim to have relationship." "[W]e deny any and every relationship with these schismatic bodies [...]. Furthermore, our Church forbids any and every relationship and, above all, all intercommunion with all and any of these schismatic sects and warns the public that their statements and pretentions as above all altogether without truth." In 1943, a group of clergy descending from Ferrette and Vilatte held the Council of London, which repudiated Aphrem's decree. [ 59 ] These would merge into the Catholicate of the West , which by the end of 20th century became the British Orthodox Church. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Ethiopian autocephaly and Oriental unity In 1959, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was granted autocephaly by Coptic pope Cyril VI , [ 62 ] and by 1965, the Addis Ababa Conference was held between the autocephalous Oriental Orthodox churches. After the Addis Ababa Conference, the Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches was established. [ 63 ] Late 20th–early 21st centuries Amongst the Oriental Orthodox, ecumenical dialogue increased with other Christians in the 20th century; and from several meetings between the authorities of the Holy See and Oriental Orthodoxy, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statement of Syriac patriarch Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas and the Roman pope John Paul II in 1984: The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realize today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon. [ 64 ] The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realize today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon. [ 64 ] However, despite the progress made in ecumenical dialogue, many Oriental Orthodox authorities like Pope Shenouda III remained skeptical about the Chalcedonian churches, continuing to view their Christology as Nestorian . [ 29 ] In 1986, the Copts and Romans created a common formula expressing an official Christological agreement between one another. [ 65 ] In 1990, another Christological agreement was formulated between the Malankara Orthodox Syrians and Romans. [ 66 ] In 1996, another common declaration was declared by the Armenians and Romans. [ 67 ] The Oriental Orthodox have also signed similar Christological declarations with the Greek Orthodox churches of Alexandria, Antioch, and Romania; however, the remainder of mainstream Eastern Orthodoxy has either sought further clarification or rejected dialogue. [ 68 ] In 1993, the Eritrean Church achieved its autocephaly after independence from Ethiopia. [ 69 ] Its autocephaly was granted by Shenouda III. By 2015, the British Orthodox Church departed from the Coptic Church as a non-canonically recognized church. [ 70 ] By the first quarter of the 21st century, the Supreme Court of India ruled in favor of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church's legitimacy following centuries of administrative dispute amongst Malankara Christians. [ 58 ] [ 71 ] As of 2025, administrative disagreements continued between the two churches. These disagreements extended between the Malankara Orthodox, the Coptic Orthodox, and the Catholicate of Cilicia. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Organization and leadership The Oriental Orthodox Churches are a communion or fellowship of six autocephalous (that is, administratively completely independent) national churches . [ 14 ] The Oriental Orthodox Churches maintain an ancient apostolic succession and the historic episcopacy . [ 74 ] The various churches are governed by holy synods , with a primus inter pares bishop serving as primate . The primates hold titles such as patriarch , catholicos , and pope . The Alexandrian Patriarchate , the Antiochian Patriarchate along with Patriarchate of Rome , were some of the most prominent sees of the early Christian Church , and amongst contemporary Oriental Orthodoxy. Oriental Orthodoxy does not have a magisterial leader like the Catholic Church , nor does the communion have a leader who can convene ecumenical synods or have collective honorary primacy like the Eastern Orthodox Church . Meanwhile its ecumenical dialogues and internal church relations are led by the Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches, which acts as the permanent representative council of its member churches. [ 75 ] Below is a list of the six autocephalous Oriental Orthodox churches forming the mainstream body of Oriental Orthodox Christianity, and their associated liturgical ritual families . Based on the definitions, the list is in the alphabetical order, with some of their constituent autonomous churches and exarchates listed as well. Amongst the Oriental Orthodox, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church's autocephaly has been primarily disputed by the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and its autonomous Jacobite Syrian Church of India; [ 58 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is not a recognized member of the Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches, the regional conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches in North America. [ 6 ] Alexandrian Rite Coptic Rite Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria French Coptic Orthodox Church Ge'ez Rite Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Coptic Rite Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria French Coptic Orthodox Church Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria French Coptic Orthodox Church French Coptic Orthodox Church Ge'ez Rite Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church West Syriac Rite Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch Malankara Rite Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch Malankara Rite Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Armenian Rite Armenian Apostolic Church Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Holy See of Cilicia Armenian Apostolic Church Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Holy See of Cilicia Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Holy See of Cilicia There are a number of churches considered non-canonical , but whose members and clergy may or may not be in communion with mainstream Oriental Orthodoxy. Examples include the Malabar Independent Syrian Church , the Celtic Orthodox Church , the Orthodox Church of the Gauls , the British Orthodox Church , and the Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church . These organizations have passed in and out of official recognition, but members rarely face excommunication when recognition is ended. The primates of these churches are typically referred to as episcopi vagantes or vagantes in short. Adherents According to the Encyclopedia of Religion , Oriental Orthodoxy is the Christian tradition "most important in terms of the number of faithful living in the Middle East", which, along with other Eastern Christian communions , represent an autochthonous Christian presence whose origins date further back than the birth and spread of Islam in the Middle East. [ 76 ] In 2018, Oriental Orthodox population was estimated at more than 50 million. [ 77 ] Collectively, the Oriental Orthodox Churches claim to have approximately 87 million members. [ 3 ] As of 2011 [update] , it was the dominant religion in Armenia (94%) and ethnically Armenian unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (95%). [ 78 ] [ 79 ] However, almost the entire Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled in 2023 after an Azerbaijani offensive retook it. [ 80 ] Oriental Orthodoxy is a prevailing religion in Ethiopia (43.1%), while Protestants account for 19.4% and Islam – 34.1%. [ 81 ] It is most widespread in two regions in Ethiopia : Amhara (82%) and Tigray (96%), as well as the capital city of Addis Ababa (75%). It is also one of two major religions in Eritrea (40%). [ 82 ] It is a minority in Egypt (<20%), [ 83 ] Syria (2–3% out of the 10% of total Christians), Lebanon (10% of the 40% of Christians in Lebanon or 200,000 Armenians and members of the Church of the East) and Kerala , India (7% out of the 20% of total Christians in Kerala). [ 84 ] In terms of total number of members, the Ethiopian Church is the largest of all Oriental Orthodox churches, and is second among all Orthodox churches among Eastern and Oriental Churches (exceeded in number only by the Russian Orthodox Church ). Also of particular importance are the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in Turkey and the Armenian Apostolic Church of Iran . These Oriental Orthodox churches represent the largest Christian minority in both of these predominantly Muslim countries, Turkey and Iran . [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Church Members Self-Reported Year(s) Armenian Apostolic Church (Etchmiadzin) 6,000,000 8,023,000 2021-2024 [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia) 800,000 1,285,000 2021-2024 [ 89 ] Coptic Orthodox Church 9,000,000 12,000,000 2021-2024 [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church 3,030,000 2,000,000 2021-2024 [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 36,000,000 60,000,000 2024 [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 2,500,000 2,000,000 2021-2024 [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch 1,700,000 1,430,000 2021-2024 [ 98 ] [ 99 ] Total(s) 59,030,000 86,738,000 Theology The Oriental Orthodox Churches are distinguished by their recognition of only the first three ecumenical councils during the period of the state church of the Roman Empire : the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 and the Council of Ephesus in 431. Oriental Orthodoxy shares much theology and many ecclesiastical traditions with the Eastern Orthodox Church ; these include a similar doctrine of salvation and a tradition of collegiality between bishops, as well as reverence of the Theotokos and use of the Nicene Creed . [ 100 ] [ 101 ] They also share the doctrine of ancestral sin and deification . The Oriental Orthodox accept the seven sacraments of baptism , chrismation , the Eucharist , penance and confession , anointing of the sick , holy orders , and marriage . [ 102 ] : 79 In Oriental Orthodoxy, the sacraments or mysterion "can be defined as the main task of the Church in which Christ dispenses Himself to the congregation." This understanding is viewed as a combination of Augustine of Hippo and Gregory of Nyssa 's teachings. [ 102 ] : 79 In Oriental Orthodoxy, the sacrament of baptism is performed by both immersion and sprinkling; [ 102 ] : 82 the ordained are considered "participants in the one priesthood of Christ" and "When a man is selected to become a member of the diaconate, priesthood or bishopric, he officiates sacraments not on account of a priesthood intrinsic to him but rather as one who derives his functionality from his participation in the priesthood of Christ." [ 102 ] : 90 Oriental Orthodoxy accepts baptisms and ordinations from the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, and considers their understanding of sacramental character "the middle path forged by Basil the Great ." [ 102 ] : 70–78 The primary theological difference between the two communions is the differing Christology. Oriental Orthodoxy rejects the Chalcedonian Definition , and instead adopts the miaphysite formula, [ 34 ] [ 35 ] believing that the human and divine natures of Christ are united in one incarnate nature. Historically, the early prelates of the Oriental Orthodox Churches thought that Chalcedonianism implied a possible repudiation of the Trinity , or a concession to Nestorianism . The break in communion between the imperial Roman and Oriental Orthodox churches did not occur suddenly, but rather gradually over two to three centuries following the Council of Chalcedon. [ 103 ] Eventually the two communions developed separate institutions, and the Oriental Orthodox did not participate in any of the later ecumenical councils. Christology The schism between Oriental Orthodoxy and the adherents of Chalcedonian Christianity was based on differences in Christology. [ 1 ] The First Council of Nicaea , in 325, declared that Jesus Christ is God , that is to say, " consubstantial " with the Father. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Later, the third ecumenical council, the Council of Ephesus , declared that Jesus Christ, though divine as well as human, is only one being, or person ( hypostasis ). Thus, the Council of Ephesus explicitly rejected Nestorianism , the Christological doctrine that Christ was two distinct persons, one divine (the Logos ) and one human (Jesus), who happened to inhabit the same body. [ 26 ] Twenty years after Ephesus, the Council of Chalcedon reaffirmed the view that Jesus Christ was a single person, but at the same time declared that this one person existed "in two complete natures", one human and one divine. [ 28 ] [ 104 ] At times, Chalcedonian Christians have referred to the Oriental Orthodox as being monophysites —that is to say, accusing them of following the teachings of Eutyches ( c. 380 – c. 456 ), who argued that Jesus Christ was not human at all, but only divine. Monophysitism was condemned as heretical alongside Nestorianism, and to accuse a church of being monophysite is to accuse it of falling into the opposite extreme from Nestorianism. However, the Oriental Orthodox themselves reject this description as inaccurate, having officially condemned the teachings of both Nestorius and Eutyches. They define themselves as miaphysite instead, [ 34 ] [ 35 ] holding that Christ has one nature, but this nature is both human and divine. [ 105 ] Worship Oriental Orthodox Christians—such as Copts, Syrians and Indians—use a breviary such as the Agpeya and Shehimo , respectively, to pray the canonical hours seven times a day while facing in the eastward direction towards Jerusalem, in anticipation of the Second Coming of Jesus ; this Christian practice has its roots in Psalm 119:164 , in which the prophet David prays to God seven times a day. [ 106 ] [ original research? ] Ritual purification plays a major role in worship across the autocephalous and autonomous Oriental Orthodox churches. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Before praying, they wash their hands and face in order to be clean before and to present their best to God; shoes are removed in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] In this Christian tradition, it is customary for women to wear a Christian headcovering when praying. [ 111 ] Although the Coptic, [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Ethiopian, [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] and Eritrean Orthodox do not require or endorse these practices, [ 120 ] [ 121 ] followers of these churches commonly abstain from pork , circumcise their males, and follow other cultural practices that are close to Old Testament practices. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] The Oriental Orthodox Churches also maintain differing compilations of the biblical canon including the Peshitta , Coptic and Orthodox Tewahedo canons, and the Armenian canon . Relationship to the Church of the East The Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes incorrectly described as an Oriental Orthodox church, [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] though its origins lie in disputes that predated the Council of Chalcedon and it follows a different Christology from Oriental Orthodoxy. The historical Church of the East was the church of Greater Iran and declared itself separate from the state church of the Roman Empire in 424–427, years before the Ecumenical Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon. Theologically, the Church of the East was affiliated with the doctrine of Nestorianism , and thus rejected the Council of Ephesus , which declared Nestorianism heretical in 431. The Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in fact developed as a reaction against Nestorian Christology, which emphasizes the distinctness of the human and divine natures of Christ. See also Christianity portal Religion portal Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy List of Christian denominations Oriental Orthodoxy in North America References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Orthodox Christian Churches" . The Pluralism Project . Harvard University . Retrieved 2020-11-25 . ^ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century" . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . 8 November 2017. Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population. ^ a b c d e f "Orthodox churches (Oriental)" . World Council of Churches . ^ Zurlo, Gina A. (2022). Global Christianity: a guide to the world's largest religion from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe . Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-11361-4 . ^ Hindson & Mitchell 2013 , p. 108. ^ a b "Member Churches" . Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Dicastery For Promoting Christian Unity" . christianunity.va . Dicastery For Promoting Christian Unity . Retrieved 2024-06-24 . ^ Winkler, Dietmar (2019). "The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview". In King, Daniel (ed.). The Syriac World . Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 9781138899018 . ^ Brock 1999 , p. 282. ^ Cardin, Adele (2024-10-05). "The Fading Light: Christianity's Struggle in its Middle Eastern Birthplace" . The Rio Times . Retrieved 2024-11-16 . ^ Jenkins, Phillip (January 25, 2024). "Is this the end for Mideast Christianity?" . Baylor University . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century" . Pew Research Center . 2017-11-08 . Retrieved 2024-11-16 . ^ a b Boutros Ghali 1991 , pp. 1845b–1846a. ^ a b Keshishian 1994 , pp. 103–108. ^ II, John Paul (25 May 1995). "Ut Unum Sint: On commitment to Ecumenism" . Vatican . Retrieved 2023-02-12 . ^ "Joint Commission of the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, First Agreed Statement" . Orthodox Joint Commission . 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2024 . ^ "Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration – March 17, 2001" . Syriac Orthodox Resources . ^ "Dialogue with the Assyrian Church of the East and its Effect on the Dialogue with the Roman Catholic" . Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Bergoglio, Francis. "Apostolic Journey to Egypt: Courtesy visit to H.H. Pope Tawadros II (Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate, Cairo – 28 April 2017)" . Vatican . ^ Harden, Rachel (2007-05-16). "Agreed on baptism in Germany" . Church Times . Archived from the original on 2022-06-25 . Retrieved 2019-01-08 . ^ Fanning 1907 . ^ Roberson, Ronald G. (1995). Oriental Orthodox-Roman Catholic Interchurch Marriages: And Other Pastoral Relationships . USCCB Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-55586-097-4 . ^ "The Establishment of the Ethiopian Church" . Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ a b "Arius and the Council of Nicaea" . EWTN Global Catholic Television Network . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ a b "The Creed" . Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ a b stjohn (2023-06-23). "Ecumenical Council of Ephesus" . St. John Armenian Church . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Theological Throw-Down" . The Armenian Church . 2023-08-03 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ a b "The Chalcedonian Creed" . The Westminster Standard . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ a b III, Shenouda (1999). "Nature of Christ" (PDF) . copticchurch.net . St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ Cyril of Alexandria (1881) [ca. 438]. From His Second Book Against the Words of Theodore . Translated by Pusey, P. E. Oxford: J. Parker and Rivingtons . Retrieved 30 November 2014 – via The Tertullian Project. ^ Jenkins, Phillip (2017-07-05). "More than 60 million Christians belong to churches that rejected the Chalcedonian Creed" . The Christian Century . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . Chalcedon was widely rejected in those ancient Eastern churches that had the best claim to direct continuity from the apostolic age. In Egypt, Syria, and Armenia, hatred of Chalcedon sparked protests, riots, and even civil war. Dissident churches rejected the empire's official position, and these anti-Chalcedonian bodies claimed the support of large majorities of the population. The divisions fatally weakened the Roman Empire in the East, making possible the Muslim conquests of the seventh century. ^ a b Haddon, Hazel (2012-03-24). "Egypt's other Christians" . Ahram Online . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . In 451 AD, theological disagreements led the Egyptian Church to split from most of the other churches of the time. The Egyptian church, which went on to become the Coptic Orthodox Church and to represent the majority of Egyptian Christians, disagreed with the decisions of the Chalcedon church council. ^ Louth, Andrew (2011), Whitby, Mary; Price, Richard (eds.), "Why Did the Syrians reject the Council of Chalcedon?" , Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400-700 , Translated Texts for Historians, Contexts, Liverpool University Press, pp. 107– 116, ISBN 978-1-84631-177-2 , retrieved 2025-06-06 ^ a b c Winkler 1997 , p. 33-40. ^ a b c Brock 2016 , p. 45–52. ^ "Egyptian church History" . Evangelical Times . 2000-09-01 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . The eastern church, in turn, was further divided. Some followed the Council of Chalcedon's teaching, which declared that Christ enjoyed distinct divine and human natures. Others embraced the heterodoxy of the Monophysites, who claimed that Christ had only a single, divine nature, albeit clad with his human nature. The Egyptian churches embraced the latter error, rejecting Chalcedon and separating from the Byzantine churches. Gradually all churches, eastern and western, lost their focus on the Bible and the gospel. The biblical tradition of Athanasius gave way to liturgy, formalism and superstition. Those who were true Christians found themselves isolated and persecuted by both Roman and Byzantine churches. ^ Kirsch 1910 . ^ Charles, Robert H (1913). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Chapter CXV: paragraph 7 . ^ Charles, Robert H (1913). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Chapter CXXI: paragraph 3 . ^ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 93. ^ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Encounters and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 93. ^ Ginkel, Jan J.; Berg, Hendrika Lena Murre-van den; Lint, Theo Maarten van (2005). Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam . Peeters Publishers. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-429-1418-6 . ^ Saleeb, Demiana (2023-04-12). "A Timeless Struggle: Copts in Egypt" . Geopolitical Monitor . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Celebrating the Freedom of Religion" . Voice of America . 2025-06-03 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "The Great Loss of the Armenian Clergy During the Armenian Genocide" . horizonweekly.ca . 2020-04-15 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "A Short Overview of the Common History" . Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese for the Eastern United States . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . Oriental Christianity was literally decimated finally through the cruel representative of the Mongolian-Islamic fanaticism. ^ Kazaryan, Gevorg (2020-01-01). "ԳԵՎՈՐԳ ՂԱԶԱՐՅԱՆ ՇԻՐԱԿԱՎԱՆԻ ԺՈՂՈՎԻ ՊԱՏՄԱԿԱՆ ՆՇԱՆԱԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ" . Երևան, Գիտություն . ^ Karekin, I. (1999). "Ecumenical Trends in the Armenian Church" . The Ecumenical Review . 51 (1): 31– 39. doi : 10.1111/j.1758-6623.1999.tb00377.x . ISSN 1758-6623 . ^ "History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian • Chapter 38" . penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Ecumenical Council of Florence (1438-1445)" . EWTN Global Catholic Television Network . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "British Orthodox Church" . gedsh.bethmardutho.org . Archived from the original on 2025-05-20 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ Anson, Peter F. (2006) [1964]. "Jules Ferrette, Mar Julius, Bishop of Iona, and alleged Patriarchal Legate of the Syrian Jacobite Church for Western Europe". Bishops at Large . Independent Catholic Heritage. Apocryphile press. ISBN 0-9771461-8-9 . ^ Kiraz, George Anton (July 2004). "The Credentials of Mar Julius Alvares, Bishop of Ceylon, Goa and India Excluding Malabar" (PDF) . Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies . 7 (2): 158. ISSN 1097-3702 . Archived from the original on 2004-08-23 . Retrieved 2012-11-08 . ^ Appolis, Émile (1963). "En marge de la Séparation: les associations culturelles schismatiques" [Margins of Separation: religious associations' schismatics]. Revue d'Histoire de l'Église de France (in French). 49 (146): 47– 88. doi : 10.3406/rhef.1963.1719 . ISSN 2109-9502 . ^ Kiraz, George Anton (July 2004). "The Credentials of Mar Julius Alvares, Bishop of Ceylon, Goa and India Excluding Malabar" (PDF) . Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies . 7 (2): 158. ISSN 1097-3702 . Archived from the original on 2004-08-23 . Retrieved 2012-11-08 . ^ Brandreth, Henry R. T. (1987) [First published in 1947]. Episcopi vagantes and the Anglican Church . San Bernardino, California: Borgo Press. ISBN 978-0-89370-558-9 . ^ "About the church" . Niranam St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church. 2009. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ a b c "Why Kerala's Malankara Christian factions are in a centuries-old power struggle" . India Today . 2024-12-05 . Retrieved 2025-05-24 . ^ a b Anson, Peter F. (2006) [1964]. "Churches Claiming the Ferrette Succession". Bishops at Large . Independent Catholic Heritage. Apocryphile press. ISBN 0-9771461-8-9 . ^ Anson, Peter F. (2006) [1964]. "The Catholicate of the West (Catholic Apostolic Church), otherwise known as The United Orthodox Catholic Rite and The Celtic Catholic Church". Bishops at Large . Independent Catholic Heritage. Apocryphile press. ISBN 0-9771461-8-9 . ^ Clarke, Peter (2004). "Independent episcopal churches" . Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements . Routledge. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-134-49970-0 . As Mar Georgius (and with tites including Patriarch of Glastonbury, Apostolic Pontiff of Celtia, etc.), he was the leader of the Catholicate of the West, which became the Orthodox Church of the British Isles. Under Newman's nephew and successor, William Newman Norton, this Church was eventually brought under the legitimate jurisdiction of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Cairo in 1994. Following a common schismatic pattern in such Churches, some of its priests rejected this new alliance and split off to form the British Eparchy of the Celtic Orthodox Church, giving their allegiance to a French Primate. Both of these British Churches are tiny. ^ "Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church | History, Beliefs & Practices" . Britannica . 2025-04-16 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "About Addis Ababa" . Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Common declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Moran Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (June 23, 1984) | John Paul II" . Vatican . ^ "Priest in dialogue group thinks Copt decision is temporary" . Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Declaration of the Joint International Commission Between the Roman Catholic Church and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church" . Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity . 1990-06-30 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and Catholicos Karekin I" . Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity . 1996-12-13 . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ Jeffrey Gros; Harding Meyer; William G. Rusch, eds. (2000). Growth in Agreement II. Reports and Agreed Statements of Ecumenical Conversations at World Level 1982-1998 . World Council of Churches (WCC) Faith and Order Commission. ^ "The Eritrean Orthodox Church" . CNEWA . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . In July 1993, with the support of the government, the Eritrean Orthodox appealed to Pope Shenouda III of the Coptic Orthodox Church for separation from the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and autocephalous status. In early September 1993 Ethiopian Patriarch Paulos and Archbishop Philippos of Asmara sanctioned jointly the separation of their churches, while stating their desire to work closely together. On September 28, 1993, the Coptic Holy Synod responded favorably to Eritrea's request and authorized the training in Coptic monasteries of as many as ten future bishops for the Eritrean Church. In February 1994 the Ethiopian and Eritrean churches signed an agreement in Addis Ababa that reaffirmed the autocephalous status of both churches, and recognized a primacy of honor of the Coptic Church among the Oriental Orthodox churches in Africa. On June 19, 1994, Pope Shenouda ordained five new Eritrean bishops in Cairo. ^ "Joint announcement from the Coptic Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and the British Orthodox Church of the British Isles | The British Orthodox Church" . britishorthodox.org . Retrieved 2025-06-07 . ^ Ameerudheen, T. A. (2017-11-19). "A century-old church dispute in Kerala flares up again as Supreme Court rejects plea on leadership" . Scroll.in . Retrieved 2025-05-24 . ^ a b Chandran, Abhilash (2025-05-20). "Oriental Orthodox Churches intervene to mediate Malankara Church dispute" . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 2025-05-24 . ^ a b "Not invited for peace talks: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church" . The Hindu . 2025-05-22. ISSN 0971-751X . Retrieved 2025-05-24 . ^ Krikorian 2010 , pp. 45, 128, 181, 194, 206. ^ "About SCOOCH" . Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ "Christianity: Christianity in the Middle East". Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2005. pp. 1672– 1673. ^ Lamport, Mark A. (2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601. ISBN 978-1-4422-7157-9 . Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians. ^ UN Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict ^ "Statement of the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group" . OSCE . Retrieved June 25, 2011 . ^ Gray, Sébastien (2023-10-04). "UN Reports Between 50-1,000 Armenians Remain Within Artsakh, 99% of Population Gone" . Atlas News . Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . Retrieved 2024-02-10 . ^ "Ethiopia – Religion" . Britannica . Retrieved 2019-10-25 . ^ "Eritrea – Religion" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2019-10-25 . ^ "The World Factbook: Egypt" . CIA . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . ^ "Church in India – Syrian Orthodox Church of India – Roman Catholic Church – Protestant Churches in India" . Syriac Orthodox Church in India. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . ^ "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey" . Today's Zaman . 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Golnaz Esfandiari (2004-12-23). "A Look At Iran's Christian Minority" . Payvand . Retrieved 2012-03-21 . ^ "The Armenian Apostolic Church" . CNEWA . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Armenian Apostolic Church (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin) | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 1962-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia) | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 1962-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "The Coptic Orthodox Church" . CNEWA . Retrieved 2025-12-29 . ^ "Coptic Orthodox Church | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 1948-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "The Eritrean Orthodox Church" . CNEWA . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 2003-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Groups - Religious Profiles | US Religion" . The Association of Religion Data Archives (the ARDA) . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 1948-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church" . CNEWA . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 1948-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "The Syrian Orthodox Church" . CNEWA . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ "Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East | World Council of Churches" . www.oikoumene.org . 1961-01-01 . Retrieved 2025-12-28 . ^ St. Maurice and St. Verena Coptic Orthodox Church – Divine Liturgy on YouTube ^ "The Transfiguration: Our Past and Our Future" . Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles . ^ a b c d e Youssef, Andrew (2022-11-19). Oriental Orthodoxy Unveiled . Agora University Press. ISBN 978-1-950831-39-5 . ^ "Chalcedonians" . TheFreeDictionary . Retrieved June 11, 2016 . ^ "Council of Chalcedon" . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2025-06-06 . ^ Davis 1990 , p. 342. ^ "Prayers of the Church" . Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . Archived from the original on 25 July 2020 . Retrieved 25 July 2020 . ^ Bradley, Ian (2 November 2012). Water: A Spiritual History . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978-1-4411-6767-5 . ^ H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas . University Press of America . p. 19. ISBN 9780761835011 . ^ Cecil, Lady William (1906). A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day . Methuen. p. 399. Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East. ^ Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). "Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?" . Aleteia . Retrieved 25 July 2020 . ^ Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014). "Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!" . Commonweal . Retrieved 26 July 2020 . ^ Ibn Assal, Al Safy (1996). "The Collection Of Safey Ibn Al-Assal" (PDF) . stmary-church.com . Retrieved 2025-07-19 . In the new Testament, circumcision (of the flesh) is a custom/tradition not a commandment because it already has been replace with baptism. In the old testament circumcision had to be performed on the eighth day after birth to be legal, but in the new such is not required. ^ Ibn Assal, Al Safy (1996). "The Collection Of Safey Ibn Al-Assal" (PDF) . stmary-church.com . Retrieved 2025-07-19 . About food, nothing is forbidden except those which were forbidden by the Apostles in the Book of Acts and their Cannons in which they said: “That ye abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication: from which if ye keep yourselves, ye shall do well. Fare ye well.”. ^ "Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States - Q&A" . suscopts.org . Retrieved 2025-07-18 . ^ Al-Makari, Athanasius (July 2002). معجم المصطلحات الكنسية (in Arabic). p. 29 . Retrieved 23 July 2025 . إلا أنه قد جرت العادة عند الأقباطحتى اليوم أن يتم ختان الذكر قبل تعميده بغية منفعة صحية، وليس تتميمًا لشريعة دينية. وتذكر قوانين البابا كيرلس ابن لقلق (1235-1243 م) هذا الأمر ^ Bausi, Alessandro (2022). "The Confession of King Gälawdewos (r. 1540–1559): A Sixteenth-Century Ethiopian Monophysite Document against Jesuit Proselytism" . ResearchGate . And concerning circumcision, we are not circumcised as the Jews, because we know the words of Paul the spring of wisdom, who saith, 'Circumcision availeth not, and uncircumcision availeth not, but rather a new creature, which is, faith in our Lord Jesus Christ.' And again he saith to the men of Corinth, 'He that hath received circumcision, let him not receive uncircumcision.' All the books of the doctrine of Paul are in our hands, and teach us concerning circumcision and uncircumcision. But the circumcision that is practised amongst us is according to the custom of the country, like the tattooing of the face in Ethiopia and Nubia and the piercing of the ear amongst the Indians. And what we do (we do) not in observance of the Law of Moses, but according to the custom of men. ^ Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013). Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-28090-0 . ^ Bausi, Alessandro (2022). "The Confession of King Gälawdewos (r. 1540–1559): A Sixteenth-Century Ethiopian Monophysite Document against Jesuit Proselytism" . ResearchGate . And concerning the eating of swine's flesh we are not prohibited from it, as the Jews are, by observance of the Law. Him also who eats thereof we do not abhor, and him who eats not thereof we do not compel to eat, as our Father Paul wrote to the Church of Rome, saying, 'Let not him who eateth despise him who eateth not; and, God receiveth all'. The Kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, all is clean to the clean, but it is evil for a man to eat with offence. And Matthew the Evangelist saith, 'There is nothing that can defile the man except that which cometh forth from his mouth, but that which is in the belly goeth forth and is contained in the draught, and is cast out and poured forth; and (thus) He maketh all meats clean'. ^ Daoud, Marcos (2015) [1959]. The Liturgy of the Ethiopian Church . Kingston, Jamaica: Ethiopian Orthodox Church. p. 41. ISBN 151886466X . Henceforth, let us not be circumcised like the Jews. We know that He who had to fulfil the law and the prophets has already come. ^ "Gizret - ግዝረት [Circumcision]" . 9 January 2022. ^ Pope Shenouda III (1985). On Priesthood . Retrieved 23 July 2025 . ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . Oxford University Press. p. 566. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9 . It emphasizes the dietary laws and rules of circumcision found in the Old Testament of the Bible, and in addition to the Christian Sunday Sabbath, Ethiopia Christians observe the traditional Jewish Saturday Sabbath, as do the Ethiopian Jews. ^ Ian Bradley (2 November 2012). Water: A Spiritual History . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978-1-4411-6767-5 . ^ H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas . University Press of America . p. 19. ISBN 9780761835011 . The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday. ^ N. Stearns, Peter (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World . Oxford University Press . p. 179. ISBN 9780195176322 . Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries. ^ Bryner, Erich (2004). "Die orthodoxen Kirchen von 1274 bis 1700" (PDF) . www.eva-leipzig.de . Retrieved 2023-02-12 . S. 114 ff: "Die Orientalischen Orthodoxen Kirchen" (miaphysitische und dyophysitische Kirchen) ^ Johannes Oeldemann : Konfessionskunde , 2017, Kap. 2: Die Orthodoxe Kirche und die Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen enthält drei Unterkapitel: Die Orthodoxe Kirche , Die Assyrische Kirche des Ostens und Die Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen d.h. die Assyrische Kirche des Ostens gehört sowohl zu den Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen als auch nicht zu den Orientalisch-Orthodoxen Kirchen . ^ artin Tamcke: Orientalische orthodoxe Nationalkirchen. In: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). 4. Auflage. Band 6, Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 2003, Sp. 653 Sources Betts, Robert B. (1978). Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study (2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. ISBN 9780804207966 . Boutros Ghali, Mirrit (1991). "Oriental Orthodox Churches" . In Atiya, Aziz Suryal (ed.). The Coptic Encyclopedia . Vol. 6. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-897035-6 . OCLC 22808960 . Brock, Sebastian P. (1999). "The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials". Doctrinal Diversity: Varieties of Early Christianity . New York and London: Garland Publishing. pp. 281– 298. ISBN 978-0-8153-3071-4 . Brock, Sebastian P. (2016). "Miaphysite, not Monophysite!" . Cristianesimo Nella Storia . 37 (1): 45– 52. ISBN 9788815261687 . Charles, Robert H. (2007) [1916]. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text . Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 9781889758879 . Davis, Leo Donald (1990). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology . Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5616-7 . Fanning, William Henry Windsor (1907). "Baptism" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Hindson, Ed; Mitchell, Dan (2013). The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History . Harvest House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7369-4806-7 . Keshishian, Aram (1994). "The Oriental Orthodox Churches". The Ecumenical Review . 46 (1): 103– 108. doi : 10.1111/j.1758-6623.1994.tb02911.x . ISSN 0013-0796 . Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope St. Hormisdas" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Krikorian, Mesrob K. (2010). Christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches: Christology in the Tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church . Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631581216 . Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563 . Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State . Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Winkler, Dietmar W. (1997). "Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology" . The Harp . 10 (3): 33– 40. External links The Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches in America Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and HH Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (archived 19 July 2011) Joint Declarations Between the Syriac Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches v t e Oriental Orthodox Churches v t e Eastern Christian communion of autocephalous churches from Armenia , Egypt , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Sudan and parts of the Middle East , and India Autocephalous churches Coptic Orthodox Church Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Armenian Apostolic Church See of Etchmiadzin See of Cilicia Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Syriac Orthodox Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Coptic Orthodox Church Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Armenian Apostolic Church See of Etchmiadzin See of Cilicia See of Etchmiadzin See of Cilicia Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Syriac Orthodox Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Autonomous churches Armenian Apostolic : Patriarchate of Constantinople Patriarchate of Jerusalem Syriac Orthodox : Malankara Jacobite Independent churches British Isles Malabar Independent Syrian Church Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church Syncretic Oriental Catholic : Communion of Western Orthodox Churches Celtic Orthodox Church Liturgy Alexandrian Rites Anaphora of Saint Gregory Liturgy of Saint Cyril Liturgy of Saint Basil Armenian Rite West Syriac Rite Liturgy of Saint James Alexandrian Rites Anaphora of Saint Gregory Liturgy of Saint Cyril Liturgy of Saint Basil Anaphora of Saint Gregory Liturgy of Saint Cyril Liturgy of Saint Basil Armenian Rite West Syriac Rite Liturgy of Saint James Liturgy of Saint James Links to related articles v t e Oriental Orthodoxy in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) v t e Oriental Orthodoxy in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal v t e Oriental Orthodoxy in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard v t e Patriarchs of Alexandria Patriarchs prior to the Chalcedonian schism (43–451) Mark I the Evangelist (founder) Anianus Avilius Kedronos Primus Justus Eumenius Markianos * Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Coptic Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present) Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophilus II Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodoulos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Gabriel V John XI Matthew II Gabriel VI Michael VI John XII John XIII Gabriel VII John XIV Gabriel VIII Mark V John XV Matthew III Mark VI Matthew IV John XVI Peter VI John XVII Mark VII John XVIII Mark VIII Peter VII Cyril IV Demetrius II Cyril V John XIX Macarius III Joseph II Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II (current) Greek Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present) Proterius Timothy II Timothy III John I Peter III Athanasius II John II John III Dioscorus II Timothy IV Theodosius I Gaianus Paul Zoilus Apollinarius John IV Eulogius Theodore I John V George I Cyrus Peter IV Peter V Peter VI Cosmas I Politianus Eustatius Christopher I Sophronius I Michael I Michael II Christodoulos Eutychius Sophronius II Isaac Job Elias I Arsenius Theophilus II George II Leontius Alexander II John VI Cyril II Sabbas Sophronius III Elias II Eleutherius Mark III * Nicholas I Gregory I Nicholas II Athanasius III Gregory II Gregory III Niphon Mark IV Nicholas III Gregory IV Nicholas IV Athanasius IV Mark V Philotheus Mark VI Gregory V Joachim I Silvester Meletius I Pegas Cyril III Gerasimus I Metrophanes Nicephorus Joannicius Paisius Parthenius I Gerasimus II Samuel Cosmas II Cosmas III Matthew Cyprian Gerasimus III Parthenius II Theophilus III Hierotheus I Artemius Hierotheus II Callinicus Jacob Nicanor Nilus Sophronius IV Photius Meletius II Nicholas V Christopher II Nicholas VI Parthenius III Peter VII Theodore II (current) Latin Catholic (1276–1954) Atanasio (Athanasius) Egidio da Ferrara (Giles) ? Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne Juan (John) Guillaume de Chanac Arnaud Bernard du Pouget ( Arnaldo Bernardi ) uncanonical Jean de Cardaillac Pietro Amely di Brunac ? Johannes Walteri von Sinten uncanonical Simon of Cramaud Pietro Amely di Brunac Leonardo Dolfin Ugo Roberti Pietro Amaury di Lordat Lancelotus de Navarra Giovanni Contarini Pietro Vitalis di Mauléon Giovanni Vitelleschi Marco Condulmer Jean d'Harcourt Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas Pedro de Urrea Pedro González de Mendoza Diego Hurtado de Mendoza Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo Bernardino Carafa Cesare Riario Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora Ottaviano Maria Sforza Julius Gonzaga Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte Jacques Cortès Tommaso Alessandro Riario Enrico Caetani Giovanni Battista Albani Camillo Caetani Séraphin Olivier-Razali Alessandro di Sangro Honoratus Caetani Federico Borromeo Allesandro Crescenzi Aloysius Bevilacqua Petrus Draghi Bartoli Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba Filippo Carlo Spada Girolamo Crispi Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati Lodovico Agnello Anastasi Francisco Mattei Augustus Foscolo Paolo Angelo Ballerini Domenico Marinangeli Paolo de Huyn Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto Melkite Catholic (1724–present) Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef-Sayur Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi Coptic Catholic (1824–present) Maximos Jouwed Kyrillos Makarios Stéphanos I Sidarouss Stéphanos II Ghattas Antonios I Naguib Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak *Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III. Category Commons .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Patriarchates in Christianity Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of primates in Christianity , sorted according to earliest apostolic legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants: bold blue = Catholic Church , light blue = Eastern Orthodox Church (* unrecognized), bold/ light green = Oriental Orthodoxy , italic blue = Nestorianism , bold italic blue = pre-schism Early Christianity ( Antiquity ) (30–325/476) Pentarchy (five apostolic sees ) Patriarch of Rome ( 1st cent. ) Holy See (since 1st cent. ) Patriarch of Constantinople ( 451 ) Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330) Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964) Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461) Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (since 1924*) Patriarch of Antioch ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Antioch (1st cent.–518) Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519) Maronite Patriarchate (since 685) Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964) Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668) Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724) Patriarch of Alexandria ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Alexandria (1st cent.–451) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964) Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824) Patriarch of Jerusalem ( 451 ) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451) Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638) Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099) Other Patriarch of Carthage ( 2nd cent. ) Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552) Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Eliya line) (1558–1830) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Shimun line) (1692–1830) Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830) Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968) Patriarch of Armenia (301) Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301) Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058) Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740) Middle Ages (476–1517) Patriarchate of Aquileia (568–1751) Patriarchate of Grado (725–1451) Patriarchate of Bulgaria (919*/927–1018) Patriarchate of Georgia (1010–1811) Patriarchate of Cyprus (1185*–1191) Primate of Bulgaria (1204–1235) Tarnovo Patriarchate of Bulgaria (1235–1394) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1346*/1375–1463) Patriarchate of Venice (since 1451) Catholicate of Abkhazia (15.*/16. century–1814) Early Modern era (1517–1789) Patriarchate of the West Indies (since 1524) Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia (1555–1663) Patriarchate of the East Indies (since 1572) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1557–1766) Patriarchate of Moscow (since 1589) Patriarchate of Lisbon (since 1716) Late Modern era (since 1789) Patriarchate of Karlovci (1848–1920) Patriarchate of Georgia (since 1917*/1990) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (since 1920) Patriarchate of Romania (since 1925) Patriarchate of Croatia (*1942–1945) Patriarchate of Bulgaria (since 1953) Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia (since 1959) Patriarchate of Kyiv (1992*–2018) Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea (since 1994) Patriarchate of Kyiv (since 2019*) Related Apostolic Throne Episcopal see Christianity portal v t e Eastern Christianity Cultural area of Christian traditions that developed since Early Christianity in the Middle East , Eastern Europe , North and East Africa , Asia Minor , South India , and parts of the Far East . Main divisions Communions Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Eastern Catholic Churches Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Independent Churches/Communions Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodox churches Tolstoyans Protestantism Eastern Protestantism Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in Hagia Sophia History Christianization of Armenia Christianization of Georgia Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire Copts Proto-orthodoxy Ecumenical council Heresies Nestorianism Iconoclasm Paulicianism Bogomilism Church of the East China Sichuan India Mongols Oriental Orthodox Churches Council of Chalcedon Saint Thomas Christians / Malankara Church Arab Christians Antiochian Greek Christians Melkite Ghassanids Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' Turkic Christians Eastern Orthodox Church East–West Schism Raskol Moscow–Constantinople schisms 15th–16th centuries schism 1996 schism 2018 schism Scriptures Canon Old Testament New Testament Deuterocanon Septuagint Peshitta Theology Hesychasm Icon Apophaticism Filioque clause Miaphysitism Dyophysitism Nestorianism Theosis Theoria Phronema Philokalia Praxis Theotokos Hypostasis Ousia Essence–energies distinction Metousiosis Worship Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion v t e Ecumenical councils First three ecumenical councils Nicaea I (325) Constantinople I (381) Ephesus (431) Recognized by the Catholic Church First three ecumenical councils Chalcedon (451) Constantinople II (553) Constantinople III (680–681) Nicaea II (787) Constantinople IV (869–870) Lateran I (1123) Lateran II (1139) Lateran III (1179) Lateran IV (1215) Lyon I (1245) Lyon II (1274) Vienne (1311–1312) Constance (1414–1418) Basel-Florence (Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; [ a ] Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445) Lateran V (1512–1517) Trent (1545–1563) Vatican I (1869–1870) Vatican II (1962–1965) Recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church First three ecumenical councils Chalcedon (451) Constantinople II (553) Constantinople III (680–681) Nicaea II (787) Constantinople IV (879–880) * Constantinople V (1341–1351)* Recognized by the Oriental Orthodox Church First three ecumenical councils Ephesus II (449) [ citation needed ] Ephesus III (475) [ citation needed ] Recognized by the Church of the East Nicaea I (325) Constantinople I (381) Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410) [ citation needed ] Synod of Beth Lapat (484) [ citation needed ] See also Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) ( 50 /155– 314 ) Great Church (180– 451 ) State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 – 451 ) Quinisext Council (692) Synod of Jassy (1642) Synod of Jerusalem (1672) Synod of Constantinople (1872) Conference of Addis Ababa (1965) Pan-Orthodox Council (2016) * Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church. ^ Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel. v t e Christianity Index Outline Glossary Prophets People Lists of Christians By country Bible (Scriptures) Canon Old Testament New Testament Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Christian tradition Worship History ( timeline ) ( spread ) Early Christianity Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Great Church Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Middle Ages Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Modern era Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Denominations ( list , members ) Western Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Restorationist Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Theology Ablution Angel Born again Christology Divine apathy Ecclesiology Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Faith Fall of man Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Final Judgement God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Good works Heaven Hell Holy water Hygiene Kingdom of God Liturgy Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Love of Christ of God Mariology Theotokos Mission Monasticism Mortification Catholic Of the flesh New Covenant Nicene Creed Old Covenant Views Original sin Penance Prayer Repentance Sacraments Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Saints Salvation Satan Sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Tradition Values Vice Works of mercy Worship Philosophy Natural law Ethics Science Evolution Politics Social mortgage Universal destination of goods Views on poverty and wealth Option for the poor Worldview Other features Culture Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Movements Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Cooperation Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Related ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality Christianity portal Category v t e Religion Religious groups and denominations Western and Middle Eastern Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Iranian Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Eastern East Asian Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Indian Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Ethnic Altaic Turko - Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Traditional Sabahan religions Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Native American Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance / Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Gurung Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional African North African Berber Guanche church Sub-Saharan African Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movements Syncretic Blagovery Brahmoism Chinese Falun Gong Coconut Religion Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modern paganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selkʼnam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic philosophical religions Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Illinois Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Polynesian Cook Islands Rapa Nui Tongan Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Ancestral Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo III Pueblo IV Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Natale di Roma Semitic Arabian Nabataean Babylonian Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Turkic Tengrism Urartu Vainakh Zapotec Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Laicism / Laity Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Faith God Goddess Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Fire Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Demographics Ethnic Folk Indigenous Major World Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clericalism / Clergy Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Gender Happiness LGBTQ people Homosexuality Intersex people Transgender people Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism School Science Sexuality State Suicide Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular religion Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Religion by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Category Portal v t e Oriental Orthodoxy in Africa v t e Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) v t e Oriental Orthodoxy in Asia v t e Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Abkhazia Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal Category Asia portal v t e Oriental Orthodoxy in Europe v t e Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard v t e Patriarchs of Alexandria v t e Patriarchs prior to the Chalcedonian schism (43–451) Mark I the Evangelist (founder) Anianus Avilius Kedronos Primus Justus Eumenius Markianos * Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Mark I the Evangelist (founder) Anianus Avilius Kedronos Primus Justus Eumenius Markianos * Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Coptic Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present) Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophilus II Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodoulos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Gabriel V John XI Matthew II Gabriel VI Michael VI John XII John XIII Gabriel VII John XIV Gabriel VIII Mark V John XV Matthew III Mark VI Matthew IV John XVI Peter VI John XVII Mark VII John XVIII Mark VIII Peter VII Cyril IV Demetrius II Cyril V John XIX Macarius III Joseph II Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II (current) Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophilus II Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodoulos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Gabriel V John XI Matthew II Gabriel VI Michael VI John XII John XIII Gabriel VII John XIV Gabriel VIII Mark V John XV Matthew III Mark VI Matthew IV John XVI Peter VI John XVII Mark VII John XVIII Mark VIII Peter VII Cyril IV Demetrius II Cyril V John XIX Macarius III Joseph II Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II (current) Greek Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present) Proterius Timothy II Timothy III John I Peter III Athanasius II John II John III Dioscorus II Timothy IV Theodosius I Gaianus Paul Zoilus Apollinarius John IV Eulogius Theodore I John V George I Cyrus Peter IV Peter V Peter VI Cosmas I Politianus Eustatius Christopher I Sophronius I Michael I Michael II Christodoulos Eutychius Sophronius II Isaac Job Elias I Arsenius Theophilus II George II Leontius Alexander II John VI Cyril II Sabbas Sophronius III Elias II Eleutherius Mark III * Nicholas I Gregory I Nicholas II Athanasius III Gregory II Gregory III Niphon Mark IV Nicholas III Gregory IV Nicholas IV Athanasius IV Mark V Philotheus Mark VI Gregory V Joachim I Silvester Meletius I Pegas Cyril III Gerasimus I Metrophanes Nicephorus Joannicius Paisius Parthenius I Gerasimus II Samuel Cosmas II Cosmas III Matthew Cyprian Gerasimus III Parthenius II Theophilus III Hierotheus I Artemius Hierotheus II Callinicus Jacob Nicanor Nilus Sophronius IV Photius Meletius II Nicholas V Christopher II Nicholas VI Parthenius III Peter VII Theodore II (current) Proterius Timothy II Timothy III John I Peter III Athanasius II John II John III Dioscorus II Timothy IV Theodosius I Gaianus Paul Zoilus Apollinarius John IV Eulogius Theodore I John V George I Cyrus Peter IV Peter V Peter VI Cosmas I Politianus Eustatius Christopher I Sophronius I Michael I Michael II Christodoulos Eutychius Sophronius II Isaac Job Elias I Arsenius Theophilus II George II Leontius Alexander II John VI Cyril II Sabbas Sophronius III Elias II Eleutherius Mark III * Nicholas I Gregory I Nicholas II Athanasius III Gregory II Gregory III Niphon Mark IV Nicholas III Gregory IV Nicholas IV Athanasius IV Mark V Philotheus Mark VI Gregory V Joachim I Silvester Meletius I Pegas Cyril III Gerasimus I Metrophanes Nicephorus Joannicius Paisius Parthenius I Gerasimus II Samuel Cosmas II Cosmas III Matthew Cyprian Gerasimus III Parthenius II Theophilus III Hierotheus I Artemius Hierotheus II Callinicus Jacob Nicanor Nilus Sophronius IV Photius Meletius II Nicholas V Christopher II Nicholas VI Parthenius III Peter VII Theodore II (current) Latin Catholic (1276–1954) Atanasio (Athanasius) Egidio da Ferrara (Giles) ? Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne Juan (John) Guillaume de Chanac Arnaud Bernard du Pouget ( Arnaldo Bernardi ) uncanonical Jean de Cardaillac Pietro Amely di Brunac ? Johannes Walteri von Sinten uncanonical Simon of Cramaud Pietro Amely di Brunac Leonardo Dolfin Ugo Roberti Pietro Amaury di Lordat Lancelotus de Navarra Giovanni Contarini Pietro Vitalis di Mauléon Giovanni Vitelleschi Marco Condulmer Jean d'Harcourt Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas Pedro de Urrea Pedro González de Mendoza Diego Hurtado de Mendoza Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo Bernardino Carafa Cesare Riario Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora Ottaviano Maria Sforza Julius Gonzaga Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte Jacques Cortès Tommaso Alessandro Riario Enrico Caetani Giovanni Battista Albani Camillo Caetani Séraphin Olivier-Razali Alessandro di Sangro Honoratus Caetani Federico Borromeo Allesandro Crescenzi Aloysius Bevilacqua Petrus Draghi Bartoli Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba Filippo Carlo Spada Girolamo Crispi Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati Lodovico Agnello Anastasi Francisco Mattei Augustus Foscolo Paolo Angelo Ballerini Domenico Marinangeli Paolo de Huyn Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto Atanasio (Athanasius) Egidio da Ferrara (Giles) ? Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne Juan (John) Guillaume de Chanac Arnaud Bernard du Pouget ( Arnaldo Bernardi ) uncanonical Jean de Cardaillac Pietro Amely di Brunac ? Johannes Walteri von Sinten uncanonical Simon of Cramaud Pietro Amely di Brunac Leonardo Dolfin Ugo Roberti Pietro Amaury di Lordat Lancelotus de Navarra Giovanni Contarini Pietro Vitalis di Mauléon Giovanni Vitelleschi Marco Condulmer Jean d'Harcourt Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas Pedro de Urrea Pedro González de Mendoza Diego Hurtado de Mendoza Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo Bernardino Carafa Cesare Riario Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora Ottaviano Maria Sforza Julius Gonzaga Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte Jacques Cortès Tommaso Alessandro Riario Enrico Caetani Giovanni Battista Albani Camillo Caetani Séraphin Olivier-Razali Alessandro di Sangro Honoratus Caetani Federico Borromeo Allesandro Crescenzi Aloysius Bevilacqua Petrus Draghi Bartoli Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba Filippo Carlo Spada Girolamo Crispi Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati Lodovico Agnello Anastasi Francisco Mattei Augustus Foscolo Paolo Angelo Ballerini Domenico Marinangeli Paolo de Huyn Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto Melkite Catholic (1724–present) Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef-Sayur Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef-Sayur Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi Coptic Catholic (1824–present) Maximos Jouwed Kyrillos Makarios Stéphanos I Sidarouss Stéphanos II Ghattas Antonios I Naguib Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak Maximos Jouwed Kyrillos Makarios Stéphanos I Sidarouss Stéphanos II Ghattas Antonios I Naguib Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak *Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III. Category Commons *Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III. Category Commons v t e Patriarchates in Christianity v t e Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of primates in Christianity , sorted according to earliest apostolic legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants: bold blue = Catholic Church , light blue = Eastern Orthodox Church (* unrecognized), bold/ light green = Oriental Orthodoxy , italic blue = Nestorianism , bold italic blue = pre-schism Early Christianity ( Antiquity ) (30–325/476) Pentarchy (five apostolic sees ) Patriarch of Rome ( 1st cent. ) Holy See (since 1st cent. ) Patriarch of Constantinople ( 451 ) Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330) Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964) Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461) Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (since 1924*) Patriarch of Antioch ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Antioch (1st cent.–518) Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519) Maronite Patriarchate (since 685) Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964) Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668) Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724) Patriarch of Alexandria ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Alexandria (1st cent.–451) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964) Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824) Patriarch of Jerusalem ( 451 ) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451) Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638) Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099) Other Patriarch of Carthage ( 2nd cent. ) Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552) Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Eliya line) (1558–1830) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Shimun line) (1692–1830) Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830) Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968) Patriarch of Armenia (301) Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301) Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058) Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740) Pentarchy (five apostolic sees ) Patriarch of Rome ( 1st cent. ) Holy See (since 1st cent. ) Patriarch of Constantinople ( 451 ) Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330) Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964) Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461) Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (since 1924*) Patriarch of Antioch ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Antioch (1st cent.–518) Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519) Maronite Patriarchate (since 685) Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964) Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668) Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724) Patriarch of Alexandria ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Alexandria (1st cent.–451) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964) Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824) Patriarch of Jerusalem ( 451 ) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451) Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638) Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099) Patriarch of Rome ( 1st cent. ) Holy See (since 1st cent. ) Holy See (since 1st cent. ) Patriarch of Constantinople ( 451 ) Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330) Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964) Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461) Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (since 1924*) Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330) Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964) Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461) Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (since 1924*) Patriarch of Antioch ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Antioch (1st cent.–518) Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519) Maronite Patriarchate (since 685) Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964) Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668) Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724) Patriarchate of Antioch (1st cent.–518) Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519) Maronite Patriarchate (since 685) Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964) Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668) Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724) Patriarch of Alexandria ( 1st cent. ) Patriarchate of Alexandria (1st cent.–451) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964) Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824) Patriarchate of Alexandria (1st cent.–451) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451 ) Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964) Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824) Patriarch of Jerusalem ( 451 ) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451) Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638) Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099) Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451) Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638) Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099) Other Patriarch of Carthage ( 2nd cent. ) Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552) Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Eliya line) (1558–1830) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Shimun line) (1692–1830) Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830) Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968) Patriarch of Armenia (301) Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301) Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058) Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740) Patriarch of Carthage ( 2nd cent. ) Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076) Patriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552) Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Eliya line) (1558–1830) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Shimun line) (1692–1830) Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830) Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968) Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552) Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Eliya line) (1558–1830) Patriarchs of the Church of the East (Shimun line) (1692–1830) Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830) Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968) Patriarch of Armenia (301) Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301) Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058) Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740) Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301) Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058) Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1740) Middle Ages (476–1517) Patriarchate of Aquileia (568–1751) Patriarchate of Grado (725–1451) Patriarchate of Bulgaria (919*/927–1018) Patriarchate of Georgia (1010–1811) Patriarchate of Cyprus (1185*–1191) Primate of Bulgaria (1204–1235) Tarnovo Patriarchate of Bulgaria (1235–1394) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1346*/1375–1463) Patriarchate of Venice (since 1451) Catholicate of Abkhazia (15.*/16. century–1814) Patriarchate of Aquileia (568–1751) Patriarchate of Grado (725–1451) Patriarchate of Bulgaria (919*/927–1018) Patriarchate of Georgia (1010–1811) Patriarchate of Cyprus (1185*–1191) Primate of Bulgaria (1204–1235) Tarnovo Patriarchate of Bulgaria (1235–1394) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1346*/1375–1463) Patriarchate of Venice (since 1451) Catholicate of Abkhazia (15.*/16. century–1814) Early Modern era (1517–1789) Patriarchate of the West Indies (since 1524) Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia (1555–1663) Patriarchate of the East Indies (since 1572) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1557–1766) Patriarchate of Moscow (since 1589) Patriarchate of Lisbon (since 1716) Patriarchate of the West Indies (since 1524) Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia (1555–1663) Patriarchate of the East Indies (since 1572) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (1557–1766) Patriarchate of Moscow (since 1589) Patriarchate of Lisbon (since 1716) Late Modern era (since 1789) Patriarchate of Karlovci (1848–1920) Patriarchate of Georgia (since 1917*/1990) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (since 1920) Patriarchate of Romania (since 1925) Patriarchate of Croatia (*1942–1945) Patriarchate of Bulgaria (since 1953) Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia (since 1959) Patriarchate of Kyiv (1992*–2018) Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea (since 1994) Patriarchate of Kyiv (since 2019*) Patriarchate of Karlovci (1848–1920) Patriarchate of Georgia (since 1917*/1990) Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (since 1920) Patriarchate of Romania (since 1925) Patriarchate of Croatia (*1942–1945) Patriarchate of Bulgaria (since 1953) Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia (since 1959) Patriarchate of Kyiv (1992*–2018) Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea (since 1994) Patriarchate of Kyiv (since 2019*) Related Apostolic Throne Episcopal see Apostolic Throne Episcopal see Christianity portal Christianity portal v t e Eastern Christianity v t e Cultural area of Christian traditions that developed since Early Christianity in the Middle East , Eastern Europe , North and East Africa , Asia Minor , South India , and parts of the Far East . Main divisions Communions Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Eastern Catholic Churches Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Independent Churches/Communions Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodox churches Tolstoyans Protestantism Eastern Protestantism Communions Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Eastern Catholic Churches Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Eastern Catholic Churches Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Independent Churches/Communions Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodox churches Tolstoyans Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodox churches Tolstoyans Protestantism Eastern Protestantism Eastern Protestantism Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in Hagia Sophia History Christianization of Armenia Christianization of Georgia Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire Copts Proto-orthodoxy Ecumenical council Heresies Nestorianism Iconoclasm Paulicianism Bogomilism Church of the East China Sichuan India Mongols Oriental Orthodox Churches Council of Chalcedon Saint Thomas Christians / Malankara Church Arab Christians Antiochian Greek Christians Melkite Ghassanids Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' Turkic Christians Eastern Orthodox Church East–West Schism Raskol Moscow–Constantinople schisms 15th–16th centuries schism 1996 schism 2018 schism Christianization of Armenia Christianization of Georgia Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire Copts Proto-orthodoxy Ecumenical council Heresies Nestorianism Iconoclasm Paulicianism Bogomilism Nestorianism Iconoclasm Paulicianism Bogomilism Church of the East China Sichuan India Mongols China Sichuan Sichuan India Mongols Oriental Orthodox Churches Council of Chalcedon Council of Chalcedon Saint Thomas Christians / Malankara Church Arab Christians Antiochian Greek Christians Melkite Ghassanids Antiochian Greek Christians Melkite Ghassanids Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' Turkic Christians Eastern Orthodox Church East–West Schism Raskol Moscow–Constantinople schisms 15th–16th centuries schism 1996 schism 2018 schism East–West Schism Raskol Moscow–Constantinople schisms 15th–16th centuries schism 1996 schism 2018 schism 15th–16th centuries schism 1996 schism 2018 schism Scriptures Canon Old Testament New Testament Deuterocanon Septuagint Peshitta Canon Old Testament New Testament Deuterocanon Septuagint Peshitta Theology Hesychasm Icon Apophaticism Filioque clause Miaphysitism Dyophysitism Nestorianism Theosis Theoria Phronema Philokalia Praxis Theotokos Hypostasis Ousia Essence–energies distinction Metousiosis Hesychasm Icon Apophaticism Filioque clause Miaphysitism Dyophysitism Nestorianism Theosis Theoria Phronema Philokalia Praxis Theotokos Hypostasis Ousia Essence–energies distinction Metousiosis Worship Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion v t e Ecumenical councils v t e First three ecumenical councils Nicaea I (325) Constantinople I (381) Ephesus (431) Nicaea I (325) Constantinople I (381) Ephesus (431) Recognized by the Catholic Church First three ecumenical councils Chalcedon (451) Constantinople II (553) Constantinople III (680–681) Nicaea II (787) Constantinople IV (869–870) Lateran I (1123) Lateran II (1139) Lateran III (1179) Lateran IV (1215) Lyon I (1245) Lyon II (1274) Vienne (1311–1312) Constance (1414–1418) Basel-Florence (Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; [ a ] Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445) Lateran V (1512–1517) Trent (1545–1563) Vatican I (1869–1870) Vatican II (1962–1965) First three ecumenical councils Chalcedon (451) Constantinople II (553) Constantinople III (680–681) Nicaea II (787) Constantinople IV (869–870) Lateran I (1123) Lateran II (1139) Lateran III (1179) Lateran IV (1215) Lyon I (1245) Lyon II (1274) Vienne (1311–1312) Constance (1414–1418) Basel-Florence (Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; [ a ] Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445) Lateran V (1512–1517) Trent (1545–1563) Vatican I (1869–1870) Vatican II (1962–1965) Recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church First three ecumenical councils Chalcedon (451) Constantinople II (553) Constantinople III (680–681) Nicaea II (787) Constantinople IV (879–880) * Constantinople V (1341–1351)* First three ecumenical councils Chalcedon (451) Constantinople II (553) Constantinople III (680–681) Nicaea II (787) Constantinople IV (879–880) * Constantinople V (1341–1351)* Recognized by the Oriental Orthodox Church First three ecumenical councils Ephesus II (449) [ citation needed ] Ephesus III (475) [ citation needed ] First three ecumenical councils Ephesus II (449) [ citation needed ] Ephesus III (475) [ citation needed ] Recognized by the Church of the East Nicaea I (325) Constantinople I (381) Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410) [ citation needed ] Synod of Beth Lapat (484) [ citation needed ] Nicaea I (325) Constantinople I (381) Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410) [ citation needed ] Synod of Beth Lapat (484) [ citation needed ] See also Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) ( 50 /155– 314 ) Great Church (180– 451 ) State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 – 451 ) Quinisext Council (692) Synod of Jassy (1642) Synod of Jerusalem (1672) Synod of Constantinople (1872) Conference of Addis Ababa (1965) Pan-Orthodox Council (2016) Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) ( 50 /155– 314 ) Great Church (180– 451 ) State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 – 451 ) Quinisext Council (692) Synod of Jassy (1642) Synod of Jerusalem (1672) Synod of Constantinople (1872) Conference of Addis Ababa (1965) Pan-Orthodox Council (2016) * Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church. ^ Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel. ^ Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel. v t e Christianity v t e Index Outline Glossary Prophets People Lists of Christians By country Index Outline Glossary Prophets People Lists of Christians By country Bible (Scriptures) Canon Old Testament New Testament Canon Old Testament New Testament Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Christian tradition Worship Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Christian tradition Worship History ( timeline ) ( spread ) Early Christianity Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Great Church Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Middle Ages Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Modern era Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Early Christianity Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Apostolic Fathers Great Church Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Middle Ages Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Modern era Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Influences Denominations ( list , members ) Western Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Restorationist Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Western Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Church Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Restorationist Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Theology Ablution Angel Born again Christology Divine apathy Ecclesiology Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Faith Fall of man Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Final Judgement God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Good works Heaven Hell Holy water Hygiene Kingdom of God Liturgy Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Love of Christ of God Mariology Theotokos Mission Monasticism Mortification Catholic Of the flesh New Covenant Nicene Creed Old Covenant Views Original sin Penance Prayer Repentance Sacraments Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Saints Salvation Satan Sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Tradition Values Vice Works of mercy Worship Ablution Angel Born again Christology Divine apathy Ecclesiology Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Faith Fall of man Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Final Judgement God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Good works Heaven Hell Hell Holy water Hygiene Kingdom of God Liturgy Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Love of Christ of God of Christ of God Mariology Theotokos Theotokos Mission Monasticism Mortification Catholic Of the flesh Catholic Of the flesh New Covenant Nicene Creed Old Covenant Views Views Original sin Penance Prayer Repentance Sacraments Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Saints Salvation Satan Sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Tradition Values Vice Works of mercy Worship Philosophy Natural law Ethics Science Evolution Politics Social mortgage Universal destination of goods Views on poverty and wealth Option for the poor Worldview Natural law Ethics Science Evolution Evolution Politics Social mortgage Universal destination of goods Views on poverty and wealth Option for the poor Option for the poor Worldview Other features Culture Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Movements Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Cooperation Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Related ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality Culture Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Movements Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Cooperation Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Related ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality Christianity portal Category Christianity portal Category v t e Religion v t e Religious groups and denominations Western and Middle Eastern Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Iranian Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Eastern East Asian Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Indian Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Ethnic Altaic Turko - Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Traditional Sabahan religions Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Native American Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance / Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Gurung Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional African North African Berber Guanche church Sub-Saharan African Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movements Syncretic Blagovery Brahmoism Chinese Falun Gong Coconut Religion Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modern paganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Religious groups and denominations Western and Middle Eastern Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Iranian Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Eastern East Asian Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Indian Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Ethnic Altaic Turko - Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Traditional Sabahan religions Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Native American Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance / Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Gurung Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional African North African Berber Guanche church Sub-Saharan African Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movements Syncretic Blagovery Brahmoism Chinese Falun Gong Coconut Religion Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modern paganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Western and Middle Eastern Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Iranian Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Haredi Hasidic Hasidic Modern Zionist Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Catholicism Latin Eastern Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Hussites / Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Holiness Non-denominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Alawism Ali-Illahism Ismailism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Faith Azalism Baháʼí Faith Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Iranian Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Eastern East Asian Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Indian Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects East Asian Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Shinto list list Shugendō New religions Tenrikyo Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Indian Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Theravada Mahayana Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Chan / Zen / Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Khalsa Sects Ethnic Altaic Turko - Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Traditional Sabahan religions Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Native American Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance / Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Gurung Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional African North African Berber Guanche church Sub-Saharan African Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian Altaic Turko - Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Turko - Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Traditional Sabahan religions Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Kaharingan Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Traditional Sabahan religions Traditional Sabahan religions Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Native American Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance / Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance / Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Lakota Wocekiye Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Gurung Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Gurung Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional African North African Berber Guanche church Sub-Saharan African Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti North African Berber Guanche church Berber Guanche church Guanche church Sub-Saharan African Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Ifá Diasporic : Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movements Syncretic Blagovery Brahmoism Chinese Falun Gong Coconut Religion Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modern paganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Syncretic Blagovery Brahmoism Chinese Falun Gong Coconut Religion Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Blagovery Brahmoism Chinese Falun Gong Falun Gong Coconut Religion Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga and Roerichism New Acropolis Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modern paganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list African Godianism Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Anthroposophy The Christian Community The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Raëlism Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selkʼnam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic philosophical religions Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Illinois Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Polynesian Cook Islands Rapa Nui Tongan Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Ancestral Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo III Pueblo IV Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Natale di Roma Semitic Arabian Nabataean Babylonian Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Turkic Tengrism Urartu Vainakh Zapotec Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selkʼnam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic philosophical religions Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Illinois Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Polynesian Cook Islands Rapa Nui Tongan Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Ancestral Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo III Pueblo IV Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Natale di Roma Semitic Arabian Nabataean Babylonian Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Turkic Tengrism Urartu Vainakh Zapotec Prehistoric Paleolithic Paleolithic Ainu Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Druidism Irish Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selkʼnam Selkʼnam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic philosophical religions Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic philosophical religions Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Illinois Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Nauruan Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Polynesian Cook Islands Rapa Nui Tongan Cook Islands Rapa Nui Tongan Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Iranian Vedic Ancestral Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo III Pueblo IV Pueblo II Pueblo III Pueblo IV Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Natale di Roma Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Natale di Roma Semitic Arabian Nabataean Babylonian Canaanite Punic Yahwism Arabian Nabataean Nabataean Babylonian Canaanite Punic Yahwism Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Turkic Tengrism Tengrism Urartu Vainakh Zapotec Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Laicism / Laity Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Faith God Goddess Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Fire Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Demographics Ethnic Folk Indigenous Major World Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clericalism / Clergy Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Gender Happiness LGBTQ people Homosexuality Intersex people Transgender people Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism School Science Sexuality State Suicide Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular religion Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Laicism / Laity Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Faith God Goddess Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Fire Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Demographics Ethnic Folk Indigenous Major World Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clericalism / Clergy Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Gender Happiness LGBTQ people Homosexuality Intersex people Transgender people Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism School Science Sexuality State Suicide Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular religion Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Laicism / Laity Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Faith God Goddess Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Fire Nature Place Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Laicism / Laity Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Faith God Goddess Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Fire Nature Place Astral Fire Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Demographics Ethnic Folk Indigenous Major World Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Demographics Ethnic Folk Indigenous Major World Ethnic Folk Indigenous Major World Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clericalism / Clergy Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Gender Happiness LGBTQ people Homosexuality Intersex people Transgender people Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism School Science Sexuality State Suicide Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Wealth Agriculture Business Clericalism / Clergy Monasticism Ordination Priest Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Gender Happiness LGBTQ people Homosexuality Intersex people Transgender people Homosexuality Intersex people Transgender people Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism School Science Sexuality State Suicide Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular religion Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular religion Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviews and lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Religion by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Religion by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Category Portal Category Portal Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Oriental Orthodoxy CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Pages using sidebar with the child parameter Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2023 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Commons category link from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023 Articles containing Tagalog-language text This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 19:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background and early life 2 Under Henry I 3 Stephen's early reign 4 Arrest of the bishops 5 Stephen's later reign 6 Return to the Exchequer 7 Death and legacy 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading Nigel (bishop of Ely) Deutsch Español Français مصرى Nouormand Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Nigel Bishop of Ely Memorial to Nigel in Ely Cathedral Appointed 1133 Predecessor Hervey le Breton Successor Geoffrey Ridel Other post Archdeacon of the diocese of Salisbury (territory is not known) Orders Consecration 1 October 1133 by William de Corbeil Personal details Born c. 1100 Died 30 May 1169 Buried perhaps Ely Cathedral Lord High Treasurer In office c. 1154 – c. 1158 Monarch Henry II Preceded by Adelelm Succeeded by Richard fitzNeal In office c. 1126 – c. 1133 Monarch Henry I Preceded by None Succeeded by Adelelm Nigel [ a ] ( c. 1100 –1169) was an Anglo-Norman clergyman and administrator who served as Bishop of Ely from 1133 to 1169. He came from an ecclesiastical family; his uncle Roger of Salisbury was a bishop and government minister for King Henry I , and other relatives also held offices in the English Church and government. Nigel owed his advancement to his uncle, as did Nigel's probable brother Alexander , who like Nigel was advanced to episcopal status. Nigel was educated on the continent before becoming a royal administrator. He served as Treasurer of England under King Henry, before being appointed to the see , or bishopric, of Ely in 1133. His tenure was marked by conflicts with the monks of his cathedral chapter , who believed that Nigel kept income for himself that should properly have gone to them. Following the accession in 1135 of Henry's successor, King Stephen , Nigel remained as treasurer only briefly before his family was ousted from political office by the new king. Nigel rebelled and deserted to Stephen's rival Matilda , but eventually reconciled with Stephen. Although he subsequently held some minor administrative posts, he never regained high office under Stephen. On the king's death in 1154, Nigel was returned to the treasurership by the new king, Henry II . Nigel's second tenure as treasurer saw him return the administration to the practices of Henry I. He withdrew from much of his public work after around 1164, following an attack of paralysis. He was succeeded as treasurer by his son, Richard fitzNeal , whom he had trained in the operations of the Exchequer , or Treasury of England. Most historians assess that Nigel's administrative abilities were excellent, and he is considered to have been more talented as an administrator than as a religious figure. Background and early life Nigel's date of birth is uncertain, but it is likely to have been some time around 1100. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Historians occasionally refer to him as Nigel Poor [ 3 ] or Nigel of Ely, [ 2 ] but before his elevation to the episcopate he was commonly known as Nigel, the bishop's nephew, or Nigel, the treasurer. [ 1 ] He was probably a Norman by ancestry although he was brought up in England, [ 4 ] which in 1066 had been conquered by the Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror . [ 5 ] Following William's death in 1087 his realm was divided between two of his sons. His middle son, William Rufus , inherited the Kingdom of England , and the Duchy of Normandy passed to his eldest son, Robert Curthose . [ 6 ] The youngest son, Henry , received a grant of money, which he used to purchase a lordship in Normandy. [ 7 ] The brothers fought amongst themselves for the next twenty years; the initial conflict was between Rufus and Robert, but after Rufus' death in 1100 Henry, who succeeded Rufus as King of England, also became involved. Eventually, in 1106, Henry captured Robert, imprisoned him for life, and took control of Normandy. [ 8 ] Nigel's uncle Roger , Bishop of Salisbury , saw to Nigel's education [ 9 ] at the school of Laon in France, [ 10 ] where he probably studied mathematics under [ 11 ] Anselm of Laon . [ 1 ] It is likely that his father was Roger's brother Humphrey. [ 12 ] Other students at Laon included William de Corbeil , later Archbishop of Canterbury , Robert de Bethune , who became Bishop of Hereford , Geoffrey le Breton , future Archbishop of Rouen , and other men subsequently to hold bishoprics in the Anglo-Norman dominions. [ 13 ] When he took vows as a cleric is unrecorded, [ 1 ] but Nigel held a prebend , an ecclesiastical office in the cathedral, in the see of London before holding one of the offices of archdeacon in the diocese of Salisbury , [ 14 ] although which archdeaconry he held is unclear. [ 15 ] Most modern historians believe that Nigel was brother to Alexander of Lincoln, later Bishop of Lincoln , [ 11 ] but this relationship is not specifically attested in the sources, which state merely that both were Roger's nephews. [ 16 ] William of Malmesbury , a medieval chronicler, considered both Alexander and Nigel to be well educated and diligent. [ 12 ] Nigel attended the consecration of Bernard as Bishop of St David's at Westminster in 1115, and may have returned to England from Laon by 1112. [ 17 ] From the time of his return until around 1120 he served as a royal chaplain and attested a number of royal charters. [ 18 ] Under Henry I Nigel first became Treasurer in the reign of Henry I, [ 19 ] and seems to have held that office from around 1126. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] He was already a receiver, or auditor and administrator, in the treasury of Normandy, [ 23 ] [ 24 ] and he served as treasurer for both realms, [ 22 ] [ 25 ] moving with the king and court between England and Normandy. [ 23 ] The date of his appointment is unclear, as until he became a bishop, royal charters listed him as "nephew of the bishop" (Roger of Salisbury) rather than by any office he held. In 1131, though, he was listed in a papal letter as "Nigel, the treasurer", which securely establishes that he held the office at that date. [ 1 ] In 1133, Roger of Salisbury secured the bishopric of Ely for Nigel. Ely had been without a bishop since 1131; after the two-year vacancy, King Henry made the appointment because he was settling outstanding business before leaving England to return to Normandy. At this time Henry also appointed Geoffrey Rufus to Durham , and Æthelwold to the newly created Diocese of Carlisle . [ 26 ] Nigel was consecrated on 1 October 1133 [ 20 ] at Lambeth by William de Corbeil – who was by then Archbishop of Canterbury [ 1 ] – possibly with the assistance of Roger of Salisbury. [ 27 ] Nigel continued to hold the office of treasurer until 1136, when he was replaced by a relative, Adelelm , [ 23 ] [ 28 ] [ b ] although the historian C. Warren Hollister placed his departure from the office in 1133 with his appointment to Ely. [ 22 ] [ c ] The Constitutio domus regis , or Establishment of the King's Household , may have been written by Nigel, or possibly for his use, [ 1 ] [ 30 ] and probably was composed around 1135. [ 12 ] Ely had until 1109 been an independent monastery, but its last abbot, Richard, had proposed to the king a plan by which the abbey would become a bishopric, presumably with the abbot himself as bishop. Richard died before the proposal could be put into operation, but in 1109, the custodian of the vacant abbey secured permission to make the change and became the first Bishop of Ely. However, the administrative changes needed to make the abbey into a bishopric took longer, and were still unresolved at the time of Nigel's appointment. [ 31 ] Regardless, Nigel was constantly at court, as shown by his appearance 31 times as a witness to charters during the last ten years of Henry I's reign. [ 22 ] This left little time for administration of his diocese, and Nigel appointed a married clergyman, Ranulf of Salisbury, to administer the diocese. Ranulf seems to have tyrannized the monks of the cathedral chapter, and Nigel appears to have done little to protect his monks from abuse. [ 32 ] Later, during the early years of Stephen's reign, Nigel claimed to have uncovered a plot led by Ranulf to assassinate Normans. The exact nature of the conspiracy is obscure, and it is unclear what prompted it. [ 33 ] The medieval chronicler Orderic Vitalis claimed that Ranulf planned to kill all the Normans in the government and hand the country over to the Scots. After the discovery of the plot, Ranulf fled the country and Nigel made peace with the monks of his cathedral chapter. [ 1 ] Another source of conflict with his monks was the desire of the cathedral chapter to enjoy the same "liberty" as a corporate body that the bishops did in the diocese. [ 34 ] This liberty was a group of rights that the abbey had originally held, and had transferred to the bishop when the abbey became a bishopric. The rights included sake and soke , or the right to command dues from the land, and the right to levy tolls. They also included the right to hold courts dealing with theft. [ 35 ] Around 1135, Nigel conceded this point to the monks. [ 34 ] Although he restored some of the lands that had been taken from the monks by Ranulf, the Liber Eliensis (the house chronicle of the monks of Ely) continued to decry his administration of the diocese and the lands of the cathedral chapter, alleging that "he kept back for himself some properties of the church which he wanted, and very good ones they were". The chronicle contains a number of complaints that Nigel oppressed the monks or despoiled them. [ 36 ] Stephen's early reign Following King Henry's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the king's nephews – Stephen and his elder brother, Theobald – and Henry's surviving legitimate child Matilda , usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to Emperor Henry V . King Henry's only legitimate son, William , had died in 1120 . After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she returned to her father, who married her to Geoffrey , the count of Anjou. All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare fealty to Matilda as Henry's heir, but when Henry I died in 1135, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald contented himself with his possessions in France. Matilda, though, was less sanguine, and secured the support of the Scottish king David , who was her maternal uncle, and in 1138 also the support of her half-brother Robert, Earl of Gloucester , an illegitimate son of Henry I. [ 37 ] [ d ] After Stephen's accession, Nigel was at first retained as treasurer, but the king came to suspect him and his family of secretly supporting Matilda. [ 39 ] The prime movers behind Stephen's suspicions against the bishops were the Beaumont family , headed by the twin brothers Robert, Earl of Leicester , and Waleran, Count of Meulan , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] who wished to be the main advisors of the king. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Roger, Alexander, and Nigel together held key castles, including Salisbury, Devizes, Sherborne, Malmesbury, Sleaford, and Newark. [ 44 ] The Beaumonts alleged that Roger and his family were fortifying the castles they held in preparation for turning them over to Matilda. They urged the king to confiscate the castles before they were lost. Although the Gesta Stephani , or Deeds of King Stephen , a medieval chronicle of the events of Stephen's reign, alleges that Roger was disloyal to Stephen, the evidence is against such action by Roger, as he had been an opponent of Matilda since 1126, when she was first put forward as her father's heir. Roger and his family also had been early supporters of Stephen's seizure of the crown after Henry I's death. [ 41 ] The contemporary chronicler Orderic Vitalis felt that Roger's family were going to betray the king, but William of Malmesbury believed that the allegations were based on envy from "powerful laymen". [ 45 ] Whatever Roger's position, Nigel's own position on Matilda is less clear, and it is possible that he was never as opposed to her as his uncle. [ 46 ] No evidence survives that he was estranged from Stephen, however, as Nigel continued to witness charters throughout the first four years of Stephen's reign. [ 1 ] According to the historian Marjorie Chibnall , Nigel's family may have been caught up in a dispute between Henry of Blois and the Beaumonts. [ 47 ] Arrest of the bishops In 1139 supporters of Roger and his family brawled in public with some men who supported Alan of Brittany . [ 41 ] The brawl may have been provoked by the Beaumonts, for Alan was often associated with them. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] At a court held at Oxford in June 1139, Stephen required Roger of Salisbury, Alexander of Lincoln, and Nigel to surrender their castles as a consequence of the brawl. When Roger and his family delayed, the king ordered their arrest. [ 41 ] Nigel managed to escape arrest by fleeing to the castle of Devizes , and the king followed and began a siege. [ 50 ] The king threatened to hang Roger in front of the castle unless it capitulated, and Nigel, under pressure from Roger's wife, surrendered the castle after the siege had lasted three days. All three bishops then submitted and surrendered their secular offices and castles. They were, however, allowed to retain their dioceses. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ e ] Nigel surrendered Newark Castle and Sleaford Castle , [ 47 ] both of which had been constructed by Alexander. [ 51 ] Stephen promptly gave Newark to Robert, Earl of Leicester, who was in turn excommunicated by Alexander of Lincoln. [ 52 ] Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, who was Bishop of Winchester and papal legate in England, [ 39 ] called an ecclesiastical council at Winchester on 29 August 1139, and summoned the king to answer charges that he had unlawfully arrested clergy. The king refused to attend and sent a representative instead. After meeting for a few days, the council was dismissed on 1 September without deciding anything except to appeal to the pope. [ 53 ] In the end, the appeal never reached Rome. [ 54 ] Part of the problem confronting the assembled bishops was that Stephen had not expelled Roger's family from their ecclesiastical offices, merely their secular ones. Stephen's representatives argued that the bishops had given up their castles and money voluntarily to avoid secular charges. The defence taken by the king was not novel; it had been used before by William I and William II against Odo of Bayeux and William de St-Calais , respectively. [ 55 ] Traditionally, the arrest of the bishops has been seen as a turning point in Stephen's reign, and the event that turned the ecclesiastical hierarchy against him. Recent historians have held a lively debate on the issue; a few still hold to the traditional interpretation, [ 56 ] [ 57 ] but most have decided that reactions in the English church were more ambivalent. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] One modern historian, David Crouch , believes that the arrest of the bishops signalled the beginnings of the Anarchy , not because of any alienation of the church, but through court politics, where Stephen showed himself incapable of manipulating the factions of his court. [ 45 ] The ascendency of the Beaumonts was marked by the placement of one of their protégés, Philip de Harcourt , as Chancellor. [ 43 ] Roger died in December 1139 while in the king's custody. [ 39 ] After the death of his uncle, Nigel, then in East Anglia , revolted. [ 61 ] In January 1140, he fortified the Isle of Ely , but was soon besieged and forced to flee. [ 62 ] Even his own cathedral chapter refused to support him, and his revolt collapsed in January. Nigel took refuge at the court of Stephen's rival, the Empress Matilda, [ 61 ] who had landed in England in the south on 30 September 1139 in a bid to take the throne. [ 40 ] The revolt stood little chance of succeeding, for there were no supporters of Matilda close to East Anglia, and it is likely that Nigel reacted more out of fear and anger at his uncle's death than anything else. [ 61 ] It appears likely that Nigel appealed to Pope Innocent II at this time, for in October 1140 Innocent issued a papal bull , or papal instruction, ordering the restoration to Nigel of the lands of his bishopric, and it appears that after the capture of Stephen, Matilda managed to restore Nigel to Ely briefly. [ 1 ] In 1141 Nigel, along with his brother Alexander, was one of the supporters of Matilda who, after the capture of Stephen by Matilda's forces, reached an agreement with Henry of Blois to replace Stephen with Matilda on the throne. [ 63 ] Ultimately, this agreement came to nothing when Matilda's chief supporter, her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, was captured and later exchanged for Stephen. [ 64 ] Stephen's release meant that the king was free to send Geoffrey de Mandeville against Nigel, and Nigel submitted to the king, probably in 1142. [ 1 ] Stephen's later reign In 1143 Nigel became involved in a quarrel with the powerful Henry of Blois. Charges of depriving a priest of a church, giving church property to laymen, and encouraging sedition were brought against Nigel, and he was forced to go to Rome to defend himself, only reaching there in 1144. He did not return to his diocese until 1145. [ 65 ] He probably accompanied Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury, who went there around this time on separate business. [ 66 ] While he was there, Pope Lucius II issued a number of rulings in Nigel's favour, ordering his restitution to Ely. [ 1 ] He was then finally reconciled with Stephen by paying a fine of £200 and offering his son Richard fitzNeal as a hostage. [ 67 ] While Nigel was at Rome, Ely was attacked by the king's forces. The monks sent to Geoffrey de Mandeville for aid, and Geoffrey came and occupied the Isle of Ely, while the king's forces occupied the lands of the diocese outside the Isle. Both occupying forces did damage to the lands of the diocese and the cathedral chapter. [ 68 ] The monks, in the Liber Eliensis , complained that Nigel had taken items from the church to finance his trip, [ 69 ] and that they were required to help contribute to the bribe when Nigel was reconciled with Stephen. [ 70 ] By 1147, Nigel was again witnessing Stephen's charters, and in 1153 or 1154 he was named in a grant of lands to St Radegund's Priory in Cambridge. [ 1 ] He assisted with the consecration of Hilary of Chichester as Bishop of Chichester in August 1147. [ 71 ] He took part in shire courts in both Norfolk and Suffolk in 1150, [ 23 ] and continued to assist with episcopal consecrations throughout the remainder of Stephen's reign. [ 72 ] No records exist of him being involved with treasury affairs during this time. His witnessing of charters is sparse, and almost always in company with other bishops; this suggests that he was at court only for councils or other similar events. [ 73 ] Nigel was a witness to Stephen's charter that left England to Matilda's son, Henry of Anjou . When Henry succeeded Stephen, Nigel was present at the coronation. [ 1 ] Return to the Exchequer After the accession of Henry II, Nigel was summoned to reorganize the Exchequer, [ 74 ] or treasury, that was responsible for the production of the government's financial records, including the Pipe Rolls . [ 75 ] The king had to ask Nigel several times to return before the bishop agreed, and one reason for Nigel's reluctance may have been that he would have to work with Robert, Earl of Leicester, one of the Beaumonts, who had been responsible for turning Stephen against Nigel's family in 1139. [ 74 ] Another of Nigel's colleagues in the administration was a layman, Richard de Lucy , who served as a justice until 1178. [ 76 ] Nigel was the only surviving minister of Henry I, and his knowledge of the Exchequer was needed to help reorganize the revenues of the king and restore administrative practices lost during Stephen's reign. [ 77 ] The lone pipe roll to survive from Henry I's reign, for the year 1130, may be Nigel's own copy, brought with him to the Exchequer when he returned under Henry II. Nigel was able to increase the revenues compared to what had been collected under Stephen, but he was unable to quickly return them to the amounts collected under Henry I. [ 78 ] It may have been Nigel who urged the king to attempt to recover estates that had been alienated during Stephen's reign. [ 79 ] The pipe roll for 1155–1156 has several entries which declare that Nigel was making decisions about monetary affairs and issuing writs, but later pipe rolls do not contain any such entries. [ 23 ] It appears likely that after the initial reorganization of the Exchequer, Nigel's involvement lessened. He continued to be active, though, and obtained tax exemptions and other privileges until his death in 1169. His son, Richard fitzNeal, who is the main source for information about Nigel's career in the Exchequer, stated that he fulfilled Nigel's treasury duties when Nigel was ill. [ 80 ] Nigel continued to spar with Robert, the Earl of Leicester, and Richard fitzNeal relays a story about Nigel and Robert confronting each other at the Exchequer over traditional exemptions of the barons of the Exchequer , or judges of the Exchequer. [ 81 ] Among the reforms carried out by Nigel were the restoration of the "blanch farm" system, whereby a random sample of coins was assayed and any shortage was collected from the sheriff, and the restoration of collections from a swath of counties that had quit paying taxes during Stephen's reign. The most substantial change was the return to a unified system of finances, which in turn required a reconciliation of the two different systems in use by Stephen and Matilda. [ 82 ] Despite Nigel's reinstatement to the Exchequer, and the nomination of his son as treasurer, Nigel did not enjoy the power that his uncle had wielded under Henry I. [ 83 ] The exact date of Richard's appointment as treasurer is obscure, but it was sometime between 1158 and 1160, as he is securely attested as treasurer in 1160. [ 84 ] The Liber Eliensis states that Nigel paid the king £400 to secure the office for Richard. [ 1 ] Some historians have seen Nigel as Henry II's "minister of finance". [ 85 ] Nigel also served as a royal justice under Henry II. Although his relations with the government had improved, his relations with the monks of his cathedral chapter, which had never been good, continued to be marked by quarrels. In 1156 the English Pope Adrian IV threatened to suspend Nigel from office unless the bishop restored all the lands that had belonged to the church when Nigel became bishop. The restitution was hampered by the absence of the king from England, and the dispute dragged on until finally it was resolved by Nigel pledging in front of Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury, to restore the lands. [ 1 ] By 1158 Nigel had managed to restore enough possessions that Adrian relaxed the conditions. [ 86 ] Even this did not end the quarrels with the monks, as Nigel then named a married clerk as sacrist of Ely, an action which was condemned by Thomas Becket , the new Archbishop of Canterbury. [ 1 ] Nigel did manage to secure a reduction in the assessment of knight's fees due from the diocese, from the sixty fees that were due under Henry I to forty in 1166. [ 87 ] Death and legacy Nigel died on 30 May 1169. [ 28 ] In either 1164 or in 1166, or possibly both, he had been struck by paralysis, and after this he seems to have withdrawn from active affairs. He took little part in the disputes between the king and Thomas Becket , [ 1 ] although he did agree with his fellow bishops who opposed the king's attempt to reduce clerical benefits. [ 2 ] He may have been buried at Ely, where a 12th-century marble slab possibly marks his tomb. [ 1 ] [ f ] Nigel was a married bishop , [ 89 ] and his son Richard fitzNeal was later Lord Treasurer and Bishop of London . [ 19 ] [ g ] Another son was William, called William the Englishman. [ 1 ] Richard, who wrote the Dialogus de Scaccario , or Dialogue concerning the Exchequer about the procedures of the Exchequer, had been taught those procedures by his father. [ 25 ] Nigel's uncle Roger had at least one son, Roger, who was King Stephen's chancellor; Adelelm, who succeeded Nigel as treasurer after his first term, was probably Roger's son also. [ 90 ] Another relative was William of Ely , who succeeded Richard fitzNeal as treasurer in 1196, [ 91 ] although the exact relationship is unclear. [ 16 ] Nigel was active in draining the Fens , the swampy land around Ely, to increase the agricultural lands around his bishopric. [ 92 ] He also fortified the Isle of Ely with stone defences, [ 93 ] probably starting around 1140. The remains of one castle on Cherry Hill in Ely probably date to Nigel's fortifications. [ 94 ] Early in his time as bishop he was active in recovering the church's lands that had been granted to knights by his predecessors, and soon after his consecration he ordered an inquest made into the lands actually owned by the diocese and cathedral chapter. [ 95 ] The bishop spent most of his life in debt, but in the year he died he managed to clear it with his son's help. [ 96 ] The monks of his cathedral chapter did not like the fact that they were required to pay for the bishop's appeals to Rome to recover his see, or pay for regaining the king's favour. Their dislike of their bishop is evident in the Liber Eliensis . [ 97 ] The art historian C. R. Dodwell wrote of Nigel's efforts: When ... Nigel ... needed to raise money in order to repair his own political fortunes, he stripped down, sold, or used as security, a quite astounding number of Ely's monastic treasures. These numbered Crucifixes of gold and silver from the Anglo-Saxon past, and they included an alb with gold-embroidered apparels, given by St Æthelwold, and a chasuble , given by King Edgar, which was almost all of gold. A gold and bejewelled textile covering ... was sold to the Bishop of Lincoln, Alexander, who took it with him to Rome as a gift of particular splendour. It is a biting commentary on attitudes of the Anglo-Norman episcopy to Anglo-Saxon art , that it was left to the pope to point out that such an artistic heirloom should never have left Ely in the first place and to order its return. [ 98 ] When ... Nigel ... needed to raise money in order to repair his own political fortunes, he stripped down, sold, or used as security, a quite astounding number of Ely's monastic treasures. These numbered Crucifixes of gold and silver from the Anglo-Saxon past, and they included an alb with gold-embroidered apparels, given by St Æthelwold, and a chasuble , given by King Edgar, which was almost all of gold. A gold and bejewelled textile covering ... was sold to the Bishop of Lincoln, Alexander, who took it with him to Rome as a gift of particular splendour. It is a biting commentary on attitudes of the Anglo-Norman episcopy to Anglo-Saxon art , that it was left to the pope to point out that such an artistic heirloom should never have left Ely in the first place and to order its return. [ 98 ] Most historians have seen Nigel as an administrator, not a religious bishop. The historian David Knowles wrote that Nigel "had devoted all his energies and abilities to matters purely secular; in the department of financial administration he was supreme, and more than any other man he helped to ensure the continuity and development of the excellent administrative practice initiated under Henry I". [ 2 ] The historian W. L. Warren said that "Stephen probably paid dearly for the dismissal of Bishop Roger of Salisbury and Bishop Nigel of Ely, for the expertise of the exchequer was lodged in their expertise." [ 99 ] Whatever Nigel's administrative talent, his ecclesiastical abilities are generally held to be low; the Gesta Stephani says both he and Alexander were "men who loved display and were rash in their reckless presumption ... disregarding the holy and simple manner of life that befits a Christian priest they devoted themselves so utterly to warfare and the vanities of this world that whenever they attended court by appointment they ... aroused general astonishment on account of the extraordinary concourse of knights by which they were surrounded on every side." [ 100 ] Notes ^ Sometimes known as Nigel Poor or Nigel of Ely ^ Adelelm was either the son or the nephew of Roger of Salisbury. [ 23 ] ^ Whether or not Nigel continued to hold office until 1136, it is clear that Adelelm was not put into office until 1136. [ 29 ] ^ Henry I had more than 20 illegitimate children. [ 38 ] ^ Adelelm also lost his office of Treasurer, and no further Treasurer was appointed until 1158 or 1159. [ 29 ] ^ This slab, which is decorated with an image of the archangel Michael , was found in another church in Ely in 1829 and is now in the north choir aisle of Ely Cathedral. The fact that it was found outside the cathedral does not preclude it having once been there, as the cathedral's tombs and monuments underwent two large regroupings, once in the late 17th century and again in the middle 18th century. [ 88 ] ^ The modern biographer of Roger of Salisbury states that Richard was born before Nigel's consecration, although he gives no source for this information. [ 12 ] Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Hudson "Nigel" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ^ a b c d Knowles Episcopal Colleagues pp. 9–12 ^ Brett English Church p. 110 footnote 4 ^ Spear "Norman Empire" Journal of British Studies p. 6 ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 15–19 ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 64–65 ^ Hollister Henry I pp. 47–49 ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 65–70 ^ Cantor Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture p. 298 ^ Cantor Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture p. 293 footnote 122 ^ a b Barlow English Church p. 88 ^ a b c d Kealey Roger of Salisbury p. 24 ^ Hollister Henry I p. 432 ^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Bishops: Ely ^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 4: Salisbury: Archdeacons of Salisbury ^ a b Kealey Roger of Salisbury pp. 274–275 ^ Kealey Roger of Salisbury p. 49 footnote 74 ^ Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants pp. 828–829 ^ a b Barlow English Church p. 79 ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 103 ^ Green Government of England p. 263 ^ a b c d Hollister "Origins of the English Treasury" English Historical Review p. 271 ^ a b c d e f Karn "Nigel" Historical Research p. 302 ^ Coredon Dictionary p. 235 ^ a b Chibnall Anglo-Norman England p. 125 ^ Hollister Henry I p. 464 ^ Kealey Roger of Salisbury pp. 144–145 ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 244 ^ a b Hollister "Origins of the English Treasury" English Historical Review p. 272 ^ Lyon Constitutional and Legal History p. 112 ^ Miller Abbey and Bishopric of Ely pp. 75–76 ^ Kealey Roger of Salisbury p. 144 ^ Kealey Roger of Salisbury pp. 167–168 ^ a b Miller Abbey and Bishopric of Ely pp. 199–200 ^ Miller Abbey and Bishopric of Ely pp. 26–27 ^ Fairweather Liber Eliensis pp. 366–367 ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 71–73 ^ Hollister Henry I p. 41 ^ a b c Barlow English Church p. 95 ^ a b Huscroft Ruling England p. 73 ^ a b c d Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" Journal of Medieval History' p. 98 ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen pp. 93–97 ^ a b c Davis King Stephen pp. 28–30 ^ a b Callahan "Arrest of the Bishops" Haskins Society Journal p. 98 ^ a b Crouch Beaumont Twins pp. 43–44 ^ Kealey Roger of Salisbury p. 186 ^ a b Chibnall Empress Matilda p. 79 ^ Crouch Beaumont Twins p. 44 ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 61 ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 96 ^ Pettifer English Castles pp. 148 & 201 ^ Crouch Beaumont Twins p. 45 ^ Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" Journal of Medieval History p. 99 ^ Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" Journal of Medieval History p. 103 ^ Callahan "Arrest of the Bishops" Haskins Society Journal pp. 99–101 ^ Loyn English Church pp. 126–127 ^ Callahan "Arrest of the Bishops" Haskins Society Journal pp. 97–106 ^ Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" Journal of Medieval History pp. 97–108 ^ Matthew King Stephen pp. 84–85, 91–93 ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen pp. 97–100 ^ a b c Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 115 ^ Davis King Stephen p. 41 ^ Davis King Stephen p. 52 ^ Huscroft Ruling England p. 74 ^ Davis King Stephen pp. 77–78 ^ Saltman Theobald p. 20 ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings pp. 49–50 ^ Knowles Monastic Order pp. 270–271 ^ Fairweather Liber Eliensis pp. 400–401 ^ Fairweather Liber Eliensis pp. 411–412 ^ Saltman Theobald pp. 100–101 ^ Saltman Theobald pp. 104, 107, 119, 123 ^ Karn "Nigel" Historical Research pp. 302–303 ^ a b Warren Henry II p. 266 ^ Karn "Nigel" Historical Research pp. 300–301 ^ Richard and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England p. 167 ^ Huscroft Ruling England p. 155 ^ Matthew King Stephen pp. 218–219 ^ Richardson and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England pp. 262–263 ^ Karn "Nigel" Historical Research p. 304 ^ Crouch Beaumont Twins p. 91 ^ Karn "Nigel" Historical Research p. 305 ^ Karn "Nigel" Historical Research p. 310 ^ Chrimes Introduction to the Administrative History p. 51 ^ Richardson and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England p. 150 ^ Saltman Theobald p. 150 ^ Richardson and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England pp. 87–88 ^ Sayers "Once 'Proud Prelate'" Journal of the British Archaeological Association p. 67 ^ Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 183 ^ Green Government of England p. 185 ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 391 ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom of England p. 267 ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 94 footnote 26 ^ Miller Abbey and Bishopric of Ely p. 157 ^ Miller Abbey and Bishopric of Ely pp. 167–169 ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 349 ^ Matthew King Stephen pp. 136–137 ^ Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art pp. 220–221 ^ Warren Governance of Norman and Angevin England p. 99 ^ Quoted in Hudson "Nigel" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography References .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church . New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50236-5 . Barlow, Frank (1988). The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 (Fourth ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49504-0 . Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225 . Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8 . Brett, M. (1975). The English Church under Henry I . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821861-3 . Callahan, Thomas Jr. (1993). "The Arrest of the Bishops at Stephen's Court: A Reassessment". In Patterson, Robert B. (ed.). Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History . Vol. 4. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. pp. 97– 108. ISBN 0-85115-333-X . Cantorm Norman F. (1958). Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England 1089–1135 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Chibnall, Marjorie (1986). Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166 . Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-15439-6 . Chibnall, Marjorie (1991). The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English . Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19028-7 . Chrimes, S. B. (1966). An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England (Third ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. OCLC 270094959 . Coredon, Christopher (2007). A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases (Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-138-8 . Crouch, David (1986). The Beaumont Twins: The Roots & Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century (reprint of 2008 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09013-1 . Crouch, David (2000). The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 . New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-22657-0 . Davis, R. H. C. (1990). King Stephen 1135–1154 (Third ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04000-0 . Dodwell, C.R. (1982). Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective . Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-0926-X . Fairweather, Janet, ed. (2005). Liber Eliensis . Fairweather, Janet (trans.). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. ISBN 978-1-84383-015-3 . Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Revised Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X . Green, Judith A. (1986). The Government of England Under Henry I . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37586-X . Greenway, Diana E. (1991). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 4: Salisbury: Archdeacons of Salisbury . Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2009 . Greenway, Diana E. (1971). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Bishops: Ely . Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Hollister, C. Warren (2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.). Henry I . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08858-2 . Hollister, C. W. (April 1978). "The Origins of the English Treasury". The English Historical Review . 93 (367): 262– 275. doi : 10.1093/ehr/XCIII.CCCLXVII.262 . JSTOR 567061 . Hudson, John (2004). "Nigel" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/20190 . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . (subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required) Huscroft, Richard (2005). Ruling England 1042–1217 . London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-84882-2 . Karn, Nicholas (August 2007). "Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and the Restoration of the Exchequer after the 'Anarchy' of King Stephen's Reign". Historical Research . 80 (209): 299– 314. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00392.x . Kealey, Edward J. (1972). Roger of Salisbury, Viceroy of England . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01985-7 . Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. (2002). Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum . Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-863-3 . Knowles, David (1951). The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 2742571 . Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 (Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6 . Loyn, H. R. (2000). The English Church, 940–1154 . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-30303-6 . Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England (Second ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-95132-4 . Matthew, Donald (2002). King Stephen . London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-514-2 . Miller, Edward (1951). The Abbey and Bishopric of Ely (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 3008323 . Pettifer, Adrian (1995). English Castles: A Guide by Counties . Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. ISBN 0-85115-782-3 . Poole, Austin Lane (1955). From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821707-2 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Richardson, H. G.; Sayles, G. O. (1963). The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. OCLC 504298 . Saltman, Avrom (1956). Theobald: Archbishop of Canterbury . London: Athlone Press. OCLC 385687 . Sayers, Jane (2009). "A Once Proud Prelate: An Unidentified Episcopal Monument in Ely Cathedral". Journal of the British Archaeological Association . 162 : 67– 87. doi : 10.1179/006812809x12448232842376 . S2CID 192184394 . Spear, David S. (Spring 1982). "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066-1204". Journal of British Studies . XXI (2): 1– 10. doi : 10.1086/385787 . JSTOR 175531 . S2CID 153511298 . Warren, W. L. (1987). The Governance of Norman and Angevin England 1086–1272 . The Governance of England. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6378-X . Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03494-5 . Yoshitake, Kenji (1988). "The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences". Journal of Medieval History . 14 (2): 97– 114. doi : 10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-X . Further reading Round, J. H. (July 1893). "Nigel, Bishop of Ely". The English Historical Review . 8 (31): 515– 519. doi : 10.1093/ehr/VIII.XXXI.515 . JSTOR 547367 . Political offices New title Lord High Treasurer c. 1126 Succeeded by Adelelm Preceded by Adelelm Lord High Treasurer c. 1154 – c. 1158 Succeeded by Richard FitzNeal Catholic Church titles Preceded by Hervey le Breton Bishop of Ely 1133–1169 Succeeded by Geoffrey Ridel .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Bishops of Ely v t e High Medieval Hervey le Breton Nigel Geoffrey Ridel William de Longchamp Eustace Robert of York John of Fountains Geoffrey de Burgh Hugh of Northwold William of Kilkenny Hugh de Balsham John Kirkby William of Louth John Salmon / John Langton Ralph Walpole Hervey le Breton Nigel Geoffrey Ridel William de Longchamp Eustace Robert of York John of Fountains Geoffrey de Burgh Hugh of Northwold William of Kilkenny Hugh de Balsham John Kirkby William of Louth John Salmon / John Langton Ralph Walpole Late Medieval Robert Orford John Ketton John Hotham Simon Montacute Thomas de Lisle Simon Langham John Barnet Thomas Arundel John Fordham Philip Morgan Lewis of Luxembourg Thomas Bourchier William Grey John Morton John Alcock Robert Orford John Ketton John Hotham Simon Montacute Thomas de Lisle Simon Langham John Barnet Thomas Arundel John Fordham Philip Morgan Lewis of Luxembourg Thomas Bourchier William Grey John Morton John Alcock Early modern Richard Redman James Stanley Nicholas West Thomas Goodrich Thomas Thirlby Richard Cox Martin Heton Lancelot Andrewes Nicholas Felton John Buckeridge Francis White Matthew Wren Episcopacy abolished ( Commonwealth ) Matthew Wren Benjamin Lany Peter Gunning Francis Turner Simon Patrick John Moore William Fleetwood Thomas Green Robert Butts Thomas Gooch Matthias Mawson Edmund Keene James Yorke Richard Redman James Stanley Nicholas West Thomas Goodrich Thomas Thirlby Richard Cox Martin Heton Lancelot Andrewes Nicholas Felton John Buckeridge Francis White Matthew Wren Episcopacy abolished ( Commonwealth ) Matthew Wren Benjamin Lany Peter Gunning Francis Turner Simon Patrick John Moore William Fleetwood Thomas Green Robert Butts Thomas Gooch Matthias Mawson Edmund Keene James Yorke Late modern Thomas Dampier Bowyer Sparke Joseph Allen Thomas Turton Harold Browne James Woodford Lord Alwyne Compton Frederic Chase Leonard White-Thomson Bernard Heywood Edward Wynn Noel Hudson Edward Roberts Peter Walker Stephen Sykes Anthony Russell Stephen Conway Thomas Dampier Bowyer Sparke Joseph Allen Thomas Turton Harold Browne James Woodford Lord Alwyne Compton Frederic Chase Leonard White-Thomson Bernard Heywood Edward Wynn Noel Hudson Edward Roberts Peter Walker Stephen Sykes Anthony Russell Stephen Conway v t e Lord high treasurers of pre- Plantagenet England (1126–1216) v t e House of Normandy (1066–1135) Henry I (1100–1135) Nigel (c. 1126–1133) Henry I (1100–1135) Nigel (c. 1126–1133) Nigel (c. 1126–1133) House of Blois (1135–1154) Stephen (1135–1154) Adelelm (c. 1136–1139) Stephen (1135–1154) Adelelm (c. 1136–1139) Adelelm (c. 1136–1139) House of Anjou (1154–1216) Henry II (1154–1189) Nigel (c. 1154–1158) Richard FitzNeal (1159–1189) Richard I (1189–1199) Richard FitzNeal (1189–1196) William of Ely (1196–1199) John (1199–1216) William of Ely (1199–1215) Henry II (1154–1189) Nigel (c. 1154–1158) Richard FitzNeal (1159–1189) Nigel (c. 1154–1158) Richard FitzNeal (1159–1189) Richard I (1189–1199) Richard FitzNeal (1189–1196) William of Ely (1196–1199) Richard FitzNeal (1189–1196) William of Ely (1196–1199) John (1199–1216) William of Ely (1199–1215) William of Ely (1199–1215) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Spain Norway Israel United States Spain Norway Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1100s births 1169 deaths Lord high treasurers of England Anglo-Normans Bishops of Ely 12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops People of The Anarchy Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from March 2023 CS1 errors: ISBN date Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter Featured articles Year of birth uncertain This page was last edited on 4 July 2025, at 00:40 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_(bishop_of_Ely)
|
Main page Simple start Simple talk New changes Show any page Help Contact us About Wikipedia Special pages Give to Wikipedia Create account Log in Give to Wikipedia Create account Log in Wikipedia : Very good articles Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Қазақша Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 West-Vlams 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Toki pona Project page Talk Read Change source View history Read Change source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Make a book Download as PDF Page for printing Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikidata Wikidata item Very good articles in Wikipedia .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:VGA WP:FA This star represents the very good content on Wikipedia. Very good articles are the best articles in the Simple English Wikipedia , as chosen by Wikipedia's editors . Before being put here, articles are looked at ( Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles ) to make sure they are right, complete, show all sides of the story and have the correct style, according to our requirements for very good articles . Currently, there are 28 very good articles, from of a total of 278,896 articles on Simple English Wikipedia. This is about one in &&&&&&&&&&&&9960.&&&&&0 9,960 articles listed here. If they do not seem to be very good anymore, you can suggest that they should be improved or removed, at Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion . All very good articles come with a template { { vgood } } ; this makes a star appear in the top right of the page. The star shows that the article is a very good article in the Simple English Wikipedia. Read a random very good article... Very good articles The newest item is at the top: Luis Suárez Miramontes Olivia Rodrigo Bowls Neptune Fred Rogers Lawrence, Kansas The Lightning Thief Commodore Nutt Mourning dove Le Spectre de la rose ...more Very good articles in Wikipedia .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:VGA WP:FA This star represents the very good content on Wikipedia. Very good articles are the best articles in the Simple English Wikipedia , as chosen by Wikipedia's editors . Before being put here, articles are looked at ( Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles ) to make sure they are right, complete, show all sides of the story and have the correct style, according to our requirements for very good articles . Currently, there are 28 very good articles, from of a total of 278,896 articles on Simple English Wikipedia. This is about one in &&&&&&&&&&&&9960.&&&&&0 9,960 articles listed here. If they do not seem to be very good anymore, you can suggest that they should be improved or removed, at Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion . All very good articles come with a template { { vgood } } ; this makes a star appear in the top right of the page. The star shows that the article is a very good article in the Simple English Wikipedia. Read a random very good article... Very good articles in Wikipedia WP:VGA WP:FA Very good articles are the best articles in the Simple English Wikipedia , as chosen by Wikipedia's editors . Before being put here, articles are looked at ( Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles ) to make sure they are right, complete, show all sides of the story and have the correct style, according to our requirements for very good articles . Currently, there are 28 very good articles, from of a total of 278,896 articles on Simple English Wikipedia. This is about one in &&&&&&&&&&&&9960.&&&&&0 9,960 articles listed here. If they do not seem to be very good anymore, you can suggest that they should be improved or removed, at Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion . All very good articles come with a template { { vgood } } ; this makes a star appear in the top right of the page. The star shows that the article is a very good article in the Simple English Wikipedia. Read a random very good article... Very good articles The newest item is at the top: Luis Suárez Miramontes Olivia Rodrigo Bowls Neptune Fred Rogers Lawrence, Kansas The Lightning Thief Commodore Nutt Mourning dove Le Spectre de la rose ...more Very good articles The newest item is at the top: Luis Suárez Miramontes Olivia Rodrigo Bowls Neptune Fred Rogers Lawrence, Kansas The Lightning Thief Commodore Nutt Mourning dove Le Spectre de la rose Very good articles This page was last changed on 2 January 2026, at 21:39. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License and the GFDL ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Very_good_articles
|
Main page Welcome Community portal Village pump Help center Upload file Recent changes Latest files Random file Contact us Special pages Afrikaans Aragonés العربية مصرى Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Bosanski Català Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Alemannisch עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lietuvių Latviešu Македонски Монгол Bahasa Melayu Mirandés 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan Picard Polski پښتو Português Română Русский Sicilianu Scots Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Walon 吴语 粵語 中文 English Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Category : Carolingian dynasty Category Discussion Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Wikipedia Wikidata item Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel Upload media Wikipedia Instance of dynasty dynasty Part of Germanic people Germanic people Named after Charles Martel Charles Martel Location Carolingian Empire Carolingian Empire Authority file Q133602 VIAF cluster ID: 50020166 , 4452155832966433490006 , 268442211 , 305658979 , 22151776766218011064 GND ID: 118721003 Library of Congress authority ID: sh85020340 Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 11966135g IdRef ID: 027668045 NDL Authority ID: 00565056 NL CR AUT ID: osd2012721741 National Library of Spain SpMaBN ID (BNE v1.0): XX527805 National Library of Poland MMS ID: 9810631734705606 National Library of Israel J9U ID: 987007283465005171 Reasonator Scholia Wikidocumentaries PetScan statistics WikiMap Locator tool KML file Search depicted Authority file Q133602 VIAF cluster ID: 50020166 , 4452155832966433490006 , 268442211 , 305658979 , 22151776766218011064 GND ID: 118721003 Library of Congress authority ID: sh85020340 Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 11966135g IdRef ID: 027668045 NDL Authority ID: 00565056 NL CR AUT ID: osd2012721741 National Library of Spain SpMaBN ID (BNE v1.0): XX527805 National Library of Poland MMS ID: 9810631734705606 National Library of Israel J9U ID: 987007283465005171 Reasonator Scholia Wikidocumentaries PetScan statistics WikiMap Locator tool KML file Search depicted Reasonator Scholia Wikidocumentaries PetScan statistics WikiMap Locator tool KML file Search depicted Subcategories This category has the following 55 subcategories, out of 55 total. Carolingian coins (17 C, 22 F) Carolingian Empire (8 C, 3 F) Carolingians family trees (18 F) Counts of Chiny (7 C) Counts of Vermandois (8 C) * Coats of arms of the Carolingian dynasty (1 C, 3 F) A Adalard de Corbie (8 F) Adela of Vermandois (2 F) Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois (2 F) Arnulf of Carinthia (2 C, 1 P, 27 F) B Saint Bavo (8 C, 24 F) Saint Begga (4 C, 26 F) Bernard, King of Italy (13 F) Bertrada of Laon (2 C, 3 F) C Carloman (–754) (7 F) Carloman I (2 C, 4 F) Carloman II of France (3 C, 28 F) Carloman of Bavaria (16 F) Chalpaida (1 C, 1 F) Carolus Magnus (28 C, 2 P, 63 F) Charles Martel (6 C, 57 F) Charles the Bald (10 C, 5429 F) Charles the Fat (4 C, 37 F) Charles III of France (1 C, 31 F) Charles of Provence (1 C, 10 F) Charles de Basse-Lotharingie (18 F) Childebert the Adopted (1 C, 5 F) D Drogo of Metz (2 C, 1 F) E Einhard (4 C, 16 F) G Saint Gertrude of Nivelles (7 C, 16 F) Gisela of Friuli (3 F) Grimoald the Younger (3 F) H Herbert II of Vermandois (1 F) J Judith of France (14 F) L Liutgarde de Vermandois (1 C) Lothair I (7 C, 34 F) Lothair II of Lotharingia (1 C, 17 F) Lothair of France (2 C, 29 F) Louis the Pious (5 C, 555 F) Louis II of France (2 C, 28 F) Louis the German (4 C, 1 P, 41 F) Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (3 C, 30 F) Louis III of France (3 C, 21 F) Louis the Younger (1 C, 15 F) Louis the Child (1 C, 9 F) Louis IV of France (2 C, 14 F) Louis V of France (5 C, 15 F) M Mathilde of France (2 F) P Pépin le Bref (3 C, 50 F) Pepin of Herstal (2 C, 10 F) Pepin of Italy (10 F) Pepin of Landen (1 C, 9 F) Pepin the Hunchback (1 C, 1 F) R Saint Remigius de Rouen (4 F) Z Zwentibold (1 C, 3 F) Media in category "Carolingian dynasty" The following 42 files are in this category, out of 42 total. 24. Otton, duc de Basse-Lotharingie, et son épouse.jpg 842 × 608; 181 KB AdelaVermandois.jpg 394 × 528; 144 KB Arco de Eginardo-Einhardsboog-Éginhard Arc.jpg 12,600 × 7,813; 58.93 MB Carolingian - Book-Cover Plaque with the Crucifixion and Holy Women at the Tomb - Walters 71142 - Back.jpg 1,176 × 1,800; 164 KB D497- N° 293. Terres patrimoniales des Carolingiens. -liv3-ch5.png 1,444 × 1,898; 283 KB Drogon.jpeg 90 × 104; 6 KB Grimoald II the Younger Brabant.jpg 1,196 × 1,500; 685 KB Hildegarde der Franken, NG-2011-98-4.jpg 4,146 × 5,446; 1.41 MB Kupka-homme-terre-elisee-reclus-1.jpg 1,000 × 891; 317 KB M F Gervais Monarchs of France.pdf 7,529 × 21,406; 9.12 MB M F Gervais Monarques de France.pdf 7,529 × 21,406; 9.1 MB Mittlerer Breisgau Zeit der Karolinger Karte.jpg 1,249 × 1,178; 792 KB Monnaie - Monnaie carolingienne, Toulouse - btv1b10671038n (1 of 2).jpg 5,596 × 5,301; 2.92 MB Monnaie. Denier, Limoges, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10442462k (1 of 2).jpg 2,232 × 2,232; 656 KB Monnaie. Denier, Poitiers, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10442340g (2 of 2).jpg 2,277 × 2,277; 564 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Louis II ou Louis III l'Aveugle - btv1b104135576 (1 of 2).jpg 2,292 × 2,292; 603 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Louis II ou Louis III l'Aveugle - btv1b104135576 (2 of 2).jpg 2,292 × 2,292; 616 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413527z (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 610 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413527z (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 617 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413528d (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 610 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413528d (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 595 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413529v (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 607 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413529v (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 616 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b104135307 (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 587 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b104135307 (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 577 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413531p (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 610 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413531p (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 591 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b104135324 (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 598 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b104135324 (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 604 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b104135341 (1 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 604 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b104135341 (2 of 2).jpg 2,243 × 2,243; 670 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413536x (1 of 2).jpg 2,150 × 2,150; 563 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10455991m (1 of 2).jpg 2,196 × 2,196; 591 KB Monnaie. Denier, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10455991m (2 of 2).jpg 2,196 × 2,196; 619 KB Monnaie. Obole, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413538t (1 of 2).jpg 1,779 × 1,779; 375 KB Monnaie. Obole, Toulouse, Pépin II d'Aquitaine - btv1b10413538t (2 of 2).jpg 1,779 × 1,779; 370 KB Pepin I Aquitaine denier 817 838.jpg 1,355 × 1,349; 830 KB Pepin II d Aquitaine obole 845 to 848.jpg 568 × 606; 211 KB Portret van graaf Otto von Verdun graaf van Lorraine Othon fils du comte de Verdun (titel op object), RP-P-BI-482.jpg 4,088 × 6,026; 6.15 MB Portret van Grimoald (I), RP-P-OB-7993.jpg 3,202 × 4,674; 2.59 MB Portret van Lodewijk IV van Frankrijk of Lodewijk V van West-Francië, RP-P-1920-1769.jpg 3,440 × 4,374; 1.51 MB Vestige de l'église carolingienne Saint-Félix de Lézignan-Corbières.jpg 1,920 × 1,080; 1.1 MB Carolingian period Frankish people German royal dynasties French royal dynasties Dynasties by name Royalty of France Carolingian Empire Uses of Wikidata Infobox This page was last edited on 2 April 2023, at 16:34. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy . Privacy policy About Wikimedia Commons Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carolingian_dynasty
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Japanese expansionism and the Chinese Civil War 1.2 Formation of a northwestern alliance 1.3 Sluggish negotiations 1.1 Japanese expansionism and the Chinese Civil War 1.2 Formation of a northwestern alliance 1.3 Sluggish negotiations 2 Chiang's arrest 3 Immediate reactions Toggle Immediate reactions subsection 3.1 Stalin's intervention and CCP reversal 3.1 Stalin's intervention and CCP reversal 4 Negotiations 5 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 5.1 The Second United Front 5.1 The Second United Front 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Xi'an Incident Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng, and Chiang Kai-shek two months before the incident Date 12–26 December 1936 Location Xi'an , Republic of China Participants .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Zhang Xueliang Chiang Kai-shek Yang Hucheng Zhou Enlai others Zhang Xueliang Chiang Kai-shek Yang Hucheng Zhou Enlai others Outcome Chiang released Zhang arrested by Chiang Ceasefire in the Chinese Civil War See Aftermath Chiang released Zhang arrested by Chiang Ceasefire in the Chinese Civil War See Aftermath Chinese name Traditional Chinese 西安事變 Simplified Chinese 西安事变 Postal Sian Incident Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xī'ān Shìbiàn Wade–Giles Hsi-an Shih-pian (Hsi-an Incident) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xī'ān Shìbiàn Wade–Giles Hsi-an Shih-pian (Hsi-an Incident) The Xi'an Incident [ a ] was a Chinese political crisis that lasted from 12 to 26 December 1936. Soldiers of the Northeastern Army under the command of General Zhang Xueliang arrested Chiang Kai-shek , the leader of the Nationalist government of China , while the latter was in Xi'an to review the troops. Zhang demanded that Chiang agree to a ceasefire in the Chinese Civil War so that the Nationalist government could ally with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) against Japanese expansionism. Negotiations were held between Chiang and the CCP, resulting in verbal agreement on the broad outlines of an alliance. After Chiang was released, he publicly renounced the terms he had agreed to in captivity, but secretly continued the negotiations that would result in the Second United Front . The Xi'an Incident followed months of secret negotiations between the CCP and the Nationalists. Only minor progress had been made by December 1936. However, the CCP had also been negotiating directly with the Nationalist armies that surrounded it, including the Northeastern Army. These negotiations had been much more successful. The CCP formed a secret alliance with Zhang's Northeastern Army and Yang Hucheng 's Northwestern Army that aimed to see the civil war ended and a war of national liberation begun against Japan. With encouragement from the CCP, Zhang repeatedly but unsuccessfully pressured Chiang to agree to a ceasefire with the CCP. After Chiang gave Zhang an ultimatum to either attack the Communists or be reassigned, Zhang decided to take Chiang hostage and force a settlement. Chiang Kai-shek's sudden capture was shocking news. The CCP was ecstatic, believing that an agreement with Chiang was no longer necessary now that he was in the custody of their ally, and they recommended he be put on trial and executed. Joseph Stalin , however, was worried that executing Chiang would make an alliance with the Nationalist government impossible, and ordered the CCP to bring the incident to a peaceful resolution. The CCP accepted this directive and instructed Zhou Enlai to begin negotiations. The Nationalist government was thrown into disarray and was at first unsure at how to react. A full military assault on Xi'an was nearly carried out by General He Yingqin before Soong Mei-ling (Chiang's wife) and other leaders of the "peace faction" prevailed. Soong and other close advisors to Chiang flew to Xi'an and convinced him to begin negotiations with the Communists. After a few weeks of slow progress, Chiang had agreed in principle to a ceasefire and a united front against Japan. On 25 December, Zhang agreed to release Chiang and accompany him back to Nanjing . Upon arrival, Chiang immediately had Zhang arrested—he remained under house arrest until 1990. Chiang made public statements that he had reneged on his agreements, but in private he invited Zhou Enlai to come to Nanjing. Negotiations on the specifics of an alliance continued until shortly after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War , at which point the two sides were able to finalize their terms. Background Japanese expansionism and the Chinese Civil War The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Chinese Nationalists had been engaged in a civil war since 1927. Although the Empire of Japan 's expansionism in China posed a clear threat to both sides, at first it did not lead to a cessation of hostilities. [ 1 ] Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek believed that "The Japanese are a disease of the skin. The Communists are a disease of the heart." [ 2 ] He responded to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria by ordering General Zhang Xueliang not to resist. [ 3 ] He felt unprepared to confront Japan with China's limited military capacity and the ongoing civil war. When the invasion ended in an unstable peace, Chiang decided to prioritize winning the civil war before he confronted Japan. He called this policy "first internal pacification, then external resistance." [ b ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The CCP in turn reacted to Chiang's policy of nonresistance with disdain, viewing him as a pawn of the Japanese. They saw fighting the Nationalist government as an essential part of resistance to Japan and called for "Resisting Japan and Opposing Chiang". [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Nonetheless, prosecuting the civil war while resisting Japan became increasingly impractical as time went on. Already by late 1932, Communist guerilla groups in Manchuria had begun to cooperate with Nationalist guerillas against the Japanese occupiers. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The CCP also began to come under pressure from the Soviet Union to negotiate an end to the civil war. The USSR was concerned with events in Europe—especially Hitler's rise to power —and wanted Communist parties to form united fronts with moderates to resist fascist aggression. [ c ] This policy was formally adopted by the 7th World Congress of the Comintern in the summer of 1935. [ 10 ] The CCP delegation at the Congress, headed by Wang Ming , published the " August 1 Declaration " describing how a united front could be created in China. They recommended a government of national defense including all parties in China that wanted to resist Japanese imperialism. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Importantly, because they still considered Chiang to be a "running dog" of the Japanese, they did not extend this offer to the Nationalist government . [ 14 ] The CCP itself was in the middle of the Long March during the Comintern Congress and was cut off from radio communication with Moscow. Its leaders learned of the Congress's decisions in November 1935. [ 13 ] The following month, they held a conference at Wayaobu to discuss the implications of this new Comintern policy. The Wayaobu Manifesto that they published was a significant retreat from the hardline positions they had held during the early civil war. It called for "the most broad national united front" to resist Japan, and announced that the CCP was willing to suspend class conflict in the interests of cross-class collaboration. [ 15 ] However, they did not intend for the Chinese Red Army to surrender or submit to the Nationalists. On the contrary, their plan to resist the Japanese centered on expanding the Red Army to 1 million men and dramatically increasing the land area covered by the Chinese Soviet Republic . [ 16 ] In late 1935 relations between Nanjing and Tokyo took a sharp downturn as Japan stepped up its expansionist policies in north China . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Chiang Kai-shek feared that a full-scale invasion of China was imminent, and wanted to secure the material and diplomatic support of the Soviet Union. [ 19 ] He also faced growing public pressure to actively resist Japan; on 9 December 1935, for example, a major student protest broke out in Beiping. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In January, Chiang Kai-shek sent emissaries to Moscow to negotiate a military mutual assistance treaty. [ 23 ] However, as a precondition for a treaty, Chiang wanted the Soviet Union to order the CCP to submit to the Nationalist Government. The Soviet ambassador told Chiang that while the USSR hoped the CCP would agree to a unified command under the Nationalists, Chiang would have to negotiate directly with the CCP. [ 24 ] This upset Chiang, who worried that if the USSR was unwilling to order the CCP to stop, they might be willing to support further revolutionary actions by the CCP if a ceasefire broke down. Progress halted, and after news leaked to the press that Chiang was contemplating a treaty with the USSR, he called off negotiations. [ 25 ] Formation of a northwestern alliance In October 1935 the Chinese Communist Party arrived in northern Shaanxi at the end of the Long March . The party had lost over 90% of its numbers and was in desperate need of supplies. [ 26 ] But their new base area was economically backwards, agriculturally unproductive, and cut off from the outside world. [ 27 ] It was bordered to the north by the Ordos Desert , to the east by Shanxi (governed by the warlord Yan Xishan ), and to the south and west by the "Northwest Bandit Suppression Headquarters". The Northwest Bandit [ d ] Suppression Headquarters was a command created by the Nationalist government to wipe out the remnants of the CCP. Based in Xi'an , it consisted of the 130,000-strong Northeastern Army , led by Zhang Xueliang , and the 40,000-strong Northwestern Army, led by Yang Hucheng . [ 30 ] Both Yang and Zhang were former warlords who had pledged their armies to the Nationalist Government. As such, they retained a degree of independence from the central government that the CCP would seek to exploit. [ 31 ] Zhang and Yang had been promised an easy victory against the Communists. They were therefore surprised and dismayed when the Chinese Red Army defeated them in several major engagements. The Red Army treated their prisoners of war well and gave them a political education, sending them back to tell their comrades that the Communists wanted to form an anti-Chiang and anti-Japanese alliance. [ 32 ] This proposal struck a chord with both the soldiers and their commanders. [ 33 ] Zhang Xueliang had governed Manchuria before it was overrun by the Japanese, and he and his army strongly wished to retake their homeland. [ 34 ] He resented the policy of nonresistance ordered by Chiang Kai-shek, and was frustrated to be fighting the Communists instead of the Japanese. [ 35 ] Yang had likewise become skeptical of Chiang's anti-Japanese commitment after he suppressed the anti-Japanese demonstrations in December 1935 and found the offer of a united front persuasive. [ 36 ] With his officer Nan Hanchen acting as intermediary, Yang quickly concluded a secret ceasefire with the CCP. [ 37 ] Negotiations with Zhang took longer to begin. But after Dong Jianwu (see the next section) requested passage to CCP territory on his mission from the central government, Zhang realized that the central government was negotiating with the CCP and was encouraged to do so himself. [ 38 ] By 25 February 1936 the Communists had agreed to a temporary ceasefire. On 9 April, Zhou Enlai arrived at Zhang Xueliang's headquarters in Xi'an to solidify their agreement. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Zhou, an experienced negotiator, not only formalized the covert ceasefire, but also secured supplies for the Red Army. [ 40 ] In May, the CCP formalized a non-aggression pact with the Northwestern Army as well. [ 41 ] Zhou and Zhang began a series of secret meetings to discuss what a united front could look like. Zhang Xueliang argued that resisting Japan would only be possible if the CCP was willing to let Chiang lead the united front. Zhou offered to discuss the point with CCP leadership, but refused to commit to changing the policy. [ 42 ] Meanwhile, Zhang tolerated growing Communist influence within the Northeastern Army. Communist cadres spread ideas among the soldiers and recruited officers into secret societies. [ 43 ] In June they set up an officer training camp that preached the virtues of a united front. [ 30 ] His army's receptiveness to the Communists helped persuade Zhang to conclude a formal alliance on 22 September. [ 41 ] The [CCP]'s call for suspending the civil war and forming a united anti-Japanese resistance touched not only my heart deeply but also the hearts of most of the men in the Northeastern Army. The [CCP]'s call for suspending the civil war and forming a united anti-Japanese resistance touched not only my heart deeply but also the hearts of most of the men in the Northeastern Army. Yan Xishan also concluded secret agreements with the CCP. Illegally imported Japanese products were undermining the Shanxi economy and the Japanese puppet Mongol Military Government was encroaching on Yan's rule over Suiyuan . [ 45 ] Out of fear of the Japanese, Yan was attracted by the CCP's proposition for a united front and agreed to a truce in June 1936. [ 46 ] In September, he created the "League for Sacrifice and Salvation" to agitate the Shanxi public against the Japanese. CCP leaders Bo Yibo and Feng Xuefeng went to Shanxi and began working closely with Yan. [ 47 ] The partners in this covert northwestern alliance were united by their desire to resist Japan, but they differed over the details of how this could best be accomplished. [ 41 ] The Communists proposed a plan to unite under Zhang's command and use Soviet support to take over Shaanxi , Gansu , Ningxia , Qinghai , and Xinjiang , turning northwest China into a base to resist Japan and oppose Chiang. [ 48 ] Zhang, Yang, and Yan were still committed to convincing Chiang to lead the anti-Japanese resistance. [ 41 ] But none of them informed Chiang of their secret alliance and they even staged fake military battles to deceive the Nanjing government. [ 49 ] [ 41 ] Sluggish negotiations Despite breaking off negotiations with the USSR in late 1935, Chiang did secretly reach out to the CCP. Two prominent figures in the Nationalist government, Soong Ching-ling and Chen Lifu , managed to recruit two members of the Communist underground, Dong Jianwu and Zhang Zihua [ zh ] , to cross the front line and tell the CCP that Chiang was interested in negotiations. They arrived on 27 February, 1936. [ 50 ] Despite their skepticism towards Chiang, the CCP Central Committee sent a list of five conditions to the Nationalists in March. They sought a ceasefire, a government of national defense (i.e., one where the Communists, the Nationalists, and the warlord factions were equal partners), a military alliance against Japan (but with continued Red Army independence), the right to move their base of operations to Hebei , [ e ] and political and economic reforms. [ 51 ] The Nationalists responded in June with a proposal for a different vision of a united front. They wanted to see the Red Army fully integrated into the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), for it to move to Suiyuan and Chahar rather than Hebei, [ f ] and for the CCP to recognize the legitimacy of the Nationalist government. However, they did offer CCP leaders the chance to come to Nanjing to participate in the central government. The CCP disliked this proposal, but because they had failed to break out of Northern Shaanxi, they continued to negotiate. [ 52 ] The Communist attitude towards the negotiations underwent a major shift after they re-established radio communications with Moscow in late June. The CCP transmitted the Wayaobu Manifesto and informed the Comintern of their alliance with Zhang. They asked for assistance in carrying out their plan to form an anti-Japan, anti-Chiang base in the northwest. [ 48 ] However, by this time Moscow had learned the full details of the devastating Long March. [ 53 ] [ g ] The Comintern responded with a telegram on 15 August that harshly criticized the CCP's proposal as unrealistic and ordered them to seek a united front under Chiang's leadership. The Comintern did give its approval to the other provisions of the Wayaobu Manifesto, agreeing that neither the power of the Chinese soviets nor the independence of the Chinese Red Army should be sacrificed. [ 54 ] But they absolutely vetoed the CCP's plan to form a base in the northwest, arguing that such a move would scuttle the chance for a united front with the Nationalists. [ 48 ] After recovering from their shock at what appeared to them to be a sudden change in policy, CCP accepted the new directive from the Comintern. They adopted the new slogan "compelling Chiang to resist Japan", and CCP secret agent Pan Hannian was sent to Nanjing to begin negotiating a truce with one of Chiang's close advisors, Chen Lifu . [ 55 ] By the time Pan and Chen met, however, Chiang Kai-shek had regained confidence in his ability to end the civil war by military means. In September he had successfully resolved the Liangguang Incident [ zh ] . [ h ] In mid-to-late October, the Nationalist-allied Hui cavalry had intercepted a Communist resupply mission and cut the Second and Fourth Corps of the Red Army to pieces. [ i ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Thus, the terms that Chen Lifu presented to Pan Hannian in early November were extremely harsh. They called for, among other things, reducing the Red Army to 3,000 men and sending all of its senior officers into exile. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Pan balked, calling them "conditions for surrender". [ 61 ] Chiang had always considered a military victory to be preferable to a negotiated settlement, and he pressed ahead with preparations for a sixth encirclement campaign. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] But he faced pressure from his generals to consider leading a united front. During Chiang's birthday celebrations on 31 October, Zhang Xueliang attempted to convince Chiang to give up the bandit suppression campaign and focus on Japan instead. Zhang was supported by Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang , but Chiang angrily refused. He gave a speech the following day where he proclaimed that "the Communists are our greatest traitors". [ 64 ] [ 63 ] [ 65 ] When Zhang returned to Xi'an and recounted the incident to Yang Hucheng, the latter suggested reviving the ancient idea of a bingjian (Chinese: 兵谏 ; pinyin: bīngjiàn ; trans. "military remonstrance"). In an episode in Chinese history, a military officer had arrested the Emperor to force him to change a bad policy. The officer had been rewarded for his conduct rather than punished. Zhang, who historian Alexander Pantsov calls a "gallant cavalier", was intrigued by the nobility of the idea. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In late November, Chiang ordered the Northeastern Army and forces from the central Nationalist Army, Hu Zongnan 's Right Route Army, to attack towards the Communist capital at Bao'an . At the resulting Battle of Shanchengbao, the Northeastern Army withheld most of its forces from the attack. This allowed the Red Army to ambush and nearly wipe out Hu's 78th regiment. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] After the battle, Chen Lifu presented Pan Hannian with more moderate conditions for a deal. But by then the CCP had lost faith in the negotiations and on 10 December recalled Pan from Nanjing. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] The relationship between Zhang and Chiang only continued to deteriorate after the defeat at Shanchengbao. On 23 November, Chiang ordered the arrest of seven leaders of the National Salvation Association , and organization of leading intellectuals who wanted China to confront Japan. The move was broadly unpopular in China, and Zhang flew to Luoyang on 3 December and tried to convince Chiang to reverse his decision. He also repeated his pitch for Chiang to lead a united anti-Japanese front. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Chiang responded with outrage: "You are the only one in the whole country who sees things as you do. I am the revolutionary government; what I do is revolution!" [ 74 ] When news arrived that day that Japanese marines had landed at Qingdao under the pretext of suppressing anti-Japanese agitation there, Chiang decided to redouble his efforts to defeat the Communists—disgusting Zhang. [ 74 ] Chiang's arrest Chiang and his entourage drove from Luoyang to Xi'an on 4 December 1936, in order to make preparations for another assault on the Communists. [ 74 ] By this time he was aware through intelligence reports that Zhang had been collaborating with the Communists, but he did not realize that he was in any actual danger. [ 75 ] Chiang believed that he could convince Zhang to join his sixth encirclement campaign in earnest. He stayed at the Huaqing Pool complex, an ancient resort located in the town of Lintong , about 10 miles outside Xi'an. [ 76 ] Chiang's associates were staying in the city of Xi'an itself, in the newly built Western Capital Hotel. [ 77 ] Zhang, Yang, and Chiang met to discuss policy but once again reached an impasse. [ 76 ] Chiang shouted at Zhang that "I am the Generalissimo ; I do not err; I am China; and China cannot do well without me!" [ 78 ] On 9 December, Chiang threatened Zhang and Yang that if they did not attack the Communists, he would remove them from command and have their forces reassigned to distant provinces. [ 79 ] Historian Rana Mitter suggests that the risk of losing his command may have been the final straw that confirmed Zhang's intention to launch a coup. [ 80 ] The meeting was interrupted by the arrival in Lintong of tens of thousands of students demonstrating for a united front. [ j ] Chiang demanded that Zhang disperse the crowd or he would have his guards open fire on them. Zhang promised the students "a definite reply in action within one week." [ 69 ] Chiang was scheduled to leave on 12 December. [ 81 ] At 10 PM on Friday, 11 December Zhang Xueliang ordered Sun Mingjiu ( 孫銘九 ), the captain of his personal guard, to arrest Chiang Kai-shek. [ 76 ] According to Sun's later account, his orders were to bring Chiang to Xi'an unharmed. [ 82 ] As Sun prepared, Zhang gathered the top officers of the Northeastern and Northwestern Armies to inform them of his decision. [ 83 ] He also sent a telegram to the CCP Central Committee. [ 84 ] [ k ] At 5 AM, 12 December, Sun Mingjiu led a few hundred soldiers on an assault of the Huaqing Pool complex. [ 76 ] They reached the gate at 6 AM, where they were asked for the password. Unable to give it, they began a firefight with Chiang's guards. [ 83 ] This alerted Chiang to the attack, and in panic he fled out of his window. He jumped over the wall surrounding the compound, injuring his back in the process. Without his false teeth or one of his shoes, he fled up the side of a snow-covered mountain. He was discovered a few hours later, shivering and exhausted. Sun carried Chiang down the mountain on his back. [ 81 ] [ 86 ] Chiang was brought to Yang Hucheng's headquarters in Xi'an, where Zhang explained that he had kidnapped him in order to force him to change his policies. Chiang was indignant, and after an initial exchange, he refused to speak. [ 87 ] Beginning at 5:30 AM that same day, Yang's Northwestern Army seized important locations around Xi'an: the government headquarters, the airport, the police station, and the Western Capital Hotel where Chiang's associates were staying. [ 88 ] [ 77 ] Those taken prisoner included governor of Shaanxi Shao Lizi [ zh ] , the Shaanxi commissioner of education Zhou Xuechang , and Generals Chen Cheng , Jiang Dingwen , Wei Lihuang , and Zhu Shaoliang . [ 87 ] [ 84 ] [ 89 ] Shao Yuanchong , one of the authors of the National Anthem of the Republic of China , was shot while trying to escape from the hotel. He died in the hospital two days later. [ 89 ] The Northwestern Army had poor discipline, and carried out widespread looting for three days after the coup. Only the areas controlled by Zhang's Northeastern Army were unaffected. [ 90 ] Zhang and Yang attempted to secure their strategic situation. Soon after Chiang was captured, Zhang sent telegrams to the Northeastern Army's 51st Army in Lanzhou and to the commander of some artillery brigades he had stationed in Luoyang. While the 51st Army took control of Lanzhou by that afternoon, the commander in Luoyang instead handed Zhang's telegram to the Nationalist garrison commander, Zhu Shaozhou [ zh ] . [ 91 ] Zhu reacted quickly. He informed Minister of War He Yingqin , who ordered a loyal division to occupy Tong Pass , a critical chokepoint on the route from east from Xi'an. They arrived only four hours before Feng Qinzai 's 42nd Division, sent by Yang Hucheng for the same purpose. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Zhu also attempted an aerial mission to rescue Chiang, but it took until 10 am to arrive and the pilot was taken prisoner. [ 94 ] Early on the morning of 12 December, Zhang and Yang sent telegrams to Nanjing and all across China, explaining what they had done and listing eight demands for the government: To reorganize the Nanjing government so that all political parties and groups can take part in it and assume responsibility for national salvation; To suspend the civil war all over the country and adopt a policy for united anti-Japanese resistance; To immediately release the [Seven] National Salvation Intellectual Leaders who were arrested in Shanghai; To release all the political prisoners in China; To liberate people's patriotic movements; To guarantee all the political freedoms and rights of the people, as well as the freedom of assembly and association; To ensure compliance with the will of Sun Yat-sen; and To immediately convene a national salvation congress. To reorganize the Nanjing government so that all political parties and groups can take part in it and assume responsibility for national salvation; To suspend the civil war all over the country and adopt a policy for united anti-Japanese resistance; To immediately release the [Seven] National Salvation Intellectual Leaders who were arrested in Shanghai; To release all the political prisoners in China; To liberate people's patriotic movements; To guarantee all the political freedoms and rights of the people, as well as the freedom of assembly and association; To ensure compliance with the will of Sun Yat-sen; and To immediately convene a national salvation congress. — Declaration of Eight-Point Demands [ 95 ] Immediate reactions News spread overnight through Bao'an, the CCP capital. Mao Zedong and the other Central Committee members were surprised but elated. [ 84 ] A mass meeting held the following morning approved a proposal by Mao to put Chiang on trial as a traitor. [ 96 ] Zhou Enlai was dispatched to Xi'an. The CCP advised Zhang to prepare for attacks by the Nationalist central government, and promised that the Red Army would not take advantage of the situation to occupy any Northeastern Army territory. [ 97 ] They also notified the Comintern of what had occurred and asked permission to form a "revolutionary government of national defense" with Zhang, Yang, and other dissident Nationalists. [ 97 ] A meeting of the CCP Central Committee was held on 13 December to discuss the situation in more detail. The vast majority approved the plan to force Chiang to step down and stand trial, and to sentence him to death. They also hoped to make Xi'an the center of a government of national resistance to Japan. [ 97 ] On 15 December, the CCP sent a telegram to Nanjing urging them to comply with the Eight Demands, force Chiang to step down, and allow him to be tried. [ 98 ] Nanjing received word of Chiang's arrest by 1 pm on 12 December. [ l ] An emergency meeting of the Central Standing Committee was convened that night. [ 100 ] The committee members were uncertain over whether Chiang was dead or alive. He Yingqin argued for an immediate military attack on Xi'an, possibly because he believed that Chiang was already dead. [ 101 ] The Committee made no firm decision on what to do, other than placing He Yingqin in charge of the military response. [ 102 ] The following day, H.H. Kung and Soong Mei-ling arrived in the capital and began campaigning hard for a negotiated settlement. [ 103 ] They had received a personal telegram from Zhang assuring them that Chiang was alive, and as the Generalissmo's relatives, they feared that they would lose their influence if he were killed in an attack. [ 104 ] [ 101 ] Soong Mei-ling even suggested that Zhang Xueliang's demands were worth hearing out. [ 103 ] In contrast, the mood in the army was sanguine. Hundreds of officers signed a letter to He Yingqin requesting permission to attack Xi'an. Hundreds more sent a threatening telegram to Zhang demanding that he stand down. [ 105 ] In the end, He decided to surround and attempt to intimidate the mutineers rather than attack or negotiate right away. On 16 December, he received a mandate from the Central Standing Committee to begin a punitive expedition. [ 106 ] The Central Army took up positions surrounding Xi'an. [ 107 ] The Nationalist government unsuccessfully attempted to induce defections from the mutinous armies and pressure Zhang to surrender. [ 108 ] Bombing raids were conducted on Weinan and Huaxian and the Training Division of the Central Army launched an unsanctioned attack that ended in defeat. [ 109 ] The 18 December editorial "An Open Letter to the Military Vocation in Xi'an" published in Ta Kung Pao . Critical of the coup, the newspaper dropped their editorial by plane into Xi'an. Most warlords chose to stay neutral in the conflict rather than risk backing the losing side. Many, such as Liu Xiang of Sichuan, Han Fuju of Shandong, and Song Zheyuan of Hebei, were privately sympathetic to the coup. They publicly reassured the central government of their loyalty while voicing support for a negotiated settlement. [ 110 ] Zhang Xueliang had counted on the support of Yan Xishan, the governor of Shanxi who had also signed a secret deal with the CCP. [ 111 ] But Yan was afraid that a civil war would break out between Xi'an and Nanjing. He urged Zhang to let Chiang go, although simultaneously expressing his desire for Chinese unity against Japan and converting his anti-Communist militias into anti-Japanese militias. [ 46 ] Only one warlord faction, the Guangxi Clique in the southwest, openly supported the rebels. They had recently led their own rebellion against the central government and shared Zhang and Yang's desire for a common front against Japan. [ 112 ] The Chinese public reacted with shock at the news of Chiang's arrest. There was widespread concern for Chiang's safety. [ 113 ] Ta Kung Pao , a major newspaper, published an editorial excoriating Zhang and calling for Chiang's immediate release. [ 114 ] Even members of the National Salvation Association, who also wanted a ceasefire with the Communists and war against Japan, feared that Chiang's captivity could give Japan an opening to conquer China. Groups across the political spectrum advocated for Chiang's release. [ 115 ] Chinese students were an exception to this uniformity of public opinion. In North China they strongly supported the coup, while in South China there was a divide between left-wing students, who largely supported the coup, and right-wing students, who largely opposed it. [ 116 ] New Zealand journalist James Bertram , who managed to enter Xi'an shortly after the incident began, reported on the mood of the city. He observed fleets of government aircraft flying low over the roofs, and heard H. H. Kung's declaration over radio that there would be "no dealings with armed rebellion, no truce with the 'Communist bandits'." [ 117 ] The city's population remained strongly supportive of the rebels and their cause. [ 118 ] Stalin's intervention and CCP reversal The 14 December article in Pravda "Events in China" condemned the coup as a Japanese plot Moscow received news of Chiang's arrest on 13 December. The head of the Comintern, Georgi Dimitrov , was delighted. He was preparing to authorize Chiang's execution until he read the articles in Pravda and Izvestia that condemned the Xi'an Incident as a plot by "pro-Japanese elements". In a subsequent meeting, Stalin made it clear to Dimitrov that he viewed Chiang as indispensable. [ 119 ] Stalin feared that in Chiang's absence, a figure like ex- Premier Wang Jingwei , perhaps assisted by He Yingqin (who had contacted Wang in Italy after Chiang's arrest), would take control of the Nationalists and create a pro-Japanese regime, placing the Soviet Union in extreme danger of a Japanese invasion. His anxieties were increased when Wang Jingwei met with Adolf Hitler to discuss the prospect of China enlisting in the anti-Communist Axis in exchange for greater German aid to China. [ 120 ] Following Chiang's abduction, Pan Hannian had advised Stalin that without Chiang, "China would be without a leader to fight the Japanese and this would not benefit the Soviet Union." [ 120 ] [ m ] Following Stalin's orders, the Comintern sent a telegram on 16 December instructing the CCP to bring the Xi'an incident to a peaceful conclusion. [ 98 ] [ 123 ] The telegram was not received until the 17th, and would not be fully decrypted for several days. However, by the 17th the CCP's leadership had already learned of Moscow's stance from public news sources and decided to change course. [ 124 ] On that day, the CCP announced that they desired a peaceful settlement. On 18 December, they recanted their former call for a public trial of Chiang as "inappropriate". [ 123 ] Negotiations The Xi'an mutineers never expected Chiang to agree to all eight of their demands, but Zhang made it clear to Chiang that he would have to accept some of them before he would be released. [ 125 ] Chiang at first refused to talk. [ 126 ] The situation improved when William Donald arrived on 14 December. Donald knew both men, as he had been a former advisor to Zhang and was a current advisor to Chiang. He convinced Chiang to accept the offer of better lodgings at the house of Gao Guizi. [ 127 ] He also predicted to the leaders of the mutiny that holding Chiang hostage would ultimately undermine their cause in the eyes of the Chinese public. [ 128 ] Zhou Enlai, who had departed Bao'an on 15 December, arrived in Xi'an late on the 17th in the middle of an extremely delicate situation. [ 129 ] A faction of the army led by Yang Hucheng and the radical young officers of the "Anti-Japanese Comrade Society" wanted to execute Chiang, in line with the CCP's earlier pronouncements. [ 130 ] [ 113 ] But Zhang was gravely concerned with the Central Government's military response, the lukewarm support he had received from fellow warlords, and the unexpected opposition of the Chinese public. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] He wanted to negotiate Chiang's release, and was anxious to know if Moscow was going to be providing the material support for an anti-Japanese war that he had counted on. [ 131 ] Zhou, aware at this point that Moscow had condemned the coup, had to carefully walk back the CCP's radical stance and break the bad news to Zhang without jeopardizing the northwest alliance. [ 133 ] The meeting between Zhou and the Xi'an leaders lasted all night. Eventually, Zhou managed to convince them that they should negotiate for Chiang's safe release, so long as the Central Government did not start a civil war. [ 134 ] Yet he also emphasized that Chiang was still extremely powerful, and so they also agreed that Chiang would not be let go unless he accepted some minimal conditions. [ 135 ] T. V. Soong , Chiang's brother-in-law and leading Chinese banker, decided to fly to Xi'an after learning that Chiang was still alive. He arrived on 20 December. Zhang told him that he was ready to negotiate, but warned that he would turn Chiang over to the Communists if the Central Government launched a full-scale attack. [ 136 ] Soong and Donald could not convince Chiang to negotiate and returned to Nanjing on 21 December. The following day, they returned with Soong Mei-ling and Dai Li , the head of the Nationalists' military intelligence. [ 136 ] Finally, his wife was able to persuade Chiang to negotiate. He refused to sign any document, but verbally agreed to "reshuffle the government, hold a national salvation conference three months from now, reorganize the Kuomintang , and approve an alliance with Russia and cooperation with the Communist party." [ 136 ] He also authorized T. V. Soong to conduct further negotiations with his captors. On 23–24 December, negotiations were held between Zhou, T. V. Soong, Soong Mei-ling, Zhang, and Yang that resulted in a more concrete agreement (although still not signed by Chiang). The civil war would be ended, the Communist party legalized, and the Red Army incorporated as a unit of the National Revolutionary Army . [ 136 ] On 24 December, Chiang received Zhou for a meeting, the first time the two had seen each other since Zhou had left Whampoa Military Academy over ten years earlier. Zhou began the conversation by saying: "In the ten years since we have met, you seem to have aged very little." Chiang nodded and said: "Enlai, you were my subordinate. You should do what I say." Zhou replied that if Chiang would halt the civil war and resist the Japanese instead, the Red Army would willingly accept Chiang's command. [ 137 ] Chiang then agreed to accept the terms finalized earlier that day. He also promised to continue negotiations with Zhou about the details of a new united front once he was allowed to return to Nanjing. [ 138 ] When Yang Hucheng and the other senior army officers learned that Zhang Xueliang was pressing ahead with a negotiated release, they were dismayed and demanded that Chiang sign written guarantees. The officers wrote a letter to T.V. Soong to that effect. Chiang became desperate to be released, and Soong Mei-ling begged Zhang to let him go. Zhang, convinced of the danger to Chiang's safety, agreed to accompany Chiang and Soong Mei-ling back to Nanjing. [ 139 ] He did not inform Zhou, who exclaimed "This is bad! Bad!" when he learned that Chiang was leaving before he had signed a formal agreement. [ 140 ] Zhang, Soong, and Chiang took off around 5 pm on 25 December, arriving in Nanjing the following day. [ 139 ] Zhou telegraphed party headquarters, settling on the view that while "it is regrettable that Chiang was allowed to leave and Zhang went with him", Chiang had seemed to have made a genuine change in his attitude. [ 141 ] Aftermath When Chiang arrived in Nanjing he was greeted by cheering crowds of over 400,000 people. [ 142 ] The American journalist Edgar Snow declared that Chiang had returned with a national standing "higher than that of any leader in modern Chinese history." [ 120 ] The Generalissimo made a show of taking responsibility for the insubordination of his commanders, repeatedly attempting to resign all of his posts. [ 115 ] But he was refused each time, and the event served to further consolidate power within the Nationalist government into Chiang's hands. [ 113 ] Historian Jay Taylor writes how Xi'an turned Chiang from a "popular leader" into a "national hero". [ 143 ] American ambassador Nelson T. Johnson wrote how "Whereas the outstanding developments during the first half of 1936 increased the precariousness of China's position, the significant events of the second half, in their larger aspects, have had the opposite effect." He observed that the Xi'an crisis "fostered another spontaneous outburst of nationalism throughout the country and caused universal rejoicing when the Generalissimo was released on Christmas Day." [ 144 ] Chiang moved swiftly to punish the conspirators. Zhang was arrested upon his arrival in Nanjing and brought before a court-martial on charges of treason on 31 December. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] He was sentenced to ten years in prison, which Chiang commuted to house arrest. Zhang would remain under house arrest for over 50 years until 1990, after the deaths of both Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo . [ 147 ] Chiang sent 37 army divisions north to surround the Northeastern Army and force them to stand down. The army was deeply divided on the appropriate response. The Communist representatives cautioned that civil war would, in the words of Zhou Enlai, "make China into another Spain ". [ 148 ] [ 149 ] A conference of Northeastern officers in January overwhelmingly resolved not to surrender peacefully, and the CCP reluctantly pledged to fight alongside them if the Nationalists attacked. However, the five most senior Northeastern generals, led by Wang Yizhe, met separately and decided to surrender. This enraged the radical officers in the Anti-Japanese Comrade Society, who assassinated Wang Yizhe on 2 February. They confronted Zhou Enlai as well, threatening to kill him in retribution for his "betrayal" of Zhang Xueliang. Zhou managed to convince them to stand down. [ 149 ] Nonetheless, the northwestern alliance had been fatally damaged and subsequently disintegrated. [ 150 ] Wang Yizhe's assassination had turned the majority of the army against the radicals. The Northeastern Army peacefully surrendered to General Gu Zhutong in February. [ 151 ] The leaders of the Anti-Japanese Comrade Society, fearing punishment at the hands of the Nationalists, largely defected to the Red Army. [ 147 ] The rest of the army was divided into new units, which were sent to Hebei, Hunan, and Anhui. [ 152 ] Yang Hucheng was forced into exile, but voluntarily returned to China in November 1937. He was immediately arrested and would be executed in September 1949. [ 151 ] The Second United Front The Xi'an Incident launched a long series of negotiations led by Zhou Enlai and Chiang Kai-shek. The sticking points remained what they had been before the crisis: the independence of the Red Army and the political structure of the Communist base areas. No resolution was reached, but the negotiations continued through spring. [ 153 ] Publicly, the Nationalist government insisted that its policy towards the Communists had not changed. But a ceasefire was enacted and "Bandit Suppression Headquarters" was dropped from the name of the NRA's northwest command. [ 154 ] It was not until late September, several months after the Second Sino-Japanese War had already begun, that the final pieces of the Second United Front were formally agreed upon and enacted. [ 147 ] Legacy Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists believed that had the Xi'an Incident not occurred, they would have been able to destroy the CCP. [ 155 ] This perspective held sway among Taiwanese historians for decades. Some even speculated that had it not been for the Xi'an Incident, Chiang may have had more time not only to defeat the Communists but to prepare China to fight Japan, potentially sparing it from the calamities it experienced. [ 156 ] According to Chiang's own account, Zhang completely regretted his actions after reading Chiang's diary, saying "Had I known one-tenth of what is in this diary, I would certainly not have done this rash act." He claims that Zhang and Yang decided to release him unconditionally, and contritely listened to a lecture from Chiang before he left. [ 157 ] In China, the story of the Xi'an Incident glorifies the CCP as the country's savior. Without pressure from the CCP, Chiang would have steadfastly refused to confront Japan. And without the CCP's foresighted offer of an alliance during the moment of crisis, the Nationalist government could have been thrown into the hands of the collaborationist faction under He Yingqin and Wang Jingwei. [ 158 ] The story of Chiang's capture itself is frequently retold as an "illustration of [his] cowardice and duplicity", according to historian Michael Dillon. [ 159 ] Early historians of the crisis, writing from all perspectives, assigned it serious importance. For example, the first book-length study of the topic in English, by Tien-wei Wu, is subtitled "the pivotal point in modern Chinese history". [ 154 ] But beginning in the 1990s, historians have started to downplay the impact of the event. Parks Coble writes that "the basic concepts" determining Nationalist policy remained the same, and that even before the coup, Chiang had already decided on a course of confrontation with Japan. [ 160 ] Rana Mitter points out that the terms agreed to at Xi'an differed little from the outline of a deal that had been in the works for months. [ 161 ] Hans van de Ven argues that the main importance of the Xi'an Incident was that both the CCP and Chiang survived, given how close both got to destruction. [ 162 ] At the spot on the mountain where Zhang Xueliang's bodyguards captured Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist government built a monument called the "National Resurrection Pavilion" ( 民族復興亭 ; Mínzú Fùxīng Tíng ). It was renamed the "Seizing Chiang Pavilion" ( 捉蒋亭 ; Zhuō Jiǎng Tíng ) after 1949, and again renamed to the "Bingjian Pavilion" in the 1980s. [ 88 ] In 1982, the historic sites involved in the Xi'an Incident were part of the Second Batch of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level . [ 163 ] They remain popular tourist attractions in China in the early twenty-first century. [ 88 ] See also Other political kidnappings : Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot – 2020 plot to kidnap the Governor of Michigan Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro – Abduction and murder of Italian statesman October Crisis – 1970 series of events in Quebec, Canada Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot – 2020 plot to kidnap the Governor of Michigan Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro – Abduction and murder of Italian statesman October Crisis – 1970 series of events in Quebec, Canada Outline of the Chinese Civil War Notes ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} UK : / ʃ iː ˈ æ n / shee- AN , US : / ʃ iː ˈ ɑː n / shee- AHN ^ Chinese : 先安內，後讓外。 ; pinyin : Xiān ānnèi, hòu ràngwài. ^ A united China was of particular importance to the USSR because it could be an important ally if Japan invaded the Russian Far East . ^ In Nationalist propaganda, the Communists were often referred to as "red bandits" to equate their movement with the armed gangs that plagued the Chinese countryside. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] ^ At the time, the CCP was based in Northern Shaanxi , a poor and remote area ill-equipped to support the Red Army. ^ Suiyuan and Chahar were poorer and more exposed to Japanese attack than Hebei. ^ Unbeknownst to the CCP, its Comintern delegation had been pressured to take a more conciliatory tone towards Chiang since its August 1 Declaration. Wang Ming published a series of articles over the winter calling for Chiang to either join an anti-Japanese united front or be overthrown by KMT patriots. Historians dispute the degree to which Wang had sincerely changed his mind or was simply trying to agitate anti-Chiang dissent within the KMT. [ 23 ] [ 53 ] ^ The Liangguang Incident was a revolt by the Guangxi Clique that governed Guangxi and Guangdong ( Liangguang ) provinces. Chiang had been putting pressure on them to accept the authority of the central government, and the Guangxi Clique leaders had responded by criticizing Chiang's inaction against Japan. In June, they declared that they were sending an army north to fight the Japanese, leading to conflict with the central government's National Revolutionary Army . The country seemed to be on the brink of civil war until press reports revealed that the Guangxi Clique had received Japanese support for their revolt. Public opinion turned sharply against them and the revolt crumbled. [ 56 ] ^ This event is known as the Ningxia Campaign. ^ Estimates of the size of the crowd vary. Yang gives it at 20,000, Pantsov says over 10,000. [ 69 ] [ 78 ] ^ Contrary to a common misconception, the CCP did not have prior knowledge of the conspiracy. [ 85 ] ^ He Yingqin had learned of the revolt earlier, via Zhu Shaozhou. [ 99 ] ^ Wang Jingwei was in Europe recovering from an assassination attempt the previous year. He Yingqin notified him when Chiang was abducted, but he did not arrive back in China until 14 January 1937, after the incident was already over. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] References ^ Yang 2020 , pp. 55–56. ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 205. ^ Mitter 2000 , p. 73. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 56–57. ^ van de Ven 2003 , p. 172. ^ Yang 2020 , pp. 56, 59. ^ Sheng 1992 , pp. 153–155. ^ Yang 2020 , p. 57. ^ Gao 2018 , pp. 80, 123. ^ Pantsov 2012 , p. 291. ^ Gao 2018 , p. 124. ^ Pantsov 2023 , p. 220. ^ a b Yang 2020 , pp. 60–61. ^ Sheng 1992 , p. 153. ^ Yang 1990 , pp. 182–184. ^ Yang 1990 , p. 184. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 251–252. ^ So 2002 , p. 237. ^ Yang 2020 , p. 58. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 76–77. ^ Garver 1988 , p. 5. ^ Ienaga 1978 , p. 88. ^ a b Sheng 1992 , pp. 153–154. ^ Yang 2020 , p. 62. ^ Yang 2020 , p. 63. ^ Peng 2023 , pp. 463–470. ^ Qian 2024 , pp. 129–130. ^ van de Ven 2003 , p. 144. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 56–59. ^ a b Coble 1991 , p. 342. ^ Yang 1990 , p. 187,220-222. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 106–107. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 107. ^ Hammond 2023 , p. 32. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 224–225. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 108. ^ Yang 1990 , p. 187. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 115, 124–125. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 118. ^ a b Yang 1990 , p. 221. ^ a b c d e van de Ven 2003 , p. 179. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 119–120, 123, 127. ^ Yang 1990 , pp. 221–223. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 115. ^ Gillin 1967 , pp. 228–230. ^ a b Gillin 1967 , p. 232. ^ van de Ven 2003 , p. 180. ^ a b c Yang 2020 , p. 64. ^ Barnouin & Yu 2006 , p. 65. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 124–125. ^ van de Ven 2003 , pp. 181–182. ^ van de Ven 2003 , p. 182. ^ a b Gao 2018 , p. 127. ^ Sheng 1992 , p. 157. ^ Sheng 1992 , p. 158. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 309–313. ^ Yang 2020 , p. 65. ^ Watt 2014 , pp. 111–112. ^ Peng 2023 , p. 476. ^ Sheng 1992 , p. 163. ^ Chen 2024 , p. 161. ^ Chen 2024 , pp. 161–162. ^ a b Itoh 2016 , pp. 129–130. ^ Pantsov 2023 , p. 237. ^ Spence 1990 , p. 384. ^ Pantsov 2023 , pp. 241–242. ^ Pantsov 2012 , p. 302. ^ Dillon 2020 , p. 102. ^ a b c Yang 1990 , p. 223. ^ Dillon 2020 , pp. 101–102. ^ Peng 2023 , pp. 476–477. ^ Coble 1991 , p. 339. ^ Yang 2020 , p. 66. ^ a b c d Pantsov 2023 , p. 242. ^ Chen 2024 , p. 162. ^ a b c d e Pantsov 2012 , p. 297. ^ a b Will 2013 , p. 260. ^ a b Pantsov 2023 , p. 243. ^ van de Ven 2003 , p. 186. ^ Mitter 2013 , pp. 71–72. ^ a b Kotkin 2017 , p. 360. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 136–137. ^ a b Itoh 2016 , p. 137. ^ a b c Pantsov 2012 , p. 299. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 145. ^ Pantsov 2012 , p. 298. ^ a b Itoh 2016 , p. 144. ^ a b c Itoh 2016 , p. 143. ^ a b Wu 1976 , p. 79. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 80. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 80–81. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 81, 87–88. ^ Worthing 2016 , p. 171. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 81. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 144–145. ^ Pantsov 2012 , pp. 299–300. ^ a b c Chen 2024 , p. 163. ^ a b Pantsov 2023 , p. 249. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 89. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 146. ^ a b Pantsov 2023 , p. 251. ^ Worthing 2016 , p. 168. ^ a b Worthing 2016 , p. 169. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 85. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 92. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 97. ^ Worthing 2016 , p. 170. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 92–93, 97. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 92–93. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 93, 115–119. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 113. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 116. ^ a b c Eastman 1991 , p. 48. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 123–124. ^ a b Coble 1991 , p. 344. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 121. ^ Bertram 1938 , pp. 118–122. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 98. ^ Pantsov 2023 , p. 248. ^ a b c Frank 2020 , pp. 21–22. ^ Worthing 2016 , pp. 174–175. ^ So 2002 , p. 244. ^ a b van de Ven 2003 , p. 187. ^ Pantsov 2023 , pp. 249–250. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 95. ^ Pantsov 2023 , p. 250. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 94–96. ^ Wu 1976 , p. 96. ^ Dillon 2020 , p. 104. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 176–178. ^ a b Sheng 1992 , p. 164. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 97–98. ^ Wu 1976 , pp. 103–104. ^ Dillon 2020 , p. 105. ^ Barnouin & Yu 2006 , pp. 66–67. ^ a b c d Pantsov 2023 , p. 252. ^ Barnouin & Yu 2006 , p. 67. ^ Pantsov 2023 , pp. 253–254. ^ a b Pantsov 2023 , p. 254. ^ Chen 2024 , p. 167. ^ Coble 1991 , p. 351. ^ Spence 1990 , p. 386. ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 128–129. ^ FRUS 1936 , p. 453. ^ Pantsov 2023 , p. 256. ^ Coble 2023 , p. 53. ^ a b c Eastman 1991 , pp. 48–49. ^ Itoh 2016 , pp. 176–180. ^ a b Barnouin & Yu 2006 , p. 68. ^ Chen 2024 , p. 169. ^ a b Pantsov 2023 , p. 257. ^ Itoh 2016 , p. 191. ^ Chen 2024 , pp. 169–171. ^ a b Coble 1991 , p. 345. ^ Wu 1976 , p. xi. ^ Coble 1991 , p. 348. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 346–347. ^ Coble 1991 , pp. 349–350. ^ Dillon 2020 , p. 103. ^ Coble 1991 , p. 360. ^ Mitter 2013 , p. 73. ^ van de Ven 2003 , p. 188. ^ SACH 1982 . Bibliography .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgen (2006). Zhou Enlai: A Political Life . Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-29011-2 . Retrieved 28 January 2023 . Bertram, James M (1938). First Act in China: The Story of the Sian Mutiny . New York: Viking Press. pp. 118– 122. Chen, Jian (2024). Zhou Enlai: A Life . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. Coble, Parks M. (1991). Facing Japan: Chinese politics and Japanese imperialism; 1931 – 1937 . Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard Univ. ISBN 9780674290112 . Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War . Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5 . Dillon, Michael (2020). Zhou Enlai: The Enigma Behind Chairman Mao . New York: I.B. Tauris. Eastman, Lloyd E. (1991). "Nationalist China during the Nanking decade, 1927–1937". The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521385911 . Foreign Relations of the United States (IV ed.). 1936. Frank, Richard (2020). Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War: July 1937 – May 1942 . W. W. Norton & Company. Gao, Hua (2018). How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement . The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 9789629968229 . Garver, John W. (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195363744 . Gillin, Donald (1967). Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1949 . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future . New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084 . Ienaga, Saburo (1978). Pacific War, 1931-1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role in World War II . New York: Pantheon Books. Itoh, Mayumi (3 October 2016). The Making of China's War with Japan: Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang . Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-0494-0 . Kolko, Gabriel (1990). The Politics of War: the World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945 . New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0679727574 . Kotkin, Stephen (2017). Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 . Penguin Press. Mitter, Rana (2013). Forgotten Ally . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Mitter, Rana (2000). The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China . University of California Press. Pantsov, Alexander V (2012). Mao: The Real Story . Translated by Levine, Stephen I. New York: Simon and Schuster. Pantsov, Alexander V (2023). Victorious in Defeat: The Life and Times of Chiang Kai-shek, 1887–1975 . Translated by Levine, Stephen I. New Haven: Yale University Press. Peng, Lü (2023). A History of China in the 20th Century . Translated by Doar, Bruce (1st ed.). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-981-99-0733-5 . Qian, Ying (2024). Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China . New York, NY: Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231204477 . Sheng, Michael (1992). "Mao, Stalin, and the Formation of the Anti-Japanese United Front: 1935-1937". The China Quarterly . 129 (129): 149– 170. doi : 10.1017/S0305741000041266 . So, Wai-Chor (2002). "The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932–1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei". Modern China . 28 (2). Sage Publications: 213– 252. doi : 10.1177/009770040202800203 . JSTOR 3181354 . S2CID 143785141 . Spence, Jonathan (1990). The Search for Modern China . "国务院关于公布第二批全国重点文物保护单位名单的通知 (2nd Designations)" (in Chinese). State Administration of Cultural Heritage . 23 February 1982. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674033382 . van de Ven, Hans (2003). War and Nationalism . New York: Routledge. Watt, John R. (2014). Dudbridge, Glen; Pieke, Frank (eds.). Saving Lives in Wartime China . Leiden: Brill. Will, Pierre-Étienne (2013). Xi'an, 1900–1940: From isolated Backwater to Resistance Center . Boston: Brill. Worthing, Peter (2016). General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107144637 . Wu, Tien-wei (1976). The Sian Incident: A Pivotal Moment in Modern Chinese History . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Yang, Benjamin (1990). From Revolution to Politics: Chinese Communists on the Long March . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Yang, Kuisong (2020). "Sino-Soviet Diplomacy Under the Threat of War". In Shen, Zhihua (ed.). A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991 . Translated by Xia, Yafeng. Singapore: Palmgrave Macmillan and Social Sciences Academic Press. Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries External links .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Chinese Civil War v t e Principal belligerents and campaigns Nationalist Party / National Government ( National Revolutionary Army ) → Constitutional ROC Government ( ROC Armed Forces ) → Republic of China on Taiwan Communist Party / Soviet Republic ( Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → People's Liberation Army ) → People's Republic of China Communist Party / Soviet Republic ( Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → People's Liberation Army ) → People's Republic of China Pre-1945 Post-1945 1923 Sun–Joffe Manifesto 1924 First United Front 1926 Canton Coup 1927–1949 Chinese Communist Revolution 1927 Nanking incident Shanghai Commune Shanghai massacre Nanjing–Wuhan split 715 Incident Little Long March Nanchang uprising Autumn Harvest Uprising Guangzhou Uprising 1930–1934 Li Lisan line Encirclement campaigns 1931–1934 Chinese Soviet Republic 1933–1934 Fujian People's Government 1934–1936 Long March 1936 Xi'an Incident 1937–1946 Second United Front ( Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists ) 1941 New Fourth Army incident 1944 Dixie Mission 1945 Chongqing Negotiations Double Tenth Agreement Retrocession of Taiwan 1946 Jiaochangkou Incident Peiping rape case 1945–1947 Marshall Mission 1945–1949 Operation Beleaguer 1947 Yu Zisan Incident 1948 SS Kiangya incident Liaoshen campaign 1948–1949 Huaihai campaign Pingjin campaign 1949 Taiping Steamer Incident Yangtze River Crossing campaign Amethyst Incident ROC Government retreat to Taiwan Battle of Kinmen PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 1949–1953 Bombing of Shanghai 1950 Hainan Island campaign Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 1950–1958 Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 1954–1955 First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1961–1972 Project National Glory 1995–1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 2022–present Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis Pre-1945 Post-1945 1923 Sun–Joffe Manifesto 1924 First United Front 1926 Canton Coup 1927–1949 Chinese Communist Revolution 1927 Nanking incident Shanghai Commune Shanghai massacre Nanjing–Wuhan split 715 Incident Little Long March Nanchang uprising Autumn Harvest Uprising Guangzhou Uprising 1930–1934 Li Lisan line Encirclement campaigns 1931–1934 Chinese Soviet Republic 1933–1934 Fujian People's Government 1934–1936 Long March 1936 Xi'an Incident 1937–1946 Second United Front ( Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists ) 1941 New Fourth Army incident 1944 Dixie Mission 1923 Sun–Joffe Manifesto 1924 First United Front 1926 Canton Coup 1927–1949 Chinese Communist Revolution 1927 Nanking incident Shanghai Commune Shanghai massacre Nanjing–Wuhan split 715 Incident Little Long March Nanchang uprising Autumn Harvest Uprising Guangzhou Uprising 1930–1934 Li Lisan line Encirclement campaigns 1931–1934 Chinese Soviet Republic 1933–1934 Fujian People's Government 1934–1936 Long March 1936 Xi'an Incident 1937–1946 Second United Front ( Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists ) 1941 New Fourth Army incident 1944 Dixie Mission 1945 Chongqing Negotiations Double Tenth Agreement Retrocession of Taiwan 1946 Jiaochangkou Incident Peiping rape case 1945–1947 Marshall Mission 1945–1949 Operation Beleaguer 1947 Yu Zisan Incident 1948 SS Kiangya incident Liaoshen campaign 1948–1949 Huaihai campaign Pingjin campaign 1949 Taiping Steamer Incident Yangtze River Crossing campaign Amethyst Incident ROC Government retreat to Taiwan Battle of Kinmen PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 1949–1953 Bombing of Shanghai 1950 Hainan Island campaign Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 1950–1958 Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 1954–1955 First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1961–1972 Project National Glory 1995–1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 2022–present Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis 1945 Chongqing Negotiations Double Tenth Agreement Retrocession of Taiwan 1946 Jiaochangkou Incident Peiping rape case 1945–1947 Marshall Mission 1945–1949 Operation Beleaguer 1947 Yu Zisan Incident 1948 SS Kiangya incident Liaoshen campaign 1948–1949 Huaihai campaign Pingjin campaign 1949 Taiping Steamer Incident Yangtze River Crossing campaign Amethyst Incident ROC Government retreat to Taiwan Battle of Kinmen PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 1949–1953 Bombing of Shanghai 1950 Hainan Island campaign Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 1950–1958 Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 1954–1955 First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1961–1972 Project National Glory 1995–1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 2022–present Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis Authority control databases National United States Japan Israel United States Japan Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Chinese Civil War Military history of Xi'an 1936 in China War scare Political crisis Arrests of individual people Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2022 Pages using infobox mapframe without shape links in Wikidata Articles containing Chinese-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Commons category link from Wikidata Wikisource templates with missing id Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 10 December 2025, at 18:18 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background and career 2 Reign 3 Downfall Toggle Downfall subsection 3.1 Execution 3.2 Damnatio memoriae 3.1 Execution 3.2 Damnatio memoriae 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References Toggle References subsection 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Macrinus Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kongo Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Macrinus Bust, Capitoline Museums Roman emperor Reign 11 April 217 – 8 June 218 Predecessor Caracalla Successor Elagabalus Co-emperor Diadumenian (218) Born c. 165 Caesarea , Mauretania Caesariensis (now Cherchell , Algeria ) Died June 218 (aged 52–53) Cappadocia (modern-day Turkey ) Spouse Nonia Celsa Issue Diadumenian Names Marcus Opellius Macrinus [ 1 ] Regnal name Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Pius Felix Augustus [ 1 ] Names Marcus Opellius Macrinus [ 1 ] Regnal name Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Pius Felix Augustus [ 1 ] Marcus Opellius Macrinus ( / m ə ˈ k r ɪ n ə s / ; c. 165 – June 218) was a Roman emperor who reigned from April 217 to June 218, jointly with his young son Diadumenianus . Born in Caesarea (now called Cherchell , in modern Algeria ), in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis to an equestrian family of Berber origins, he became the first emperor who did not hail from the senatorial class and also the first emperor who never visited Rome during his reign. Before becoming emperor, Macrinus served under Emperor Caracalla as a praetorian prefect and dealt with Rome's civil affairs. He later conspired against Caracalla and had him murdered in a bid to protect his own life and succeeded Caracalla as emperor. Macrinus was proclaimed emperor of Rome by 11 April 217 while in the eastern provinces of the empire and was subsequently confirmed as such by the Senate; however, for the duration of his reign, he never had the opportunity to return to Rome. His predecessor's policies had left Rome's coffers empty and the empire at war with several kingdoms, including Parthia , Armenia , and Dacia . As emperor, Macrinus first attempted to enact reform to restore economic and diplomatic stability in Rome. While Macrinus' diplomatic actions brought about peace with each of the individual kingdoms, the additional monetary costs and subsequent fiscal reforms generated unrest in the Roman military. Caracalla's aunt, Julia Maesa , took advantage of the unrest and instigated a rebellion to have her fourteen-year-old grandson, Elagabalus , recognized as emperor. Macrinus was overthrown at the Battle of Antioch on 8 June 218 and Elagabalus proclaimed himself emperor with support from the rebelling Roman legions. Macrinus fled the battlefield and tried to reach Rome, but was captured in Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia . He sent his son to the care of Artabanus IV of Parthia , but Diadumenian was also captured before he could reach his destination and executed. After Macrinus' death, the Senate declared him and his son enemies of Rome and had their names struck from the records and their images destroyed, a procedure known as damnatio memoriae . Background and career Macrinus was born in Caesarea (modern Cherchell , Algeria) in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis to an equestrian family of Berber origins. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] According to David Potter , his family traced its origins to the Berber tribes of the region and his pierced ear was an indication of his Berber heritage. [ 4 ] He received an education which allowed him to ascend to the Roman political class. [ 5 ] Over the years, he earned a reputation as a skilled lawyer; and, under Emperor Septimius Severus , he became an important bureaucrat. Severus' successor Caracalla later appointed him a prefect of the Praetorian Guard . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] While Macrinus probably enjoyed the trust of Emperor Caracalla , this may have changed when, according to tradition, it was prophesied that he would depose and succeed the emperor. [ 5 ] Macrinus, fearing for his safety, resolved to have Caracalla murdered before he was condemned. [ 7 ] In the spring of 217, Caracalla was in the eastern provinces preparing a campaign against the Parthian Empire . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Macrinus was among his staff, as were other members of the Praetorian Guard. In April, Caracalla left the winter military camp at Edessa to visit a temple of Luna near the site of the battle of Carrhae and was accompanied only by his personal guard, which included Macrinus. The guard returned to the camp with two bodies: that of the dead emperor, and that of one of the accompanying soldiers. [ 10 ] The story that was told indicated that on 8 April, while travelling to the temple, Caracalla was stabbed to death by Justin Martialis, a soldier who was later claimed to have been recruited by Macrinus to commit the murder. [ 11 ] In the aftermath, Martialis was killed by one of Caracalla's men. [ 8 ] For two or three days, Rome remained without an emperor. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] On 11 April, Macrinus proclaimed himself emperor and assumed all of the imperial titles and powers, without waiting for the Senate. [ 7 ] The army backed his claim as emperor and the Senate, so far away, was powerless to intervene. [ 13 ] Macrinus never returned to Rome as emperor and remained based in Antioch for the duration of his reign. [ 14 ] Macrinus was the first emperor to hail from the equestrian class, rather than the senatorial, and also the first emperor of Mauretanian descent. [ 15 ] He adopted the name of Severus, in honour of the Severan dynasty, and conferred the imperial title of Augusta to his wife Nonia Celsa [ note 1 ] and the title of Caesar and name of Antoninus to his son Diadumenianus in honour of the Antonine dynasty , thus making him second in command. [ 15 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] At the time of Diadumenian's accession he was eight years old. [ 21 ] Reign Despite his equestrian background, Macrinus was accepted by the Senate for two reasons: for the removal of Caracalla, and for having received the loyalty of the army. [ 11 ] [ 22 ] The senators were less concerned by Macrinus' Mauretanian ancestry than by his equestrian social background and scrutinized his actions as emperor. Their opinion of him was reduced by his decisions to appoint to high offices men who were of similarly undistinguished background. [ 7 ] Macrinus, not being a senator and having become emperor through force rather than through traditional means, was looked down upon. [ 11 ] Macrinus had several issues that he needed to deal with at the time of his accession, which had been left behind by his predecessor. As Caracalla had a tendency towards military belligerence, rather than diplomacy, this left several conflicts for Macrinus to resolve. [ 23 ] Additionally, Caracalla had been a profligate spender of Rome's income. [ 24 ] Most of the money was spent on the army; he had greatly increased their pay from 2,000 sesterces to 3,000 sesterces per year. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The increased expenditures forced Caracalla to strip bare whatever sources of income he had to supply the difference. [ 24 ] This shortfall left Rome in a dire fiscal situation that Macrinus needed to address. [ 24 ] Macrinus was at first occupied by the threat of the Parthians, with whom Rome had been at war since the reign of Caracalla. Macrinus settled a peace deal with the Parthians after fighting an indecisive battle at Nisibis in 217. [ 27 ] In return for peace, Macrinus was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Parthian ruler Artabanus IV . [ 28 ] [ 24 ] Rome was at the time also under threat from Dacia and Armenia, so any deal with Parthia would likely have been beneficial to Rome. [ 29 ] Next, Macrinus turned his attention to Armenia. [ 30 ] In 216, Caracalla had imprisoned Khosrov I of Armenia and his family after Khosrov had agreed to meet with Caracalla at a conference to discuss some issue between himself and his sons. Caracalla instead installed a new Roman governor to rule over Armenia. These actions angered the Armenian people and they soon rebelled against Rome. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Macrinus settled a peace treaty with them by returning the crown and loot to Khosrov's son and successor Tiridates II and releasing his mother from prison, and by restoring Armenia to its status as a client kingdom of Rome. [ 30 ] Macrinus made peace with the Dacians by releasing hostages, though this was likely not handled by himself but by Marcius Agrippa . [ 33 ] In matters of foreign policy, Macrinus showed a tendency towards settling disputes through diplomacy and a reluctance to engage in military conflict, though this may have been due more to the lack of resources and manpower than to his own personal preference. [ 23 ] Macrinus began to overturn Caracalla's fiscal policies and moved closer towards those that had been set forth by Septimius Severus. [ 34 ] One such policy change involved the pay of Roman legionaries. The soldiers that were already enlisted during Caracalla's reign enjoyed exorbitant payments which were impossible for Macrinus to reduce without risking a potential rebellion. Instead, Macrinus allowed the enlisted soldiers to retain their higher payments, but he reduced the pay of new recruits to the level which had been set by Severus. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Macrinus revalued the Roman currency , increasing the silver purity and weight of the denarius from 50.78 percent and 1.66 grams at the end of Caracalla's reign to 57.85 percent and 1.82 grams from Autumn 217 to the end of his reign, so that it mirrored Severus' fiscal policy for the period 197 to 209. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Macrinus' goal with these policies might have been to return Rome to the relative economic stability that had been enjoyed under Severus' reign, though it came with a cost. [ 39 ] The fiscal changes that Macrinus enacted might have been tenable had it not been for the military. By this time, the strength of the military was too great and by enacting his reforms he angered the veteran soldiers, who viewed his actions in reducing the pay of new recruits as a foreshadowing of eventual reductions in their own privileges and pay. This significantly reduced Macrinus' popularity with the legions that had declared him emperor. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Caracalla's mother Julia Domna was initially left in peace when Macrinus became emperor. This changed when Macrinus discovered that she was conspiring against him and had her placed under house arrest in Antioch. By this time Julia Domna was suffering from a presumed advanced stage of breast cancer and she soon died in Antioch after starving herself. [ 15 ] [ 41 ] Afterwards, Macrinus sent Domna's sister Julia Maesa and her children back to Emesa in Syria, from where Maesa set in motion her plans to have Macrinus overthrown. [ 15 ] [ 22 ] Macrinus remained in Antioch instead of going to Rome upon being declared emperor, a step which furthered his unpopularity in Rome and contributed to his eventual downfall. [ 42 ] Downfall Julia Maesa had retired to her home town of Emesa with an immense fortune, which she had accrued over the course of twenty years. She took her children, Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea , and grandchildren, including Elagabalus, with her to Emesa. [ 43 ] Elagabalus, aged 14, was the chief priest of the Phoenician sun-deity Elagabalus (or El-Gabal) in Emesa. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Soldiers from Legio III Gallica (Gallic Third Legion), that had been stationed at the nearby camp of Raphanea , often visited Emesa and went to see Elagabalus perform his priestly rituals and duties while there. [ 43 ] [ 45 ] Julia Maesa took advantage of this, to suggest to the soldiers that Elagabalus was indeed the illegitimate son of Caracalla. [ 15 ] [ 43 ] On 16 May, Elagabalus was proclaimed emperor by the Legio III Gallica at its camp at Raphanea. [ 46 ] Upon Elagabalus' revolt, Macrinus travelled to Apamea and conferred the title of Augustus onto his son, Diadumenianus, and made him co-emperor. [ 21 ] Execution Macrinus realised that his life was in danger but struggled to decide upon a course of action and remained at Antioch. [ 47 ] He sent a force of cavalry commanded by Ulpius Julianus to regain control of the rebels, but they failed and Ulpius died in the attempt. This failure further strengthened Elagabalus' army. [ 47 ] [ 6 ] Soon after, a force under Elagabalus' tutor Gannys marched on Antioch and engaged Macrinus' army on 8 June 218 near the village of Immae, located approximately 24 miles (39 km) from Antioch. [ 42 ] At some point during the ensuing Battle of Antioch , Macrinus deserted the field and returned to Antioch. [ 42 ] He was then forced to flee from Antioch as fighting erupted in the city as well. [ 42 ] Elagabalus himself subsequently entered Antioch as the new ruler of the Roman Empire. [ 48 ] Macrinus fled for Rome; he travelled as far as Chalcedon before being recognized and captured. [ 49 ] His son and co-emperor Diadumenianus, sent to the care of Artabanus IV of Parthia, was himself captured in transit at Zeugma and killed in June 218. [ 15 ] [ 21 ] [ 49 ] Diadumenianus' reign as emperor lasted less than one month, and he was about 10 years old when he died. [ 21 ] Macrinus, upon learning of his son's death, tried to escape captivity, but he injured himself in the unsuccessful attempt [ 49 ] and was afterward executed in Cappadocia ; his head was sent to Elagabalus. [ 49 ] Much like Macrinus, Diadumenianus' head was also cut off and sent to Elagabalus as a trophy. [ 20 ] Damnatio memoriae Macrinus and his son Diadumenian were declared hostes , enemies of the state, by the Senate immediately after news had arrived of their deaths and as part of an official declaration of support for the usurper Elagabalus, who was recognized in the Senate as the new Emperor. The declaration of hostes led to two actions being taken against the images of the former Emperors. First, their portraits were destroyed and their names were stricken from inscriptions and papyri. The second action, taken by the Roman soldiers who had rebelled against Macrinus in favour of Elagabalus, was to destroy all of the works and possessions of Macrinus. The damnatio memoriae against Macrinus is among the earliest of such sanctions enacted by the Senate. Many of the marble busts of Macrinus that exist were defaced and mutilated as a response to the damnatio memoriae and many of the coins depicting Macrinus and Diadumenianus were also destroyed. These actions against Macrinus are evidence of his unpopularity in Rome. [ 19 ] In popular culture In the film Gladiator II (2024), Denzel Washington portrays the character "Macrinus", who is loosely inspired by the historical figure. [ 50 ] In an interview with The Times where Washington addressed the historical inaccuracy of Macrinus being adapted as a black man in the film, Washington acknowledged that the real Macrinus was not black. [ 51 ] The choice of Washington garnered controversy and sparked criticism in Algeria , where many people denounced a "blackwashing" of the historical Berber character and argued that "Macrinus was not of sub-Saharan African origin. This historical revisionism erases North African identities to impose a simplistic and incorrect vision of history". [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Notes ^ The only evidence for her existence is a fictitious letter written in Diadumenianus' biography in the Historia Augusta . [ 16 ] References Citations ^ a b Cooley , p. 496. ^ Naylor 2015 , p. 49. ^ Grant 1996 , p. 22. ^ Potter 2004 , p. 146. ^ a b c Gibbon 1776 , p. 162. ^ a b Mennen 2011 , p. 15. ^ a b c Goldsworthy 2009 , p. 75 . ^ a b Goldsworthy 2009 , p. 74 . ^ Mennen 2011 , p. 22. ^ Meckler 2006 . ^ a b c d Gibbon 1776 , p. 163. ^ Ando 2012 , p. 63. ^ Gibbon 1776 , p. 164. ^ Varner 2004 , p. 185. ^ a b c d e f Dunstan 2011 , p. 407. ^ Scott 2008 , p. 190. ^ Mennen 2011 , p. 26. ^ Crevier 1814 , p. 238. ^ a b Varner 2004 , pp. 184–188. ^ a b Bunson 2014 , p. 173. ^ a b c d Vagi 2000 , pp. 289–290. ^ a b Goldsworthy 2009 , pp. 76–77 . ^ a b Scott 2008 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Scott 2008 , pp. 118–119. ^ Dunstan 2011 , p. 406. ^ Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004 , p. 413. ^ Scott 2008 , p. 76. ^ Goldsworthy 2009 , p. 88 . ^ Scott 2008 , p. 111. ^ a b Scott 2008 , p. 113. ^ Payaslian 2008 , p. 32. ^ Scott 2008 , pp. 270–271. ^ Scott 2008 , pp. 114–115. ^ Scott 2008 , p. 126. ^ Gibbon 1776 , pp. 165–166. ^ Scott 2008 , pp. 127–128. ^ Scott 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Harl, Kenneth. "Roman Currency of the Principate" . Tulane University . Archived from the original on 10 February 2001 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) ^ a b Scott 2008 , pp. 134–135. ^ Gibbon 1776 , p. 166. ^ Goldsworthy 2009 , p. 76 . ^ a b c d Glanville 1961 , pp. 248–250. ^ a b c d Gibbon 1776 , p. 182. ^ Vagi 2000 , pp. 295–296. ^ Goldsworthy 2009 , p. 77 . ^ Goldsworthy 2009 , p. 78 . ^ a b Gibbon 1776 , p. 169. ^ Icks 2011 , p. 14. ^ a b c d Crevier 1814 , p. 236–237. ^ "Who is Macrinus in Gladiator 2? His Real Name Revealed | NerdVeda" . 23 November 2024. ^ "Gladiator 2's Denzel Washington Reflects on Historical Inaccuracy of His Character Macrinus: "There Were No Black People in Rome" " . Screen Rant . 22 November 2024. ^ Solante, Amira (19 November 2024). "Gladiator 2 relance la polémique sur l'histoire et la couleur" . L'Expression (Algérie) . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Lyes, Sonia (26 October 2024). "Gladiator 2 : Polémique en Algérie autour de Macrinus, l'empereur berbère de Rome" . Tout sur l'Algérie . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . Sources Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-5534-2 . Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans, from village to empire . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511875-8 . Bunson, Matthew (2014). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire . Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1027-1 . Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy . Cambridge University Press. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2 . Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors From Augustus to Constantine . Vol. 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. Downey, Glanville. (1961). History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest . Literary Licensing. ISBN 1-258-48665-2 . Dunstan, William (2011). Ancient Rome . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7 . Gibbon, Edward (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Vol. 1. Glanville, Downey (1961). History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest . Literary Licensing. pp. 248– 250. ISBN 1-258-48665-2 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8 . Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire . Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-12772-1 . Icks, Martijn (2011). The Crimes of Elegabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor . I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-362-1 . Meckler, Michael L. (2006). "Macrinus" . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Mennen, Inge (2011). Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284 . Impact of Empire. Vol. 12. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-9004203594 . OCLC 859895124 . Naylor, Phillip (2015). North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present . University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76190-2 . Payaslian, Simon (2008). The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present . Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-230-60858-0 . Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–392 . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10058-5 . Scott, Andrew (2008). Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus . Rutgers. ISBN 978-0-549-89041-6 . Vagi, David (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480: History . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-57958-316-4 . Varner, Eric (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture . Brill Academic. ISBN 90-04-13577-4 . Further reading Dio Cassius . Roman History. Herodian History of the Roman Empire. Historia Augusta . Mattingly, H. (1953) [1951]. "The Reign of Macrinus". In Mylonas, G. E.; Raymond, D. (eds.). Studies Presented to D. M. Robinson on his Seventieth Birthday . St. Louis, MO. pp. 962– 969. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) External links Life of Macrinus ( Historia Augusta at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation) "Macrinus" at De Imperatoribus Romanis (by Michael Meckler of Ohio State University) Macrinus by Dio Cassius Livius.org: Marcus Opellius Macrinus Macrinus Born: 11 April 165 Died: June 218 Regnal titles Preceded by Caracalla Roman emperor 217–218 With: Diadumenian Succeeded by Elagabalus Political offices Preceded by Gaius Bruttius Praesens Titus Messius Extricatus Roman consul 218 with Marcus Oclatinius Adventus Succeeded by Elagabalus Marcus Oclatinius Adventus as suffecti .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnant v t e Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–284 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Later Roman Empire 284–641 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 641–1453 Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States Netherlands Croatia Poland Vatican United States Netherlands Croatia Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie DDB Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand) Yale LUX IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand) Yale LUX 160s births 218 deaths 2nd-century Berber people 2nd-century Romans 3rd-century praetorian prefects 3rd-century Berber people 3rd-century executions 3rd-century murdered monarchs 3rd-century Roman emperors Executed Roman emperors Imperial Roman consuls Opellii People executed by the Roman Empire People from Cherchell People of the Roman–Parthian Wars Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae Roman pharaohs Damnatio memoriae CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2021 CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 maint: location missing publisher Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 10 August 2025, at 05:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrinus
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 World Heritage Sites 2 Tentative list 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List of World Heritage Sites in India العربية অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Cymraeg Deutsch डोटेली Español فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Green dots indicate the seven clusters in the Western Ghats Blue dots are the Hill Forts of Rajasthan Yellow dots are the Great Living Chola Temples Orange dots are the Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas Pink dots indicate the Mountain Railways of India Purple dots are the Maratha Military Landscapes of India Turquoise dots indicate cities with multiple sites. Delhi and Mumbai have three sites each, Agra and Jaipur have two sites each. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designates World Heritage Sites of outstanding universal value to cultural or natural heritage which have been nominated by countries which are signatories to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. [ 1 ] Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty, are defined as natural heritage. [ 2 ] India accepted the convention on 14 November 1977, making its sites eligible for inclusion on the list. [ 3 ] There are 44 World Heritage Sites in India. Out of these, 36 are cultural, seven are natural, and one, Khangchendzonga National Park , is of mixed type, listed for both cultural and natural properties. India has the sixth-most sites worldwide. The first sites to be listed were the Ajanta Caves , Ellora Caves , Agra Fort , and Taj Mahal , all of which were inscribed in the 1983 session of the World Heritage Committee . The most recent site listed is the Maratha Military Landscapes of India , in 2025. [ 3 ] At different times, two sites were listed as endangered : the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was listed between 1992 and 2011 due to poaching and the activities of Bodo militias, [ 4 ] and the monuments at Hampi were listed between 1999 and 2006 due to risks from increased traffic and new constructions in surroundings. [ 5 ] One site is transnational: The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier is shared with six other countries. [ 6 ] In addition, India has 69 sites on its tentative list. [ 3 ] World Heritage Sites UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria ; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural. [ 7 ] Site Image Location ( state ) Year listed UNESCO data Description Ajanta Caves Maharashtra 1983 242; i, ii, iii, vi (cultural) The caves at Ajanta represent a collection of Buddhist art from two periods. The first monuments date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE and were created by the followers of Theravada Buddhism. Further monuments were added in the 5th and 6th centuries CE, during the Vakataka dynasty , by the followers of Mahayana Buddhism. The monuments are masterpieces of Buddhist art and exerted strong artistic influence in India and the broader region, especially in Java . [ 8 ] Ellora Caves Maharashtra 1983 243; i, iii, vi (cultural) The Ellora Caves comprise 34 temples and monasteries that were cut into a 2 km (1.2 mi) long basalt cliff between the 7th and 11th centuries during Rashtrakuta Empire . As they were built by followers of Buddhism , Hinduism , and Jainism , they illustrate the religious tolerance of the period when they were constructed. The largest temple is the Kailasa Temple (pictured), which is elaborately decorated with sculptures and paintings. [ 9 ] Agra Fort Uttar Pradesh 1983 251; iii (cultural) Agra Fort is a 16th-century Mughal imperial fortress in Agra . It got its present layout under the Emperor Akbar . The complex contains several palaces ( Jahangiri Mahal pictured), audience halls, and two mosques. Stylistically, it is one of the high points of Indo-Islamic architecture , with influences of Persian and Timurid architecture . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Taj Mahal Uttar Pradesh 1983 252; i (cultural) The Taj Mahal is considered the finest example of Indo-Islamic architecture . It was built in Agra on the bank of the Yamuna river as a mausoleum of Mumtaz Mahal , the Persian wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan , between 1631 and 1648. It was designed by Ustad Ahmad Lahori and built in white marble inlaid with precious and semi-precious stones. The tomb is surrounded by four free-standing minarets . The complex also includes the main gate, a mosque, a guesthouse, and surrounding gardens. [ 12 ] Sun Temple , Konark Odisha 1984 246; i, iii, vi (cultural) This Hindu temple was built by Narasingha Deva I of Eastern Ganga dynasty in the 13th century and is one of the finest examples of Kalinga architecture . It represents the chariot of the solar deity Surya : on the outer sides, it has 24 wheels carved of stone and richly decorated, being pulled by seven horses. Other decorative motifs include lions, musicians, dancers, and erotic scenes. [ 13 ] Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu 1984 249; i, ii, iii, vi (cultural) The monuments around the town of Mamallapuram were built in the 7th and 8th centuries, under the Pallava dynasty . There are different types of monuments: the rathas , which are chariot-shaped temples ( Dharmaraja Ratha ); the mandapas (rock-cut temples); rock reliefs, including the giant Descent of the Ganges ; Shore Temple (pictured) and other temples and archaeological remains. The artistic expression of the monuments was influential in the broader region, including Cambodia, Vietnam, and Java . [ 14 ] Kaziranga National Park Assam 1985 337; ix, x (natural) Kaziranga is located in the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River . It is one of the best wildlife sanctuaries in the world, home to the world's largest population of the Indian rhinoceros (pictured), as well as tigers , Asian elephants , wild water buffalo , and the Ganges river dolphin . The wetlands are important for migratory bird species. [ 15 ] Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Assam 1985 338; vii, ix, x (natural) The sanctuary along the Manas River covers grasslands on floodplains and forests, both in lowlands and in hills. The area is a biodiversity hotspot and home to several endangered species, including the Indian rhinoceros , Asian elephant (pictured), wild water buffalo , tiger , sloth bear , pygmy hog , Gee's golden langur , and Bengal florican . The forests are constantly being renewed after floods and changes in the river courses. Between 1992 and 2011, the site was listed as endangered due to poaching and the activities of Bodo militias. [ 16 ] [ 4 ] Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1985 340; x (natural) Initially a duck-hunting reserve for Maharajas , Keoladeo is a man-made and man-maintained wetland . It is important both for migratory and resident birds, especially waterbirds. Over 350 species of birds have been recorded, including 15 species of herons , the Siberian crane , and the greater spotted eagle . Pictured here is a group of bar-headed geese and demoiselle cranes flying together in the park. The park is also protected under the Ramsar Convention . [ 17 ] Churches and Convents of Goa Goa 1986 234; ii, iv, vi (cultural) Old Goa was the capital of Portuguese India , a colony that lasted for 450 years until 1961. The site comprises seven churches and convents that were built in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Gothic , Manueline , Mannerist , and Baroque styles, but which were also adapted to suit local techniques and resources. They spread architectural influences to Asian countries where Catholic missions were established. The Basilica of Bom Jesus , where Saint Francis Xavier is buried, is pictured. [ 18 ] Khajuraho Group of Monuments Madhya Pradesh 1986 240; i, iii (cultural) This site comprises 23 temples, both Hindu and Jain , that were built in the 10th and 11th centuries, during the Chandela dynasty. The temples are built in the Nagara style. They are richly decorated with stone carvings and sculptures that depict sacred and secular motifs, including depictions of domestic life, musicians, dancers, and amorous couples. A detail from the Lakshmana Temple is pictured. [ 19 ] Group of Monuments at Hampi Karnataka 1986 241bis; i, iii, iv (cultural) Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire until its abandonment after its sacking and pillaging by the Deccan sultanates in 1565. For about 200 years, it was a prosperous multi-cultural city that left several monuments in the Dravidian style as well as the Indo-Islamic style . The remains include religious and secular buildings and defensive structures. The Vitthala Temple is pictured. A minor boundary modification of the site took place in 2012. Between 1999 and 2006, the site was listed as endangered due to risks posed by increased traffic and new constructions. [ 20 ] [ 5 ] Fatehpur Sikri Uttar Pradesh 1986 255; ii, iii, iv (cultural) For about a decade in the second half of the 16th century, Fatehpur Sikri was the capital of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar , until the capital was moved to Lahore in 1585 and the city was mostly abandoned. The site comprises a large collection of monuments and temples in the Mughal style , such as the Jama Masjid (the gate to the mosque, the Buland Darwaza , pictured), the Panch Mahal palace, and the Tomb of Salim Chishti . [ 21 ] Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Karnataka 1987 239rev; iii, iv (cultural) This site comprises nine Hindu temples and one Jain temple that were built in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty . They were constructed in the Badami Chalukya style that blends influences from northern and southern India. The Temple of Virupaksha is pictured. [ 22 ] Elephanta Caves Maharashtra 1987 244rev; i, iii (cultural) The cave complex, located on Elephanta Island in Mumbai Harbour , was constructed mainly in the 5th and 6th centuries, with remains of human occupation dating back to the 2nd century BCE. The temples are dedicated to Shiva . The caves are decorated with stone carvings, some of them colossal. A statue of Trimurti Shiva, flanked by the dvarapalas , is pictured. [ 23 ] Great Living Chola Temples Tamil Nadu 1987 250bis; i, ii, iii, iv (cultural) This site comprises three Hindu temples built in the 11th and 12th centuries under the Chola dynasty . They represent some of the best examples of Dravidian architecture of the Chola period. They are made of stone and decorated with stone and bronze sculptures. Initially, only the Brihadisvara Temple (pictured) was listed as a World Heritage Site; two other temples, the Brihadisvara Temple and the Airavatesvara Temple were added in 2004, after which the site was renamed to its current name. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Sundarbans National Park West Bengal 1987 452; ix, x (natural) The national park covers the Indian part of the Sundarbans , the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. It is the world's largest and richest mangrove forest , with about 78 recorded mangrove species. It is a biodiversity hotspot, home to a large population of Bengal tigers (one pictured), as well as an important habitat for the Irrawaddy dolphin and Ganges river dolphin , several species of birds and sea turtles. In Bangladesh, the Sundarbans is listed as a separate World Heritage Site. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Uttarakhand 1988 335bis; vii, x (natural) This site comprises two areas in the West Himalayas , the Valley of Flowers National Park (pictured) and the Nanda Devi National Park . There are different types of high-altitude habitats, from high mountain peaks ( Nanda Devi at 7,817 m (25,646 ft) is India's second-highest mountain) to alpine meadows. In addition to numerous mountain plant species, the area is home to the Asiatic black bear , snow leopard , brown bear , and bharal . Nanda Devi NP was originally listed alone in 1988; the Valley of Flowers NP was added in 2005. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Madhya Pradesh 1989 524; i, ii, iii, iv, vi (cultural) Sanchi is one of the oldest extant Buddhist sanctuaries and was instrumental in the spread of the religion through the Indian subcontinent. It became important under Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE. The remains of a pillar from the period are preserved. Stupas (Stupa 1 pictured), palaces, temples, and monasteries are preserved in different states of conservation, mostly dating to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. The city declined in importance in the 12th century. [ 30 ] Humayun's Tomb , Delhi Delhi 1993 232bis; ii, iv (cultural) The tomb of the Mughal emperor Humayun was constructed in the 1560s and represents the first example of a garden tomb on the Indian subcontinent, introducing the elements of Persian gardens . The monumental double-domed mausoleum represents a leap in Mughal architecture and is an architectural predecessor of the Taj Mahal . The complex includes several smaller tombs from the period. A minor boundary modification took place in 2016. [ 31 ] Qutb Minar and its Monuments , Delhi Delhi 1993 233; iv (cultural) The complex comprises several early Islamic India monuments from the 13th and 14th centuries when the Delhi Sultanate established power there. They include the Qutb Minar , a 72.5 m (238 ft)-high minaret (pictured), the Alai Darwaza gateway, the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque where several stone pillars from previous Hindu temples were repurposed, the Iron pillar , and several tombs and other monuments. [ 32 ] Mountain Railways of India West Bengal , Tamil Nadu , Himachal Pradesh 1999 944ter; ii, iv (cultural) This site comprises three mountain railways built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries during British East India Company Rule in India to provide access to towns in the highlands. They represent a technology transfer in a colonial setting; the construction involved building bridges and tunnels to cross difficult terrains. The railways supported further human settlement of the areas they linked to and are still fully operational. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was initially listed alone in 1999. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway was added in 2005, and the Kalka–Shimla railway (pictured) in 2008. [ 33 ] Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya Bihar 2002 1056rev; i, ii, iii, iv, vi (cultural) The Buddhist temple complex marks the site where Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree . The present temple dates to the 5th and 6th centuries CE (during the Gupta period ) and was built upon a previous structure commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The temple is 50 m (160 ft) high and made of brick. It had a substantial influence on the development of architecture in the following centuries. After centuries of abandonment and neglect, the temple was extensively restored in the 19th century. [ 34 ] Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh 2003 925; iii, v (cultural) This site comprises five clusters of rock shelters in the foothills of the Vindhya Range . They contain rock paintings from the hunter-gatherer societies of the Mesolithic to the historical period. The nearby villages still maintain some cultural practices similar to those depicted in the paintings. [ 35 ] Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) Maharashtra 2004 945rev; ii, iv (cultural) The historic terminal train station in Mumbai was built in the late 19th century. It was designed by Frederick William Stevens in the Victorian Gothic style, drawing influences from Italian Gothic architecture and combining them with influences from Indian traditional buildings. It symbolized the wealth of Mumbai as a major commercial port within the British Commonwealth . [ 36 ] Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Gujarat 2004 1101; ii, iv, v, vi (cultural) The site contains remains from several periods, from the Chalcolithic to the remains of Champaner , a short-lived capital of the Gujarat Sultanate in the 16th century. Important buildings include the Hindu temple Kalika Mata , Jain temples , and Jama Mosque (pictured) which features both Hindu and Muslim architectural elements, and the remains of water-managing systems, fortifications, and 14th-century temples. [ 37 ] Red Fort Complex Delhi 2007 231rev; ii, iii, vi (cultural) The Red Fort was built under Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the mid-17th century. It represents the zenith of Mughal architecture , blending the elements of Indo-Persian culture with Timurid elements. Its architecture had a strong influence on later palaces and gardens in the region. The Red Fort was also the setting of historical events; it was sacked and partially repurposed by the British , and it was the site where the independence of India was first celebrated. The Delhi Gate is pictured. [ 38 ] The Jantar Mantar , Jaipur Rajasthan 2010 1338; iii, vi (cultural) The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is India's most significant historic astronomical observatory. It dates from the early 18th century and was built by Rajput king Sawai Jai Singh . There are about 20 astronomical instruments that were designed and built for naked eye observations of the positions of stars and planets. It also served as a meeting point for different scientific cultures. [ 39 ] Western Ghats Maharashtra , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu 2012 1342rev; ix, x (natural) The Western Ghats is a mountain range that runs along the western coast of the Indian subcontinent . It is covered with montane forests. The area is a biodiversity hotspot and home to endangered species such as the Bengal tiger , lion-tailed macaque , Nilgiri tahr , and Nilgiri langur . In terms of evolutionary history, the area is important given the breakup of Gondwana in the early Jurassic period, after which India was an isolated landmass until its collision with the Eurasian Plate . The World Heritage Site comprises 39 individual properties. [ 40 ] Hill Forts of Rajasthan Rajasthan 2013 247rev; ii, iii (cultural) This site comprises six forts: the Chittor Fort , Kumbhalgarh Fort , Ranthambore Fort , Gagron Fort , Amber Fort (pictured), and Jaisalmer Fort , which were constructed between the 8th and 18th centuries by Rajput kingdoms. They are eclectic in style, with elements of Sultanate and Mughal architecture, and were influential on the later styles of the Maratha Empire . They are situated in different settings; for example, Ranthambore is in a forest, and Jaisalmer is in a desert. [ 41 ] Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat Gujarat 2014 922; i, iv (cultural) Rani-ki-Vav is one of the finest examples of a stepwell , an elaborate type of well where groundwater is accessed through several levels of stairs. It was constructed in the 11th century, during the Chaulukya dynasty , on the banks of the Saraswati River in the city of Patan . It has seven levels, each decorated with stone carvings and sculptures depicting religious and secular themes and literary works. After the change in the river course in the 13th century, it was no longer in use and got covered with silt , which allowed for its preservation. [ 42 ] Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area Himachal Pradesh 2014 1406rev; x (natural) The national park covers habitats from alpine peaks of the Himalayas above 6,000 m (20,000 ft) to alpine meadows and riverine forests below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). In total, there are 25 types of forests recorded, and they have rich floral and faunal assemblies, including numerous species of birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects. It is home to endangered species such as the western tragopan and musk deer . [ 43 ] Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar Bihar 2016 1502; iv, vi (cultural) Nalanda Mahavihara was a Buddhist ancient higher-learning institution established in the 5th century during Gupta Empire and lasting until its sacking in the 13th century. However, some archaeological remains also date back to the 3rd century BCE. The remains include shrines and stupas , viharas (residential and educational buildings), and artworks in different materials. Both the architectural solutions and educational approaches were influential in other similar institutions in the broader region. [ 44 ] Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim 2016 1513; iii, vi, vii, x (mixed) The national park is located around Mount Khangchendzonga , the world's third highest mountain (8,586 m (28,169 ft)). It is a sacred mountain in Tibetan Buddhism , where the area is considered a beyul , a sacred hidden land. It is home to ethnically very diverse Sikkimese communities. From the natural perspective, the area comprises various habitats, from high mountains with glaciers to old-growth forests, and is rich in animal and plant species. [ 45 ] The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement * Chandigarh 2016 1321rev; i, ii, vi (cultural) This transnational site (shared with Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan) encompasses 17 works of Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier . Le Corbusier was an important representative of the 20th-century Modernist movement , which introduced new architectural techniques to meet the needs of the changing society. The Chandigarh Capitol Complex is listed in India. It is the central part of the city of Chandigarh and is designed in line with the principles of a radiant city . The Palace of Assembly is pictured. [ 6 ] Historic City of Ahmadabad Gujarat 2017 1551; ii, v (cultural) The city of Ahmedabad was founded by Ahmad Shah I in 1411 to serve as the capital of the Gujarat Sultanate . It was the meeting place of many religions ( Hinduism , Islam , Buddhism , Jainism , Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and Judaism ), which resulted in a unique urban fabric. The architecture is based on timber, and the typical neighborhoods are called pols , densely packed traditional houses with gated streets. Important buildings from the Sultanate period include the Bhadra Fort city walls, Teen Darwaza (Pictured), Rani Sipri's Mosque , Sidi Bashir Mosque , Sidi Saiyyed Mosque and Jama Mosque and other numerous mosques, tombs, and shrines. [ 46 ] Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai Maharashtra 2018 1480; ii, iv (cultural) This site comprises two assemblies of buildings in Mumbai from the British Empire era. Public buildings in the Victorian Gothic style from the second half of the 19th century adapted Gothic Revival elements for the Indian climate, introducing features such as balconies and verandas . The Bombay High Court building is pictured. The Art Deco buildings date to the early 20th century and include cinema halls and apartment buildings. See also Art Deco in Mumbai . [ 47 ] Jaipur City , Rajasthan Rajasthan 2019 1605; ii, iv, vi (cultural) Jaipur was founded by the Rajput ruler Jai Singh II in 1727. The city was built with a grid plan , inspired by ancient Hindu and Western ideals, in a departure from the medieval architecture of the region. It was a strong trade centre and home to craftsmen and artists. Important buildings and sites include the Hawa Mahal palace (pictured), Govind Dev Ji Temple , City Palace , and Jantar Mantar , which is listed as a separate World Heritage Site. [ 48 ] Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple , Telangana Telangana 2021 1570; i, iii (cultural) The Hindu temple, dedicated to Shiva , was constructed in the first half of the 13th century under the Kakatiya dynasty . It is decorated with stone carvings and sculptures in granite and dolerite that depict regional dance customs. In line with Hindu practices, the temple is constructed in a way that blends harmonically with the environment. [ 49 ] Dholavira : a Harappan City Gujarat 2021 1645; iii, iv (cultural) Dholavira was one of the centres of the Harappan Civilisation from the 3rd to mid-2nd millennium BCE, in the Bronze Age . The remains include a walled city and a cemetery, and there are remains of buildings and water management systems. The city's location was chosen because of nearby sources of precious minerals. The city had trade connections with other cities in the region and as far as Mesopotamia . The site was rediscovered in 1968. [ 50 ] Santiniketan West Bengal 2023 1375; iv, vi (cultural) Santiniketan was founded as an ashram by Debendranath Tagore in the second half of the 19th century and then developed into a university town for Visva-Bharati University . It is connected to the life and philosophy of Debendranath's son Rabindranath Tagore , the leading figure of the Bengali Renaissance . The prayer hall is pictured. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas Karnataka 2023 1670; i, ii, iv (cultural) Three Hoysala temples - the Chennakeshava Temple in Belur , the Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu and the Keshava temple (pictured) in Somanathapura , dating between the 12th and 14th centuries. Hoysala architecture combined the elements of Dravidian architecture with influences from northern India. The temples were built by the followers of Vaishnavism and Shaivism and they are richly decorated with stone sculptures and carvings. The Chennakeshava Temple in Belur is still an important pilgrimage site. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty Assam 2024 1711; iii, iv (cultural) Charaideo was the capital of the Ahom kingdom (1228–1826), and the tumuli were the burial sites of the royals and nobility. The tumuli create an undulating landscape reminiscent of hills, in line with the spiritual beliefs of the Tai-Ahom people . [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Maratha Military Landscapes of India Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu 2025 1739; iv, vi (cultural) This inscription comprises 11 forts in Maharashtra and 1 in Tamil Nadu. They are typically constructed of basalt rocks on the hills and were used for defensive purposes in different historical periods. The forts are connected to the Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji , who commissioned several of them in the 17th century. The Raigad Fort is pictured. [ 57 ] Tentative list This section needs to be updated . The reason given is: The new tentative sites are missing descriptions. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( November 2025 ) In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. [ 58 ] India lists 69 properties on its tentative list. [ 3 ] Site Image Location ( state ) Year listed UNESCO criteria Description Temples at Bishnupur , West Bengal West Bengal 1998 (cultural) The terracotta temples built by Malla kings of Bishnupur date to the 17th century. They were built in brick and laterite stone. They have characteristic sloping roofs. The Jor Bangla Temple , from 1655, is pictured. [ 59 ] Mattancherry Palace , Ernakulam, Kerala Kerala 1998 (cultural) The palace was built by the Portuguese for the local rulers around 1555. It is a two-storey building with several halls and a ceiling decorated with carvings in the coronation hall. [ 60 ] Group of Monuments at Mandu , Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh 1998 (cultural) This nomination comprises monuments dating from the 11th to the 16th centuries. They include rock-cut tombs and temples, mosques, palaces, and pavilions. The Jahaz Mahal palace is pictured. [ 61 ] Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh 1998 (cultural) This nomination comprises two groups of monuments. The first group includes Buddhist temples, stupas ( Dhamek Stupa pictured), and monasteries, as well as the remains of a pillar of Ashoka . They date from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE. The second group is represented by the Chaukhandi Stupa , built in 1588. [ 62 ] Sri Harimandir Sahib , Amritsar, Punjab Punjab 2004 iii, iv, vi (cultural) Sri Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, is the spiritual centre of Sikhism . The temple complex was rebuilt several times. The architectural layout of the complex reflects the spiritual concepts of the religion. The main temple building is richly decorated with floral patterns, either painted or as marble inlay . [ 63 ] River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam Assam 2004 ii, iii, v, vi (cultural) Majuli is a large river island in the Brahmaputra River . There are over 200 villages on the island, inhabited by people from various ethnic origins. A characteristic concept of the region is the satras , institutional centres for cultural activities that also serve as democratic mediators for dispute resolution. [ 64 ] Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh 2006 vii, ix, x (natural) The national park covers an extensive wilderness area mostly covered in forests and sparsely explored. It is located in the Eastern Himalayas . The highest peak is Dapha Bum, at 4,571 m (14,997 ft). [ 65 ] Wild Ass Sanctuary , Little Rann of Kutch Gujarat 2006 x (natural) Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh with sparse vegetation, mostly with xerophytic species. It is home to the last wild population of the Indian wild ass (pictured). It is also an important nesting area for birds. [ 66 ] Neora Valley National Park West Bengal 2009 vii, x (natural) The area is covered by virgin forest and is a biodiversity hotspot. The valley spans from lowlands to altitudes around 3,200 m (10,500 ft), which results in a variety of habitats. It is home to several bird species and mammals, including the red panda and two species of pangolin . [ 67 ] Desert National Park Rajasthan 2009 vii, viii, x (natural) The national park covers a part of the Thar Desert . It is home to several endemic species such as the Indian hairy-footed gerbil and the Rajasthan toad-headed lizard . It is also home to two endangered species of vultures . The Chinkara gazelle (Gazella bennettii) is a common antelope of this region. There are fossil beds in the park, dating to the Jurassic period. [ 68 ] Silk Road Sites in India Bihar , Jammu and Kashmir , Maharashtra , Puducherry , Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh 2010 ii, iii, vi (cultural) This nomination comprises 12 sites connected to the ancient Silk Road , a network of trade routes connecting China with the west. There were at least three corridors in India. In addition to the movement of goods, they were important in the spread of Buddhism and Greco-Buddhist culture. Sites in the nomination include the Roman trade port at Arikamedu , Vikramashila (pictured) and the early Buddhist site of Vaishali (the Relic Stupa). [ 69 ] The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort , Qutb Shahi Tombs , Charminar Telangana 2010 i, ii, iii, iv (cultural) This nomination comprises the monuments of the Qutb Shahi dynasty , a sultanate that ruled in the 16th and 17th century, in Hyderabad and its surroundings. The Golconda Fort is a citadel and early capital. Qutb Shahi tombs (two pictured) are mosques and burial places of the sultans, and Charminar, built in 1591, is a monumental gateway with four minarets. These sites illustrate the cosmopolitan nature of the region in that period. [ 70 ] Mughal Gardens in Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir 2010 i, ii, iv (cultural) Mughal gardens were built in a style influenced by Persian gardens , particularly by the Charbagh layout, with terraces and fountains arranged around a central water channel, reflecting the Islamic concept of paradise . Six gardens are listed in the nomination: Chashme Shahi , Shalimar Bagh (pavilion pictured), Pari Mahal , Verinag , Achabal Gardens , and Nishat Bagh . [ 71 ] Delhi - A Heritage City Delhi 2012 ii, v, vi (cultural) Delhi, as Lal Kot , was founded in 1060 as a capital of the Tomara dynasty . Later, rulers built subsequent cities on the site. Delhi was the capital of the Delhi Sultanate and an intermittent capital of the Mughal Empire . During the British rule , the capital was moved from Calcutta to the newly constructed New Delhi in 1911. The nomination lists the following areas of historical and architectural importance: Mehrauli , Nizamuddin Dargah (the tomb of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya ), Shahjahanabad (pictured), and New Delhi. [ 72 ] Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate Karnataka , Telangana 2014 ii, iii (cultural) This nomination comprises the monuments of Deccan sultanates , dating between the 14th and 17th centuries, in four cities: Gulbarga , Bidar , Bijapur in Karnataka state, and Hyderabad in Telangana state. The architecture of the Deccan sultanates represents interactions between Islamic and Hindu influences. Some of the monuments in the nomination include the Bidar Fort (pictured), Jama Mosque in Gulbarga, and the Qutb Shahi tombs . [ 73 ] Cellular Jail , Andaman Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2014 iv, vi (cultural) The jail was constructed in 1906 by the British, primarily to exile political prisoners to the remote archipelago. The architecture was based on the panopticon system, with radiating wings that were easy to monitor by a single guard. Jail cells were intended for individuals for confinement. The jail was infamous for the brutal treatment of inmates and is important in the history of the Indian independence movement . [ 74 ] Iconic Saree Weaving Clusters of India Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Assam 2014 iii, v (cultural) Sari , or saree, is a traditional attire of Indian women. Sari weaving required particular adjustments of the weavers' houses to accommodate looms and other devices for silk processing, resulting in a specific vernacular architecture. This nomination comprises eight clusters where sari weaving was and still is a major profession of the villagers. Different styles of saris are pictured. [ 75 ] Apatani Cultural Landscape Arunachal Pradesh 2014 iii, v (cultural) Apatani people live in the Ziro Valley that is surrounded by high mountains of the Himalayas . They have a culture that is distinct from that of other tribes in the region, with traditional crafts and festivals. They practice wet rice cultivation and are careful in land management, which allowed sustainable agriculture for several centuries. The resulting cultural landscape reflects the ability of the tribe to make the adverse environment habitable. [ 76 ] Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple , Srirangam Tamil Nadu 2014 i, ii, iii, v (cultural) The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is dedicated to Ranganatha . It is the world's largest operating Hindu temple and is, in fact, a temple town, with inner enclosures constituting the temple and outer ones being used for settlements. There have been temples at the site for over two millennia; however, the key buildings standing today date to the time of the Vijayanagara Empire , from the 14th to the 16th century. The temple has 21 gopurams , which are richly decorated with paintings and sculptures. [ 77 ] Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town Karnataka 2014 i, ii, iii, iv (cultural) Srirangapatna, the river island in the Kaveri river, is an important pilgrimage site in South India. It has been continuously inhabited since the 12th century. The monuments on the island date to different historical periods, including the periods of the Hoysala Empire , Vijayanagara Empire , Kingdom of Mysore , and the British Raj . Most monuments date from the 16th to the 19th centuries and have elements of Hindu, Indo-Islamic, and British styles. The Ranganathaswamy Temple is pictured. [ 78 ] Chilika Lake Odisha 2014 ix, x (natural) Chilika Lake is a large brackish water lagoon , fed by over 50 rivers and streams. It is an ephemeral environment, with the river sediments being deposited to the Bay of Bengal . Different parts of the lake are freshwater, brackish, and marine ecosystems and are an important habitat for birds and mammals, including the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin . The lake is rich in fish species that support the local fishermen population. [ 79 ] Padmanabhapuram Palace Tamil Nadu 2014 iii, iv (cultural) The palace in Padmanabhapuram was constructed in the 16th century, with later additions continuing into the early 19th century, to serve as the seat of the Travancore royal family . It is a masterpiece of traditional timber architecture decorated with murals and carvings. Murals depict Hindu mythology and secular themes. [ 80 ] Sites of Satyagrah, India's non-violent freedom movement several sites 2014 iv, vi (cultural) Satyagraha , a form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance , was developed by Mahatma Gandhi in the first half of the 20th century, as a part of the Indian independence movement . The nomination comprises 22 sites across India related to the movement. Several sites are ashrams ( Sabarmati Ashram pictured), founded by Gandhi to teach his philosophy. Other sites are related to the independence movement. Satyagraha theory was influential in the civil rights movement in the United States and in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. [ 81 ] Thembang Fortified Village Arunachal Pradesh 2014 ii, iii, v (cultural) The village of Thembang is located in the Eastern Himalayas at an altitude above 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is built as a dzong , a type of fortified monastery also found in neighbouring Bhutan and Tibet . It is inhabited by the Monpas and was constructed before the 12th century. [ 82 ] Narcondam Island Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2014 viii, ix, x (natural) Narcondam Island is a volcanic island off the main chain of the Andaman Islands . It is composed mostly of andesite , dacite , and amphibole , types of volcanic rocks and minerals. The island provides an important example of evolutionary processes due to its isolation. It is the only place where the endangered Narcondam hornbill (pictured) is found, and it is also home to several endemic species of the Andaman Islands. [ 83 ] Ekamra Kshetra – The Temple City, Bhubaneswar Odisha 2014 i, ii, iii (cultural) Ekamra Kshetra is the name of the old part of the city of Bhubaneswar. It is a holy city and has earned the nickname "Temple City" due to about 700 temples that once stood here. The temples were built between the 3rd century BCE and 15th century CE. They are built in the Kalinga style , and belong to Hindu , Buddhist , and Jain religions. The Lingaraja Temple is pictured. In addition to the temples, there are also Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves built by Jain worshipers. [ 84 ] The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom Jammu and Kashmir 2014 ii, iii, v (cultural) The archaeological site at Burzahom has provided information about different stages of societal development from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCE. People initially lived in pit-houses and later built houses of mud and brick. There are also remains of megalithic structures. Material remains excavated at the site hint at interactions with cultures of Central and South West Asia. A painted pot from 2700 BCE is pictured. [ 85 ] Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal Gujarat 2014 v (cultural) Lothal was the only port-town of the Indus Valley civilisation , or Harappan Civilization, from the Bronze Age . It was occupied from around 2400 BCE to 1600 BCE when it was likely damaged by tidal flooding. The settlement consisted of a citadel with wide streets, a warehouse, and a port area along the river. Remains found at the site demonstrate trade links with the Persian Gulf region. The remains of drainage channels are pictured. [ 86 ] Mountain Railways of India (Extension) Maharashtra , Himachal Pradesh 2014 ii, iv (cultural) This is a proposed extension of the existing World Heritage Site. It includes the Matheran Hill Railway (pictured) and the Kangra Valley Railway . They were built in the early 20th century; construction involved technical innovation to overcome difficult mountainous terrain. [ 87 ] Chettinad , Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants Tamil Nadu 2014 ii, v, vi (cultural) This nomination comprises 11 villages in three clusters. Wealthy merchants built them in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The villages mix urban and rural influences, both Tamil and those from a broader region, as a result of the travels of the merchants in Southeast Asia. Thousands of palatial houses were built using local and imported materials. The most recent ones, built in the 1930s and 1940s, are in the Art Deco style. An example of a palatial house is pictured. [ 88 ] Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi Delhi 2014 i, v, vi (cultural) The Lotus Temple is the main Baháʼí House of Worship in India. It was inaugurated in 1986. It has the shape of a lotus flower, with petals made of concrete and covered by marble . [ 89 ] Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal Karnataka 2015 iii, iv (cultural) This nomination comprises several temples in Aihole , Badami , and Pattadakal , that were built between the 6th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty . They demonstrated the evolution of Hindu temple architecture with rock-cut and free-standing temples and were influential in temples built in later periods. The temples at Pattadakal are already listed as a World Heritage Site. The Durga Temple in Aihole is pictured. [ 90 ] Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India Ladakh , Himachal Pradesh 2015 iii, v, vi, x (mixed) The landscapes in the Himalayas are characterized by high altitudes, between 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and 5,000 m (16,000 ft), and harsh dry weather and temperatures ranging from above 30 °C (86 °F) in summer to below −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter. Two areas are inhabited, the Ladakh and the Spiti Valley . The culture is a mixture of Indian and Tibetan cultures. Several settlements are linked to Buddhist monasteries ( Key Monastery pictured). From the natural perspective, the area is home to endangered species such as the snow leopard , Tibetan antelope , and the Himalayan wolf . [ 91 ] Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road several sites 2015 ii, iv, vi (cultural) The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia's oldest and longest roads. It connects Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The road has been used at least since the times of the Maurya Empire in the 4th century BCE, has been reconstructed several times in different periods, and has been upgraded to modern traffic in the 20th century. In addition to trade, the road has been instrumental in the spread of ideas, religions, and culture. Several historical sites have been preserved along the road. The Kos Minar , a milestone, in Ambala is pictured. [ 92 ] Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area Manipur 2016 v, vii, ix, x (mixed) Loktak Lake is a large freshwater lake that features a unique type of ecosystem called phumdi , floating islands consisting of soil and vegetation. The area is a mixture of aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial habitats, and is home to sangai , an endangered deer species. There are several villages on the shores of the lake, as well as some settlements on the phumdis. [ 93 ] Garo Hills Conservation Area (GHCA) Meghalaya 2018 v, vi, viii, x (mixed) Garo Hills (Pictured) are inhabited by the Garo people , a tribe that speaks a language from the Tibeto-Burman family . They practice slash-and-burn agriculture regulated by community rules to ensure sustainable land use. The area is interesting from a geological perspective, with the terrain being shaped by the India–Asia collision system . The area is home to Asian elephant , gaur , clouded leopard , sambar deer , and five species of civet . [ 94 ] The historic ensemble of Orchha Madhya Pradesh 2019 ii, iv (cultural) The town of Orchha was founded in the 16th century by the Bundela clan to serve as their capital. In the following century, it came under Mughal influence. The architecture of the fort complex , palaces, temples, and gardens represent a mixture of styles from Rajput and Mughal architecture . The Jahangir Mahal is pictured. [ 95 ] Iconic Riverfront of the Historic City of Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 2021 iii, iv, vi (cultural) Varanasi is a holy city of Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism . More than 80 ghats (steps to the river bank) are located along the Ganges , the holy river , and serve as a place for rituals and festivals. Varanasi has been continuously inhabited since at least 1200 BCE, while the earliest stone ghats date to the 14th century. Palatial buildings, temples, ashrams , and rest houses for pilgrims date to the 18th and later centuries. The Ahilya Ghat is pictured. [ 96 ] Temples of Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu 2021 iv, vi (cultural) Kanchipuram was the capital of the Pallava dynasty from the 6th to the 9th century. It is a holy Hindu city which used to have hundreds of temples. The architecture marks the shift from rock-cut temples to free-standing structures. 11 temples are listed in the nomination. The Ekambareswarar Temple is pictured. [ 97 ] Hire Benakal , Megalithic Site Karnataka 2021 iii, iv (cultural) Hire Benakal is the largest megalithic site in India. The dolmens date to the 1st millennium BCE to the Iron Age and provide information about the culture that constructed India's first large-scale monuments. Rock paintings have also been discovered on site. Depictions of human figures, riders, and animals date roughly from 700 to 500 BCE, while some paintings are older, from the Mesolithic . [ 98 ] Bhedaghat - Lametaghat in Narmada Valley Madhya Pradesh 2021 vii, viii (natural) At Bhedaghat , the Narmada River has carved a canyon through a mountain of white marble (pictured), creating a landscape that is both popular with tourists for its perceived beauty and of special interest for geologists. The Lameta Formation contains several fossils , including those of dinosaurs and crocodilians . [ 99 ] Satpura Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh 2021 vii, ix, x (natural) The forests in the Satpura Range hills are protected as a habitat for a large population of Bengal tiger (Pictured). The area acts as a faunal bridge between the Western Ghats and the Himalayas and is also home to several endangered plant species. [ 100 ] Geoglyphs of Konkan Region of India Maharashtra , Goa 2022 i, iii, iv (cultural) This nomination comprises 10 sites with geoglyphs in the Konkan coast. They date from the Mesolithic period, about ten millennia BCE to the second millennium BCE. They depict animals, human figures, and abstract art, and are related to the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled ones. [ 101 ] Jingkieng jri: Living Root Bridge Cultural Landscapes Meghalaya 2022 i, iii, vi (cultural) A living root bridge is a type of simple suspension bridge formed of living plant roots by tree shaping . They are handmade from the aerial roots of rubber fig trees ( Ficus elastica ) over several generations and are common in the communities of the Khasi people . The bridges reflect a harmonious relationship between people and nature. An example of such a bridge in Nongriat village is pictured. [ 102 ] Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi (The Vijayanagara Sculpture and Painting Art Tradition) Andhra Pradesh 2022 i, ii, vi (cultural) The Hindu temple is located in the village of Lepakshi . The temple's construction started around 1100, while the major development took place during the period of the Vijayanagara Empire , from 1350 to 1600, when a large complex was built. The temple contains important examples of Vijayanagara art, including the only surviving frescoes from that period. A large monolithic bull ( Nandi ) is located on the temple grounds. [ 103 ] Sun Temple, Modhera and its adjoining monuments Gujarat 2022 i, iv (cultural) The temple complex, a prominent example of the Māru-Gurjara style from the 11th century, is dedicated to the Sun God. It has three components: Gūḍhamanḍapa , the shrine hall; Sabhamanḍapa , the assembly hall; and Kunḍa , the reservoir. [ 104 ] Rock-cut Sculptures and Reliefs of the Unakoti , Unakoti Range, Unakoti District Tripura 2022 i, iv (cultural) Unakoti features colossal rock cut panels and bas relief sculptures depicting Hindu deities, which date from the 8th and 9th centuries. They were created by the adherents of Shaivism , with the style influenced by local folk arts. [ 105 ] Vadnagar – A multi-layered Historic town, Gujarat Gujarat 2022 ii, v (cultural) The town has been continuously occupied since 750 BCE, with monuments such as gates (Kirti Toran pictured), fortresses, and temples constructed throughout different historical periods. Remains found on site demonstrate the trade connections with the Indo-Greek Kingdom and the Roman Empire . [ 106 ] Serial nomination of Coastal Fortifications along the Konkan Coast, Maharashtra Maharashtra 2024 ii, iv, vi (cultural) This nomination comprises 9 forts in Maharashtra. [ 107 ] The Gond monuments of Ramnagar, Mandla Madhya Pradesh 2024 ii, iii (cultural) The monument represents the historical and cultural heritage of the Gond people, one of India's largest indigenous communities. These monuments include a range of architectural structures such as forts, palaces, and temples, reflecting the rich history and architectural ingenuity of the Gond dynasty that once ruled the region. The Gond monuments are significant for their distinctive art and architectural styles, which incorporate local traditions and materials. They serve as a testament to the Gond civilization's socio-political and religious life, offering insights into the community's way of life, beliefs, and governance. [ 108 ] The Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple , Bhojpur Madhya Pradesh 2024 i, iii, iv (cultural) An unfinished Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Dating back to the 11th century, it was commissioned by the Paramara king Bhoja, renowned for his contributions to art, literature, and architecture. The temple is famed for its massive lingam, one of the largest in India, housed within a spacious sanctum. Despite its unfinished state, the temple showcases exquisite architectural techniques and carvings characteristic of medieval Hindu temple architecture. The site includes architectural plans engraved on the surrounding rocks, providing unique insights into the construction practices of the time [ 109 ] Rock Art Sites of the Chambal Valley Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan 2024 iii, iv (cultural) A series of ancient paintings and engravings that date back to the Mesolithic period. These sites offer a window into prehistoric life, showcasing a range of subjects from daily activities to sacred rituals, animals, and abstract forms. Found across the rugged terrain of the valley, these artworks demonstrate the early human inclination towards expression and communication. The variety in styles and themes across different periods provides valuable insights into the cultural and social evolution of early societies in the region [ 110 ] Khooni Bhandara, Burhanpur Madhya Pradesh 2024 ii, iii, iv (cultural) Underground water management system dating back to the 16th century. Designed during the Mughal era, this network of tunnels is an engineering marvel that facilitated water supply to the city. The name 'Khooni Bhandara' translates to 'Bloody Canal', a moniker that belies its peaceful purpose and possibly refers to the challenging conditions under which it was constructed. Utilizing gravity for water flow, it showcases advanced hydrological and architectural knowledge of the time. Despite its age, much of the system remains functional today. [ 111 ] Gwalior Fort , Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh 2024 ii, iv (cultural) A historic military fortification, built in the 8th century, is positioned on a sandstone hill. It comprises palaces, temples, and water tanks, displaying various architectural styles. Key structures include the Teli ka Mandir and Saas-Bahu Temple. The fort is notable for its strategic design and the use of blue ceramic tiles for decoration. It serves as an important example of Indian architecture and history. [ 112 ] The historic ensemble of Dhamnar Madhya Pradesh 2024 ii, iv (cultural) The Dhamnar Caves are rock-cut caves dating back to between the 5th and 7th centuries CE. There are numerous Buddhist caves and a Hindu temple complex. Some of the caves include secluded and not ornamented spaces for monks ( Vihāras ). [ 113 ] Kanger Valley National Park Chhattisgarh 2025 vii, viii, x (natural) The national park covers the Kanger River valley. Its varying topography and the multitude of geological features contribute to the park's natural beauty and scientific importance. As an untouched forest area, it also contains diverse wildlife, including various threatened species . [ 114 ] Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs Telangana 2025 v, vi (cultural) The menhirs date back 3500–4000 years and are arranged to align with celestial events. They reflect the ancient cultures' understanding of celestial phenomena and have influenced local religious beliefs. [ 115 ] Serial nomination for Ashokan Edict sites along the Mauryan Routes Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Delhi , Gujarat , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh 2025 iii, iv, v (cultural) This nomination comprises thirty-five rock and pillar edicts, as well as cave inscriptions (segment of the Lauriya Araraj pillar pictured). [ 116 ] Serial nomination of Chausath Yogini Temples Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh 2025 iii, iv (cultural) This nomination comprises thirteen temples of yoginis (female yoga practitioners), each with 64 images or statues of yoginis ( temple in Mitaoli pictured). [ 117 ] Serial nomination of Gupta Temples in North India Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh 2025 i, iii (cultural) This nomination comprises twenty temples of the Gupta dynasty (Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh pictured). [ 118 ] The Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh 2025 ii, iv (cultural) This nomination comprises six fortresses of the Bundelkhand region (Raja Mahal pictured). [ 119 ] Salkhan Fossil Park , Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh 2025 viii (natural) This park features a large number of stromatolites and microfossils . It demonstrates the effect of the Great Oxidation Event on the development of unicellular life and how early microbes shaped the Earth's environment. [ 120 ] Naga Hill Ophiolite Nagaland 2025 viii, ix (natural) [ 121 ] Deccan Traps at Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar Maharashtra 2025 viii, x (natural) [ 122 ] Geological Heritage of St' Mary's Island Cluster Karnataka 2025 viii (natural) [ 123 ] Meghalayan Age Caves Meghalaya 2025 vii, viii, ix (natural) [ 124 ] Natural Heritage of Erra Matti Dibbalu Andhra Pradesh 2025 viii (natural) [ 125 ] Natural Heritage of Tirumala Hills Andhra Pradesh 2025 vii, viii, x (natural) [ 126 ] Natural Heritage of Varkala Kerala 2025 vii, viii (natural) [ 127 ] See also List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in India List of inscriptions in UNESCO Memory of the World Register from India National Geological Monuments of India UNESCO world heritage site Monuments of National Importance of India List of rock-cut temples in India List of forts in India List of museums in India Tourism in India References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The World Heritage Convention" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved September 21, 2010 . ^ "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2021 . ^ a b c d "India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on October 4, 2025 . Retrieved June 29, 2025 . ^ a b "Successful preservation of India's Manas Wildlife Sanctuary enables withdrawal from the List of World Heritage in Dange" . UNESCO. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011 . Retrieved June 21, 2011 . ^ a b "Cologne Cathedral (Germany), Djoudj Bird Sanctuary (Senegal), Ichkeul National Park (Tunisia), and Hampi (India) removed from List of World Heritage in Danger" . UNESCO. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011 . Retrieved May 12, 2011 . ^ a b "The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018 . Retrieved December 10, 2020 . ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . ^ "Ajanta Caves" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Ellora Caves" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Agra Fort" . ICOMOS. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Agra Fort" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Taj Mahal" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Sun Temple, Konârak" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Kaziranga National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Manas Wildlife Sanctuary" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on February 13, 2006 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Keoladeo National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on October 30, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Churches and Convents of Goa" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Khajuraho Group of Monuments" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Group of Monuments at Hampi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 19, 2005 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Fatehpur Sikri" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Group of Monuments at Pattadakal" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Elephanta Caves" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Great Living Chola Temples" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Decision 28 COM 14B.32. Extension of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List (Great Living Chola Temples)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Sundarbans National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "The Sundarbans" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved May 28, 2010 . ^ "Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Decision 29 COM 8B.14. Nominations of Natural Properties to the World Heritage List (Nanda Devi National Park)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Humayun's Tomb, Delhi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Mountain Railways of India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 3, 2006 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Red Fort Complex" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Western Ghats" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Hill Forts of Rajasthan" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Khangchendzonga National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Historic City of Ahmadabad" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Jaipur City, Rajasthan" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Dholavira: a Harappan City" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017 . Retrieved April 3, 2022 . ^ "Santiniketan" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Santiniketan" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023 . Retrieved September 19, 2023 . ^ "Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 4, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023 . Retrieved September 19, 2023 . ^ "Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved July 23, 2024 . ^ "Maratha Military Landscapes of India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved July 11, 2025 . ^ "Tentative Lists" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016 . Retrieved October 7, 2010 . ^ "Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Mattanchery Palace, Ernakulam, Kerala" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Group of Monuments at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Namdapha National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Neora Valley National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Desert National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Silk Road Sites in India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Mughal Gardens in Kashmir" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Delhi - A Heritage City" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Cellular Jail, Andaman Islands" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Iconic Saree Weaving Clusters of India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Apatani Cultural Landscape" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Chilika Lake" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Padmanabhapuram Palace" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Sites of Satyagrah, India's non-violent freedom movement" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Thembang Fortified Village" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Narcondam Island" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Ekamra Kshetra – The Temple City, Bhubaneswar" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Burzahom archaeological site" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Mountain Railways of India (Extension)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Chettinad, Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Garo Hills Conservation Area (GHCA)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "The historic ensemble of Orchha" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Iconic Riverfront of the Historic City of Varanasi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Temples of Kanchipuram" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Hire Benkal, Megalithic Site" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Bhedaghat-Lametaghat in Narmada Valley" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Satpura Tiger Reserve" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Geoglyphs of Konkan Region of India" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Jingkieng jri: Living Root Bridge Cultural Landscapes" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi (The Vijayanagara Sculpture and Painting Art Tradition)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022 . Retrieved June 3, 2022 . ^ "Sun Temple, Modhera and its adjoining monuments" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022 . Retrieved December 21, 2022 . ^ "Rock-cut Sculptures and Reliefs of the Unakoti, Unakoti Range, Unakoti District" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023 . Retrieved December 21, 2022 . ^ "Vadnagar – A multi-layered Historic town, Gujarat" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022 . Retrieved December 21, 2022 . ^ "Serial nomination of Coastal Fortifications along the Konkan Coast, Maharashtra" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 25, 2024 . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "The Gond monuments of Ramnagar, Mandla" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "The Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple, Bhojpur" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "Rock Art Sites of the Chambal Valley" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "Khooni Bhandara, Burhanpur" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "The historic ensemble of Dhamnar" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ "Kanger Valley National Park" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 10, 2025 . ^ "Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 10, 2025 . ^ "Serial nomination for Ashokan Edict sites along the Mauryan Routes" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 10, 2025 . ^ "Serial nomination of Chausath Yogini Temples" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 10, 2025 . ^ "Serial nomination of Gupta Temples in North India" . Retrieved March 10, 2025 . ^ "The Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved March 10, 2025 . ^ "Salkhan Fossil Park, Sonbhadra" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved June 29, 2025 . ^ "Naga Hill Ophiolite" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025 . Retrieved November 1, 2025 . ^ "Deccan Traps at Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025 . Retrieved November 1, 2025 . ^ "Geological Heritage of St' Mary's Island Cluster" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025 . Retrieved November 2, 2025 . ^ "Meghalayan Age Caves" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025 . Retrieved November 2, 2025 . ^ "Natural Heritage of Erra Matti Dibbalu" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025 . Retrieved November 2, 2025 . ^ "Natural Heritage of Tirumala Hills" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025 . Retrieved November 2, 2025 . ^ "Natural Heritage of Varkala" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025 . Retrieved November 2, 2025 . External links .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e World Heritage Sites in India v t e Central Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Khajuraho Group of Monuments Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Khajuraho Group of Monuments Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi East Darjeeling Himalayan Railway ^ Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara Santiniketan Sun Temple, Konark Sundarbans National Park Darjeeling Himalayan Railway ^ Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara Santiniketan Sun Temple, Konark Sundarbans National Park North Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area Humayun's Tomb, Delhi Keoladeo National Park Kalka–Shimla railway ^ Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement Complexe du Capitole Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area Humayun's Tomb, Delhi Keoladeo National Park Kalka–Shimla railway ^ Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement Complexe du Capitole Complexe du Capitole Northeast Kaziranga National Park Khangchendzonga National Park Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty Kaziranga National Park Khangchendzonga National Park Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty South Great Living Chola Temples Airavatesvara Temple Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway ^ Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas Chennakeshava Temple Hoysaleswara Temple Keshava Temple Western Ghats Great Living Chola Temples Airavatesvara Temple Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur Airavatesvara Temple Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway ^ Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas Chennakeshava Temple Hoysaleswara Temple Keshava Temple Chennakeshava Temple Hoysaleswara Temple Keshava Temple Western Ghats West Ajanta Caves Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Dholavira:a Harappan city Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Amer Fort Chittor Fort Gagron Fort Jaisalmer Fort Kumbhalgarh Ranthambore Fort Historic City of Ahmadabad Jaipur City, Rajasthan Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur Western Ghats Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai Maratha Military Landscapes of India Ajanta Caves Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Dholavira:a Harappan city Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Amer Fort Chittor Fort Gagron Fort Jaisalmer Fort Kumbhalgarh Ranthambore Fort Amer Fort Chittor Fort Gagron Fort Jaisalmer Fort Kumbhalgarh Ranthambore Fort Historic City of Ahmadabad Jaipur City, Rajasthan Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur Western Ghats Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai Maratha Military Landscapes of India ^part of Mountain Railways of India v t e Lists of World Heritage Sites in Asia v t e North and Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan former Soviet Union Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan former Soviet Union former Soviet Union West Asia (including Arab states ) Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen East Asia China Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea China Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea South Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Afghanistan Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam v t e India topics v t e History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Clothing Coinage Economics LGBTQ Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Paper currency Postal Science and technology Ancient Stone Age Indus Valley Civilisation Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Indo-Greek Kingdom Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley Indo-Parthian kingdom Kushan Empire Alchon Huns Seleucid–Mauryan war Middle Kingdoms Middle kingdoms Chola Middle Ages Medieval India Hoysala Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Early Modern Mughals Marathas European trade Bengal War Late modern Colonial Princely state East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Commander-in-Chief Zamindari Bengal Renaissance Political reforms Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five-Year Plans Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) Contemporary History of India (1947–present) Economic liberalisation Pokhran-II COVID-19 pandemic History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Clothing Coinage Economics LGBTQ Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Paper currency Postal Science and technology Ancient Stone Age Indus Valley Civilisation Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Indo-Greek Kingdom Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley Indo-Parthian kingdom Kushan Empire Alchon Huns Seleucid–Mauryan war Middle Kingdoms Middle kingdoms Chola Middle Ages Medieval India Hoysala Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Early Modern Mughals Marathas European trade Bengal War Late modern Colonial Princely state East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Commander-in-Chief Zamindari Bengal Renaissance Political reforms Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five-Year Plans Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) Contemporary History of India (1947–present) Economic liberalisation Pokhran-II COVID-19 pandemic Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Clothing Coinage Economics LGBTQ Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Paper currency Postal Science and technology Timeline Years Astronomy Clothing Coinage Economics LGBTQ Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Paper currency Postal Science and technology Ancient Stone Age Indus Valley Civilisation Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Indo-Greek Kingdom Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley Indo-Parthian kingdom Kushan Empire Alchon Huns Seleucid–Mauryan war Stone Age Indus Valley Civilisation Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Indo-Greek Kingdom Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley Indo-Parthian kingdom Kushan Empire Alchon Huns Seleucid–Mauryan war Middle Kingdoms Middle kingdoms Chola Middle kingdoms Chola Middle Ages Medieval India Hoysala Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Medieval India Hoysala Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Early Modern Mughals Marathas European trade Bengal War Mughals Marathas European trade Bengal War Late modern Colonial Princely state East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Commander-in-Chief Zamindari Bengal Renaissance Political reforms Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Colonial Princely state East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Commander-in-Chief Commander-in-Chief Zamindari Bengal Renaissance Political reforms Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five-Year Plans Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five-Year Plans Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) Contemporary History of India (1947–present) Economic liberalisation Pokhran-II COVID-19 pandemic History of India (1947–present) Economic liberalisation Pokhran-II COVID-19 pandemic Geography Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Heritage National Geological Monuments of India Sacred groves of India Sacred mountains of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India Environment Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions Central East North Northwest Northeast South Southwest Southeast West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Borders Towns Cities Districts Municipalities States and union territories See also National monuments of India National parks of India Nature worship in Indian-origin religions World Heritage Sites in India Culture of India History of India Tourism in India Geography Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Heritage National Geological Monuments of India Sacred groves of India Sacred mountains of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India Environment Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions Central East North Northwest Northeast South Southwest Southeast West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Borders Towns Cities Districts Municipalities States and union territories See also National monuments of India National parks of India Nature worship in Indian-origin religions World Heritage Sites in India Culture of India History of India Tourism in India Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Heritage National Geological Monuments of India Sacred groves of India Sacred mountains of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India National Geological Monuments of India Sacred groves of India Sacred mountains of India Sacred rivers of India Stones of India Environment Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Biogeographic classification Biosphere reserves Climate Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Forests Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Beaches Canals Coasts Desert ECZ Extreme points Glaciers Highest point by states Islands Lakes Mountains Mountain passes Plains Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Indo-Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions Central East North Northwest Northeast South Southwest Southeast West Central East North Northwest Northwest Northeast South Southwest Southeast Southwest Southeast West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Borders Towns Cities Districts Municipalities States and union territories Autonomous administrative divisions Borders Towns Cities Districts Municipalities States and union territories See also National monuments of India National parks of India Nature worship in Indian-origin religions World Heritage Sites in India Culture of India History of India Tourism in India National monuments of India National parks of India Nature worship in Indian-origin religions World Heritage Sites in India Culture of India History of India Tourism in India Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments State legislative assemblies State legislative councils Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators Chief Ministers Chief Secretaries Law Constitution Penal Code Fundamental rights, principles and duties Human rights Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Enforcement Federal Border Security Force (BSF) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Railway Protection Force (RPF) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Special Protection Group (SPG) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Citizenship Elections Democracy Nationalism Political parties Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Women in politics Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments State legislative assemblies State legislative councils Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators Chief Ministers Chief Secretaries Law Constitution Penal Code Fundamental rights, principles and duties Human rights Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Enforcement Federal Border Security Force (BSF) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Railway Protection Force (RPF) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Special Protection Group (SPG) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Citizenship Elections Democracy Nationalism Political parties Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Women in politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments State legislative assemblies State legislative councils Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators Chief Ministers Chief Secretaries Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments State legislative assemblies State legislative councils State legislative assemblies State legislative councils Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators Chief Ministers Chief Secretaries Law Constitution Penal Code Fundamental rights, principles and duties Human rights Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Enforcement Federal Border Security Force (BSF) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Railway Protection Force (RPF) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Special Protection Group (SPG) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Constitution Penal Code Fundamental rights, principles and duties Human rights Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Constitution Penal Code Fundamental rights, principles and duties Human rights Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Enforcement Federal Border Security Force (BSF) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Railway Protection Force (RPF) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Special Protection Group (SPG) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Federal Border Security Force (BSF) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Railway Protection Force (RPF) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Special Protection Group (SPG) Border Security Force (BSF) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Railway Protection Force (RPF) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Special Protection Group (SPG) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Military Army Navy Air Force Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Citizenship Elections Democracy Nationalism Political parties Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Women in politics Censorship Citizenship Elections Democracy Nationalism Political parties Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Women in politics Economy Companies BSE SENSEX NIFTY 50 NIFTY Next 50 NIFTY 500 GIFT Nifty Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate External debt Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Atmanirbhar Bharat Currency Indian rupee Sign History Historical Forex Digital rupee Coinage Paisa Reserve Bank of India Governor Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Insurance Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion BSE NSE India INX History COVID-19 impact Economic development Liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People By net worth Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Wheat Automotive Chemical Construction Defence Education Energy Electricity Nuclear Oil and gas Solar Wind Electronics and semiconductor Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Hospitals Information technology Media Cinema FM Radio Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Space Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Roads Electricity Water Power Regulator IRDAI RBI SEBI IBBI PFRDA Other NCLT NCLAT BIFR IBBI IBC SARFESI Act Income Tax Act Companies Act Banking Act Insurance Act FEMA Mumbai Consensus Economy Companies BSE SENSEX NIFTY 50 NIFTY Next 50 NIFTY 500 GIFT Nifty Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate External debt Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Atmanirbhar Bharat Currency Indian rupee Sign History Historical Forex Digital rupee Coinage Paisa Reserve Bank of India Governor Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Insurance Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion BSE NSE India INX History COVID-19 impact Economic development Liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People By net worth Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Wheat Automotive Chemical Construction Defence Education Energy Electricity Nuclear Oil and gas Solar Wind Electronics and semiconductor Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Hospitals Information technology Media Cinema FM Radio Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Space Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Roads Electricity Water Power Regulator IRDAI RBI SEBI IBBI PFRDA Other NCLT NCLAT BIFR IBBI IBC SARFESI Act Income Tax Act Companies Act Banking Act Insurance Act FEMA Mumbai Consensus Companies BSE SENSEX NIFTY 50 NIFTY Next 50 NIFTY 500 GIFT Nifty BSE SENSEX NIFTY 50 NIFTY Next 50 NIFTY 500 GIFT Nifty Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate External debt Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Atmanirbhar Bharat Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate External debt Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Atmanirbhar Bharat Currency Indian rupee Sign History Historical Forex Digital rupee Coinage Paisa Reserve Bank of India Governor Mint Inflation Indian rupee Sign History Historical Forex Digital rupee Coinage Paisa Sign History Historical Forex Digital rupee Coinage Paisa Reserve Bank of India Governor Mint Governor Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Insurance Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion BSE NSE India INX Banking Insurance Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion BSE NSE India INX History COVID-19 impact Economic development Liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system COVID-19 impact Economic development Liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People By net worth Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF By net worth Demography Income Poverty Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Wheat Automotive Chemical Construction Defence Education Energy Electricity Nuclear Oil and gas Solar Wind Electronics and semiconductor Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Hospitals Information technology Media Cinema FM Radio Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Space Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Roads Electricity Water Power Agriculture Livestock Fishing Wheat Livestock Fishing Wheat Automotive Chemical Construction Defence Education Energy Electricity Nuclear Oil and gas Solar Wind Electricity Nuclear Oil and gas Solar Wind Nuclear Oil and gas Solar Wind Electronics and semiconductor Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Hospitals Hospitals Information technology Media Cinema FM Radio Television Printing Cinema FM Radio Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Biotechnology Space Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Roads Electricity Water Power Aviation Civil Civil Ports Rail Roads Electricity Water Power Regulator IRDAI RBI SEBI IBBI PFRDA IRDAI RBI SEBI IBBI PFRDA Other NCLT NCLAT BIFR IBBI IBC SARFESI Act Income Tax Act Companies Act Banking Act Insurance Act FEMA Mumbai Consensus NCLT NCLAT NCLAT BIFR IBBI IBC SARFESI Act Income Tax Act Companies Act Banking Act Insurance Act FEMA Mumbai Consensus Society and culture Society Caste system Corruption Crime Demographics Indians Indo-Aryans Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Health Languages Life expectancy Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio-economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Women Sexuality Youth Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Painting Physical culture Public holidays Sculpture tallest Sport Traditional Society and culture Society and culture Society Caste system Corruption Crime Demographics Indians Indo-Aryans Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Health Languages Life expectancy Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio-economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Women Sexuality Youth Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Painting Physical culture Public holidays Sculpture tallest Sport Traditional Society Caste system Corruption Crime Demographics Indians Indo-Aryans Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Health Languages Life expectancy Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio-economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Women Sexuality Youth Caste system Corruption Crime Demographics Indians Indo-Aryans Indians Indo-Aryans Indo-Aryans Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Health Languages Life expectancy Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio-economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Women Sexuality Youth Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Painting Physical culture Public holidays Sculpture tallest Sport Traditional Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Webcomics Cuisine wine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television television Martial arts Music Painting Physical culture Public holidays Sculpture tallest tallest Sport Traditional Traditional v t e Tourism in India v t e By state Andhra Pradesh Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Bihar Delhi Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Haryana Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Northeast India Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Telangana Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Bihar Delhi Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Haryana Karnataka Kerala Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Northeast India Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Telangana Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal By city Agra Ahmedabad Aurangabad Bangalore Bhopal Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Dehradun Delhi Gwalior Hyderabad Jabalpur Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Madurai Mumbai Mysore Patna Prayagraj Pune Surat Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Udaipur Vadodara Varanasi Vellore Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Agra Ahmedabad Aurangabad Bangalore Bhopal Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Dehradun Delhi Gwalior Hyderabad Jabalpur Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Madurai Mumbai Mysore Patna Prayagraj Pune Surat Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Udaipur Vadodara Varanasi Vellore Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Types Atomic Ayurvedic Medical Sport Yoga Atomic Ayurvedic Medical Sport Yoga Sites Archaeological Archaeoastronomical Sites Buildings Cave Paintings Dolmens Forts Fossil Parks Geological Monuments Ghats Menhirs Monuments Museums National Heritage Sites Pilgrimage sites Rock-cut Temples Sculptures Statues Stepwells Structures World Heritage Sites Nature Beaches Caves Coral Reefs Hill stations Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Waterfalls Wildlife National Parks Protected Areas Sacred Groves Tiger Reserves Archaeological Archaeoastronomical Sites Buildings Cave Paintings Dolmens Forts Fossil Parks Geological Monuments Ghats Menhirs Monuments Museums National Heritage Sites Pilgrimage sites Rock-cut Temples Sculptures Statues Stepwells Structures World Heritage Sites Archaeoastronomical Sites Buildings Cave Paintings Dolmens Forts Fossil Parks Geological Monuments Ghats Menhirs Monuments Museums National Heritage Sites Pilgrimage sites Rock-cut Temples Sculptures Statues Stepwells Structures World Heritage Sites Nature Beaches Caves Coral Reefs Hill stations Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Waterfalls Beaches Caves Coral Reefs Hill stations Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Waterfalls Wildlife National Parks Protected Areas Sacred Groves Tiger Reserves National Parks Protected Areas Sacred Groves Tiger Reserves Culture Atithi Devo Bhava Cinema Cuisine Festivals Indian diaspora Indianisation Indosphere Languages Namaste Religion Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava Atithi Devo Bhava Cinema Cuisine Festivals Indian diaspora Indianisation Indosphere Languages Namaste Religion Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava Transport Aerial Tramways Airports Borders Bridges Ghat Roads Railway Luxury Trains Mountain Railways Aerial Tramways Airports Borders Bridges Ghat Roads Railway Luxury Trains Mountain Railways Luxury Trains Mountain Railways Agencies India Tourism Development Corporation Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation Assam Tourism Development Corporation Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Gujarat Tourism Haryana Tourism Corporation Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation Kerala Tourism Development Corporation Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation Uttar Pradesh Tourism West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation India Tourism Development Corporation Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation Assam Tourism Development Corporation Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Gujarat Tourism Haryana Tourism Corporation Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation Kerala Tourism Development Corporation Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation Uttar Pradesh Tourism West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation Related History Incredible India Visa policy History Incredible India Visa policy Category Commons Category Commons India Society World Heritage Sites in India Lists of tourist attractions in India Lists of World Heritage Sites Historic preservation in India Architecture in India Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Use mdy dates from September 2023 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2025 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 10:16 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Childhood and early reign Toggle Childhood and early reign subsection 1.1 Treaty of Greenwich 1.2 Life in France 1.3 Claim to the English throne 1.1 Treaty of Greenwich 1.2 Life in France 1.3 Claim to the English throne 2 Return to Scotland 3 Marriage to Lord Darnley Toggle Marriage to Lord Darnley subsection 3.1 Murder of Darnley 3.1 Murder of Darnley 4 Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication 5 Escape and imprisonment in England Toggle Escape and imprisonment in England subsection 5.1 Casket letters 5.2 Plots 5.3 Trial 5.4 Execution 5.1 Casket letters 5.2 Plots 5.3 Trial 5.4 Execution 6 Legacy 7 Genealogical chart 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Mary, Queen of Scots Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Mary Portrait of Mary at about 17 years old, c. 1558–1560 Queen of Scotland Reign 14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567 Coronation 9 September 1543 Predecessor James V Successor James VI Regents .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} See list James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–54) Mary of Guise (1554–60) James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–54) Mary of Guise (1554–60) Queen consort of France Tenure 10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560 Born 8 December 1542 Linlithgow Palace , Linlithgow, Scotland Died 8 February 1587 (aged 44) [ a ] Fotheringhay Castle , Northamptonshire, England Cause of death Execution Burial 30 July 1587 Peterborough Cathedral 28 October 1612 Westminster Abbey Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Francis II of France ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1558 ; died 1560 ) Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ( m. 1565 ; died 1567 ) James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell ( m. 1567 ; died 1578 ) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Issue James VI and I House Stuart Father James V of Scotland Mother Mary of Guise Religion Roman Catholicism Signature Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart [ b ] or Mary I of Scotland , [ 1 ] was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication on 24 July 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland , Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. During her childhood, Scotland was governed by regents , first by the heir to the throne, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran , and then by her mother, Mary of Guise . In 1548, she was betrothed to Francis , the Dauphin of France , and was sent to be brought up in France , where she would be safe from invading English forces during the Rough Wooing . Mary married Francis in 1558, becoming queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland in August 1561. The tense religious and political climate following the Scottish Reformation that Mary encountered on her return to Scotland was further agitated by prominent Scots such as John Knox , who openly questioned whether her subjects had a duty to obey her. The early years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. She issued a proclamation accepting the religious settlement in Scotland as she had found it upon her return, retained advisers such as James Stewart, Earl of Moray (her illegitimate half-brother), and William Maitland of Lethington , and governed as the Catholic monarch of a Protestant kingdom. In 1565, Mary married her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ; they had a son, James . Their marriage soured after Darnley orchestrated the murder of Mary's Italian secretary and close friend David Rizzio . In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the nearby garden. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell , was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567 and in the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle . In July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James VI. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Elizabeth I of England . As a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England , Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics , including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North . Perceiving Mary as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in captivity, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle . Mary's life and execution established her in popular culture as a romanticised historical character. Childhood and early reign Mary was born on 8 December 1542 [ 3 ] at Linlithgow Palace , Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise . She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. [ 4 ] She was the great-granddaughter of King Henry VII of England through her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor . Margaret was Henry VIII 's older sister so Mary was Henry VIII's great-niece. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss [ 5 ] or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign. [ 6 ] A popular tale, first recorded by John Knox , states that James, upon hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a lass and it will gang wi' a lass!" [ 7 ] His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland in the 14th century through "a lass"—via the marriage of Marjorie Bruce , daughter of Robert the Bruce , to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland —and it would be lost from his family "wi' a lass". This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen of Great Britain . [ 8 ] Mary was christened at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born. [ 9 ] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail, [ 10 ] but an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler , saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse Jean Sinclair , and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live." [ 11 ] As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two claims to the regency: one from the Catholic Cardinal Beaton , and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran , who was next in line to the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. [ 12 ] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him. [ 13 ] Treaty of Greenwich Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son and heir, Edward , hoping for a union of Scotland and England. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which promised that, at the age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and, if the couple failed to have children, the temporary union would dissolve. [ 16 ] Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, angering Henry, who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France . [ 17 ] [ 15 ] Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of Stirling Castle . Regent Arran resisted the move but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow . [ 18 ] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men. [ 19 ] Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543, [ 20 ] [ 15 ] with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly", according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray . [ 21 ] Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry arrested Scottish merchants headed for France and impounded their goods. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic. [ 22 ] The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December. [ 23 ] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's " Rough Wooing ", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory. [ 24 ] In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset ) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety. [ 25 ] In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds , [ 26 ] and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie . Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks and turned to the French for help. [ 27 ] King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis . On the promise of French military help and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage. [ 28 ] In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to Dumbarton Castle . [ 29 ] The English left a trail of devastation behind them once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington . In June, the much-awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington . On 7 July 1548, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to the French marriage treaty . [ 30 ] Life in France With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon , sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Roscoff or Saint-Pol-de-Léon in Brittany . [ 31 ] Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys" (four girls her own age, all named Mary), who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton , Seton , Fleming , and Livingston . [ 32 ] Janet, Lady Fleming , who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess. [ 33 ] When Lady Fleming left France in 1551, she was succeeded by a French governess, Françoise de Paroy . Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood. [ 34 ] At the French court, she was a favourite with many people, except Henry II's wife Catherine de' Medici . [ 35 ] Mary learned to play lute and virginals , was competent in prose, poetry, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework, and was taught French, Italian, Latin , Spanish, and Greek , in addition to her native Scots . [ 36 ] Jehan Paulle, a balladin , taught her to dance. [ 37 ] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois , became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life". [ 38 ] Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon , was another strong influence on her childhood [ 39 ] and acted as one of her principal advisors. [ 40 ] Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, oval-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth pale skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features. She was considered a pretty child and later, as a woman, strikingly attractive. [ 41 ] At some point in her infancy or childhood, she caught smallpox , but it did not mark her features. [ 42 ] Mary was eloquent, and especially tall by 16th-century standards (she attained an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m), [ 43 ] while Henry II's son and heir, Francis, stuttered and was unusually short. Henry commented: "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time". [ 44 ] On 4 April 1558, Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue. [ 45 ] Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris , and he became king consort of Scotland. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Claim to the English throne In November 1558, Henry VIII 's elder daughter, Mary I of England , was succeeded by her only surviving sibling, Elizabeth I . Under the Third Succession Act , passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England , Elizabeth was recognised as her sister's heir, and Henry VIII's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Yet, in the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate and Mary Stuart was the rightful queen of England, as the senior surviving legitimate descendant of Henry VII through her grandmother, Margaret Tudor . [ 49 ] Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England. In France, the royal arms of England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary. [ 50 ] Mary's claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between her and Elizabeth. [ 51 ] When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a joust , fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France. [ 52 ] Two of the Queen's uncles, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine , were now dominant in French politics, [ 53 ] enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne . [ 54 ] In Scotland, the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops. [ 55 ] In early 1560, the Protestant lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism. A Huguenot uprising in France, the Tumult of Amboise , made it impossible for the French to send further support. [ 56 ] Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement. [ 57 ] On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so the question of future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh , signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland. France recognised Elizabeth's right to rule England, but the seventeen-year-old Mary, still in France and grieving for her mother, refused to ratify the treaty. [ 58 ] Return to Scotland Francis II died on 5 December 1560 of a middle-ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain. Mary was grief-stricken. [ 60 ] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici , became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX , who inherited the French throne. [ 61 ] Mary returned to Scotland nine months later, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. [ 62 ] Having lived in France since the age of five, Mary had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland. [ 63 ] As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England. [ 64 ] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions. Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray , was a leader of the Protestants. [ 65 ] The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass , dancing, and dressing too elaborately. [ 66 ] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful. She later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released. [ 67 ] To the surprise and dismay of the Catholic party, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy, [ 68 ] and kept her half-brother Moray as her chief advisor. [ 69 ] Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state. The council was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 1559–1560: the Earls of Argyll , Glencairn , and Moray. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl , Erroll , Montrose , and Huntly , who was Lord Chancellor . [ 70 ] Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable and suggested that Mary's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the English throne, over the internal problems of Scotland. Even the one significant later addition to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked. [ 71 ] In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords, while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England. She joined with Moray in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562, after he led a rebellion against her in the Highlands . [ 72 ] Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne. Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir, fearing that would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor. [ 73 ] However, she assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary. [ 74 ] In late 1561 and early 1562, arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562. In July, Elizabeth sent Henry Sidney to cancel Mary's visit because of the civil war in France . [ 75 ] Mary then turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. When her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine , began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered. [ 76 ] Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos , the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain , was rebuffed by Philip. [ 77 ] Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester . Dudley was Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite , whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control. [ 78 ] She sent an ambassador, Thomas Randolph , to tell Mary that if she married an English nobleman, Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir". [ 79 ] The proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling. [ 80 ] In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard , was apparently besotted with Mary. [ 81 ] In early 1563, he was discovered during a security search hidden underneath her bed, apparently planning to surprise her when she was alone and declare his love for her. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. He ignored the edict. Two days later, he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe. She reacted with fury and fear. When Moray rushed into the room after hearing her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!" Moray refused, as Chastelard was already under restraint. Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded. [ 82 ] Maitland claimed that Chastelard's ardour was feigned and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation. [ 83 ] Marriage to Lord Darnley Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox , were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners. They sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences, while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary. [ 84 ] Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII of England, and patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland . [ 85 ] Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran , a daughter of James II of Scotland . They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland. [ 86 ] Mary fell in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth called him since he was over six feet tall. [ 87 ] They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained. [ 88 ] [ c ] English statesmen William Cecil and the Earl of Leicester had worked to obtain Darnley's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England. [ 90 ] Although her advisors had brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne. [ 91 ] Their children, if any, would inherit an even stronger, combined claim. [ 92 ] Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation; the English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched", [ 93 ] adding that the marriage could only be averted "by violence". [ 94 ] The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission, as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject. [ 95 ] Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn , in open rebellion. [ 96 ] Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them. She carried a pistol, known as a "dagg", on her saddle. [ 97 ] On the 30th, Moray entered Edinburgh but left soon afterwards, having failed to take the castle. Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops. [ 98 ] In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid , Mary with her forces and Moray with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell , from exile in France. [ 99 ] Unable to muster sufficient support, Moray left Scotland in October for asylum in England. [ 100 ] Mary broadened her privy council, bringing in both Catholics ( Bishop of Ross John Lesley and Provost of Edinburgh Simon Preston of Craigmillar ) and Protestants (the new Lord Huntly, Bishop of Galloway Alexander Gordon , John Maxwell of Terregles and James Balfour ). [ 101 ] Before long, Darnley grew arrogant. Not content with his position as king consort , he demanded the Crown Matrimonial , which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself, if he outlived his wife. [ 102 ] Mary refused his request, claiming he needed to wait until he was of age [ 103 ] and their marriage grew strained, although they conceived by October 1565. He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, David Rizzio , who was rumoured to be the father of her child. [ 104 ] By March 1566, Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid. [ 105 ] On 9 March, a group of the conspirators accompanied by Darnley stabbed Rizzio to death in front of the six months pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace. [ 106 ] Over the next two days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides and Mary received Moray at Holyrood. [ 107 ] On the night of 11–12 March, Darnley and Mary escaped from the palace. They took temporary refuge in Dunbar Castle before returning to Edinburgh on 18 March. [ 108 ] The former rebels Lords Moray, Argyll and Glencairn were restored to the council. [ 109 ] Murder of Darnley Mary's son by Darnley, James , was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle . However, the murder of Rizzio led to the breakdown of her marriage. [ 110 ] In October 1566, while staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders , Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle , where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with John Elliot of Park . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards . [ 113 ] Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting, loss of sight, loss of speech, convulsions and periods of unconsciousness. She was thought to be dying. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians. [ 114 ] The cause of her illness is unknown. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress, [ 115 ] haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer, [ 116 ] and porphyria . [ 117 ] At Craigmillar Castle , near Edinburgh, at the end of November 1566, Mary and leading nobles held a meeting to discuss the "problem of Darnley". [ 118 ] Divorce was discussed, but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means: [ 119 ] "It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them; ... that he should be put off by one way or another; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it, they should defend." [ 120 ] Darnley feared for his safety, and after the baptism of his son at Stirling and shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates. [ 121 ] At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever: possibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison. He remained ill for some weeks. [ 122 ] In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field , just within the city wall. [ 123 ] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress. [ 124 ] On the night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez . [ 125 ] In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field. Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered. [ 126 ] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body. [ 127 ] [ d ] Bothwell , Moray , Secretary Maitland , the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion. [ 129 ] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours: I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought. [ 130 ] I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought. [ 130 ] By the end of February, Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination. [ 131 ] Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded that Bothwell be tried before the Estates of Parliament , to which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied. In the absence of Lennox and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April. [ 132 ] A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond , in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen. [ 133 ] Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle , where he may have raped her. [ 134 ] On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh. On 15 May, at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey , they were married according to Protestant rites. [ 135 ] Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon , who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously. [ 136 ] Originally, Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but relations quickly soured between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney ) and his former peers and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband. [ 137 ] The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent. [ 138 ] Twenty-six Scottish peers , known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised their own army. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on the grounds of Carberry Tower on 15 June, but there was no battle, as Mary's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations. [ 139 ] Bothwell was given safe passage from the field. The lords took Mary to Edinburgh, where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulteress and murderer. [ 140 ] The following night, she was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle on an island in the middle of Loch Leven . [ 141 ] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins. [ 142 ] On 24 July, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James . [ 143 ] Moray was made regent, [ 144 ] while Bothwell was driven into exile. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane, and died in 1578. [ 145 ] Escape and imprisonment in England On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle with the aid of George Douglas , brother of William Douglas , the castle's owner. [ 146 ] Managing to raise an army of 6,000 men, she met Moray's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on 13 May. [ 147 ] Defeated, she fled south, planning to seek asylum from Elizabeth. After spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey , she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May. [ 148 ] She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall . [ 149 ] On 18 May, local officials led by Richard Lowther took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle . [ 150 ] Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne. [ 151 ] Elizabeth was cautious, ordering an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of Darnley's murder. [ 152 ] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle , because it was farther from the Scottish border but not too close to London. [ 153 ] Mary's clothes, sent from Lochleven Castle, arrived on 20 July. [ 154 ] A commission of inquiry, or conference, as it was known, was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569. [ 155 ] In Scotland, her supporters fought a civil war against Regent Moray and his successors. [ 156 ] Casket letters As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her. She refused to attend the inquiry at York personally but sent representatives. Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway. [ 157 ] As evidence against Mary, Moray presented the so-called casket letters [ 158 ] —eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell, two marriage contracts, and a love sonnet or sonnets. All were said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30 cm) long and decorated with the monogram of King Francis II. [ 159 ] Mary denied writing them and insisted they were forgeries, [ 160 ] arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate. [ 161 ] They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shared the guilt for Darnley's murder. [ 162 ] The head of the commission of inquiry, the Duke of Norfolk , described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads. He sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that if they were genuine, they might prove Mary's guilt. [ 163 ] The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. It is impossible now to prove either way. The originals, written in French, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son. [ 164 ] The surviving copies, in French or translated into English, do not form a complete set. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1570s. [ 165 ] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town's registers. [ 166 ] Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser , Alison Weir , and John Guy , have concluded that either the documents were complete forgeries, [ 167 ] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters, [ 168 ] or the letters were written to Bothwell by a different person or written by Mary to a different person. [ 169 ] Guy points out that the letters are disjointed and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary's education [ 170 ] but certain phrases in the letters, including verses in the style of Ronsard , and some characteristics of style are compatible with known writings by Mary. [ 171 ] The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567. [ 172 ] Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the better part of a year in Scotland; the letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary. [ 173 ] In contrast, Weir thinks it demonstrates that the lords required time to fabricate them. [ 174 ] At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk, [ 175 ] who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans, saying "he meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of his pillow". [ 176 ] The majority of the commissioners accepted the casket letters as genuine after a study of their contents and a comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary's handwriting. [ 177 ] Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven against either the Confederate lords or Mary. [ 178 ] For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor to acquit Mary of murder. There was never any intention to proceed judicially; the conference was intended as a political exercise. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as regent and Mary remained in custody in England. Elizabeth succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign. [ 179 ] In Fraser's opinion, it was one of the strangest "trials" in legal history, ending with no finding of guilt against either party, one of whom was allowed to return home to Scotland while the other remained in custody. [ 180 ] Plots On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle [ 183 ] and placed in the custody of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury , and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick . [ 184 ] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle , Sheffield Manor Lodge , Wingfield Manor , and Chatsworth House , [ 185 ] all located in the interior of England, halfway between Scotland and London and distant from the sea. [ 186 ] Mary was permitted her own domestic staff, which never numbered fewer than 16. [ 187 ] She needed 30 carts to transport her belongings from house to house. [ 188 ] Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets, as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase, En ma fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning"), embroidered. [ 189 ] Her bed linen was changed daily, [ 190 ] and her own chefs prepared meals with a choice of 32 dishes served on silver plates. [ 191 ] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision, [ 192 ] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton , and spent much of her time doing embroidery. [ 193 ] Her health declined, perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise. By the 1580s, she had severe rheumatism in her limbs, rendering her lame. [ 194 ] In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly. [ 195 ] Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570. [ 196 ] Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. His death occurred soon after an unsuccessful rebellion in the North of England , led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. English troops then intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces. [ 197 ] Elizabeth's principal secretary William Cecil, Lord Burghley , and Francis Walsingham watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in her household. [ 198 ] In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham (at that time England's ambassador to France) uncovered the Ridolfi Plot , a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. [ 199 ] To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London. [ 200 ] Plots centred on Mary continued. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and illegitimate half-brother of Philip II of Spain , John of Austria , who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands . [ 201 ] Mary sent letters in cipher to the French ambassador to England, Michel de Castelnau , scores of which were discovered and decrypted in 2022–2023. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] After the Throckmorton Plot of 1583, Walsingham (now the queen's principal secretary) introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen's Safety , which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder. [ 204 ] In 1584, Mary proposed an " association " with her son, James. She announced that she was ready to stay in England, to renounce the Pope's bull of excommunication, and to retire, abandoning her pretensions to the English Crown. She also offered to join an offensive league against France. For Scotland, she proposed a general amnesty, agreed that James should marry with Elizabeth's knowledge, and accepted that there should be no change in religion. Her only condition was the immediate alleviation of the conditions of her captivity. James went along with the idea for a while, but eventually rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth, abandoning his mother. [ 205 ] Elizabeth also rejected the association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations. [ 206 ] In February 1585, William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, although her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated. [ 207 ] In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Amias Paulet . [ 208 ] At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley . [ 209 ] Trial On 11 August 1586, after being implicated in the Babington Plot , Mary was arrested while out riding and taken to Tixall Hall in Staffordshire. [ 210 ] In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley. [ 211 ] Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham. [ 212 ] From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth. [ 213 ] Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day journey ending on 25 September. In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen, [ 214 ] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham. [ 215 ] [ e ] Spirited in her defence, Mary denied the charges. [ 217 ] She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England." [ 218 ] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel, and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and therefore could not be convicted of treason. [ 219 ] She was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner, Lord Zouche , expressing any form of dissent. [ 220 ] Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution, even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England. [ 221 ] Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity". [ 222 ] On 1 February 1587, Elizabeth signed the death warrant, and entrusted it to William Davison , a privy councillor . [ 223 ] On 3 February, [ 224 ] ten members of the Privy Council of England , having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once. [ 225 ] Execution At Fotheringhay, on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed the next morning. [ 226 ] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France. [ 227 ] The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was draped in black cloth. It was reached by two or three steps, and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and three stools for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent , who were there to witness the execution. [ 228 ] The executioner Bull and his assistant knelt before her and asked forgiveness, as it was typical for the executioner to request the pardon of the one being put to death. Mary replied, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles." [ 229 ] Her servants, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle , and the executioners helped Mary remove her outer garments, revealing a velvet petticoat and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown, the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church, [ 230 ] with a black satin bodice and black trimmings. [ 231 ] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit"). [ 232 ] Mary was not beheaded with a single strike. The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. Afterwards, he held her head aloft and declared "God save the Queen." At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair. [ 233 ] Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death, "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts [ 234 ] —though Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his contemporary account. [ 235 ] When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority. [ 236 ] Elizabeth's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary's blood. [ 237 ] Davison was arrested, thrown into the Tower of London , and found guilty of misprision . He was released nineteen months later, after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf. [ 238 ] Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth. [ 239 ] Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial in a Protestant service at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587. [ 240 ] Her entrails, removed as part of the embalming process, were buried secretly within Fotheringhay Castle. [ 241 ] Her body was exhumed in 1612 when her son, James VI and I , ordered that she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth. [ 242 ] In 1867, her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of her son, James I of England. He was ultimately found with Henry VII . Many of her other descendants, including Elizabeth of Bohemia , Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne, Queen of Great Britain , were interred in her vault. [ 243 ] Legacy Assessments of Mary in the 16th century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox , who vilified her mercilessly, and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood , who praised, defended and eulogised her. [ 244 ] After the accession of James I in England, historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention, [ 245 ] and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character". [ 246 ] Differing interpretations persisted into the 18th century: William Robertson and David Hume argued that the casket letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder, while William Tytler argued the reverse. [ 247 ] In the latter half of the 20th century, the work of Antonia Fraser was acclaimed as "more objective ... free from the excesses of adulation or attack" that had characterised older biographies, [ 248 ] and her contemporaries Gordon Donaldson and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works. [ 249 ] Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her, [ 250 ] but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen. [ 251 ] There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell. Such accusations rest on assumptions, [ 252 ] and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as "almost complete fantasy". [ 253 ] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy. [ 254 ] Genealogical chart Mary's relationship to the houses of Stuart, Guise, and Tudor [ 255 ] James II of Scotland Mary of Guelders James III of Scotland Mary Stewart James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran Elizabeth Hamilton James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox Henry VII of England Elizabeth of York Claude, Duke of Guise Antoinette de Bourbon James IV of Scotland Margaret Tudor Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus Henry VIII of England Francis, Duke of Guise Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine Mary of Guise James V of Scotland Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox Margaret Douglas Francis II of France Mary, Queen of Scots Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley Edward VI of England Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England James VI and I James II of Scotland Mary of Guelders James III of Scotland Mary Stewart James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran Elizabeth Hamilton James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox Henry VII of England Elizabeth of York Claude, Duke of Guise Antoinette de Bourbon James IV of Scotland Margaret Tudor Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus Henry VIII of England Francis, Duke of Guise Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine Mary of Guise James V of Scotland Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox Margaret Douglas Francis II of France Mary, Queen of Scots Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley Edward VI of England Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England James VI and I See also Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots Wardrobe of Mary, Queen of Scots Notes ^ While Catholic Europe switched to the New Style Gregorian calendar in the 1580s, England and Scotland retained the Old Style Julian calendar until 1752. In this article, dates before 1752 are Old Style, with the exception that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March. ^ Also spelled as Marie and as Steuart or Stewart ^ A dispensation, backdated to 25 May, was granted in Rome on 25 September. [ 89 ] ^ A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. John Knox claimed the surgeons who examined the body were lying and that Darnley had been strangled, but all the sources agree that there were no marks on the body, and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way. [ 128 ] ^ Two of the commissioners were Catholics. [ 216 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "National Records of Scotland; Hall of Fame A-Z – Mary Queen of Scots" . NRS. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024 . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 14 ^ Bishop John Lesley said Mary was born on the 7th, but Mary and John Knox claimed the 8th, which was the feast day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( Fraser 1994 , p. 13; Wormald 1988 , p. 11). ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 11; Wormald 1988 , p. 46 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 16 ^ This version is taken from Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie 's The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565 written in the 1570s. The phrase was first recorded by John Knox in the 1560s as "The devil go with it! It will end as it began: it came from a woman, and it will end in a woman" ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 11–12). ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12; Wormald 1988 , p. 11 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12; Guy 2004 , p. 17 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13; Guy 2004 , p. 17 ^ Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 88; Fraser 1994 , p. 18; Guy 2004 , p. 22; Wormald 1988 , p. 43 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 15; John Knox claimed the king had signed a blank sheet of paper that Beaton had then filled in, while Arran claimed that Beaton had taken the dying king's hand in his own and traced out the signature ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 46–47). The disputed will is printed in Historical Manuscripts Commission (1887). "Eleventh Report, Appendix, Part VI". The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton, KT . London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 205, 219– 220. ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17, 60; Guy 2004 , pp. 20, 60; Wormald 1988 , pp. 49–50 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17–18; Wormald 1988 , p. 55 ^ a b c Weir 2008 , p. 8 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 18; Guy 2004 , p. 25; Wormald 1988 , p. 55 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 19 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 19–20 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 26 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 21; Guy 2004 , p. 27 ^ Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 289; Fraser 1994 , p. 21 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 20–21 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 22; Guy 2004 , p. 32; Wormald 1988 , p. 58 ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 58–59 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 23–24; Guy 2004 , pp. 33–34 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 26; Guy 2004 , p. 36; Wormald 1988 , p. 59 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 29–30; Weir 2008 , p. 10; Wormald 1988 , p. 61 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 10–11 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 30; Weir 2008 , p. 11; Wormald 1988 , p. 61 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 40–41; Wormald 1988 , p. 62 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 41–42; " St Mauris to the Queen Dowager ", 25 August 1548, quoted in Hume, Martin A. S. ; Tyler, Royall , eds. (1912). "Appendix: Miscellaneous 1548" . Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Volume IX: 1547–1549 . London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 577. ; Lord Guthrie (1907). "Mary Stuart and Roscoff" (PDF) . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland . 42 : 13– 18. ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31–32 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31–32; Guy 2004 , p. 43 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 36, 44–45, 50 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 12; Wormald 1988 , p. 77; Catherine's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II's death ( Fraser 1994 , pp. 102–103, 115–116, 119; Guy 2004 , p. 46). Catherine's interests competed with those of the Guise family, and there may have been an element of jealousy or rivalry between the two queens ( Donaldson 1974 , pp. 50–51; Fraser 1994 , pp. 102–103, 116, 119). ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 178–182; Guy 2004 , pp. 71–80; Weir 2008 , p. 13 ^ Margaret M. McGowan , Dance in the Renaissance: European Fashion, French Obsession (Yale, 2008), p. 152. ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 43 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 37; Wormald 1988 , p. 80 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 80 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 39–40, 43, 75–80; Weir 2008 , p. 30 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 62; Guy 2004 , p. 67 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 76 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 47–48 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 90–91; Weir 2008 , p. 17; Wormald 1988 , p. 21 ^ Anonymous (1558). Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin, filz aisné du tres-chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse (in French). Paris: Annet Briere. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ Teulet, Alexandre (1862). Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Renouard. pp. 302– 311. ^ "Elizabeth and Mary, Royal Cousins, Rival Queens: Curators' Picks" . British Library . 8 October 2021 . Retrieved 4 February 2022 . ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83; Weir 2008 , p. 18 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83; Guy 2004 , pp. 95–96; Weir 2008 , p. 18; Wormald 1988 , p. 21 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 85; Weir 2008 , p. 18 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 86–88; Guy 2004 , p. 100; Weir 2008 , p. 19; Wormald 1988 , p. 93 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 88; Wormald 1988 , pp. 80, 93 ^ Thompson, James (2005) [1909]. The Wars of Religion in France . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4179-7435-1 . ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 96–97; Guy 2004 , pp. 108–109; Weir 2008 , p. 14; Wormald 1988 , pp. 94–100 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 97; Wormald 1988 , p. 100 ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 100–101 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 97–101; Guy 2004 , pp. 114–115; Weir 2008 , p. 20; Wormald 1988 , pp. 102–103 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 183 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 105–107; Weir 2008 , p. 21 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 119–120; Weir 2008 , pp. 21–22 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 137; Guy 2004 , p. 134; Weir 2008 , p. 25 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 22 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 24 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 126 ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland , 4th Book, various editions, e.g., Lennox, Cuthbert (editor) (1905). London: Andrew Melrose, pp. 225–337 [1] ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 155–156, 215–217; Guy 2004 , pp. 140–143, 176–177, 186–187; Wormald 1988 , pp. 125, 145–146 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 167; Wormald 1988 , p. 125 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 145 ^ The other members were Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden of Auchinoul , Lord Clerk Register James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour , Secretary of State William Maitland of Lethington , Lord High Treasurer Robert Richardson , Lord High Admiral the Earl of Bothwell , the Earls of Arran and Morton , the Earl Marischal , and Lord Erskine (later the Earl of Mar ) ( Weir 2008 , p. 30). ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 114–116 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 192–203; Weir 2008 , p. 42; Wormald 1988 , pp. 123–124 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162; Guy 2004 , p. 157 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 168–169; Guy 2004 , pp. 157–161 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 212; Guy 2004 , pp. 175, 181; Wormald 1988 , p. 134 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 114–117; Guy 2004 , pp. 173–174; Wormald 1988 , pp. 133–134 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 193 ^ Rennie, James (published anonymously) (1826). Mary, Queen of Scots: Her Persecutions, Sufferings, and Trials from her Birth till her Death . Glasgow: W. R. McPhun. p. 114. ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 220; Guy 2004 , p. 202; Weir 2008 , p. 52; Wormald 1988 , p. 147 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 178; Weir 2008 , p. 44 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 45 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 206; Weir 2008 , pp. 45–46 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 118; Weir 2008 , p. 23 ^ Hunter 2022 , p. 136 ^ Bain 1900 , p. 125; Guy 2004 , p. 204; Weir 2008 , p. 58 ^ For the quote and his height see Fraser 1994 , p. 221 and Weir 2008 , pp. 49, 56; for falling in love see Fraser 1994 , p. 224; Weir 2008 , p. 63 and Wormald 1988 , p. 149 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 230; Wormald 1988 , p. 150 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 82. ^ Bain 1900 , p. 124; Fraser 1994 , p. 219; Weir 2008 , p. 52 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 219; Weir 2008 , p. 64 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 64, 91 ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 101 ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 100 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 64 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 78; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151–153 ^ Gilbert 2024 , p. 99 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 79–82 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 229–230; Weir 2008 , pp. 77, 79; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151–152 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 234; Guy 2004 , p. 231; Weir 2008 , p. 83; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151–154 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 156 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 239; Weir 2008 , pp. 87–88 ^ Greig, E. (2008, January 03). Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [known as Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567), second consort of Mary, queen of Scots. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 12 Sep. 2025, from . ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 245–246; Weir 2008 , pp. 88–97 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 247; Guy 2004 , p. 245; Weir 2008 , p. 95; Wormald 1988 , p. 158 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 249–252; Guy 2004 , pp. 248–249; Weir 2008 , pp. 105–107 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 255–256; Guy 2004 , pp. 253–258; Weir 2008 , p. 113 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 256–258; Guy 2004 , p. 259; Weir 2008 , pp. 116–117, 121; Wormald 1988 , p. 159 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 259; Guy 2004 , p. 260; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 259 ff; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 ^ Lorna Hutson , England's Insular Imagining: The Elizabethan Erasure of Scotland (Cambridge, 2023), pp. 149–151. ^ Bingham 1995 , pp. 158–159; Guy 2004 , pp. 273–274; Fraser 1994 , pp. 274–275; Weir 2008 , pp. 157–160 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 274–275; Weir 2008 , pp. 158–159 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 275–276; Guy 2004 , p. 274; Weir 2008 , pp. 161–163 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 276; Weir 2008 , p. 161 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 275; Weir 2008 , p. 161 ^ Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998 , pp. xii, 15, 57, 68, 192–193, 218; Weir 2008 , p. 161 ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 160; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 ^ Bingham 1995 , pp. 160–163; Fraser 1994 , pp. 277–279; Weir 2008 , pp. 176–178, 261; Wormald 1988 , p. 161 ^ Confession of James Ormiston, one of Bothwell's men, 13 December 1573, quoted (from Robert Pitcairn 's Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland from AD 1488 to AD 1624 ) in Weir 2008 , p. 177; Fraser 1994 , p. 279 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 189 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 190–192 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 285–292; Guy 2004 , pp. 292–294; Weir 2008 , pp. 227–233 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 232–233 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 296–297; Guy 2004 , pp. 297–299; Weir 2008 , pp. 244–247 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 296; Wormald 1988 , p. 161 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 252; Greig 2004 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 255. ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 298–299 ^ The original letter is in French, this translation is from Weir 2008 , pp. 308–309. For other versions see Guy 2004 , p. 312 and Lewis 1999 , p. 86. ^ Guy 2004 , p. 304; Weir 2008 , pp. 312–313 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 311–312; Weir 2008 , pp. 336–340 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 313; Weir 2008 , pp. 343–345; Wormald 1988 , p. 163 ^ James Melville of Halhill , who was in the castle, wrote that Bothwell "had ravished her and lain with her against her will" (quoted in Fraser 1994 , pp. 314–317). Other contemporaries dismissed the abduction as bogus ( Donaldson 1974 , p. 117; Fraser 1994 , p. 317). See also Guy 2004 , pp. 328–329; Weir 2008 , pp. 351–355; and Wormald 1988 , p. 163. ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 367, 374 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 319; Guy 2004 , pp. 330–331; Weir 2008 , pp. 366–367 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 382 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 322–323; Guy 2004 , pp. 336–337 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 383–390; Wormald 1988 , p. 165 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 391–393 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 335; Guy 2004 , p. 351; Weir 2008 , p. 398 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 411 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 364; Weir 2008 , p. 413; Wormald 1988 , p. 165 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 347; Guy 2004 , p. 366; Weir 2008 , p. 421; Wormald 1988 , p. 166 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 422, 501; Wormald 1988 , p. 171 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 357–359; Guy 2004 , p. 367; Weir 2008 , p. 432; Wormald 1988 , p. 172 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 368; Hunter 2022 , p. 229; Weir 2008 , p. 433 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 369; Weir 2008 , pp. 433–434: Wormald 1988 , p. 173 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 368–369 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 369; Scott 2024 , p. 75; Weir 2008 , p. 435 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 369; Guy 2004 , p. 435; Weir 2008 , p. 434; Wormald 1988 , p. 174 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 430; Weir 2008 , p. 445 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 444 ^ Bain 1900 , p. 460; Hunter 2022 , p. 233 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 385–390; Wormald 1988 , p. 174 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 184 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 447; Mary later requested to attend the conference at Westminster, but Elizabeth refused permission. In response, Mary's commissioners withdrew from the inquiry ( Weir 2008 , pp. 461–463). ^ Guy 2004 , p. 432; Weir 2008 , p. 464; Wormald 1988 , p. 175 ^ For the list of documents see, for example, Guy 2004 , p. 397 and Wormald 1988 , p. 176; for the casket description see Robertson, Joseph (1863). Inventaires de la Royne d'Ecosse . Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. p. lviii. and Guy 2004 , p. 432. ^ Guy 2004 , p. 435; Weir 2008 , pp. 446–447 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 407; Weir 2008 , p. 221 ^ e.g., Guy 2004 , p. 395; Weir 2008 , pp. 453, 468 ^ Norfolk , Sussex and Sadler to Elizabeth, 11 October 1568, quoted in Bain 1900 , p. 527; Weir 2008 , pp. 451–452 ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 193; Weir 2008 , p. 465; Wormald 1988 , p. 176 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 392; Weir 2008 , pp. 466–467 ^ McInnes 1970 , p. 145 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 400, 416; Weir 2008 , pp. 465–474 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 396–397; Guy 2004 , pp. 400–404, 408–412, 416; Weir 2008 , pp. 465–474 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 404, 410, 420–426; Fraser 1994 , pp. 287, 396–401 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 399, 401–417 ^ Thomson, George Malcolm (1967). The Crime of Mary Stuart . London: Hutchinson. pp. 148– 153, 159– 165. ISBN 978-0-09-081730-6 . ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 352; Wormald 1988 , pp. 171, 176 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 470; Wormald 1988 , pp. 177–178 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 471 ^ Williams 1964 , pp. 137–139; Weir 2008 , p. 453 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 459; Williams 1964 , p. 141 ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 475–476 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 390; Weir 2008 , p. 481 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 481 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 391 ^ Mary, Queen of Scots. "A catte" . Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 28224. ^ Embroideries by Mary are also kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum ( Marian Hangings , Oxburgh Hangings ) and Hardwick Hall . ^ Weir 2008 , p. 484 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 410–411; Guy 2004 , p. 441; Wormald 1988 , p. 184 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 442; Weir 2008 , p. 484 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 440–441 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 438 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 439 ^ It had been her mother's motto ( Guy 2004 , pp. 443–444). ^ Guy 2004 , p. 443 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 444–445 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 453–454 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 448–450, 518 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 443–446, 511; Guy 2004 , pp. 447, 458 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 179 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 415–424; Weir 2008 , p. 487 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 496; Wormald 1988 , p. 180 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 469; Guy 2004 , p. 451 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 464–470; Weir 2008 , pp. 492–494; Wormald 1988 , p. 183 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 467; Weir 2008 , p. 493; Wormald 1988 , p. 184 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 446 ^ Scott 2024 , p. 29 ^ Lasry, George; Biermann, Norbert; Tomokiyo, Satoshi (2023). "Deciphering Mary Stuart's lost letters from 1578-1584" . Cryptologia . 47 (2): 101– 202. doi : 10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677 . ISSN 0161-1194 . S2CID 256720092 . ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 473; Guy 2004 , pp. 474–476; Weir 2008 , p. 506 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 458–462 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 458–462 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 472 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 457; Weir 2008 , p. 507 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 479 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 484–485; Fraser 1994 , p. 493 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 482–483; Guy 2004 , pp. 477–480; Scott 2024 , p. 212; Weir 2008 , p. 507 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 482–483; Guy 2004 , pp. 477–480; Weir 2008 , p. 507 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 483–485; Weir 2008 , p. 507; Wormald 1988 , p. 185 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 508 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 509 ^ Lewis 1999 , p. 22. ^ Boyd 1915 , pp. 59–65, 143–145, 309–314; Fraser 1994 , pp. 506–512; Guy 2004 , pp. 488–489, 492; Weir 2008 , p. 508 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 488 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 506–512; Guy 2004 , pp. 489–493 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 517 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 521–522; Weir 2008 , p. 508 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 529 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 528 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 519 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 496 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 531; Guy 2004 , p. 498; Weir 2008 , p. 508 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 533–534; Guy 2004 , p. 500 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 537; Guy 2004 , p. 4 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 7; Lewis 1999 , p. 118 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 538; Guy 2004 , p. 7; Weir 2008 , p. 209; Wormald 1988 , p. 187 ^ Morris, John (ed.) (1874). Letter Book of Amias Paulet , pp. 368–369 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 7–8 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 539; Guy 2004 , p. 8 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 540; Guy 2004 , p. 9 ^ Tomascon, Emanuel (1924). "79. Execution of Mary Stuart". In von Klarwill, Victor (ed.). The Fugger Newsletters . London: John Lane The Bodley Head. pp. 97– 105. ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 541 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 497 ^ Hutchinson, Robert (2006). Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 196– 201. ISBN 978-0-297-84613-0 . ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 532 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 542, 546–547; Weir 2008 , p. 509 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 541; Guy 2004 , p. 9 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 504; Weir 2008 , p. 509 ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 554 ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 505–506; Wormald 1988 , pp. 13–14, 192 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 505 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 14 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 15 ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 16 ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 17, 192–193 ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 188–189 ^ Weir 2008 , p. 4 ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 269–270; Guy 2004 , p. 313: Weir 2008 , p. 510 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 391; see also Fraser 1994 , p. 269 ^ Guy 2004 , p. 502; Weir 2008 , pp. 3–4, 509 ^ Warnicke 2006 , pp. xvi–xvii Sources Bain, Joseph, ed. (1900). Calendar State Papers, Scotland: Volume II . Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland). Bingham, Caroline (1995). Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots . London: Constable & Robinson . ISBN 978-0-09-472530-0 . Boyd, William K., ed. (1915). Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: Volume IX . Glasgow: General Register Office (Scotland). Clifford, Arthur, ed. (1809). The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler . Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co . Donaldson, Gordon (1974). Mary, Queen of Scots . London: English Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-340-12383-6 . Fraser, Antonia (1994) [1969]. Mary Queen of Scots . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17773-9 . Gilbert, John (2024). Elite Hunting Culture and Mary Queen of Scots . Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 978-1-83765-229-7 . Greig, Elaine Finnie (2004). "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 1. Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/26473 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . (subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required) Guy, John (2004). "My Heart Is My Own": The Life of Mary Queen of Scots . London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-753-5 . Hunter, Clare (2022). Embroidering Her Truth: Mary, Queen of Scots and the Language of Power . London: Sceptre. ISBN 978-1-52934-628-2 . Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth (1999). The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots: A Brief History with Documents . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-21815-7 . McInnes, Charles T., ed. (1970). Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland Volume 12 . Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland). Röhl, John C. G. ; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). Purple Secret: Genes, 'Madness' and the Royal Houses of Europe . London: Bantam Press. Scott, Jade (2024). Captive Queen: The Decrypted History of Mary Queen of Scots . London: Michael O'Mara. ISBN 978-1-78929-646-4 . Warnicke, Retha M. (2006). Mary Queen of Scots . New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-29182-8 . Weir, Alison (2008) [2003]. Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley . London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-952707-7 . Williams, Neville (1964). Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk . London: Barrie & Rockliff. Wormald, Jenny (1988). Mary, Queen of Scots . London: George Philip. ISBN 978-0-540-01131-5 . Further reading Bath, Michael (2008). Emblems for a Queen: The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots . London: Archetype Publications. ISBN 978-1-904982-36-4 . Goring, Rosemary (2022). Homecoming: the Scottish years of Mary, Queen of Scots . Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1780277233 . Labanov, A. I. (Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky) (1844). Lettres et Mémoires de Marie, Reine d'Écosse . London: Charles Dolman. Marshall, Rosalind (2006). Queen Mary's Women: Female Relatives, Servants, Friends and Enemies of Mary, Queen of Scots . Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-0-85976-667-8 . Marshall, Rosalind (2013). Mary, Queen of Scots . Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland. ISBN 978-1-905267-78-1 . Merriman, Marcus (2000). The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots 1542–1551 . East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-862-32090-1 . Read, Conyers (1909). The Bardon Papers: Documents relating to the imprisonment and trial of Mary, Queen of Scots . London: Camden Series. Swain, Margaret (1973). The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-29962-0 . Wilkinson, Alexander S. (2004). Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 1542–1600 . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi : 10.1057/9780230286153 . ISBN 978-0-230-28615-3 . External links Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Mary, Queen of Scots at the official website of the British monarchy Mary, Queen of Scots at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust Portraits of Mary, Queen of Scots at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edinburgh Castle Research: The Dolls of Mary Queen of Scots (Historic Environment Scotland, 2019). Works by Mary, Queen of Scots at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) How three amateurs cracked a 445-year-old code to reveal Mary Queen of Scots' secrets Mary, Queen of Scots House of Stuart Born: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587 Regnal titles Preceded by James V Queen of Scotland 1542–1567 Succeeded by James VI French royalty Preceded by Catherine de' Medici Queen consort of France 1559–1560 Vacant Title next held by Elisabeth of Austria .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Mary, Queen of Scots v t e Queen of Scotland (1542–1567), Queen consort of France (1559–1560) Family James V of Scotland (father) Mary of Guise (mother) James VI and I (son) Margaret Tudor (grandmother) Edward VI (cousin) Mary I (cousin) Elizabeth I (cousin) Husbands Francis II of France Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell Siblings James, Duke of Rothesay (brother) James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose (half-brother) James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (half-brother) John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham (half-brother) Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney (half-brother) Jean Campbell, Countess of Argyll (half-sister) James V of Scotland (father) Mary of Guise (mother) James VI and I (son) Margaret Tudor (grandmother) Edward VI (cousin) Mary I (cousin) Elizabeth I (cousin) Husbands Francis II of France Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell Francis II of France Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell Siblings James, Duke of Rothesay (brother) James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose (half-brother) James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (half-brother) John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham (half-brother) Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney (half-brother) Jean Campbell, Countess of Argyll (half-sister) James, Duke of Rothesay (brother) James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose (half-brother) James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (half-brother) John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham (half-brother) Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney (half-brother) Jean Campbell, Countess of Argyll (half-sister) Events Coronation Royal Entry First wedding Second wedding Murder of Lord Darnley Execution Funeral Battles and wars Rough Wooing Siege of Inverness Battle of Corrichie Battle of Carberry Hill Battle of Langside Marian civil war Plots and rebellions Chaseabout Raid Ridolfi plot Throckmorton Plot Babington Plot Rising of the North Coronation Royal Entry First wedding Second wedding Murder of Lord Darnley Execution Funeral Battles and wars Rough Wooing Siege of Inverness Battle of Corrichie Battle of Carberry Hill Battle of Langside Marian civil war Rough Wooing Siege of Inverness Battle of Corrichie Battle of Carberry Hill Battle of Langside Marian civil war Plots and rebellions Chaseabout Raid Ridolfi plot Throckmorton Plot Babington Plot Rising of the North Chaseabout Raid Ridolfi plot Throckmorton Plot Babington Plot Rising of the North Treaties and Acts Secret Bond Ainslie Tavern Bond Accession and Coronation Act 1567 Treaty of Haddington Crown Matrimonial Secret Bond Ainslie Tavern Bond Accession and Coronation Act 1567 Treaty of Haddington Crown Matrimonial Cultural depictions Films The Execution of Mary Stuart (1895) The Loves of Mary, Queen of Scots (1923) The Heart of the Queen (1940) Mary of Scotland (1936) Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) The Mirror Crack'd (1980) Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) Mary Queen of Scots (2013) Mary Queen of Scots (2018) Television Gunpowder, Treason & Plot (2004) Elizabeth I (2005) Queens: The Virgin and the Martyr (2017) Reign (2017) Novels If It Had Happened Otherwise (1931) The Other Queen (2008) A Column of Fire (2017) Plays and operas Il Cromuele Episodes Golden Eagle Maria Stuarda Marie Stuart Mary Stewart Mary Stuart Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots Vivat! Vivat Regina! Portraits The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence (1826) The Murder of David Rizzio (1833) Films The Execution of Mary Stuart (1895) The Loves of Mary, Queen of Scots (1923) The Heart of the Queen (1940) Mary of Scotland (1936) Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) The Mirror Crack'd (1980) Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) Mary Queen of Scots (2013) Mary Queen of Scots (2018) The Execution of Mary Stuart (1895) The Loves of Mary, Queen of Scots (1923) The Heart of the Queen (1940) Mary of Scotland (1936) Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) The Mirror Crack'd (1980) Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) Mary Queen of Scots (2013) Mary Queen of Scots (2018) Television Gunpowder, Treason & Plot (2004) Elizabeth I (2005) Queens: The Virgin and the Martyr (2017) Reign (2017) Gunpowder, Treason & Plot (2004) Elizabeth I (2005) Queens: The Virgin and the Martyr (2017) Reign (2017) Novels If It Had Happened Otherwise (1931) The Other Queen (2008) A Column of Fire (2017) If It Had Happened Otherwise (1931) The Other Queen (2008) A Column of Fire (2017) Plays and operas Il Cromuele Episodes Golden Eagle Maria Stuarda Marie Stuart Mary Stewart Mary Stuart Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots Vivat! Vivat Regina! Il Cromuele Episodes Golden Eagle Maria Stuarda Marie Stuart Mary Stewart Mary Stuart Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots Vivat! Vivat Regina! Portraits The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence (1826) The Murder of David Rizzio (1833) The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence (1826) The Murder of David Rizzio (1833) Related David Rizzio (secretary) Guard Jewels Wardrobe Assured Scots Casket letters Book of Articles Oxburgh Hangings Interview with Elizabeth I Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary Association of Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI Places of imprisonment Lochleven Castle Workington Hall Carlisle Castle Bolton Castle Tutbury Castle Sheffield Castle Sheffield Manor Lodge Wingfield Manor Chatsworth House Buxton Chartley Castle Tixall Gatehouse Fotheringhay Castle David Rizzio (secretary) Guard Jewels Wardrobe Assured Scots Casket letters Book of Articles Oxburgh Hangings Interview with Elizabeth I Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary Association of Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI Places of imprisonment Lochleven Castle Workington Hall Carlisle Castle Bolton Castle Tutbury Castle Sheffield Castle Sheffield Manor Lodge Wingfield Manor Chatsworth House Buxton Chartley Castle Tixall Gatehouse Fotheringhay Castle Lochleven Castle Workington Hall Carlisle Castle Bolton Castle Tutbury Castle Sheffield Castle Sheffield Manor Lodge Wingfield Manor Chatsworth House Buxton Chartley Castle Tixall Gatehouse Fotheringhay Castle ← James V James VI → ← James V James VI → v t e English , Scottish , and British monarchs v t e Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. v t e Pictish and Scottish monarchs v t e Monarchs of the Picts (traditional) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine (I) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine (I) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots (traditional) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid (uncertain) Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary James VI 1 Charles I 1 Charles II 1 James VII 1 Mary II 1 William II 1 Anne 1 Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid (uncertain) Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary James VI 1 Charles I 1 Charles II 1 James VII 1 Mary II 1 William II 1 Anne 1 1 also monarch of England and Ireland . 1 also monarch of England and Ireland . v t e Dauphines of France v t e Joanna of Bourbon (1350–1364) Margaret of Burgundy (1412–1415) Jacqueline of Bavaria (1415–1417) Margaret of Scotland (1436–1445) Charlotte of Savoy (1451–1461) Catherine de' Medici (1536–1547) Mary Stuart (1558–1559) Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (1680–1690) Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (1711–1712) Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (1745–1746) Maria Josepha of Saxony (1747–1765) Maria Antonia of Austria (1770–1774) Marie Thérèse of France (1824–1830) Joanna of Bourbon (1350–1364) Margaret of Burgundy (1412–1415) Jacqueline of Bavaria (1415–1417) Margaret of Scotland (1436–1445) Charlotte of Savoy (1451–1461) Catherine de' Medici (1536–1547) Mary Stuart (1558–1559) Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (1680–1690) Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (1711–1712) Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (1745–1746) Maria Josepha of Saxony (1747–1765) Maria Antonia of Austria (1770–1774) Marie Thérèse of France (1824–1830) v t e Royal consorts of France v t e List of Frankish queens List of French royal consorts List of Frankish queens List of French royal consorts Merovingians (509–751) Clotilde Ultragotha Guntheuc Radegund Ingund Aregund Ingoberga Merofleda Marcovefa Theudechild Austregilde Audovera Galswintha Fredegund Brunhilda of Austrasia Bertrude Sichilde Gomentrude Nanthild Ragintrudis Wulfefundis Bertechildis Balthild of Chelles Bilichild Chrothildis Clotilde Ultragotha Guntheuc Radegund Ingund Aregund Ingoberga Merofleda Marcovefa Theudechild Austregilde Audovera Galswintha Fredegund Brunhilda of Austrasia Bertrude Sichilde Gomentrude Nanthild Ragintrudis Wulfefundis Bertechildis Balthild of Chelles Bilichild Chrothildis Carolingians , Robertians and Bosonids (751–987) Bertrada of Laon Gerberga Desiderata of the Lombards Hildegard Fastrada Luitgard Ermengarde of Hesbaye Judith of Bavaria Ermentrude of Orléans Richilde of Provence Adelaide of Paris Richardis Théodrate of Troyes R Frederuna Eadgifu of Wessex Beatrice of Vermandois R Emma of France B Gerberga of Saxony Emma of Italy Bertrada of Laon Gerberga Desiderata of the Lombards Hildegard Fastrada Luitgard Ermengarde of Hesbaye Judith of Bavaria Ermentrude of Orléans Richilde of Provence Adelaide of Paris Richardis Théodrate of Troyes R Frederuna Eadgifu of Wessex Beatrice of Vermandois R Emma of France B Gerberga of Saxony Emma of Italy House of Capet (987–1328) Adelaide of Aquitaine Rozala of Italy Bertha of Burgundy Constance of Arles Matilda of Frisia Anne of Kiev Bertha of Holland Bertrade of Montfort Adelaide of Maurienne Eleanor of Aquitaine Constance of Castile Adela of Champagne Isabella of Hainault Ingeborg of Denmark Agnes of Merania Blanche of Castile Margaret of Provence Isabella of Aragon Marie of Brabant Joan I of Navarre Margaret of Burgundy Clementia of Hungary Joan II of Burgundy Blanche of Burgundy Marie of Luxembourg Joan of Évreux Adelaide of Aquitaine Rozala of Italy Bertha of Burgundy Constance of Arles Matilda of Frisia Anne of Kiev Bertha of Holland Bertrade of Montfort Adelaide of Maurienne Eleanor of Aquitaine Constance of Castile Adela of Champagne Isabella of Hainault Ingeborg of Denmark Agnes of Merania Blanche of Castile Margaret of Provence Isabella of Aragon Marie of Brabant Joan I of Navarre Margaret of Burgundy Clementia of Hungary Joan II of Burgundy Blanche of Burgundy Marie of Luxembourg Joan of Évreux House of Valois (1328–1589) Joan of Burgundy Blanche of Navarre Joan I of Auvergne Joanna of Bourbon Isabeau of Bavaria Marie of Anjou Charlotte of Savoy Anne of Brittany Joan of France Mary Tudor Claude of France Eleanor of Austria Catherine de' Medici Mary I of Scotland Elisabeth of Austria Louise of Lorraine Joan of Burgundy Blanche of Navarre Joan I of Auvergne Joanna of Bourbon Isabeau of Bavaria Marie of Anjou Charlotte of Savoy Anne of Brittany Joan of France Mary Tudor Claude of France Eleanor of Austria Catherine de' Medici Mary I of Scotland Elisabeth of Austria Louise of Lorraine House of Lancaster (1422–1453) Margaret of Anjou Margaret of Anjou House of Bourbon (1589–1792) Margaret of Valois Marie de' Medici Anne of Austria Maria Theresa of Spain Marie Leszczyńska Marie Antoinette Margaret of Valois Marie de' Medici Anne of Austria Maria Theresa of Spain Marie Leszczyńska Marie Antoinette House of Bonaparte (1804–1814; 1815) Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise House of Bourbon (1814–1815; 1815–1830) Marie Joséphine of Savoy Marie-Thérèse Marie Joséphine of Savoy Marie-Thérèse House of Orléans (1830–1848) Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily House of Bonaparte (1852–1870) Eugénie de Montijo Eugénie de Montijo Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Latvia Chile Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Latvia Chile Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii CiNii Artists ULAN MusicBrainz FID ULAN MusicBrainz FID People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library 2 SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library 2 2 SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX Mary, Queen of Scots 1542 births 1587 deaths 16th-century executions by England 16th-century queens regnant 16th-century Scottish monarchs 16th-century Scottish women Babington Plot Burials at Westminster Abbey Child monarchs from Europe Children of James V Daughters of kings Dauphines of France Dauphines of Viennois Dethroned monarchs Executed monarchs Executed Scottish women Heads of state and government who were later imprisoned Heirs presumptive to the English throne House of Stuart Monarchs who abdicated Mothers of English monarchs People executed by Tudor England by decapitation People executed under Elizabeth I People executed under the Tudors for treason against England People from Linlithgow People of Linlithgow Palace People of Stirling Castle People of the Elizabethan era Pretenders to the English throne Queens consort of France Queens regnant of Scotland Remarried queens consort Roman Catholic monarchs Scottish expatriates in France Scottish lutenists Scottish people of the Rough Wooing Scottish poets Scottish princesses Scottish Roman Catholics Women of the Tudor period Executed Scottish royalty Embroiderers CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use British English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from July 2024 Articles containing French-language text Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles with LibriVox links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 08:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Office worker 2.2 Full-time cartoonist and author 2.3 Real Coffee with Scott Adams 2.4 Other 2.1 Office worker 2.2 Full-time cartoonist and author 2.3 Real Coffee with Scott Adams 2.4 Other 3 Political views 4 Personal life 5 Health and death 6 Recognition 7 Publications Toggle Publications subsection 7.1 Dilbert compilations 7.2 Special compilations (annotated, favorites, etc.) 7.3 Other Dilbert books 7.4 Dilbert -related business publications 7.5 Non- Dilbert publications 7.1 Dilbert compilations 7.2 Special compilations (annotated, favorites, etc.) 7.3 Other Dilbert books 7.4 Dilbert -related business publications 7.5 Non- Dilbert publications 8 References 9 External links Scott Adams العربية Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Scott Adams Adams in 2017 Born Scott Raymond Adams ( 1957-06-08 ) June 8, 1957 Windham, New York , U.S. Died January 13, 2026 (2026-01-13) (aged 68) Pleasanton, California , U.S. Education .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Hartwick College ( BA ) University of California, Berkeley ( MBA ) Hartwick College ( BA ) University of California, Berkeley ( MBA ) Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Cartoonist writer political commentator Cartoonist writer political commentator Years active 1989–2026 Spouses .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Shelly Miles ( m. 2006; div. 2014) Kristina Basham ( m. 2020; div. 2022) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Shelly Miles ( m. 2006; div. 2014) Kristina Basham ( m. 2020; div. 2022) YouTube information Channel Real Coffee with Scott Adams Real Coffee with Scott Adams Years active 2018–2026 Subscribers 209,000 Views 78.1 million Last updated: January 15, 2026 Website scottadams .locals .com Scott Raymond Adams (June 8, 1957 – January 13, 2026) was an American cartoonist, author, and conservative commentator. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] He was the creator of the Dilbert comic strip and nonfiction works of business, self-improvement, commentary, and satire . Adams worked in various corporate roles before he became a full-time cartoonist in 1995. By the mid-1990s, Dilbert , created in 1989, had gained national prominence in the United States and began to reach a worldwide audience, remaining popular throughout the following decades and spawning several books written by Adams. In the mid-2010s, Adams emerged as an independent commentator on events and politics. He wrote in a satirical way about the social and psychological landscape of white-collar workers in corporations. In addition, Adams wrote books in various other areas, including the pandeistic spiritual novella God's Debris and books on political and management topics, including Loserthink . In February 2023, Dilbert was dropped by numerous newspapers and its distributor, Andrews McMeel Syndication , after Adams made racist comments on his Real Coffee YouTube channel, which he defended as hyperbole . He relaunched it as a webcomic on his Locals website one month later and continued to be active on social media. He died in 2026, at the age of 68, of prostate cancer . Early life and education Scott Raymond Adams was born on June 8, 1957, [ 3 ] in Windham, New York , to Paul and Virginia (née Vining) Adams. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] He said that he was "about half German" [ 6 ] and had English, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 2016, he said he had a small amount of Native American ancestry, [ 9 ] but later discovered via 23andMe genetic testing that he has no detectable Native American genetic markers. [ 10 ] He was a fan of Peanuts comics while growing up and began drawing comics at age 6. [ 11 ] He won a drawing competition at 11. [ 11 ] Adams graduated from Windham-Ashland-Jewett Central School in Windham in 1975 and was the valedictorian of his class of 39 students. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in economics from Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York , in 1979. [ 12 ] He then moved to California and worked there. [ 11 ] In 1986, he earned a Master of Business Administration from the University of California, Berkeley . [ 13 ] Adams took Dale Carnegie Training courses and called them "life changing". [ 14 ] Career Office worker Adams worked closely with telecommunications engineers at Crocker National Bank in San Francisco between 1979 and 1986. Upon joining the organization, he first worked as a teller . After four months in which he was twice held up at gunpoint, he entered a management training program. His positions included management trainee, computer programmer, budget analyst, commercial lender, product manager, and supervisor. [ 11 ] He later shifted to work at Pacific Bell . Devoting time to building a new career, he woke up every day at 4 a.m. and spent time on various endeavors; cartooning proved to be the most successful of them. Adams created Dilbert during this period of personal exploration. [ 15 ] The Dilbert name was suggested by his former boss, Mike Goodwin. Dogbert, originally named Dildog, was loosely based on his family's deceased pet beagle Lucy. His submissions of Dilbert and other comic panels to various publications, including The New Yorker and Playboy , were not published, but an inspirational letter from a fan persuaded Adams to keep trying. [ 11 ] He worked at Pacific Bell between 1986 and June 30, 1995, and the personalities he encountered there inspired many of his Dilbert characters. [ 16 ] In 1989, while still employed at Pacific Bell, Adams launched Dilbert with United Media . To maintain his income, he continued to draw his cartoons during the early morning hours. His first payment for Dilbert was a monthly royalty check of $368.62. Dilbert gradually became more popular. It was syndicated in 100 newspapers in 1991 and 400 by 1994. Adams attributed his success to his idea of including his email address in the panels, which resulted in feedback and suggestions from readers. [ 11 ] Full-time cartoonist and author Adams's success grew, and he became a full-time cartoonist as Dilbert reached 800 newspapers. In 1996, his first business book, The Dilbert Principle , was released. It expounded on his concept of the Dilbert principle . [ 11 ] In 1997, Adams won the National Cartoonists Society 's Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist and Best Newspaper Comic Strip. [ 11 ] Logitech CEO Pierluigi Zappacosta invited Adams to impersonate a management consultant, which he did wearing a wig and false mustache. He tricked Logitech managers into adopting a mission statement that Adams described as "so impossibly complicated that it has no real content whatsoever". [ 17 ] [ 18 ] His writing in San Jose Mercury News West Magazine regarding the incident earned him an Orwell Award . [ 19 ] By 2000, the comic was in 2,000 newspapers in 57 countries and 19 languages. [ 11 ] His comic strips were adapted as an animated television series , which premiered in January 1999 and ran for two seasons on UPN . Adams served as executive producer and showrunner, along with Seinfeld writer Larry Charles . The show earned a Primetime Emmy Award in 1999. Adams later said that the show had been canceled because he was white and UPN had decided to shift toward African-American viewers. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In addition to his cartoon work, Adams wrote books in various other areas, including self-improvement and religion. [ 20 ] His book God's Debris (2001) lays out a theory of pandeism , in which God blows itself up to see what will happen, which becomes the cause of our universe. [ 22 ] In The Religion War (2004), Adams suggests that followers of theistic religions such as Christianity and Islam are subconsciously aware that their beliefs are false, and that this awareness is reflected in their consistently acting as if these religions, and their threats of damnation for sinners, are untrue. In a 2017 interview, Adams said that his books on religion, not Dilbert , would be his ultimate legacy. [ 20 ] His long-held agnostic outlook began to shift publicly as he confronted his terminal illness. On a February 22, 2023, livestream of his Real Coffee with Scott Adams program, Adams reacted to a poll that asked if respondents agreed that " it's okay to be white ", [ 23 ] [ 24 ] a phrase described by the Anti-Defamation League as associated with the white supremacist movement. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The poll showed 26% of black respondents disagreed with the statement and 21% were not sure. [ 27 ] Adams, upset that nearly half did not agree, described black people as a " hate group " and said "the best advice I would give to white people is to get the hell away from black people; just get the fuck away". [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In response to those and other related comments, Dilbert was dropped by numerous newspapers across the country, including The New York Times (in its international print edition), Los Angeles Times , The Washington Post , and USA Today -affiliated newspapers. [ 27 ] [ 32 ] [ 26 ] Andrews McMeel Syndication , the distributor of Dilbert , announced on February 27, 2023, that it was severing all ties with Adams for his racist remarks. [ 33 ] [ 27 ] Portfolio , his book publisher, announced it was dropping his non- Dilbert book that was scheduled for release that September. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Adams defended his remarks as hyperbole and as taken out of context in reportage; he disavowed racism and asserted that nobody would disagree with what he said were his main points: do not discriminate and avoid things that look like they will put one at risk. [ 25 ] [ 36 ] On March 13, Adams relaunched Dilbert as Dilbert Reborn on the subscription website Locals , minus the earlier Dilbert comics. [ 37 ] On November 15, 2025, he announced he would no longer draw Dilbert because his right hand had focal dystonia and his left hand was semi-paralyzed, but would continue writing the strip as long as he was able to. His art director took over as the artist. [ 38 ] Real Coffee with Scott Adams In 2015, Adams wrote blog posts predicting that Donald Trump had a 98 percent chance of winning the presidency based on his persuasion skills, and he started writing about Trump's persuasion techniques. His pieces on this topic grew popular, so he started writing about it regularly. [ 39 ] Adams soon developed this as a daily video presentation called Real Coffee with Scott Adams , distributed to Periscope , YouTube , and ScottAdamsSays.com. [ 40 ] Real Coffee with Scott Adams featured guests such as Naval Ravikant , [ 41 ] Ed Latimore , [ 42 ] Dave Rubin , [ 43 ] Erik Finman, [ 44 ] Greg Gutfeld , [ 45 ] Matt Gaetz , [ 46 ] Ben Askren , [ 47 ] Carpe Donktum, [ 48 ] Steve Hsu , [ 49 ] Michael Shellenberger , [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Carson Griffith, [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Shiva Ayyadurai , [ 54 ] James Nortey, [ 55 ] Clint Morgan, [ 56 ] and Bjørn Lomborg . [ 57 ] In 2018, Kanye West shared multiple clips on Twitter from a Coffee episode titled: "Scott Adams tells you how Kanye showed the way to The Golden Age. With Coffee." [ 58 ] In 2020, President Trump retweeted an episode where Adams mocked Joe Biden . [ 59 ] Adams offered paid subscriptions for exclusive content on Locals . [ 60 ] In 2020, Adams said: "For context, I expect my Dilbert income to largely disappear in the next year as newspapers close up forever. The coronavirus sped up that inevitable trend. Like many of you, I'm reinventing my life for a post-coronavirus world. The Locals platform is a big part of that." [ 61 ] Other Adams started Scott Adams Foods, Inc. in 1999, which made the Dilberito and Protein Chef. First announced in The Dilbert Future and introduced in 1999, [ 62 ] the Dilberito was a vegetarian microwave burrito that came in flavors of Mexican , Indian , Barbecue , and Garlic & Herb. It was sold through some health food stores. Adams's inspiration for the product was that "diet is the number one cause of health-related problems in the world. I figured I could put a dent in that problem and make some money at the same time." He aimed to create a healthy food product that also had mass appeal, a concept he called "the blue jeans of food". [ 63 ] A Flash game titled Dilberito was developed and published by Blam! Video Game Development in 2000 for Scott Adams Foods. [ 64 ] The product failed to catch on in the market, leading Adams "several years and several million dollars later" to sell off his intellectual property and exit the business. Adams himself noted, "[t]he mineral fortification was hard to disguise, and because of the veggie and legume content, three bites of the Dilberito made you fart so hard your intestines formed a tail." [ 65 ] The New York Times noted the burrito "could have been designed only by a food technologist or by someone who eats lunch without much thought to taste". [ 66 ] Adams sold off his intellectual property in Scott Adams Foods when the Dilberito failed in the marketplace in 2003. He was a restaurateur starting in 1997, but exited that business before 2017. [ 67 ] [ 20 ] Adams co-founded the service WhenHub, which has been described by Gizmodo as "similar to Cameo ... except instead of pre-recorded messages from movie stars and rappers, it offers live chats with a range of subject-matter experts". [ 68 ] [ 69 ] In 2019, Adams briefly received negative media attention when during the Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting he posted a tweet suggesting that witnesses download the WhenHub app and "set your price to take calls". He later apologized, saying the message was "poorly worded". [ 70 ] [ 71 ] As of 2024, [update] the WhenHub website is inactive. [ 72 ] He had a cameo in " Review ", a third-season episode of the TV series NewsRadio , in which Matthew Brock (played by Andy Dick ) becomes an obsessed Dilbert fan. Adams is credited as "Guy in line behind Dave and Joe in first scene". [ 73 ] Adams was a guest on podcasts including Making Sense with Sam Harris , [ 74 ] The Tim Ferriss Show , [ 75 ] The James Altucher Show , [ 76 ] The Ben Shapiro Show , [ 77 ] The Rubin Report , [ 78 ] Real Talk with Zuby [ 79 ] and The David Pakman Show . [ 80 ] He appeared on Real Time with Bill Maher , [ 81 ] Commonwealth Club of California , [ 82 ] Fox News [ 83 ] and Berkeley Haas . [ 84 ] Adams was interviewed for Mike Cernovich 's documentaries Silenced (2016) [ 85 ] and Hoaxed (2019). [ 86 ] Political views Adams often commented on political and social matters, although he said in 2016, "I don't vote and I am not a member of a political party." [ 87 ] As of 2008, Adams identified his views on social issues as "[leaning] libertarian , minus the crazy stuff". [ 88 ] After endorsing Mitt Romney for the 2012 presidential election , [ 89 ] Adams endorsed Donald Trump in the following election . During that election, he wrote extensively on Trump, praising his persuasion skills [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and later described his support for Trump as a factor in ending his public speaking career, as well as negatively impacting his income and friendships. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] He also spoke against Trump's opponent Hillary Clinton , expressing concerns that Clinton's candidacy would lower the status of men in America. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] In 2017, Adams described his views as supporting left-wing policies he perceived as realistic. [ 96 ] Adams made various predictions about politics. Early in the 2016 election, Adams predicted Trump would win based on his analysis of how persuasive the candidates were. As Trump gained momentum, Adams's election analysis gained media and popular attention. [ 20 ] Later, these predictions repeatedly featured in Politico magazine's annual list of "Worst Predictions", including that either one of Trump, Bernie Sanders , or Joe Biden would die from COVID-19 by the end of 2020, [ 97 ] that "Republicans will be hunted" if Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election [ 98 ] and that the 2024 presidential election would be ultimately overturned in Trump's favor by the U.S. Supreme Court regardless of outcome. [ 99 ] After the 2022 Highland Park parade shooting , Adams opined that society leaves parents of troubled teenage boys with only two options: to either watch people die or murder their own son. He said his comments were inspired by his own stepson, who became addicted to drugs at age 14 and later died of a fentanyl overdose. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Adams was anti- masking and anti- COVID-19 vaccines , as he believed that people unvaccinated against COVID-19 "came out the best" compared to vaccinated people, which PolitiFact determined to be incorrect. [ 102 ] In a 2006 blog post, Adams asked if official figures of the number of deaths in the Holocaust were based on methodologically sound research. [ 103 ] [ 36 ] In 2023, Adams suggested the 2017 Unite the Right rally was "an American intel op against Trump". [ 104 ] In 2020, Adams said that the Dilbert TV show was cancelled because he was white and UPN had decided to focus on an African-American audience, and that he had been discriminated against. [ 105 ] In a series of comic strips in September 2022, Dilbert parodied environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) strategies. Part of the plotline involved a black character who "identif[ied] as white" and the company management asking him if he could also identify as gay. [ 106 ] Personal life Adams married Shelly Miles aboard a yacht , the Galaxy Commodore , on July 22, 2006, in San Francisco Bay , in a ceremony conducted by the ship's captain. [ 107 ] The two had met at a gym in Pleasanton, California , where Shelly was an employee and Adams was a customer. Adams was a stepfather to Shelly's two children, Savannah and Justin, the latter of whom died of a fentanyl overdose in 2018 at age 18. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Adams and Shelly divorced in 2014, and Adams said the two remained friends, with Shelly moving a block away after their separation. [ 111 ] On Christmas Day in 2019, Adams announced on his podcast that he was engaged to Kristina Basham, [ 112 ] and later said that they married on July 11, 2020. Basham, a model and baker, has two daughters and is a vice-president at WhenHub. [ 20 ] On March 10, 2022, Adams announced on his YouTube podcast that he and Basham were getting divorced. [ 113 ] Adams said he was trained as a hypnotist . [ 114 ] He credited affirmations for many of his achievements, including scoring in the ninety-fourth percentile on a difficult qualification exam for business school and creating Dilbert ' s success. He said that the affirmations gave him focus. [ 5 ] He described a method he used that he said gave him success: he pictured in his mind what he wanted and wrote it down 15 times a day on a piece of paper. [ 115 ] The technique is used by Dogbert in a 1989 Dilbert strip. [ 116 ] Adams lived in Pleasanton, California , and traveled in the San Francisco Bay Area. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] He had no biological children. [ 119 ] Shortly before his death, Adams announced his intention to convert to Christianity . He viewed the decision in pragmatic, cost-to-benefit terms, concluding the potential benefit of eternal salvation to outweigh any downside if the belief proved to be false. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Health and death In the early 1990s, the pinky finger of Adams's right hand would spasm when he tried to draw, and he was diagnosed with focal dystonia . He said he cured himself by doing a conditioning exercise. In late 2004, his focal dystonia returned, which affected his ability to draw for lengthy periods. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] Beginning in 2014, he drew on a graphics tablet , [ 124 ] and had subsequently switched from using his right hand to his left. [ 125 ] He also had spasmodic dysphonia , a condition that causes the vocal cords to behave abnormally. In July 2008 he underwent surgery to reroute the nerve connections to his vocal cords [ 126 ] and his voice reached new levels of functionality. [ 127 ] Adams announced on his daily podcast Real Coffee with Scott Adams in May 2025 that he was diagnosed with stage IV prostate cancer which spread to his bones. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] He noted that taking ivermectin and fenbendazole to treat the cancer did not work. [ 130 ] In June, he had prepared for physician-assisted suicide through the California End of Life Option Act , and had planned to go through with it after his stepdaughter's wedding at the end of the month, as the pain was too much to handle. At this point, he began taking testosterone blocker pills which caused his pain to abate. This medication was suggested initially but Adams had declined this treatment. This medication dropped his prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels by 90%, which he said would prolong his life by between weeks and years. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] In the autumn of 2025, Adams asked Trump on social media for access to the cancer drug Pluvicto due to the rapid progression of his cancer. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. replied saying "How do I reach you? The President wants to help." [ 133 ] While undergoing radiation therapy for the cancer, he was eventually paralyzed below the waist. [ 134 ] Adams disclosed on Real Coffee in January 2026 about his ongoing heart failure diagnosis as well as the low chances of recovering from the cancer. [ 135 ] He died while under hospice care at his Pleasanton home on January 13 at the age of 68. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Recognition Adams received recognition for his work, including the National Cartoonists Society Reuben Award and Newspaper Comic Strip Award for 1997 for his work on Dilbert . He was listed on the Thinkers50 Ranking of the 50 most influential management thinkers, placing 31st in 2001, [ 138 ] 27th in 2003, [ 139 ] 12th in 2005, [ 140 ] and 21st in 2007. [ 141 ] He received the Orwell Award in 1998 for his participation in "Mission Impertinent" for San Jose Mercury News West Magazine . [ 19 ] Publications Dilbert compilations Always Postpone Meetings with Time-Wasting Morons (1992), .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 0886876885 Shave the Whales (1994), ISBN 0836217403 Bring Me the Head of Willy the Mailboy! (1995), ISBN 9780836217797 It's Obvious You Won't Survive by Your Wits Alone (1995) ISBN 9780836213072 Still Pumped from Using the Mouse (1996) ISBN 9780752222653 Fugitive from the Cubicle Police (1996) ISBN 9780836221190 Casual Day Has Gone Too Far (1997) ISBN 9780752211190 I'm Not Anti-Business, I'm Anti-Idiot (1998), ISBN 0836251822 Journey to Cubeville (1998), ISBN 9780836267457 Don't Step in the Leadership (1999), ISBN 0836278445 Random Acts of Management (2000), ISBN 9780752271743 Excuse Me While I Wag (2001), ISBN 9780740713903 When Did Ignorance Become a Point of View? (2001), ISBN 0740718398 Another Day in Cubicle Paradise (2002), ISBN 0740721941 All Dressed Down and Nowhere to Go (2002), ISBN 0740729314 ( Still Pumped from Using the Mouse , Casual Day Has Gone Too Far , and I'm Not Anti-Business, I'm Anti-Idiot combined) When Body Language Goes Bad: A Dilbert Book (2003), ISBN 9780740732980 Words You Don't Want to Hear During Your Annual Performance Review (2003), ISBN 0740738054 Don't Stand Where the Comet Is Assumed to Strike Oil: A Dilbert Book (2004), ISBN 9780740745393 The Fluorescent Light Glistens Off Your Head (2005), ISBN 9780740751134 Thriving on Vague Objectives: A Dilbert Collection (2005), ISBN 9780740755330 Try Rebooting Yourself: A Dilbert Collection (2006), ISBN 9780740761904 Positive Attitude: A Dilbert Collection (2007), ISBN 9780740763793 This Is the Part Where You Pretend to Add Value: A Dilbert Book (2008), ISBN 0740772279 Dilbert 2.0: 20 Years of Dilbert (2008), ISBN 9780740777356 Freedom's Just Another Word for People Finding Out You're Useless (2009), ISBN 0740778153 14 Years of Loyal Service in a Fabric-Covered Box: A Dilbert Book (2009), ISBN 0740773658 I'm Tempted to Stop Acting Randomly (2010), ISBN 9780740778063 How's That Underling Thing Working Out for You? (2011), ISBN 1449408192 Teamwork Means You Can't Pick the Side that's Right (2012), ISBN 9781449410186 Your New Job Title Is "Accomplice" (2013), ISBN 9781449432782 I Sense a Coldness to Your Mentoring (2013), ISBN 9781449429386 Go Add Value Someplace Else (2014), ISBN 1449446604 Optimism Sounds Exhausting (2015), ISBN 9781449463007 I'm No Scientist, But I Think Feng Shui Is Part of the Answer: A Dilbert Book (2016), ISBN 9781449471965 Dilbert Gets Re-accommodated (2017), ISBN 9781449489137 Cubicles That Make You Envy the Dead (2018), ISBN 9781449493783 Dilbert Turns 30 (2019), ISBN 9781524851828 Special compilations (annotated, favorites, etc.) Build a Better Life by Stealing Office Supplies: Dogbert's Big Book of Business (1991), ISBN 0836217578 Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless (1993), ISBN 0836217373 Seven Years of Highly Defective People: Scott Adams' Guided Tour of the Evolution of Dilbert (1997), ISBN 0836236688 Dilbert Gives You the Business (1999), ISBN 0740740717 Dilbert, a Treasury of Sunday Strips, Version 00 (2000), ISBN 9780740705311 What Do You Call a Sociopath in a Cubicle? Answer: A Coworker (2002), ISBN 0740726633 It's Not Funny If I Have to Explain It: A Dilbert Book (2004), ISBN 0740746588 What Would Wally Do?: A Dilbert Treasury (2006), ISBN 9780740757693 Cubes and Punishment: A Dilbert Book (2007), ISBN 9780740768378 Problem Identified: And You're Probably Not Part of the Solution (2010), ISBN 0740785346 Your Accomplishments Are Suspiciously Hard to Verify (2011), ISBN 9781449401023 I Can't Remember If We're Cheap or Smart: Dilbert (2012), ISBN 1449423094 Other Dilbert books Telling It Like It Isn't (1996), ISBN 0836213246 You Don't Need Experience If You've Got Attitude (1996), ISBN 9780836221961 Access Denied: Dilbert's Quest for Love in the Nineties (1996), ISBN 9780752224213 Conversations With Dogbert (1996), ISBN 9780752213132 Work Is a Contact Sport (1997), ISBN 9780836228786 The Boss: Nameless, Blameless and Shameless (1997), ISBN 9780836232233 The Dilbert Bunch (1997), ISBN 0752213148 No...You'd Better Watch Out! (1997), ISBN 9780836237399 Please Don't Feed the Egos: And Other Tips for Corporate Survival (1997), ISBN 0836232240 Random Acts of Catness (1998), ISBN 9780836252774 You Can't Schedule Stupidity (1998), ISBN 9780836256321 Dilbert Meeting Book: Exceeding Tech Limits (1998), ISBN 9780768320299 Dilbert Book Of Days: Trapped in a Dilbert World (1998), ISBN 0768320305 Work—The Wally Way (1999), ISBN 0836274806 Alice in Blunderland (1999), ISBN 0836274792 Dilbert Sudoku Comic Digest: 200 Puzzles Plus 50 Classic Dilbert Cartoons (2008), ISBN 0740772503 Dilbert -related business publications Dilbert Newsletter [ 142 ] [ 143 ] (since 1994) [ 144 ] The Dilbert Principle (1996), ISBN 0887308589 [ 145 ] Dogbert's Top Secret Management Handbook (1996), ISBN 9780887308819 [ 146 ] The Dilbert Future: Thriving on Stupidity in the 21st Century (1997), ISBN 088730866X The Joy of Work (1998), ISBN 0887308716 [ 147 ] Dilbert and the Way of the Weasel (2002), ISBN 0060518057 Slapped Together: The Dilbert Business Anthology (2002), ISBN 0060186216 ( The Dilbert Principle , The Dilbert Future , and The Joy of Work , published together in one book) Dilbert's Guide to the Rest of Your Life: Dispatches from Cubicleland (2007), ISBN 0762427817 Non- Dilbert publications God's Debris (2001), ISBN 0740747878 [ 148 ] The Religion War (2004), ISBN 0740747886 [ 148 ] Stick to Drawing Comics, Monkey Brain! (2007), ISBN 9781591841852 How to Fail at Almost Everything and Still Win Big (2013), ISBN 9781591847748 [ 149 ] Win Bigly: Persuasion in a World Where Facts Don't Matter (2017), ISBN 978-0735219717 [ 150 ] Loserthink: How Untrained Brains Are Ruining America (2019), ISBN 9798990531642 [ 151 ] Reframe Your Brain: The User Interface for Happiness and Success (2023), ISBN 979-8988534907 Win Bigly: Persuasion in a World Where Facts Don't Matter , 2nd edition (2024), ISBN 9798990531628 References ^ Yang, Maya (January 13, 2026). "Scott Adams, Dilbert creator and conservative commentator, dies aged 68" – via The Guardian. ^ "Scott Adams, 'Dilbert' creator and conservative commentator, dies at 68" . NBC News . January 13, 2026. ^ "Scott Adams, fully Scott Raymond Adams" . Great Thoughts Treasury . Archived from the original on January 1, 2019 . Retrieved December 31, 2018 . ^ "Virginia Adams Obituary" . RootsWeb . Ancestry.com . Archived from the original on August 22, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2017 . ^ a b Adams, Scott (1997). The Dilbert Future : Thriving on Stupidity in the 21st Century . London: Boxtree. ISBN 0-7522-1118-8 . OCLC 59601170 . ^ Adams, Scott (March 10, 2016). "Let's Talk About Hitler" . Scott Adams Says . Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved March 10, 2016 . ^ Adams, Scott. "Immigration" . Archived from the original on November 28, 2016 . Retrieved November 28, 2016 . ^ Adams, Scott. Joe Rogan Experience No. 874 . Archived from the original on November 27, 2016 . Retrieved November 28, 2016 – via YouTube . ^ Adams, Scott [@ScottAdamsSays] (July 11, 2016). "@cowperthwait I'm part Native American and it doesn't sound racist to me. Sounds like a businessman smack-talking his casino competitors" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 21, 2021 – via Twitter . ^ Adams, Scott (May 5, 2023). "Episode 2099 Scott Adams: Tucker's Rumored Plans, Climate Surprise, Bud Light Lessons, Proud Boys" . YouTube . Archived from the original on September 23, 2024 . Retrieved May 10, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Adams, Scott (2008). Dilbert 2.0: 20 years of Dilbert . Jamaica City: Andrews McMeel. ISBN 978-0-7407-7735-6 . ^ "About Scott Adams" . Scott Adams Says . Archived from the original on August 1, 2019 . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . ^ "Scott Adams, MBA 86" . Haas School of Business . Archived from the original on October 19, 2017 . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . ^ "How to Get a Real Education" . Wall Street Oasis . Archived from the original on March 8, 2023 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ "You Don't Become Hitler at 70" . October 3, 2020. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Spicer, André (November 23, 2017). "From inboxing to thought showers: how business bullshit took over" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 27, 2017 . Retrieved November 27, 2017 . ^ "Dilbert Creator Fools Execs With Soap Story" . The Seattle Times . Associated Press. November 16, 1997. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022 . Retrieved December 15, 2022 . ^ O'Brien, Tia (November 16, 1997). "Mission: Impertinent" . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on August 17, 2000 . Retrieved April 14, 2014 . ^ a b "George Orwell Awards" . National Council of Teachers of English. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019 . Retrieved January 22, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f Winter, Caroline (March 22, 2017). "How Scott Adams Got Hypnotized by Trump" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. ^ " 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams: 'I lost my TV show for being white' " . The Mercury News . June 29, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 1, 2020 . ^ Knujon Mapson, "A Brief History of Pandeism," Pandeism: An Anthology (2017), p. 31-32. ^ "Media drop Dilbert after creator's Black 'hate group' remark" . Politico . Associated Press . February 26, 2023. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 . Retrieved February 27, 2023 . ^ Picchi, Aimee (February 28, 2023). "Dilbert creator Scott Adams was a comic-strip star. After racist comments, he says he's lost 80% of his income" . CBS News . Archived from the original on March 5, 2023 . Retrieved March 5, 2023 . ^ a b D'Zurilla, Christie (February 28, 2023). "Scott Adams says he was using hyperbole: America being 'programmed' to see race first" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 5, 2023 . Retrieved March 5, 2023 . ^ a b Helmore, Edward (February 26, 2023). "Dilbert cartoon dropped by US newspapers over creator's racist comments" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 27, 2023 . ^ a b c Del Barco, Mandalit (February 26, 2023). "Distributor, newspapers drop 'Dilbert' comic strip after creator's racist rant" . NPR . Archived from the original on March 4, 2023 . Retrieved March 5, 2023 . ^ Ross, Martha (February 23, 2023). " 'Dilbert's' Scott Adams: 'White people should get the hell away from Black people' " . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 . Retrieved February 24, 2023 . ^ Spangler, Todd (February 25, 2023). " 'Dilbert' Comic Strip Dropped by Newspapers Over Scott Adams 'Racist Rant' " . Variety . Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ "Scott Adams' racist comments were spurred by a badly worded poll" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Retrieved March 24, 2023 . ^ Bernstein, Sharon (February 26, 2023). " 'Dilbert' cartoon dropped after racist rant by creator Scott Adams" . Reuters . Retrieved March 24, 2023 . ^ Floyd, Thomas; Cavna, Michael (February 25, 2023). " 'Dilbert' dropped by The Post, other papers, after cartoonist's racist rant" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ Lieb, David (February 27, 2023). "Dilbert distributor severs ties to creator over race remarks" . Yahoo News . Archived from the original on February 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 27, 2023 . ^ Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. (February 27, 2023). "Publisher Drops Plan to Release Book From 'Dilbert' Creator Scott Adams" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 28, 2023 . ^ Passantino, Jon; Darcy, Oliver (February 27, 2023). " 'Dilbert' distributor and book publisher drop creator Scott Adams over his racist remarks" . CNN . Archived from the original on March 5, 2023 . Retrieved March 5, 2023 . ^ a b Harpaz, Beth (March 3, 2023). " 'Dilbert' cartoon creator once questioned the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust" . The Forward . Archived from the original on March 4, 2023 . Retrieved March 4, 2023 . ^ Cavana, Michael; Chery, Samantha (March 6, 2023). "The bewildering descent of Scott Adams and 'Dilbert' " . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023 . Retrieved March 6, 2023 . ^ "Dilbert and Scott Update" . ^ Adams, Scott (November 1, 2017). "The creator of Dilbert explains Trump's persuasion style and reminds us why people stopped caring about facts" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 . Retrieved February 27, 2023 . ^ "Scott Adams' Blog" . Scott Adams' Blog . Archived from the original on May 26, 2021 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ "Episode 840 Scott Adams: Conversation With Naval Ravikant About Coronavirus" . March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Episode 459 Scott Adams: Talking With Writer, Boxer, Brilliant Guy @EdLatimore on Success" . March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Episode 947 Scott Adams: Talking With Dave Rubin About His New Book Don't Burn This Book, Joe Biden" . May 2020. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Episode 568 Scott Adams: Amazing Erik Finman, Gaslighting, Harvard Hypocrites, Trump Heights" . June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Real Coffee with Scott Adams: Episode 1083 Scott Adams: Guest Greg Gutfeld Talks About His New Best Seller The Plus, Then on to the Headlines on Apple Podcasts" . Apple Podcasts . Archived from the original on September 18, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ "Scott Adams @ScottAdamsSays" . Periscope . Archived from the original on March 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ "Episode 739 Scott Adams: Talking to Ben Askren, Y**Tube Alternative, #Shampeachment, Cartels" . Scott Adams' Blog . November 27, 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 597 Scott Adams: Bubonic Plague, Mind-Reading British Diplomats, Chat With @CarpeDonktum" . Scott Adams' Blog . July 14, 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 599 Scott Adams: Talking to Steve Hsu of Genomic Prediction, Using AI and Genomics to Predict Disease" . Scott Adams' Blog . July 16, 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 1053 Scott Adams: Talking With Michael Shellenberger About Apocalypse Never, A Terrific Book" . July 10, 2020. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Episode 1053 Scott Adams: Talking With Michael Shellenberger About Apocalypse Never, A Terrific Book" . Scott Adams' Blog . July 10, 2020. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 1044 Scott Adams: Special Guest Carson Griffith and Lots About the Protests and Biden" . July 2020. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Episode 1044 Scott Adams: Special Guest Carson Griffith and Lots About the Protests and Biden" . Scott Adams' Blog . July 1, 2020. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 664 Scott Adams: Join Me With Dr. Shiva Now to Talk About Vaccinations" . September 16, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Episode 705 Scott Adams: Special Guest @NorteyTX About Trump, Then #Rotfrancisco, Favors Versus Quid Pro Quo" . Scott Adams' Blog . October 26, 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 725 Scott Adams: Special Guest Clint Morgan, #Shampeachment" . Scott Adams' Blog . November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ "Episode 1058 Scott Adams PART1: Talking With Bjorn Lomborg About His Book False Alarm, Plus Ridiculous News" . Scott Adams' Blog . July 15, 2020. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022 . Retrieved August 22, 2022 . ^ Broderick, Ryan (April 23, 2018). "People Are Worrying That Kanye West Is Getting Radicalized By The Far-Right" . BuzzFeed News . Archived from the original on March 3, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ "RT @ScottAdamsSays: Join me for a quick laugh about the funniest Trump kill shot on Biden. Ever" . Did Trump Tweet It? . Archived from the original on July 29, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ Adams, Scott [@ScottAdamsSays] (April 29, 2020). "Locals is a subscription service, so I can't get blocked by an algorithm that favors content that advertisers find "safe." " ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on May 6, 2020 . Retrieved June 21, 2021 – via Twitter . ^ Adams, Scott [@ScottAdamsSays] (April 29, 2020). "For context, I expect my Dilbert income to largely disappear in the next year as newspapers close up forever. The coronavirus sped up that inevitable trend. Like many of you, I'm reinventing my life for a post-coronavirus world. The Locals platform is a big part of that" ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on February 16, 2021 . Retrieved June 21, 2021 – via Twitter . ^ Smith, Lee (May 1, 2001). "Dilbert's Assault On The Food Aisles Scott Adams' latest creation: the Dilberito, a vitamin-packed burrito for vegetarians" . CNN . Archived from the original on November 14, 2014 . Retrieved March 29, 2013 . ^ Smolen, Kelly (March 21, 1999). "Dilbert creator backs burrito venture" . San Francisco Business Times . Archived from the original on February 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 29, 2013 . ^ "Dilberito" . Backloggd . Archived from the original on November 24, 2022 . Retrieved November 24, 2022 . ^ Scott Adams (October 22, 2013). How to Fail at Almost Everything and Still Win Big: Kind of the Story of My Life . Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-698-14462-0 . ^ Burros, Marian (July 7, 1999). "EATING WELL; at Last, a Vitamin Pill Wrapped in a Tortilla" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 10, 2017 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . ^ Stone, Brad (November 11, 2007). "The Tables Turn for Dilbert's Creator" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 16, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2023 . ^ "WhenHub About" . Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. ^ McKay, Tom (July 29, 2019). "Dilbert Creator Scott Adams Uses Gilroy Mass Shooting to Promote His App" . Gizmodo . ^ Cavna, Michael (July 30, 2019). " 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams apologizes to Gilroy victims for a tweet touting his app" . Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 22, 2023 . Retrieved April 4, 2024 . ^ Murphy, Heather (July 30, 2019). "Scott Adams, Dilbert Creator, Has One Regret About Mass Shooting Tweet – The New York Times" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 30, 2019 . Retrieved April 4, 2024 . ^ "WhenHub" . whenhub.com . Archived from the original on April 4, 2024 . Retrieved April 4, 2024 . ^ Bowman, Donna (June 2, 2009). "NewsRadio: "President" and "Review" " . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 20, 2022 . Retrieved August 20, 2022 . ^ "Making Sense Podcast #87 — Triggered" . Sam Harris . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ "Scott Adams Interview (Full Episode) | The Tim Ferriss Show (Podcast)" . October 29, 2015. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "You Could Be MUCH More Persuasive: Dilbert Creator Scott Adams" . December 6, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Scott Adams | The Ben Shapiro Show Sunday Special Ep. 25" . October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Trump's Persuasion and Presidency | Scott Adams | POLITICS | Rubin Report" . November 24, 2017. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Real Talk with Zuby #66 – Scott Adams | Creating Dilbert & Avoiding 'Loserthink' " . December 6, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Dilbert's Scott Adams Debates Mexico Wall with David" . January 7, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Real Time with Bill Maher: Dilbert Creator Scott Adams (HBO)" . May 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Scott Adams: Loserthink" . Commonwealth Club. November 26, 2019. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ " 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams on understanding Trump tweets" . Fox News . March 20, 2018. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020 . Retrieved March 9, 2021 . ^ "Keynote: Scott Adams, creator of Dilbert" . May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "Silenced" . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 12, 2020 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ "Watch Hoaxed" . Amazon . Archived from the original on November 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ Adams, Scott (March 24, 2016). "Who's Afraid of Donald Trump?" . Scott Adams Says . Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 7, 2019 . ^ "Commentary: Dilbert guy's economic poll on McCain, Obama" . CNN . September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010 . Retrieved May 23, 2010 . ^ Adams, Scott (October 17, 2012). "Firing Offense" . The Dilbert Blog . Archived from the original on October 18, 2012 . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . ^ "The Trump Master Persuader Index and Reading List" . February 18, 2016. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 7, 2019 . ^ "Dilbert Creator Scott Adams on Donald Trump's "Linguistic Kill Shots" " . ReasonTV . October 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ "When Persuasion Turns Deadly" . July 11, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 7, 2019 . ^ "MAGA Icons: Where Are They Now and Are They OK" . Vice News . August 2, 2021. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022 . Retrieved August 12, 2022 – via YouTube . ^ "Selling Past the Close" . Scott Adams Says . July 27, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 7, 2019 . ^ "Early Coffee with Scott Adams" . October 15, 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022 . Retrieved May 31, 2022 . If — keep in mind that — if Clinton gets elected, there'll never be another male president. Let me say that again. If Hillary Clinton gets elected, there will never be another male president. Let me say that a third time. If Hillary Clinton gets elected. There will never be another male president. ^ "How a Silicon Valley Investor Does Leadership" . Scott Adams Says . September 21, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 7, 2019 . ^ Stanton, Zack (December 29, 2020). "The Worst Predictions of 2020" . Politico . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved December 30, 2020 . ^ Stanton, Zack (December 24, 2021). "The Worst Political Predictions of 2021" . Politico . Archived from the original on December 27, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2021 . ^ "The Outright Worst Political Predictions of 2024" . POLITICO . December 20, 2024. ^ D'Zurilla, Christie (July 6, 2022). " 'Dilbert' cartoonist Scott Adams has a bleak take on our 'dangerous young man problem' " . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 5, 2023 . Retrieved March 5, 2023 . ^ Ross, Martha (July 6, 2022). "Scott Adams slammed for saying death is only option for troubled boys" . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on July 12, 2022 . Retrieved August 20, 2022 . ^ Kertscher, Tom (January 26, 2023). "Unvaccinated people more at risk of COVID infection, death" . PolitiFact . Retrieved April 9, 2024 . ^ Kim, Juliana (February 28, 2023). "Cartoonists say a rebuke of 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams is long overdue" . NPR . Retrieved September 17, 2024 . ^ Settles, Gabrielle (March 10, 2023). "Unite the Right rally was real, not a staged 'intel op' " . PolitiFact . Archived from the original on September 17, 2024 . Retrieved September 17, 2024 . ^ Sippell, Margareaux (June 29, 2020). " 'Dilbert' Creator Scott Adams Says His UPN Show Was Canceled Because He Was White" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 10, 2022 . Retrieved June 25, 2022 . ^ Adams, Scott (September 29, 2022). "Dave And Esg – Dilbert Comic Strip on 2022-09-20" . dilbert.com . Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. ^ " 'Dilbert' cartoon creator ties the knot" . East Bay Times . July 31, 2006. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020 . Retrieved July 1, 2020 . ^ Barney, Chuck (October 2, 2018). " 'Dilbert' artist Scott Adams' stepson dead after fentanyl overdose" . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ Adams, Scott (October 17, 2018). "My Stepson Died of an Opioid Overdose" . Scott Adams Says . Archived from the original on August 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 7, 2019 . ^ Grove, Will Sommer (July 29, 2019). " 'Dilbert' Creator Scott Adams Tries to Sell Interviews With Gilroy Garlic Festival Shooting Survivors" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on July 29, 2019 . Retrieved July 29, 2019 . . ^ DePaolo, Bella (September 20, 2014). "Dilbert Creator Discovers Single Life and Writes New Rules" . Psychology Today . Archived from the original on March 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 1, 2020 . ^ "Scott Adams Announces Engagement to Kristina Basham" . Culttture . December 30, 2019. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020 . Retrieved July 1, 2020 . ^ "Episode 1678 Scott Adams: How Russia and Ukraine Can Make a Deal" . March 10, 2022. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 10, 2022 – via YouTube . ^ Adams, Scott (2000). Dilbert – A Treasury of Sunday Strips: Version 00 . Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0-7407-0531-8 . OCLC 46918467 . ^ Frank, Robert (April 12, 2012). "Can You Get Rich by Visualizing Yourself Rich?" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 28, 2017 . Retrieved August 4, 2017 . ^ Adams, Scott (November 14, 1989). "Dilbert comic strip for 11/14/1989 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive" . dilbert.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013 . Retrieved April 3, 2024 . ^ Li, Andy (September 20, 2018). "Reflections with Pleasanton's Scott Adams" . Pleasanton Weekly . Archived from the original on January 23, 2024 . Retrieved January 23, 2024 . ^ "The Not-So-Pleasant Side of 'Dilbert' Creator's East Bay City" . The San Francisco Standard . February 28, 2023. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024 . Retrieved January 23, 2024 . ^ Yang, Maya (January 13, 2026). "Scott Adams, Dilbert creator and conservative commentator, dies aged 68" . The Guardian . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Graham, Jennifer. " 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams has died, leaving a message for us all" . Deseret News . Retrieved January 14, 2026 . ^ Foust, Michael (January 13, 2026). "Dilbert Creator Scott Adams Accepted Jesus Before Dying, Posthumous Letter Says" . Crosswalk . Retrieved January 14, 2026 . ^ Sordyl, Samantha (May 10, 2005). "Scott Adams, Drawing the Line" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved January 28, 2008 . ^ Pillai, Madhavankutty (February 21, 2014). "The Advantages of Failure" . ^ Adams, Scott. "How the Dilbert comic is drawn in 2024" . scottadams.locals.com . ^ Cohen, Jason [@JasonJournoDC] (November 15, 2025). "🚨NEW: @ScottAdamsSays *ANNOUNCES HE'S RETIRING* from drawing Dilbert🚨 "The last day that I will draw Dilbert with my own hand is yesterday. I probably will never draw Dilbert again — because both of my hands have now cr*pped out." "The comic will continue. I'll write it. But my art director will do the finished art as well as the first draft ... it's not going to look different at all. You won't even notice." "But if you know anything about me, I'm not much of a quitter. So I'm going to try to get rid of this cancer if I can, see if anything normalizes. I don't know. I'm not expecting it to, but it might." @DailyCaller" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 13, 2026 – via Twitter . ^ Kanin, Zachary (October 29, 2008). "An Interview with the "Dilbert" Cartoonist Scott Adams" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 1, 2008 . Retrieved October 29, 2008 . ^ " 'Dilbert' creator recovers from rare disorder" . NBC News . October 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 16, 2015 . Retrieved January 7, 2016 . ^ D'Zurilla, Christine (May 19, 2025). "Scott Adams reveals he has metastatic prostate cancer, the same as Biden: '100% not curable' " . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Burch, Sean (May 19, 2025). " 'Dilbert' Creator Scott Adams Says He Will Die Soon From Same Cancer as Joe Biden" . The Wrap . Retrieved May 20, 2025 . ^ Treisman, Rachel (May 20, 2025). " 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams says he's dying of 'the same cancer that Joe Biden has' " . NPR . Retrieved May 23, 2025 . ^ Plemons, Jay [@jayplemons] (June 30, 2025). "Scott Adams clarifies misconceptions about his cancer treatment: He's not on experimental drugs but standard testosterone blockers, recommended from day one. He initially declined, as studies suggested only months of life extension without mentioning pain relief. Trump had no involvement whatsoever. @ScottAdamsSays" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ Plemons, Jay [@jayplemons] (June 29, 2025). "Scott Adams Update: In May, he was in intense pain and didn't expect to make it past today or tomorrow. Now, his new cancer treatment has eliminated his pain and may extend his life by 1–2 years! @scottadamssays So do I feel like I'm on borrowed time? Got a little extra? Oh hell, I do! Absolutely" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ Walia, Gandharv (November 2, 2025). "What is Pluvicto, who is Scott Adams and why he needs Donald Trump help for saving his life? Trump allies respond to the appeal. Here's what happened and everyone said" . The Economic Times . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Stenzel, Westley (December 16, 2025). "Scott Adams, controversial Dilbert creator, says he's paralyzed below the waist amid cancer battle" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Reilly, Kate (January 2, 2026). " 'Dilbert' creator Scott Adams says his chances of cancer recovery are 'essentially zero' " . NBC News . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ Smith, Harrison (January 13, 2026). "Scott Adams, Dilbert creator who poked fun at bad bosses, dies at 68" . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Sandomir, Richard (January 13, 2026). "Scott Adams, Audacious Creator of the 'Dilbert' Comic Strip, Dies at 68" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ "Thinkers50 Ranking 2001 – Thinkers50" . Thinkers50 . January 16, 2023. ^ "Thinkers50" . www.thinkers50.com . Archived from the original on July 25, 2011 . Retrieved November 19, 2010 . ^ "2005 Results of the Thinkers50 Ranking" . Archived from the original on July 25, 2011 . Retrieved November 19, 2010 . ^ "2007 Results" . Archived from the original on July 25, 2011 . Retrieved November 19, 2010 . ^ Adams, Scott (November 5, 2001). "A Cartoonist's Venture Into the World of E-Books" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Kuiper, Todd (1996). "Todd Kuipers' Partial E-Mail Zines Listing" . In Calishain, Tara (ed.). Official Netscape guide to Internet research . Ventana. p. 416. ISBN 978-1-56604-604-6 . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Adams, Scott (1994). "Dilbert Newsletter 1.0" . Net Ads . Austin, Texas: Miles O'Neal. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Stead, Deborah (December 1, 1996). "On, Dilbert! On, Dogbert! On, Dave!" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Palkon, Dennis S. (March 1997). "Dogbert's Top Secret Management Handbook". Hospital Topics . 75 (2): 37– 38. doi : 10.1080/00185868.1997.10543755 . ^ Claude Touzet (2010). Conscience, Intelligence, Libre-arbitre (in French). Touzet. p. 87. ISBN 978-2-919411-00-9 . ^ a b Caroline Winter (March 22, 2017). "How Scott Adams Got Hypnotized by Trump" . Bloomberg. ^ Barker, Eric (March 23, 2014). "How To Fail at Almost Everything And Still Win Big" . Time . Retrieved September 25, 2018 . ^ Adams, Scott (2018). "Introduction". Win Bigly: Persuasion in a World Where Facts Don't Matter . Portfolio. ISBN 9780735219717 . ^ Galaxy, Geek's Guide to the (November 30, 2019). "Scott Adams Has Some Ideas for a Calmer Internet" . Wired – via www.wired.com. External links Official website Scott Adams Says at Periscope Dilbert.com Scott Adams at IMDb Scott Adams discography at Discogs Scott Adams on Charlie Rose "Review" . NewsRadio (S3E2 ed.). September 25, 1996. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 . Retrieved November 7, 2016 . featuring Scott Adams Adams, Scott (February 2006). "Answers to Your Questions" . Dilbert blog . Archived from the original on February 21, 2006. PR efforts for the October 2013 release of How to Fail at Almost Everything and Still Win Big Rosen, Gary (October 12, 2013). "Scott Adams' Secret of Success: Failure" (video) . Saturday Essay . Adam's essay and a video interview with Rosen Adams, Scott (October 23, 2013). "I Created Dilbert. Ask Me Anything" . Reddit AMA . Reddit . Rosen, Gary (October 12, 2013). "Scott Adams' Secret of Success: Failure" (video) . Saturday Essay . Adam's essay and a video interview with Rosen Adams, Scott (October 23, 2013). "I Created Dilbert. Ask Me Anything" . Reddit AMA . Reddit . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Scott Adams v t e Comics Dilbert (1989– present ) Plop: The Hairless Elbonian (2001) Dilbert (1989– present ) Plop: The Hairless Elbonian (2001) Non-fiction The Dilbert Principle (1996) The Joy of Work (1998) Stick to Drawing Comics, Monkey Brain! (2007) How to Fail at Almost Everything and Still Win Big (2013) Win Bigly (2017) Loserthink (2019) Reframe Your Brain: The User Interface for Happiness and Success (2023) The Dilbert Principle (1996) The Joy of Work (1998) Stick to Drawing Comics, Monkey Brain! (2007) How to Fail at Almost Everything and Still Win Big (2013) Win Bigly (2017) Loserthink (2019) Reframe Your Brain: The User Interface for Happiness and Success (2023) Prose fiction God's Debris (2001) The Religion War (2004) God's Debris (2001) The Religion War (2004) Miscellaneous Dilbert (character) Dilbert (TV series) Dilbert (character) Dilbert (TV series) v t e Dilbert v t e Characters Dilbert Asok Dilbert Asok Books Dilbert 2.0 Seven Years of Highly Defective People The Dilbert Future The Joy of Work Dilbert and the Way of the Weasel Dilbert 2.0 Seven Years of Highly Defective People The Dilbert Future The Joy of Work Dilbert and the Way of the Weasel Other media Animated series Books Plop: The Hairless Elbonian Dilbert's Desktop Games Animated series Books Plop: The Hairless Elbonian Dilbert's Desktop Games Other Scott Adams Dilberito Dilbert principle Scott Adams Dilberito Dilbert principle v t e Recipients of the Orwell Award v t e 1975–1999 1975: David Wise 1976: Hugh Rank 1977: Walter Pincus 1978: Sissela Bok 1979: Erving Goffman 1980: Sheila Harty 1981: Dwight Bolinger 1982: Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and Rory O'Connor 1983: Haig Bosmajian 1984: Ted Koppel 1985: Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder 1986: Neil Postman 1987: Noam Chomsky 1988: Donald Barlett and James B. Steele 1989: Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky 1990: Charlotte Baecher, Consumers Union 1991: David A. Kessler 1992: Donald L. Barlett and James Steele 1993: Eric Alterman 1994: Garry Trudeau 1995: Lies of Our Times 1996: William D. Lutz 1997: Gertrude Himmelfarb 1998: Juliet Schor 1998: Scott Adams 1999: Norman Solomon 1975: David Wise 1976: Hugh Rank 1977: Walter Pincus 1978: Sissela Bok 1979: Erving Goffman 1980: Sheila Harty 1981: Dwight Bolinger 1982: Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and Rory O'Connor 1983: Haig Bosmajian 1984: Ted Koppel 1985: Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder 1986: Neil Postman 1987: Noam Chomsky 1988: Donald Barlett and James B. Steele 1989: Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky 1990: Charlotte Baecher, Consumers Union 1991: David A. Kessler 1992: Donald L. Barlett and James Steele 1993: Eric Alterman 1994: Garry Trudeau 1995: Lies of Our Times 1996: William D. Lutz 1997: Gertrude Himmelfarb 1998: Juliet Schor 1998: Scott Adams 1999: Norman Solomon 2000–present 2000: Alfie Kohn 2001: Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber 2002: Bill Press 2004: Seymour Hersh and Arundhati Roy 2005: Jon Stewart and The Daily Show cast 2006: Steven H. Miles 2007: Ted Gup 2008: Charlie Savage 2009: Amy Goodman 2010: Michael Pollan 2011: F.S. Michaels 2012: Peter Zuckerman and Amanda Padoan 2013: Paul L. Thomas 2014: The Onion 2015: Anthony Cody 2016: David Greenberg 2017: Richard Sobel 2018: Katie Watson 2019: Michael P. Lynch 2020: April Baker-Bell 2021: Kristin Kobes Du Mez 2022: David Chrisinger 2023: Kisha Porcher and Shamaine Bertrand 2024: Jessica Lander 2000: Alfie Kohn 2001: Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber 2002: Bill Press 2004: Seymour Hersh and Arundhati Roy 2005: Jon Stewart and The Daily Show cast 2006: Steven H. Miles 2007: Ted Gup 2008: Charlie Savage 2009: Amy Goodman 2010: Michael Pollan 2011: F.S. Michaels 2012: Peter Zuckerman and Amanda Padoan 2013: Paul L. Thomas 2014: The Onion 2015: Anthony Cody 2016: David Greenberg 2017: Richard Sobel 2018: Katie Watson 2019: Michael P. Lynch 2020: April Baker-Bell 2021: Kristin Kobes Du Mez 2022: David Chrisinger 2023: Kisha Porcher and Shamaine Bertrand 2024: Jessica Lander National Council of Teachers of English George Orwell National Council of Teachers of English George Orwell Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii CiNii Artists MusicBrainz MusicBrainz People Trove DDB Trove DDB Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library SNAC Yale LUX Scott Adams 1957 births 2026 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers American comic strip cartoonists American libertarians American male bloggers American male non-fiction writers American people of German descent American political commentators American satirical comics artists American satirical comics writers American writers with disabilities Artists from Alameda County, California Converts to Christianity Deaths from prostate cancer in California Dilbert Haas School of Business alumni Hartwick College alumni People from Greene County, New York People from Pleasanton, California People from the Catskills People with dystonia Race-related controversies in comics Reuben Award winners Writers from Alameda County, California YouTubers from California YouTubers from New York (state) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from January 2026 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2026 Articles with hCards Social media pages with Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category link from Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 06:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Adams#cite_ref-53
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Current total 2 Level 3 vital articles Toggle Level 3 vital articles subsection 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics Wikipedia : Vital articles/Level/3 Afrikaans अंगिका العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Dagbanli ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano עברית Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî ဘာသာမန် Nederlands नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Taqbaylit ᏣᎳᎩ Tiếng Việt Wayuunaiki 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item WP:VITAL3 WP:VITAL3 WP:VA3 WP:VA3 The five nested vital article Levels are meant to give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status), to provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status), and to serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. Unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have , they are tailored to the English Wikipedia and are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles . This page contains the 1,000 articles of the Level 3 list. Any addition to or removal from this list should ONLY BE MADE after a discussion on the Level 3 talk page . Level 1 (10 articles) < Level 2 (100 articles) < Level 3 (1,000 articles) < Level 4 (10,000 articles) < Level 5 (50,000 articles) Current total The following table summarizes the quality of the articles on this list. It is updated daily by Cewbot . Total 994 articles. Class #Articles FA 82 GA 137 A 1 B 474 C 301 FFA 79 DGA 95 FFLC 1 Level 3 vital articles This section contains 994 articles out of a quota of 1000. People This section contains 104 articles. Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford History This section contains 79 articles. History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Geography This section contains 107 articles. Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Desert Sahara Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo São Paulo Arts This section contains 39 articles. Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Philosophy and religion This section contains 56 articles. Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Western philosophy Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Confucianism Western philosophy Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Atheism Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Everyday life This section contains 60 articles. Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Man Woman Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Society and social sciences This section contains 149 articles. Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University School Library University Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. Language ( Level 2 ) Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Linguistics Grammar Word Literacy Personal name Speech Writing ( Level 2 ) Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Media This section contains 4 articles. Mass media ( Level 2 ) Broadcasting News Publishing Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Anger Fear Happiness Humour Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. Language ( Level 2 ) Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Linguistics Grammar Word Grammar Word Literacy Personal name Speech Writing ( Level 2 ) Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Media This section contains 4 articles. Mass media ( Level 2 ) Broadcasting News Publishing Broadcasting News Publishing Health, medicine and disease This section contains 42 articles. Illness and injury This section contains 19 articles. Disease ( Level 2 ) Allergy Asthma Cancer Cardiovascular disease Stroke Diabetes Gastroenteritis Infection Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Mental disorder Injury Illness and injury This section contains 19 articles. Disease ( Level 2 ) Allergy Asthma Cancer Cardiovascular disease Stroke Diabetes Gastroenteritis Infection Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Mental disorder Allergy Asthma Cancer Cardiovascular disease Stroke Stroke Diabetes Gastroenteritis Infection Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Mental disorder Injury Health, fitness, and medicine This section contains 14 articles. Medicine ( Level 2 ) Dentistry Hospital Nursing Surgery Abortion Ageing Exercise Health Mental health Hygiene Sanitation Nutrition Obesity Health, fitness, and medicine This section contains 14 articles. Medicine ( Level 2 ) Dentistry Hospital Nursing Surgery Dentistry Hospital Nursing Surgery Abortion Ageing Exercise Health Mental health Mental health Hygiene Sanitation Sanitation Nutrition Obesity Drugs and medication This section contains 9 articles. Drug Medication Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Drugs and medication This section contains 9 articles. Drug Medication Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Medication Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Alcoholism Smoking Science This section contains 220 articles. Science: General This section contains 6 articles. Science ( Level 1 ) Scientific method Measurement International System of Units Nature Research Astronomy This section contains 25 articles. Astronomy ( Level 2 ) Universe ( Level 2 ) Solar System ( Level 2 ) Sun ( Level 2 ) Mercury Venus Earth ( Level 1 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Asteroid Big Bang Black hole Comet Galaxy Milky Way Natural satellite Outer space Physical cosmology Planet Star Supernova Physics This section contains 45 articles. Physics ( Level 2 ) Energy ( Level 2 ) Time ( Level 2 ) Day Year Classical mechanics Force Mass Momentum Motion Newton's laws of motion Electricity ( Level 2 ) Fundamental interactions Electromagnetism Gravity Strong interaction Weak interaction Magnetism Matter ( Level 2 ) State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Atom Particle physics Standard Model Subatomic particle Electron Neutron Photon Proton Quantum mechanics Radioactive decay Space Vacuum Thermodynamics Temperature Theory of relativity Speed of light Wave Electromagnetic radiation Light Color Optics Sound Science: General This section contains 6 articles. Science ( Level 1 ) Scientific method Scientific method Measurement International System of Units International System of Units Nature Research Astronomy This section contains 25 articles. Astronomy ( Level 2 ) Universe ( Level 2 ) Solar System ( Level 2 ) Sun ( Level 2 ) Mercury Venus Earth ( Level 1 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Sun ( Level 2 ) Mercury Venus Earth ( Level 1 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Asteroid Big Bang Black hole Comet Galaxy Milky Way Milky Way Natural satellite Outer space Physical cosmology Planet Star Supernova Physics This section contains 45 articles. Physics ( Level 2 ) Energy ( Level 2 ) Time ( Level 2 ) Day Year Day Year Classical mechanics Force Mass Momentum Motion Newton's laws of motion Force Mass Momentum Motion Newton's laws of motion Electricity ( Level 2 ) Fundamental interactions Electromagnetism Gravity Strong interaction Weak interaction Electromagnetism Gravity Strong interaction Weak interaction Magnetism Matter ( Level 2 ) State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Atom State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Atom Particle physics Standard Model Subatomic particle Electron Neutron Photon Proton Standard Model Subatomic particle Electron Neutron Photon Proton Electron Neutron Photon Proton Quantum mechanics Radioactive decay Space Vacuum Vacuum Thermodynamics Temperature Temperature Theory of relativity Speed of light Speed of light Wave Electromagnetic radiation Light Color Optics Sound Electromagnetic radiation Light Color Optics Light Color Optics Color Optics Sound Biology This section contains 83 articles. Biology ( Level 2 ) Molecular biology Life ( Level 1 ) Cell ( Level 2 ) Death ( Level 2 ) Suicide Abiogenesis Ecology ( Level 2 ) Biodiversity Ecosystem Extinction Evolution ( Level 2 ) Human evolution Natural selection History of life Organism Genetics Gene Heredity Paleontology Taxonomy Species Specific organisms This section contains 32 articles. Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Fungus Virus Anatomy This section contains 19 articles. Animal anatomy This section contains 17 articles. Anatomy Human body Circulatory system Blood Heart Lung Immune system Liver Nervous system Brain Ear Eye Sense Skeletal muscle Skeleton Bone Skin Plant anatomy This section contains 2 articles. Flower Seed Physiology This section contains 10 articles. Physiology Breathing Digestion Metabolism Photosynthesis Reproduction Egg Sex Pregnancy Sleep Biology This section contains 83 articles. Biology ( Level 2 ) Molecular biology Molecular biology Life ( Level 1 ) Cell ( Level 2 ) Death ( Level 2 ) Suicide Abiogenesis Cell ( Level 2 ) Death ( Level 2 ) Suicide Suicide Abiogenesis Ecology ( Level 2 ) Biodiversity Ecosystem Extinction Biodiversity Ecosystem Extinction Evolution ( Level 2 ) Human evolution Natural selection History of life Human evolution Natural selection History of life Organism Genetics Gene Heredity Gene Heredity Paleontology Taxonomy Species Species Specific organisms This section contains 32 articles. Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Fungus Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Amphibian Bird Chicken Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Algae Botany Tree Fungus Virus Anatomy This section contains 19 articles. Animal anatomy This section contains 17 articles. Anatomy Human body Circulatory system Blood Heart Lung Blood Heart Lung Immune system Liver Nervous system Brain Ear Eye Sense Brain Ear Eye Sense Skeletal muscle Skeleton Bone Bone Skin Plant anatomy This section contains 2 articles. Flower Seed Physiology This section contains 10 articles. Physiology Breathing Digestion Metabolism Photosynthesis Reproduction Egg Sex Pregnancy Egg Sex Pregnancy Sleep Chemistry This section contains 36 articles. Chemistry ( Level 2 ) Biochemistry Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Chemical element ( Level 2 ) Periodic table Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Chemical compound Water ( Level 2 ) Carbon dioxide Chemical bond Molecule Chemical reaction Acid–base reaction Catalysis Redox Fire ( Level 2 ) Metal Alloy Bronze Steel Earth science This section contains 25 articles. Earth science Atmosphere of Earth ( Level 2 ) History of Earth Internal structure of Earth Natural disaster Season Climate ( Level 2 ) Climate change Weather Cloud Flood Lightning Rain Snow Storm Tropical cyclone Wind Geology ( Level 2 ) Earthquake Erosion Mineral Plate tectonics Rock Soil Volcano Chemistry This section contains 36 articles. Chemistry ( Level 2 ) Biochemistry Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Biochemistry Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Chemical element ( Level 2 ) Periodic table Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Periodic table Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Chemical compound Water ( Level 2 ) Carbon dioxide Chemical bond Molecule Water ( Level 2 ) Carbon dioxide Chemical bond Molecule Chemical reaction Acid–base reaction Catalysis Redox Fire ( Level 2 ) Acid–base reaction Catalysis Redox Fire ( Level 2 ) Fire ( Level 2 ) Metal Alloy Bronze Steel Alloy Bronze Steel Bronze Steel Earth science This section contains 25 articles. Earth science Atmosphere of Earth ( Level 2 ) History of Earth Internal structure of Earth Natural disaster Season Atmosphere of Earth ( Level 2 ) History of Earth Internal structure of Earth Natural disaster Season Climate ( Level 2 ) Climate change Climate change Weather Cloud Flood Lightning Rain Snow Storm Tropical cyclone Wind Cloud Flood Lightning Rain Snow Storm Tropical cyclone Wind Geology ( Level 2 ) Earthquake Erosion Mineral Plate tectonics Rock Soil Volcano Earthquake Erosion Mineral Plate tectonics Rock Soil Volcano Technology This section contains 96 articles. Technology: General This section contains 5 articles. Technology ( Level 1 ) Engineering ( Level 2 ) Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Waste Energy This section contains 12 articles. Electric battery Explosive Gunpowder Fossil fuel Coal Natural gas Petroleum Nuclear power Renewable energy Hydropower Solar energy Wind power Food and health This section contains 9 articles. Animal husbandry Domestication Biotechnology Fertilizer Food preservation Garden Medical imaging Oven Refrigeration Weapons This section contains 4 articles. Weapon Armour Firearm Knife Technology: General This section contains 5 articles. Technology ( Level 1 ) Engineering ( Level 2 ) Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Waste Energy This section contains 12 articles. Electric battery Explosive Gunpowder Gunpowder Fossil fuel Coal Natural gas Petroleum Coal Natural gas Petroleum Nuclear power Renewable energy Hydropower Solar energy Wind power Hydropower Solar energy Wind power Food and health This section contains 9 articles. Animal husbandry Domestication Domestication Biotechnology Fertilizer Food preservation Garden Medical imaging Oven Refrigeration Weapons This section contains 4 articles. Weapon Armour Firearm Knife Armour Firearm Knife Tools and machinery This section contains 10 articles. Tool ( Level 2 ) Machine Simple machine Lever Wheel Engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Robotics Media and communication This section contains 9 articles. Printing Book Mail Telecommunications Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Television Computing and information technology This section contains 4 articles. Computer science Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Cryptography Electronics This section contains 4 articles. Electronics Electric light Integrated circuit Semiconductor Space This section contains 4 articles. Rocket Satellite Space exploration Spaceflight Tools and machinery This section contains 10 articles. Tool ( Level 2 ) Machine Simple machine Lever Wheel Simple machine Lever Wheel Lever Wheel Engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Robotics Media and communication This section contains 9 articles. Printing Book Book Mail Telecommunications Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Television Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Mobile phone Television Computing and information technology This section contains 4 articles. Computer science Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Cryptography Electronics This section contains 4 articles. Electronics Electric light Integrated circuit Semiconductor Space This section contains 4 articles. Rocket Satellite Space exploration Spaceflight Transportation This section contains 10 articles. Transport ( Level 2 ) Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Navigation and timekeeping This section contains 6 articles. Navigation Compass Map Radar Calendar Clock Structures This section contains 4 articles. Fortification Infrastructure Building Dam Materials This section contains 10 articles. Concrete Glass Masonry Metallurgy Natural rubber Paper Plastic Textile Cotton Wood Optical This section contains 5 articles. Camera Laser Lens Microscope Telescope Transportation This section contains 10 articles. Transport ( Level 2 ) Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Navigation and timekeeping This section contains 6 articles. Navigation Compass Map Radar Compass Map Radar Calendar Clock Structures This section contains 4 articles. Fortification Infrastructure Building Dam Building Dam Materials This section contains 10 articles. Concrete Glass Masonry Metallurgy Natural rubber Paper Plastic Textile Cotton Cotton Wood Optical This section contains 5 articles. Camera Laser Lens Microscope Telescope Mathematics This section contains 42 articles. Mathematics: General This section contains 5 articles. Mathematics ( Level 1 ) Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Counting and numbers This section contains 11 articles. Number ( Level 2 ) Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Mathematics: General This section contains 5 articles. Mathematics ( Level 1 ) Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Counting and numbers This section contains 11 articles. Number ( Level 2 ) Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Algebra This section contains 5 articles. Algebra ( Level 2 ) Equation Variable Abstract algebra Linear algebra Analysis This section contains 5 articles. Mathematical analysis Calculus Infinity Limit Series Arithmetic This section contains 3 articles. Arithmetic ( Level 2 ) Exponentiation Logarithm Algebra This section contains 5 articles. Algebra ( Level 2 ) Equation Variable Equation Variable Abstract algebra Linear algebra Analysis This section contains 5 articles. Mathematical analysis Calculus Infinity Limit Series Calculus Infinity Limit Series Arithmetic This section contains 3 articles. Arithmetic ( Level 2 ) Exponentiation Logarithm Exponentiation Logarithm Geometry and topology This section contains 11 articles. Geometry ( Level 2 ) Angle Trigonometry Area Circle Line Polygon Triangle Three-dimensional space Volume Topology Probability and statistics This section contains 2 articles. Probability Statistics ( Level 2 ) Geometry and topology This section contains 11 articles. Geometry ( Level 2 ) Angle Trigonometry Area Circle Line Polygon Triangle Three-dimensional space Volume Angle Trigonometry Trigonometry Area Circle Circle Line Polygon Triangle Triangle Three-dimensional space Volume Topology Probability and statistics This section contains 2 articles. Probability Statistics ( Level 2 ) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vital article lists v t e Top 1,000 (Levels 1 to 3) Level 1 (10) Level 2 (100) Level 3 (1,000) Timeline Level 1 (10) Level 2 (100) Level 3 (1,000) Timeline Top 10,000 (Level 4) People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biological and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biological and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics Top 50,000 (Level 5) People Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Geography Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Humanities Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Society Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Biological Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Sciences Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics People Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Geography Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Humanities Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Society Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Biological Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Sciences Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics User-suggested SethAllen623's vital articles 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 SethAllen623's vital articles 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 Published lists Macropædia 2007 Other article lists Most referenced articles Articles every Wikipedia should have Top-rated importance articles Most referenced articles Articles every Wikipedia should have Top-rated importance articles See Documentation of this template for more lists. Wikipedia level-3 vital articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 08:05 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/3#Drugs_and_medication
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Dimensions and planes of existence Toggle Dimensions and planes of existence subsection 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 2 Theoretical joint points Toggle Theoretical joint points subsection 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 3 The "problem of psychology" Toggle The "problem of psychology" subsection 3.1 Solution 3.1 Solution 4 Consciousness and human behavior 5 Toward the integration of human knowledge 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Tree of knowledge system العربية Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The tree of knowledge ( ToK ) system is a new [ when? ] map of Big History that traces cosmic evolution across four different planes of existence, identified as Matter, Life, Mind and Culture that are mapped respectively by the physical, biological, psychological and social domains of science. The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System was developed by Gregg Henriques , who is a professor and core faculty member in the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University . [ 1 ] The ToK System is part of a larger Unified Theory of Knowledge that Henriques describes as a consilient scientific humanistic philosophy for the 21st Century. The official Unified Theory of Knowledge website describes the ToK System as: [ 2 ] [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. The outline of the ToK System was first published in 2003 in Review of General Psychology . [ 3 ] Two special issues of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in December 2004 [ 4 ] and January 2005 [ 5 ] were devoted to the elaboration and evaluation of the model. In 2008, a special issue of Theory & Psychology [ 6 ] was devoted to the ToK System. In 2011, Henriques published A New Unified Theory of Psychology . That same year he also launched the blog Theory of Knowledge: A Unified Approach to Psychology and Philosophy on Psychology Today , which remains active. There is also a Theory Of Knowledge Society and discussion listserve that is devoted to discussing Henriques' work and other big picture viewpoints. In some ways, the ToK System reflects a fairly common hierarchy of nature and of the sciences that has been represented in one way or another since the time of Auguste Comte , who in the 19th century used a hierarchical conception of nature to argue for the existence of sociology. It also has clear parallels with Aristotle's conception of the scales of nature and the first four levels of the Great Chain of Being . Despite some overlap with a number of traditional schemes, the ToK System is properly thought of as a new theory of both ontic reality and our scientific knowledge of that reality. One of the most important and salient features of the Tree of Knowledge is how it represents reality as consisting of four different planes of existence. The theory is that, following Matter, Life, Mind and Culture each represent complex adaptive landscapes that are organized and mediated by novel emergent information processing and communication systems. Specifically, DNA/RNA store information that is processed by cells which then engage in intercellular communication to create the plane of existence called Life. Similarly, the brain and nervous system store and process information in animals which then engage in communication networks on the complex adaptive plane called Mind. Finally, linguistic storage and processing and communication between human beings generates the emergence of the Culture-Person plane of existence. The separable planes of existence or dimension of complexity argument is one of the most crucial aspects of the system. Many have argued nature is hierarchically leveled; for example, a list of such levels might be subatomic particles , atoms , molecules , cells , organ structures, multi-celled organisms, consciousness , and society is common. The ToK System embraces a view of nature as levels, but adds the notion that there are also separable dimensions of complexity . The difference becomes particularly clear in the extension of the ToK System into the Periodic Table of Behavior . The Periodic Table of Behavior (PTB) shows that natural science can be arranged in terms of the four fundamental dimensions (i.e., matter, life, mind, and culture) and three fundamental levels of analysis (i.e., part, whole, group). The PTB also demonstrates that behavior is a central concept in science. Epistemologically, natural scientists view the world via a third person behavioral lens. Ontologically, science is about mapping different kinds of behaviors that take place in nature at various levels and dimensions of analysis. The second central insight of the ToK System is that it shows how natural science is a particular kind of justification system that emerges out of Culture based on novel methods and specific epistemological commitments and assumptions (i.e., an exterior view point, quantification and experimentation). This epistemology and methodology functions to justify scientific ontology, which in turn maps the ontic reality. Specifically, the domains of the physical, biological, (basic) psychological and social sciences map the ontic dimensions of matter, life, mind and culture. The Periodic Table of Behavior further shows how science is a justification system that is arranged to map behavioral frequencies at different dimensions of complexity and levels of analysis. Dimensions and planes of existence This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Matter/Object — Physical sciences The dimension of matter refers to the set of material objects and their behaviors through time. In accordance with modern cosmology , matter is theorized to have emerged from a pure energy singularity at the Big Bang . Space and time were also born at such a point. Nonliving material objects range in complexity from subatomic particles to large organic molecules. The physical sciences (i.e., physics , chemistry , geology, astronomy ) describe the behavior of material objects. [ 3 ] Life/Organism — Biological sciences The dimension of life refers to organisms and their behaviors through time. Living objects are considered a unique subset of material objects. Just as quantum particles form the fundamental units of material complexity, genes are the fundamental units of living information. Although many questions about the emergence of life remain unanswered, in accordance with modern biology, the ToK posits that natural selection operating on genetic combinations through time is the unified theory of biology and forms the foundational understanding for the emergence of organic complexity. [ 3 ] Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences Mind/cognition in the ToK system refers to the set of mental behaviors. Mental behaviors are behaviors of animals mediated by the nervous system that produce a functional effect on the animal-environment relationship. As such, Mind/cognition is essentially synonymous with what behavioral psychologists have meant when they use the term behavior. Thus, a fly avoiding a fly swatter, a rat pushing a bar or a human getting a drink of water are all mental behaviors. Mind is not synonymous with sentience or the capacity for mental experience, although such processes are presumed to emerge in the mental/cognitive dimension. Cognition , in the broad sense of the term is meaning bodily-neuro-social information processing, as in EEEE Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, Extended. While cognitive science stands for naturalist study of mind, psychology is an approach grounded in the tradition of humanities, especially philosophy. Thus, by defining mind as mental behavior, Henriques argues that the ToK System provides a way to bridge the epistemological differences between cognitive and behavioral science . [ 3 ] Henriques argues that comparative psychology , ethology, and (animal) cognitive behavioral neuroscience should all be thought of as parts of the discipline that maps the animal-mental domain. Culture/Person — Human social sciences Culture in the ToK system refers to the set of sociolinguistic behaviors, which range from large scale nation states to individual human justifications for particular actions. Just as genetic information processing is associated with the Life dimension and neuronal information processing associated with the Mind dimension, symbolic information processing emerges with the Cultural dimension. [ 3 ] Henriques argues that human cognitive science, human psychology and the social sciences (i.e., anthropology, sociology, political science, and economics) work to map this domain. Theoretical joint points Quantum gravity Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are quantum mechanics , the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and general relativity , the science of the macroscopic (e.g., galaxies ). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical Theory of Everything , yet progress is being made, most notably through string theory , loop quantum gravity , black hole thermodynamics and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe. The modern synthesis The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with natural selection which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well-substantiated joint point. Behavioral investment theory Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of behaviorism with the information science of cognitive neuroscience that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and ontogenetically through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of phylogeny and ontogeny . A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain-behavior paradigms: (1) cognitive science ; (2) behavioral science ; (3) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4) neuroscience; and (5) cybernetics / systems theory . David C. Geary noted the similarities between his "motive-to-control" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model "seem[ed] to fill in many of the proximate mechanisms and evolutionary pressures that define the life-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind-culture joint point." [ 7 ] Justification systems theory The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the "question-answer" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others. JUST consists of three key postulates: The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1) analytically true and what is (2) good for the group and (3) good for the individual. The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1) experiential; (2) private narrator; and (3) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains. The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems. The "problem of psychology" The ToK System emerged as a consequence of Henriques wrestling with what he calls "the problem of psychology". Henriques argues that the most difficult problem in psychology as a discipline is that while there is incredible diversity offered by different approaches to psychology, and there is no consensus model of what psychology actually is. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Specifically, Henriques argues that the field lacks a clear definition, an agreed upon subject matter, and a coherent conceptual framework . The problem has been long standing, identified as the "crisis" by Lev Vygotsky in the mid 1920s. Henriques further argues that the patent tendency of psychology has been toward theoretical and substantial fragmentation and increasing insularity among the "specialties." In other words, the discipline has fragmented into different schools of thought and methodology, with no overall framework to interpret and integrate the research of different areas. At its best, the different approaches are a strength of psychology; different approaches lead to novel ideas, and prevent psychologists from clinging to a paradigm that fails to explain a phenomenon. At its worst, adherents of one particular school cling to their beliefs concerning the relative importance of their research and disregard or are ignorant of different approaches. In most cases, individual psychologists have to determine for themselves which elements of which perspective to apply, and how to integrate them into their overall understanding. Henriques argues that the problem of psychology is a central feature of modern knowledge systems. In A New Unified Theory of Psychology , he described it as follows: The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The reason for psychology's fragmentation, according to the ToK System, is that there has been no meta-theoretical frame that allows scholars to agree on the basic questions that need to be addressed. As such, the different schools of thought in psychology are like the blind men who each grab a part of the elephant and proclaim they have discovered its true nature. With its novel depiction of evolving dimensions of complexity, the ToK allows scholars finally to see the elephant. In his 2003 Review of General Psychology paper, [ 8 ] Henriques used the ToK System with the attempt to clarify and align the views of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud . These luminaries were chosen because when one considers their influence and historical opposition, it can readily be argued that they represent two schools of thought that are the most difficult to integrate. Henriques used the meta-perspective offered by the ToK to argue how one can retain the key insights from each school of thought, identify errors and points of confusion, and integrate the insights into a coherent whole. Cultural and personality psychologist, Michael Katzko, [ 10 ] however critiques Henriques' position on "the problem of psychology": There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] Solution The problem of psychology, according to the ToK, is its conceptual incoherence, which Henriques identifies by the following: When the various conceptions of psychology (e.g., behavioral, humanistic, cognitive) are viewed through the lens of the ToK System, psychology spans two different dimensions of complexity: the mental and the cultural. In other words, the discipline has historically spanned two fundamentally separate problems: If, as previously thought, nature simply consisted of levels of complexity, psychology would not be crisply defined in relationship to biology or the social sciences. And, indeed, it is frequently suggested that psychology exists in an amorphous space between biology and the social sciences. However, with its dimension of complexity depiction, the ToK System suggests that psychology can be crisply defined as the science of mind, which is the third dimension of complexity. Furthermore, because human behavior exists in the fourth dimension, psychology must be divided into two broad scientific domains of Psychological formalism is defined as the science of mind and corresponds to the behavior of animal objects. Human psychology is considered to be a unique subset of psychological formalism that deals with human behavior at the level of the individual. Because human behavior is immersed in the larger socio-cultural context (level four in the ToK System), human psychology is considered a hybrid discipline that merges the pure science of psychology with the social sciences. It is important to point out that there are other disciplines the ToK System would classify as “hybrids.” Molecular genetics, for example, is a hybrid between chemistry and biology and neuroscience is a hybrid between biology and psychology. As with Henriques' proposed conception of human psychology, both of these disciplines adopt an object level perspective (molecular and cellular, respectively) on phenomena that simultaneously exist as part of meta-level system processes (life and mind, respectively). [ 9 ] Though David A. F. Haaga "congratulate[d] Dr. Henriques' ambitious, scholarly, provocative paper", and "found the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy, the theoretical joint points, the evolutionary history, and the levels of emergent properties highly illuminating", he asks the rhetorical questions, If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] In a similar vein, Scott O. Lilienfeld, who described Henriques' effort as "thoughtful", contended that psychology is "an inherently fuzzy concept that resists precise definition" and that "attempts to define psychology [would be] likely to hamper rather than foster consilience across disciplines". Lilienfield went on further to suggest that the scientist-practitioner gap in psychology lies not in definitional issues, but in different "epistemic attitudes" between these two groups. He stated that scientists have an epistemic attitude of empiricism , (where questions regarding human nature are settled by scientific evidence), and that practitioners have an epistemic attitude of romanticism , (where questions of human nature are settled by intuition). Lilienfeld suggested that the solution to the scientist-practitioner gulf isn't definitional, but in "train[ing] future clinical scientists to appreciate the proper places of romanticism and empiricism within science". [ 13 ] Consciousness and human behavior A frequent question and point of confusion in the ToK System is the definition and meaning of consciousness . As mentioned above, mind is not synonymous with consciousness. And, to understand consciousness from a ToK vantage point, it is crucial to recognize that the term is often ambiguous in its meaning. Two primary meanings are sentience , which is the capacity for mental experience and self-awareness , which is the capacity to be aware of one's awareness. Sentience is conceptualized as a "level 3" phenomenon, possessed by many animals other than humans and is defined as a "perceived" electro-neuro-chemical representation of animal-environment relations. The ingredient of neurological behavior that allows for the emergence of mental experience is considered the "hard" problem of consciousness and the ToK System does not address this question explicitly. In contrast, through the Justification Hypothesis (see below), the ToK System involves a very direct analysis of the other issue of consciousness, that of self-awareness . Another frequent question that is raised is "Where does individual human behavior fall on the ToK?" To analyze human behavior from the context of the ToK, one uses the ToK like a prism to separate the dimensions of behavior into physiochemical, biogenetic, neuropsychological and sociolinguistic. Thus if we imagine a conversation between a husband and wife as follows: Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” The words represent the sociolinguistic dimension and are understood as a function of justification. Justification systems are seen both at the level of individual, micro-social and societal (i.e., the context of justification in which men work and women stay at home). The actions of the husband and wife in terms of facial expression , body movement, etc. are seen as the mental dimension and are understood as a function of behavioral investment. The physiological make up of the organ systems and cells of each body is seen as the biogenetic dimension. Finally, the position, temperature, molecular make up is seen as the physiochemical dimension. Each of the more basic dimensions represent conditions of possibility that allow for the emergence of the higher dimension of process. Thus, insufficient oxygen disrupts organic processes which in turn renders neuropsychological and sociolinguistic processes impossible. Toward the integration of human knowledge As stated above, the ToK System proposes a new epistemology with the goal of moving academic knowledge toward what E.O. Wilson termed consilience . Consilience is the interlocking of fact and theory into a coherent, holistic view of knowledge. Henriques argues that the ToK affords new perspectives on how knowledge is obtained because it depicts how science emerges from culture and that the four dimensions of complexity correspond to four broad classes of science: the physical, biological, psychological and social sciences. Henriques further argues that developing such a system for integrating knowledge is not just an academic enterprise. He suggests that in an increasingly complex world, the fragmented state of knowledge can be seen as one of the most pressing social problems of our time. Henriques also believes that history seems to attest that the absence of a collective worldview ostensibly condemns humanity to an endless series of conflicts that inevitably stem from incompatible, partially correct, locally situated justification systems. Thus, from Henriques' perspective, there are good reasons for believing that if there was a shared, general background of explanation, humanity might be able to achieve much greater levels of harmonious relations. In a 2008 article on the ToK, [ 14 ] Henriques cites Oliver Reiser 's 1958 call for unifying scientific knowledge that Henriques implies is similar in theme to the ToK: With its depiction of the dimensions of complexity and interlocking theoretical joint points, Henriques' believes that his ToK System offers new avenues that might allow scholars to meet Reiser’s call for academic synthesis. Henriques, like Reiser, believes that with a shared sense of purpose and a common background of explanation, people might yet be able to integrate bodies of knowledge into a unified interpretation of humanity, with humanity's place in nature and its potentialities for creating the good society. See also Tree of knowledge (philosophy) by René Descartes Tinbergen's four questions Behavioral repertoire Consilience Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Descriptive psychology General System Theory Psychological behaviorism Social meaning-making The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution – 1959 book by C. P. Snow Unified theory of cognition Unity of science Metasystem transition References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " "About Me" section of the ToK System website" . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . ^ " "The Tree of Knowledge System" section of the 8 key ideas in the Unified Theory of Knowledge website" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ a b c d e Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 1): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 60, No 12" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 2): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 61, No 1" . Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Theory & Psychology - Volume 18, Number 6, Dec 01, 2008" . Sage Journals . ^ Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2003). The tree of knowledge system and the theoretical unification of psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. ^ Homepage of Michael Katzko ^ Katzko, M. W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology , 18, 817–828. Abstract ^ Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. ^ Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. ^ Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Final draft ^ Reiser, O.L. (1958). The integration of human knowledge. Boston: Porter Sargent. Bibliography Anchin, J.C. (2008). The critical role of the dialectic in viable metatheory: A commentary on Henriques' Tree of Knowledge System for integrating human knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 801–816. Full text Calhoun, L.G. (2004). The unification of psychology: A noble quest. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60, 1283–1289. Abstract Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. Full text Gilbert, P. (2004). A much needed macro level view: A commentary on Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1223–1226. Full text Goertzen, J.R. (2008). On the possibility of unification: The reality and nature of the crisis in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18, 829–852. Full text Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. Full text Hayes, S.C. (2004). Taxonomy as a contextualist views it. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1231–1236. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). A new vision for the field: Introduction to the second special issue on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61, 3–6. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). Toward a useful mass movement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 121–139. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. Full text Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Henriques, G.R. (2004). The development of the unified theory and the future of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 39, 16–21. Final draft Henriques, G.R., & Cobb, H.C. (2004). Introduction to the special issues on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1203–1205. Full text Henriques, G.R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Unified professional psychology: Implications for combined-integrated doctoral training programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1051–1063. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. Full text Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Henriques, G.R. (2002). The harmful dysfunction analysis and the differentiation between mental disorder and disease. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 1, 157–173. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2000). Depression: Disease or behavioral shutdown mechanism? Journal of Science and Health Policy, 1, 152–165. Full text Jones, R. (2005). From that dirty little science grows a Tree of Knowledge. The Madison, 1, 36–45. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 817–828. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2004). Psychology's dilemma: An institutional neurosis? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1237–1242. Full text Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Unity within psychology, and unity between science and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1243–1247. Full text Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. Full text Mayer, J.D. (2004). How does psychotherapy influence personality? A theoretical integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1291–1315. Full text Presbury, J. (2004). Rooting the tree of knowledge: A response to Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1255–1258. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2008). Theoretical unification as a practical project: Kant and the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 757–777. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2005). Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 67–80. Full text Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rand, K.L., & Ilardi, S.S. (2005). Toward a consilient science of psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 7–20. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2008). Religion as a large-scale justification system: Does the Justification Hypothesis explain animistic attribution? Theory & Psychology, 18, 779–799. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2006). Durkheim's aphorism, the Justification Hypothesis, and the nature of social facts. Sociological Viewpoints, fall issue, 57–70. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2005). From mirror self-recognition to the looking glass self: Exploring the justification hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 47–65 . Full text Shealy, C.N. (2005). Justifying the justification hypothesis: Scientific-humanism, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 81–106. Full text Slife, B. (2005). Testing the limits of Henriques' proposal: Wittgensteinian lessons and hermenuetic dialogue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 107–120. Full text Stam, H.J. (2004). Unifying psychology: Epistemological act or disciplinary maneuver? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1259–1262. Full text Stanovich, K.E. (2004). Metarepresentation and the great cognitive divide: A commentary on Henriques' "Psychology Defined". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1263–1266. Full text Stricker, G. (2004). The unification of psychology and psychological organizations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1267–1269. Full text Vazire, S., & Robins, R.W. (2004). Beyond the Justification Hypothesis: A Broader Theory of the Evolution of Self-Consciousness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1271–1273. Full text Viney, W. (2004). Pluralism in the sciences is not easily dismissed. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1275–1278. Full text Yanchar, S.C. (2004). Some discontents with theoretical unification. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1279–1281. Full text External links The Official Tree of Knowledge Website Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques at the Psychology Wiki This page uses content from the English-language version of Psychology Wiki . The original article was at Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . The text of both The Psychology Wiki and Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License . Science studies Systems Systems theory Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2020 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2022 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2023 Articles needing additional references from April 2024 All articles needing additional references This page was last edited on 5 November 2025, at 05:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_system#References
|
Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Top news 1 China and Canada announce tariffs relief after a high-stakes meeting between Carney and Xi 2 Troops and vessels from European Nato allies arrive in Greenland 3 Trump's Fed fight looks like something from another country 4 Cuba counts cost of alliance after 32 troops killed in Venezuela 5 Woman who accused high-profile twins of sexual assault found dead in Australia 6 Landscape beneath Antarctica's icy surface revealed in unprecedented detail 7 Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner presents her medal to Trump 8 Iran authorities demanding large sums for return of protesters' bodies, BBC told 9 US Congress members visit Denmark as Trump's pressure on Greenland rises 10 S Korea's ex-president Yoon to be jailed for five years over martial law bid More news 'Baby, don't move': Australian woman wakes to find massive python on her chest Rachel Bloor had assumed the heavy weight on her chest was her dog. LIVE Ukraine substation fire leaves city without power in freezing temperatures Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Trump threatens to invoke Insurrection Act to quell anti-ICE protests in Minnesota The rarely used law allows the president to use active-duty military personnel for law enforcement. Latest updates Just now 'I was hit in the face by pellets': Iranians on border describe violence and more protests The BBC speaks to Iranians at the border with Iraq, as authorities continue to block the flow of information with an internet blackout. Just now 36 mins ago Man accused of murdering woman and toddler in Munich car attack goes on trial The Afghan suspect is accused of killing a 37-year-old woman and her two-year-old daughter. 36 mins ago 56 mins ago Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. 56 mins ago 1 hr ago Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. 1 hr ago 3 hrs ago Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. 3 hrs ago 6 hrs ago South Korea's impeached president found guilty in first of four trials: What you need to know Yoon Suk Yeol is set to receive the first verdict on charges linked to his 2024 martial law attempt. 6 hrs ago 11 hrs ago Final death toll from Hong Kong fire placed at 168 The victims of Hong Kong's deadliest fire in decades ranged from six months to 98 years old, police said. 11 hrs ago 11 hrs ago How realistic is India's quest for magnets made of rare earths? India has an $800m plan to make rare earth magnets, aiming to reduce dependence on Chinese imports - but can it work? 11 hrs ago 12 hrs ago Actor Timothy Busfield charged with sexually abusing boys on set of TV series The actor starred in the West Wing TV series and is also known for the baseball film Field of Dreams. 12 hrs ago ... Top news 1 China and Canada announce tariffs relief after a high-stakes meeting between Carney and Xi 2 Troops and vessels from European Nato allies arrive in Greenland 3 Trump's Fed fight looks like something from another country 4 Cuba counts cost of alliance after 32 troops killed in Venezuela 5 Woman who accused high-profile twins of sexual assault found dead in Australia 6 Landscape beneath Antarctica's icy surface revealed in unprecedented detail 7 Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner presents her medal to Trump 8 Iran authorities demanding large sums for return of protesters' bodies, BBC told 9 US Congress members visit Denmark as Trump's pressure on Greenland rises 10 S Korea's ex-president Yoon to be jailed for five years over martial law bid Top news China and Canada announce tariffs relief after a high-stakes meeting between Carney and Xi Troops and vessels from European Nato allies arrive in Greenland Trump's Fed fight looks like something from another country Cuba counts cost of alliance after 32 troops killed in Venezuela Woman who accused high-profile twins of sexual assault found dead in Australia Landscape beneath Antarctica's icy surface revealed in unprecedented detail Venezuelan Nobel Peace Prize winner presents her medal to Trump Iran authorities demanding large sums for return of protesters' bodies, BBC told US Congress members visit Denmark as Trump's pressure on Greenland rises S Korea's ex-president Yoon to be jailed for five years over martial law bid More news 'Baby, don't move': Australian woman wakes to find massive python on her chest Rachel Bloor had assumed the heavy weight on her chest was her dog. LIVE Ukraine substation fire leaves city without power in freezing temperatures Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Trump threatens to invoke Insurrection Act to quell anti-ICE protests in Minnesota The rarely used law allows the president to use active-duty military personnel for law enforcement. More news 'Baby, don't move': Australian woman wakes to find massive python on her chest Rachel Bloor had assumed the heavy weight on her chest was her dog. Ukraine substation fire leaves city without power in freezing temperatures Latest updates from the BBC's specialists in fact-checking, verifying video and tackling disinformation. Trump threatens to invoke Insurrection Act to quell anti-ICE protests in Minnesota The rarely used law allows the president to use active-duty military personnel for law enforcement. Latest updates 'I was hit in the face by pellets': Iranians on border describe violence and more protests The BBC speaks to Iranians at the border with Iraq, as authorities continue to block the flow of information with an internet blackout. Man accused of murdering woman and toddler in Munich car attack goes on trial The Afghan suspect is accused of killing a 37-year-old woman and her two-year-old daughter. Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. South Korea's impeached president found guilty in first of four trials: What you need to know Yoon Suk Yeol is set to receive the first verdict on charges linked to his 2024 martial law attempt. Final death toll from Hong Kong fire placed at 168 The victims of Hong Kong's deadliest fire in decades ranged from six months to 98 years old, police said. How realistic is India's quest for magnets made of rare earths? India has an $800m plan to make rare earth magnets, aiming to reduce dependence on Chinese imports - but can it work? Actor Timothy Busfield charged with sexually abusing boys on set of TV series The actor starred in the West Wing TV series and is also known for the baseball film Field of Dreams. Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Weather BBC Shop BritBox Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Weather BBC Shop BritBox BBC in other languages The BBC is in multiple languages Read the BBC In your own language Oduu Afaan Oromootiin Amharic ዜና በአማርኛ Arabic عربي Azeri AZƏRBAYCAN Bangla বাংলা Burmese မြန်မာ Chinese 中文网 Dari دری French AFRIQUE Hausa HAUSA Hindi हिन्दी Gaelic NAIDHEACHDAN Gujarati ગુજરાતીમાં સમાચાર Igbo AKỤKỌ N’IGBO Indonesian INDONESIA Japanese 日本語 Kinyarwanda GAHUZA Kirundi KIRUNDI Korean 한국어 Kyrgyz Кыргыз Marathi मराठी Nepali नेपाली Noticias para hispanoparlantes Pashto پښتو Persian فارسی Pidgin Polish PO POLSKU Portuguese BRASIL Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ Russian НА РУССКОМ Serbian NA SRPSKOM Sinhala සිංහල Somali SOMALI Swahili HABARI KWA KISWAHILI Tamil தமிழில் செய்திகள் Telugu తెలుగు వార్తలు Thai ข่าวภาษาไทย Tigrinya ዜና ብትግርኛ Turkish TÜRKÇE Ukrainian УКРАЇНСЬКA Urdu اردو Uzbek O'ZBEK Vietnamese TIẾNG VIỆT Welsh NEWYDDION Yoruba ÌRÒYÌN NÍ YORÙBÁ The BBC is in multiple languages Read the BBC In your own language Terms of Use Subscription Terms About the BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Accessibility Help Contact the BBC Advertise with us Do not share or sell my info BBC.com Help & FAQs Content Index Terms of Use Subscription Terms About the BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Accessibility Help Contact the BBC Advertise with us Do not share or sell my info BBC.com Help & FAQs Content Index Copyright 2026 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking.
|
https://www.bbc.com/watch-live-news/
|
home exhibitions The Road to Byzantium The Road to Byzantium Luxury Arts of Antiquity Cover plate of quiver Dish with herdsman and goats Dish with Silenus and Maenad Cameo, Alexander hunting boar Bracelet Sardonyx cameo Textile representing goddess Portrait of Livia Attic red-figure pelike Pendant on a relief disc previous object | back to exhibition page | next object Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD 18.5 x 12.2cm website design by Adaptive Technologies home exhibitions The Road to Byzantium The Road to Byzantium The Road to Byzantium Luxury Arts of Antiquity Luxury Arts of Antiquity Cover plate of quiver Dish with herdsman and goats Dish with Silenus and Maenad Cameo, Alexander hunting boar Bracelet Sardonyx cameo Textile representing goddess Portrait of Livia Attic red-figure pelike Pendant on a relief disc Cover plate of quiver Dish with herdsman and goats Dish with Silenus and Maenad Cameo, Alexander hunting boar Bracelet Sardonyx cameo Textile representing goddess Portrait of Livia Attic red-figure pelike Pendant on a relief disc previous object | back to exhibition page | next object Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD 18.5 x 12.2cm previous object | back to exhibition page | next object Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD 18.5 x 12.2cm website design by Adaptive Technologies home exhibitions learning admissions visitor information about us funding links private hire copyright home exhibitions learning admissions visitor information about us funding links private hire copyright
|
https://web.archive.org/web/20060316221103/http://www.hermitagerooms.com/exhibitions/Byzantium/sardonyx.asp
|
arXiv.org > 2511.02895 > format Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Format selector for 2511.02895 Note: Many of the formats above are served gzipped ( Content-Encoding: x-gzip ). Your browser may silently uncompress after downloading so the files you see saved may appear uncompressed. Please report any problems to arXiv technical support and include the paper identifier. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/format/2511.02895
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Abstract: The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10524 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10524v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10524v1
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Name 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Origins 2.1.1 Pippin I and Arnulf of Metz (613–645) 2.1.2 Pippin I (624–640) 2.1.3 Grimoald (640–656) 2.1.4 Grimoald and Childebert (656–657) 2.1.5 Pippin II (676–714) 2.1.5.1 Rise to power 2.1.5.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.5.3 Later years 2.1.5.4 Death 2.1.6 Charles Martel (714–741) 2.1.6.1 Rise to power 2.1.6.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.6.2.1 Ending the Civil War 2.1.6.2.2 East of the Rhine 2.1.6.2.3 Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence 2.1.6.3 Ruling Francia 2.1.6.3.1 Vassalage and Church 2.1.6.4 Interregnum, death and divisions 2.1.7 Charlemagne 2.1 Origins 2.1.1 Pippin I and Arnulf of Metz (613–645) 2.1.2 Pippin I (624–640) 2.1.3 Grimoald (640–656) 2.1.4 Grimoald and Childebert (656–657) 2.1.5 Pippin II (676–714) 2.1.5.1 Rise to power 2.1.5.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.5.3 Later years 2.1.5.4 Death 2.1.6 Charles Martel (714–741) 2.1.6.1 Rise to power 2.1.6.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.6.2.1 Ending the Civil War 2.1.6.2.2 East of the Rhine 2.1.6.2.3 Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence 2.1.6.3 Ruling Francia 2.1.6.3.1 Vassalage and Church 2.1.6.4 Interregnum, death and divisions 2.1.7 Charlemagne 2.1.1 Pippin I and Arnulf of Metz (613–645) 2.1.2 Pippin I (624–640) 2.1.3 Grimoald (640–656) 2.1.4 Grimoald and Childebert (656–657) 2.1.5 Pippin II (676–714) 2.1.5.1 Rise to power 2.1.5.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.5.3 Later years 2.1.5.4 Death 2.1.5.1 Rise to power 2.1.5.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.5.3 Later years 2.1.5.4 Death 2.1.6 Charles Martel (714–741) 2.1.6.1 Rise to power 2.1.6.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.6.2.1 Ending the Civil War 2.1.6.2.2 East of the Rhine 2.1.6.2.3 Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence 2.1.6.3 Ruling Francia 2.1.6.3.1 Vassalage and Church 2.1.6.4 Interregnum, death and divisions 2.1.6.1 Rise to power 2.1.6.2 Consolidation of power 2.1.6.2.1 Ending the Civil War 2.1.6.2.2 East of the Rhine 2.1.6.2.3 Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence 2.1.6.2.1 Ending the Civil War 2.1.6.2.2 East of the Rhine 2.1.6.2.3 Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence 2.1.6.3 Ruling Francia 2.1.6.3.1 Vassalage and Church 2.1.6.3.1 Vassalage and Church 2.1.6.4 Interregnum, death and divisions 2.1.7 Charlemagne 3 Weakening and disappearance of the dynasty Toggle Weakening and disappearance of the dynasty subsection 3.1 Disappearance of Middle Francia 3.2 Decline 3.2.1 Scandinavian invasions 3.1 Disappearance of Middle Francia 3.2 Decline 3.2.1 Scandinavian invasions 3.2.1 Scandinavian invasions 4 Genealogy Toggle Genealogy subsection 4.1 Complete male-line family tree 4.1 Complete male-line family tree 5 Grand strategy 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 External links Carolingian dynasty Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Picard Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West-Vlams 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Carolingian dynasty Carlovingians Autograph of Charlemagne Parent house Pippinids Country Carolingian Empire Austrasia Neustria Burgundy Alamannia Italy Aquitaine Bavaria Bohemia Saxony Brittany Thuringia West Francia Middle Francia East Francia Austrasia Neustria Burgundy Alamannia Italy Aquitaine Bavaria Bohemia Saxony Brittany Thuringia Founded 613 (as mayors) 751 (as kings) 800 (as emperors) Founder Pepin the Elder (as mayor) Pepin the Short (as king) Charlemagne (emperor) Final ruler Arnulf of Carinthia (emperor) Louis V of France (king) Titles List Holy Roman Emperor King of the Franks King of the Lombards King of Italy King of Aquitaine King of Burgundy Duke of Bohemia Duke of Bavaria Duke of Maine Count of Vermandois Count of Valois King of East Francia King of Middle Francia King of West Francia Holy Roman Emperor King of the Franks King of the Lombards King of Italy King of Aquitaine King of Burgundy Duke of Bohemia Duke of Bavaria Duke of Maine Count of Vermandois Count of Valois King of East Francia King of Middle Francia King of West Francia Estate(s) Francia, West Francia, East Francia, Lotharingia, Italy, Holy Roman Empire Deposition 987 (death of Louis V) Cadet branches Lombard branch (extinct) Lotharingian branch (extinct) Aquitainian branch (extinct) German branch (extinct) French branch (extinct) Lombard branch (extinct) Lotharingian branch (extinct) Aquitainian branch (extinct) German branch (extinct) French branch (extinct) Carolingian dynasty Pippinids Pippin the Elder (c. 580–640) Grimoald (616–656) Childebert the Adopted (d. 662) Pippin the Elder (c. 580–640) Grimoald (616–656) Childebert the Adopted (d. 662) Arnulfings Arnulf of Metz (582–640) Ansegisel (d. 662 or 679) Chlodulf of Metz (d. 696 or 697) Pepin of Herstal (635–714) Grimoald II (d. 714) Drogo of Champagne (670–708) Theudoald (d. 741) Arnulf of Metz (582–640) Ansegisel (d. 662 or 679) Chlodulf of Metz (d. 696 or 697) Pepin of Herstal (635–714) Grimoald II (d. 714) Drogo of Champagne (670–708) Theudoald (d. 741) Carolingians Charles Martel (686–741) Carloman (d. 754) Pepin the Short (714–768) Carloman I (751–771) Charlemagne (742–814) Pepin the Hunchback (768–811) Charles the Younger (772–811) Pepin of Italy (773–810) Louis the Pious (778–840) Pepin I of Aquitaine (797–838) Charles Martel (686–741) Carloman (d. 754) Pepin the Short (714–768) Carloman I (751–771) Charlemagne (742–814) Pepin the Hunchback (768–811) Charles the Younger (772–811) Pepin of Italy (773–810) Louis the Pious (778–840) Pepin I of Aquitaine (797–838) After the Treaty of Verdun (843) Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor (795–855; Middle Francia ) Charles the Bald (823–877) ( West Francia ) Louis the German (804–876) ( East Francia ) Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor (795–855; Middle Francia ) Charles the Bald (823–877) ( West Francia ) Louis the German (804–876) ( East Francia ) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Carolingian dynasty ( / ˌ k ær ə ˈ l ɪ n dʒ i ə n / KARR -ə- LIN -jee-ən ; [ 1 ] known variously as the Carlovingians , Carolingi , [ 2 ] Carolings , Karolinger or Karlings ) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne , descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. [ 3 ] The dynasty consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary, and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the Merovingian dynasty which had ruled the Franks was overthrown with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, and Pepin the Short , son of Martel, was crowned king of the Franks . The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first emperor of the Romans in the West in over three centuries. Charlemagne's death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire . Name The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from Carolus , the Latinised name of multiple Frankish kings including Charlemagne and Charles Martel . [ 4 ] The name originates from a common Germanic word, rendered in Old High German as Karl or Kerl , [ 5 ] meaning ' man ' , ' husband ' , or ' freeman ' . [ 6 ] History Origins Pippin I and Arnulf of Metz (613–645) The Carolingian line first began with two important rival Frankish families, the Pippinids and Arnulfings , whose destinies became intermingled in the early 7th century. Both men came from noble backgrounds on the western borders of the Austrasia territory between the Meuse and Moselle rivers, north of Liège . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The first two figures, Pippin I of Landen and Arnulf of Metz , from whom historians have taken the family names, [ 9 ] both first appeared in the fourth book of the Continuations of Fredegar as advisers to Chlotar II of Neustria , who 'incited' revolt against King Theuderic II and Brunhild of Austrasia in 613. [ 10 ] Through shared interests, Pippin and Arnulf allied their families through the marriage of Pippin's daughter Begga and Arnulf's son Ansegisel . [ 7 ] As repayment for their help during the Austrasian conquest, Chlotar rewarded both men with important positions of power in Austrasia. However, Arnulf was the first to gain. He was bestowed the bishopric of Metz in 614, entrusting him with the management of the Austrasian capital and the education of Chlotar's young son, the future Dagobert I . [ 11 ] This is a position he would hold until his retirement in 629 after Chlotar's death, when he left for a small ecclesiastical community near Habendum; he was later buried at the monastery of Remiremont after his death c. 645 . [ 7 ] Pippin I (624–640) Pippin was not immediately rewarded, but eventually was given the position of maior palatti or ' mayor of the palace ' of Austrasia in 624. This reward secured Pippin a position of prime importance with the Merovingian royal court. The mayor of the palace would act as the mediator between the King and the magnates of the region; as Paul Fouracre summarises, they were 'regarded as the most important non-royal person in the kingdom.' [ 8 ] The reason Pippin was not rewarded sooner is not certain, but two mayors, Rado (613 – c. 617 ) and Chucus ( c. 617 – c. 624 ), are believed to have preceded him and were potentially political rivals connected to the fellow Austrasian Gundoinings noble family. [ 11 ] [ 8 ] Once elected, Pippin served faithfully under Chlotar until the latter's death in 629, and solidified the Pippinids' position of power within Austrasia by supporting Chlotar's son Dagobert, who became King of Austrasia in 623. [ 8 ] Pippin, with support from Arnulf and other Austrasian magnates, even used the opportunity to support the killing of an important political rival Chrodoald , an Agilolfing lord. [ 10 ] Following King Dagobert I's ascent to the throne in c. 629 , he returned the Frankish capital back to Paris in Neustria , from whence it had been removed by Chlotar in 613. As a result, Pippin lost his position as mayor and the support of the Austrasian magnates, who were seemingly irritated by his inability to persuade the King to return the political centre to Austrasia. [ 10 ] Instead, Dagobert turned to the Pippinids' political rival family, the Gundoinings, whose connections in Adalgesil , Cunibert, archbishop of Cologne , Otto and Radulf (who would later revolt in 642) [ 10 ] once again removed the Pippinid and Arnulfing influence in the Austrasia assemblies. [ 7 ] Pippin did not reappear in the historical record until Dagobert's death in 638, [ 11 ] when he had seemingly been reinstated as mayor of Austrasia and began to support the new young King Sigebert III . According to the Continuations , Pippin made arrangements with his rival, Archbishop Cunibert , to get Austrasian support for the 10-year-old King Sigibert III, who ruled Austrasia whilst his brother Clovis II ruled over Neustria and Burgundy . Soon after securing his position once again, he unexpectedly died in 640. [ 10 ] Grimoald (640–656) Following Pippin's sudden death, the Pippinid family worked swiftly to secure their position. Pippin's daughter Gertrude and wife Itta founded and entered the Nivelles Abbey , and his only son Grimoald worked to secure his father's position of maior palatii. The position was not hereditary and therefore passed to another Austrasian noble, Otto, the tutor of Sigebert III. [ 7 ] According to the Continuations , Grimoald began to work with his father's accomplice Cunibert to remove Otto from office. He finally succeeded in c. 641 , when Leuthari II, Duke of Alamannia killed Otto under Grimoald's and, we must assume, Cunibert's orders. [ 10 ] Grimoald then became mayor of Austrasia. His power at this time was extensive, with properties in Utrecht , Nijmegen , Tongeren and Maastricht ; he was even called 'ruler of the realm' by Desiderius of Cahors in 643. [ 7 ] This could not have been done if Grimoald had not secured Sigibert III's support. The Pippinids already gained royal patronage from Pippin I's support, but this was further bolstered by Grimoald's role in Duke Radulf of Thuringia's rebellion. Just prior to Otto's assassination, in c. 640 Radulf revolted against the Merovingians and made himself King of Thuringia. Sigibert, with an Austrasian army including Grimoald and Duke Adalgisel , went on campaign and after a brief victory against Fara , son of the assassinated Agilofing lord Chrodoald, the Austrasians met Radulf on the River Unstrut where he had set up a stronghold. What followed was a disorganized battle spread over several days, in which the Austrasian lords disagreed on tactics. Grimoald and Adalgesil strengthened their position by defending Sigibert's interests, but could not establish a unanimous agreement. During their final assault, the 'men of Mainz ' betrayed the Austrasians and joined with Radulf. This penultimate battle killed many important Austrasian lords, including Duke Bobo and Count Innowales , and resulted in Sigibert's defeat. The Continuations offers a famous description of Sigibert being 'seized with the wildest grief and sat there on his horse weeping unrestrainedly for those he had lost' as Radulf returned to his camp victorious. [ 10 ] Upon Sigibert's return from Unstruct, Grimoald, now mayor, began to build power for the Pippinid clan. He utilized the existing links between the family and ecclesiastical community to gain control over local holy men and women who, in turn, supported Pippinid assertions of power. Grimoald established links with Aquitanian and Columbianan missionaries Amandus and Remaclus , both of whom came to be influential bishops within the Merovingian court. Remaclus, in particular, was important as after becoming bishop of Maastricht, he established two monasteries: Stavelot Abbey and Malmedy . Under Grimoald's direction, the Arnulfings were also further established with Chlodulf of Metz , son of St. Arnulf, taking the bishopric of Metz in 656. [ 7 ] Grimoald and Childebert (656–657) The final moment of Grimoald's life is an area that is disputed in both date and event, titled: 'Grimoald's coup'. [ 8 ] It involves Grimoald and his son Childebert the Adopted taking the Austrasian throne from the true Merovingian King Dagobert II , son of the late Sigibert who died young at 26 years old. Historians like Pierre Riché are certain that Sigibert died in 656, having adopted Childebert due to his lack of an adult male heir. Following this, young Dagobert II was then exiled and tonsured by Grimoald and Dido of Poitiers , who then installed Childebert as King of Austrasia. Clovis II in Neustria, uncle to Dagobert, then reacted to the revolt and lured Grimoald and Childebert into Neustria, where they were executed. [ 7 ] This story is only confirmed by the pro-Neustrian source, [ 12 ] the Liber Historia Francorum ( LHF ) and selected charter evidence. Other contemporary sources like the Continuations fail to mention the event and Carolingian sources like Annales Mettenses Priores ( AMP ) ignore the event and even deny Grimoald's existence. [ 11 ] As such, historian Richard Gerberding has suggested a different chronology and reading of the LHF , which places Sigibert's death on 1 February 651. According to a Gerberding narrative, Grimoald and Dido organised Dagobert's exile around 16 January 651 to Ireland at Nivelles and then, when Sigibert died a month later, they acted out the plan and tonsured Dagobert, replacing him with Childebert, who ruled until 657. Clovis II then immediately acted and invaded Austrasia, executing Grimoald and his son. [ 11 ] Then, either in 657 or 662, the Neustrians (either Clovis II who died in 657 or his son Chlothar III ) installed infant King Childeric II to the throne of Austrasia, marrying him to Bilichild , the daughter of Sigibert's widow Chimnechild of Burgundy . [ 8 ] Grimoald and Childebert's deaths brought an end to the direct Pippinid line of the family, leaving the Arnulfing descendants from Begga and Ansegisel to continue the faction. [ 13 ] Pippin II (676–714) Very little is known about Pippin's early life, but a controversial story from AMP suggests that Pippin reclaimed power in Austrasia by killing a legendary 'Gundoin' as revenge for the assassination of his father Ansegisel. This story is regarded as slightly fantastical by Paul Fouracre , who argues the AMP, a pro-Carolingian source potentially written by Giselle (Charlemagne's sister) in 805 at Chelles, is that Pippin's role primes him perfectly for his future and demonstrates his family to be 'natural leaders of Austrasia.' [ 12 ] However, Fouracre does also acknowledge his existence in charter evidence and confirms that he was a political link to rival mayor Wulfoald . These rivalries would make Pippin natural enemies with Gundoin, making the murder plausible as part of Pippin's rise to power. [ 8 ] Rise to power The Arnulfing clan reappear in the contemporary historical record in c. 676 , when the LHF mentions ' Pippin and Martin' rising up against a tyrannical Ebroin , mayor of Austrasia. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Pippin II, now head of the faction, and Martin, who was either Pippin's brother or relative, rose up against Ebroin and gathered an army (potentially with the aid of Dagobert II who had been brought back to Austrasia by mayor Wulfoald). [ 8 ] According to the LHF , the Arnulfing army met Ebroin, who had gained the support of King Theuderic III , at Bois-du-Fays , and they were easily defeated. Martin fled to Laon , from where he was lured and murdered by Ebroin at Asfeld . Pippin fled to Austrasia and soon received Ermenfred , an officer of a royal fisc who had assassinated Ebroin. [ 7 ] [ 14 ] The Neustrians, with Ebroin dead, installed Waratto as mayor, and he looked for peace with the Austrasians. Despite an exchange of hostages, Warrato's son Gistemar attacked Pippin at Namur and displaced his father. [ 8 ] He died shortly thereafter and Warrato resumed his position, wherein peace was reached but tense relations remained until Warrato's death in 686. He left behind his wife Ansfled and his son Berchar , whom the Neustrians installed as mayor. Against his father's policy, Berchar did not maintain peace and incited Pippin into violence. [ 14 ] In 687, Pippin rallied an Austrasian army and led an assault on Neustria, facing Theuderic III and the Neustrian mayor, now Berchar, in combat. They met at the Battle of Tertry , where the AMP records that Pippin, after offering peace which was rejected by Theuderic at Berchar's behest, crossed the river Omignon at the break of dawn and attacked the Neustrians, who believed the battle won when they saw Pippin's camp abandoned. This surprise attack was successful and the Neustrians fled. [ 14 ] Following this victory, Berchar was either killed, as the AMP argues, by his own people, but the LHF suggests that it is more likely that he was murdered by his mother-in-law, Ansfled. [ 14 ] This moment was decisive in Arnulfing history as it was the first time that any of the faction had national control. Paul Fouracre even argues it is for this that the AMP starts with Pippin II, as a false dawn upon which Charles Martel would rebuild. [ 12 ] However, historians have discredited the importance of this victory. Marios Costambeys , Matthew Innes and Simon MacLean all show that the Tertry victory did not establish solid authority over Neustria immediately, evidenced by the fact that Pippin immediately installed 'Norbert, one of his followers' (as written in the LHF ) and then his son Grimoald in 696 to ensure continued influence. [ 15 ] [ 14 ] Consolidation of power Pippin II then became overall mayor of the royal palace under Theuderic II, becoming mayor of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy. [ 7 ] His son Drogo , from his wife Plectrude , was also imbued with power when he married Berchar's widow Adaltrude (potentially maneuvered by Ansfled) and was made Duke of Champagne. [ 16 ] Pippin was politically dominating and had the power to elect the next two Merovingian kings after Theuderic II died in 691; he installed King Clovis IV (691–695), Childebert III (695–711) and Dagobert III (711–715). [ 7 ] Pippin moved to secure further power by consolidating his position in Neustria, installing several bishops like Gripho , Bishop of Rouen and Bainus at the Abbey of Saint Wandrille in 701, which was later owned along with Fleury Abbey (founded by Pippin in 703). [ 8 ] Imbued with internal strength, Pippin also began to look outwards from the Frankish Empire to subdue the people, that the AMP records, who once were 'subjected to the Franks ... [such as] the Saxons, Frisians, Alemans, Bavarians, Aquitainians, Gascons and Britons.' [ 14 ] Pippin defeated the pagan chieftain Radbod in Frisia, an area that had been slowly encroached upon by Austrasian nobles and Anglo-Saxon missionaries like Willibrord , whose links would later make him a connection between the Arnulfings and the papacy. [ 7 ] Following Gotfrid, Duke of Alemannia in 709, Pippin also moved against the Alemans and subjugated them again to royal control. Later years As Pippin approached his death in late 714, he was faced with a succession crisis. Drogo, Pippin's oldest son, died in 707 and his second son Grimoald, according to the LHF , was killed whilst praying to Saint Lambert in Liège in 714 by Rantgar, suspected by Paul Fouracre to be a pagan. [ 16 ] [ 14 ] [ 8 ] Pippin, before his death, made his six-year-old grandson Theudoald (Grimoald's son) his successor in Neustria, a choice that is believed to have been promoted by his wife Plectrude, [ 7 ] which was a political choice from within the direct family line, as Pippin had two adult illegitimate children, Charles Martel and Childebrand I , from a second wife or concubine named Alpaida . [ 11 ] They were ousted so Theudoald (with Plectrude's regency) could take the throne, a choice that would result in disaster. Death When Pippin II died in December 714, the Arnulfings' dominance over Francia disintegrated. The LHF tells us that 'Plectrude along with her grandchildren and the king directed all the affairs of state under a separate government', a system which created tensions with the Neustrians. [ 14 ] Theudoald ruled uncontested for around six months, until June 715, when the Neustrians revolted. Theudoald and the Arnulfings' supporters met at the Battle of Compiègne on 26 September 715, [ 8 ] and after a decisive victory, the Neustrians installed a new mayor Ragenfrid and, following Dagobert's death, their own Merovingian king Chilperic II . [ 14 ] Charter evidence suggests that Chilperic was the son of the former King Childeric II, but this would make Daniel in his 40s, which is quite old to take the throne. [ 8 ] Charles Martel (714–741) Rise to power Following their victory, the Neustrians joined with Radbod, King of the Frisians and invaded Austrasia, aiming towards the Meuse river to take the heartland of the faction's support. [ 10 ] It is at this moment that Charles Martel is first mentioned in historical records, which note him surviving imprisonment by his step-mother, Plectrude. Charles managed to escape and mustered an Austrasian army to face the encroaching Radbod and the Neustrians. In 716, Charles finally met the Frisians as they approached and, although the AMP attempts equalize the losses, it is confirmed from the descriptions in the LHF and the Continuations that Charles was defeated with heavy losses. [ 10 ] [ 14 ] Chilperic, Raganfred and, according to the Continuations , Radbod, then travelled from Neustria through the forest of the Ardennes and raided around the river Rhine and Cologne , taking treasure from Plectrude and her supporters. As they returned, Charles ambushed the returning party at the Battle of Amblève and was victorious, inflicting heavy losses on the Neustrian invaders. In 717, Charles mustered his army again and marched on Neustria, taking the city of Verdun during his conquest. [ 7 ] He met Chilperic and Raganfred again at the Battle of Vinchy on 21 March 717 and was once again victorious, forcing them back to Paris . He then swiftly returned to Austrasia and besieged Cologne, defeating Plectrude and reclaiming his father's wealth and treasure. Charles bolstered his position by installing the Merovingian king Chlothar IV in Austrasia as an opposing Merovingian to Chilperic II. [ 14 ] Despite not having a Merovingian king for around 40 years in Austrasia, Charles' position was weak at this time and he required the support of the established Merovingians to gather military support. [ 17 ] Despite his weaknesses, Charles' recent success had made him a greater political entity; as such, Chilperic and Raganfred could not win a decisive victory against him. So, in 718 they too sent embassies and won the support of Duke Eudo of Aquitaine who, at their request, mustered 'a Gascon army' to face Charles. In response, Charles brought an army to the eastern Neustrian borders and faced Duke Eudo in battle at Soissons. [ 8 ] Duke Eudo, realising he was outmatched, retreated to Paris, where he took Chilperic and the royal treasury and left for Aquitaine . Charles pursued them, according to the Continuations , as far as Orleans, but Eudo and the Neustrians managed to escape. [ 10 ] In 718, King Chlothar IV died and was not replaced; instead, Charles became the primary authority in Francia. He established a peace treaty with Duke Eudo that ensured Chilperic II was returned to Francia; thereafter, until Chilperic's death in 720 at Noyon , the kingship was restored with Carolingian control and Charles became the maior palatii in both Neustria and Austrasia. [ 17 ] Following Chilperic II's death, the Merovingian king Theuderic IV , son of Dagobert III, was taken from Chelles Abbey and appointed by the Neustrians and Charles as the Frankish king. Consolidation of power With his ascension to the throne, several significant moments in Frankish history occurred. Firstly, the LHF ended, likely composed several years later in 727 and ended one of the several perspectives we have on Charles' ascension. [ 11 ] Secondly, and more importantly, the Arnulfing predominance in the faction ended and the Carolingian (translating to 'sons of Charles') officially began. [ 15 ] Once the immediate dangers were dealt with, Charles then began to consolidate his position as sole mayor of the Frankish kingdom. The civil unrest between 714 and 721 had destroyed the continental political cohesion, and peripheral kingdoms like Aquitaine, Alemannia , Burgundy and Bavaria had slipped from the Carolingian's grasp. Even though the faction had, by Charles Martel's time, established strong political control over Francia, loyalty to the Merovingian power within these border regions remained. [ 15 ] Ending the Civil War Charles first set out to reinstate Carolingian dominance internally within Francia: the Continuations lists Charles' continuous maneuvers which solidified the campaigns generating the Carolingian military foundation. In 718, the AMP records that Charles fought against the Saxons, pushing them as far as the river Weser [ 14 ] and following up with subsequent campaigns in 720 and 724 which secured the northern borders of Austrasia and Neustria. [ 17 ] He subdued his former enemy Raganfred at Angers in 724 and secured his patronage, removing the remaining political resistance that had continued to thrive in western Neustria. [ 13 ] East of the Rhine In 725, Charles set out against the peripheral kingdoms, starting with Alemannia. The region had almost gained independence during the reign of Pippin II and under the leadership of Lantfrid , Duke of Alemannia, as (710–730) they acted without Frankish authority, issuing law codes like the Lex Alamannorum without Carolingian consultation. As recorded in the Alemannia source, [ 18 ] the Breviary of Erchanbert , the Alemanni 'refused to obey the duces of the Franks because they were no longer able to serve the Merovingian kings. Therefore, each of them kept to himself.' [ 16 ] This statement was true for more than just Alemannia and, just like in those regions, Charles brutally forced them into submission. Charles was successful in his first campaign, but returned in 730, the same year that Duke Lantfrid died and was succeeded by his brother Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia . [ 8 ] As successful as campaigning had been, Charles seemingly took inspiration from Anglo-Saxon missionary Saint Boniface , who in 719 was sent by Pope Gregory II to convert Germany, in particular the areas of Thuringia and Hesse , where he established the monasteries of Ohrdruf , Tauberbischofsheim , Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt . Charles, realising the potential of establishing Carolingian-supportive episcopal centres, utilised Saint Pirmin , an itinerant monk, to establish an ecclesiastical foundation on Reichenau Island in Lake Constance . He was expelled in 727 by Lantfrid and he retreated to Alsace , where he established monasteries with the support of the Etichonid clan, who were Carolingian supporters. This relationship gave the Carolingians long-term benefit from Pirmin's future achievements, which brought abbeys in the eastern provinces into Carolingian favour. [ 7 ] In 725, Charles continued his conquest from Alemannia and invaded Bavaria. Like Alemannia, Bavaria had continued to gain independence under the rule of the Agilolfings clan who, in recent years, had increased links with Lombardy and affirmed their own law codes, like the Lex Baiuvariorum . [ 16 ] When Charles moved, the region was experiencing a power struggle between Grimoald of Bavaria and his nephew Hugbert , but when Grimoald died in 725, Hugbert gained the position and Charles reaffirmed their support. The Continuations records that when Charles left Bavaria, he took hostages, one of which was Swanachild , who later would become Charles' second wife. [ 10 ] Paul Fouracre believes this marriage could have been intentionally forced, based upon the fact that Swanchild's heritage related her both to Alemannia and Bavaria. Not only would their marriage have allowed greater control over both regions, but it also would have cut the existing family ties that the Agilofings had to the Pippinid family branch. Plectrude's sister Regintrud was married to Theodo of Bavaria , and this relation provided an opportunity for disenfranchised family members to defect. [ 8 ] Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence Following his conquest east of the Rhine, Charles had the opportunity to assert his dominance over Aquitaine and began committing military resources and performing raids in 731. [ 19 ] However, before he could make any major movements, Aquitaine was invaded by Umayyad warlord Abd al-Rahman I . Following Abd al-Rahman's ascension in Spain in 731, another local Berber lord Munuza revolted, set himself up at Cerdanya and forged defensive alliances with the Franks and Aquitainians through a marriage to Eudo's daughter. Abd ar-Rahman then besieged Cerdanya and forced Munuza into retreat into France, at which point he continued his advance into Aquitaine, moving as far as Tours before he was met by Charles Martel. Carolingian sources attest that Duke Eudo begged Charles for assistance, but Ian N. Wood claims these embassies have been invented by later pro-Carolingian annalists. Eudo was a main protagonist in the Battle of Toulouse (721) , which famously stopped Muslim lord Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani 's advances in Narbonne and gained Eudo praise in the Liber Pontificalis . [ 20 ] Charles met the Muslim force at the famous Battle of Poitiers (732) and came out victorious. This moment cemented Charles Martel in historical records and gained him international praise. Bede , writing at the same time in Jarrow , England, recorded the event in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People , and his victory gained Charles Martel the admiration of seminal historian Edward Gibbon who considered him the Christian saviour of Europe. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Although his victory was considered famous, in reality his victory was far less impactful, and Charles would not gain much control in Aquitaine until Eudo's death in 735. The victory may have given the Carolingians relative local support that potentially allowed Charles to assert dominance over Eudo's son and successor Hunald of Aquitaine , but records of continued hostilities in 736 only further cemented that relations were strained. [ 23 ] [ 15 ] With a stronger establishment in Aquitaine, Charles made moves to assert his dominance into Burgundy. [ 24 ] The region, at least in the Northern areas, had remained controlled and allied with Frankish interest. Influential nobility like Savaric of Auxerre , who had maintained near-autonomy and led military forces against Burgundian towns like Orléans , Nevers and Troyes , even dying whilst besieging Lyon , were the key to Charles' support. As such, Charles made multiple attempts to both gain the faction's support and remove their authority. When Savaric died during Charles' early reign, he agreed to support Savaric's nephew Bishop Eucherius of Orléans ' claim to the bishopric. However, once Charles had established a powerful basis by 737, he exiled Eucherius, with the help of a man called Chrodobert, to the monastery of St Trond . [ 20 ] Charles took further military action in the same year to fully assert his authority, and installed his sons Pippin and Remigius as magnates. This was followed by the installation of political supporters from Bavaria and local supporters like Theuderic of Autun and Adalhard of Chalon . [ 7 ] This acquisition of land in southern France was supported by the increased social chaos that seemingly developed during the Civil War years. This was most apparent in Provence , where local magnates, like Abbo of Provence , were incredibly supportive of Charles' attempts to reinstate Frankish power. [ 25 ] In 739, he used his power in Burgundy and Aquitaine to lead an attack with his brother Childebrand I against Arab invaders and Duke Maurontus , who had been claiming independence and allying himself with Muslim emir Abd ar-Rahman. [ 26 ] It is likely due to Childebrand's sponsorship of the manuscript that his involvement is so extensively recorded in the Continuations . [ 27 ] According to the manuscript, Childebrand and Charles noticed the Arab army, with Maurontus' welcome, entering Avignon and quickly moved against the alliance. They besieged the city and claimed victory; the Franks then made the decision to invade Septimania , taking Narbonne and flanking the Arab army. The Franks then fought off a support army sent from Spain under Omar-ibn Chaled at the River Berre . From there the Franks then pursued the retreating Arabs and ravaged the cities of Nîmes , Agde and Béziers before returning to Francia. Later that year, Charles and Childebrand returned to Provence, likely collecting more forces, and then forcing the rebellious Maurontus into 'impenetrable rocky fastnesses out to sea.' [ 27 ] Paul the Deacon later records in his Historia Langobardorum Maurontus received help from the Lombards, and his Arab allies then fled. [ 28 ] At this time, Charles then assumed control of the region and, judging from Charter evidence, appointed Abbo of Provence as patricius (Patrician) in the region. [ 29 ] Ruling Francia Charles also ruled the Frankish realm, although the majority of his policies were centred upon his conquests and his military ventures. In 19th century historiography, historians like Heinrich Brunner even centred their arguments around Charles' necessity for military resources, in particular the development of mounted warrior or cavalry that would peak in the High Middle Ages . However, in modern historiography, historians like Pierre Riche and Paul Fouracre have discredited his ideas as too simplistic and have aimed to depict more realistic fragments of development that may or not have been interdependent. [ 30 ] This was the period in which the Carolingians first began to establish themselves as fully independent from the Merovingian royalty. Vassalage and Church Charles Martel has become notorious in historiography for his role in the development of the concept of feudalism . The debates are rooted in the arguments of historians like François-Louis Ganshof , who viewed Charles' reign as the birth of the 'feudal' relationship between power and property. This results from the increased use of precaria or temporary land grants by the Carolingians, who allocated and spread their power to their subordinates. Ganshof's arguments connect these ties to a military-tenure relationship; however, this is never represented in primary material, and instead is only implied, and likely derived from, an understanding of 'feudalism' in the High Middle Ages. Recent historians like Paul Fouracre have criticised Ganshof's review for being too simplistic, and in reality, even though these systems of vassalage did exist between lord and populace, they were not as standardised as older historiography has suggested. For example, Fouracre has drawn particular attention to the incentives that drew lords and warriors into the Carolingian armies, arguing that the primary draw was 'booty' and treasure gained from conquest rather than 'feudal' obligation. [ 30 ] Although Charles' reign is no longer considered transitional in its feudal developments, it is seen as a transitional period in the spread of the existing system of vassals and precaria land rights. Due to Charles' continued military and missionary work, the political systems that existed in the heartlands, Austrasia and Neustria, officially began to spread to the periphery. [ 30 ] Those whom Charles appointed as new nobility in these regions, often with lifetime tenures, [ 31 ] ensured that Carolingian loyalties and systems was maintained across the kingdoms. The Carolingians were also far more strict with their land rights and tenure than their Merovingian predecessors, carefully distributing their new land to new families temporarily, but maintaining their control. Merovingians kings weakened themselves by allocating too much of their royal domains to supporting factions; the Carolingians themselves seemingly became increasingly powerful due to their generosity. By giving away their land, the Merovingians allowed themselves to become figureheads and the 'do nothing kings' that Einhard prefaced in the Vita Karoli Magni . [ 7 ] [ 32 ] Due to his vast military conquests, Charles often reallocated existing land settlements, including Church property, to new tenants. Ecclesiastical property and monasteries in the late Merovingian and Carolingian period were political centres and often closely related to the royal court; [ 33 ] as such they often became involved in political matters, which often overlapped with Charles' reallocation of land. This 'secularisation' of Church property caused serious tension between the Carolingian church and state, and often gave Charles a negative depiction in ecclastical sources. The reallocation of church land was not new by Charles' reign; Ian Wood has managed to identify the practice going back to the reigns of Dagobert I (629–639) and Clovis II (639–657). [ 34 ] The majority of the sources that depict Charles' involvement in Church land rights come from the 9th century, and are therefore less reliable, but two supposedly contemporary sources also identify this issue. [ 35 ] The first, a letter sent by missionary Saint Boniface to Anglo-Saxon king Æthelbald of Mercia , called Charles' a 'destroyer of many monasteries, and embezzler of Church revenues for his own use...', condemning him for his use of Church property. This is supported by the second source, the Contintuations , which related that, in 733 in Burgundy, Charles split the Lyonnais between his followers, this likely including Church land. [ 36 ] Further chronicles like the Gesta episcoporum Autissiodorensium and the Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii recorded monasteries losing substantial land. The monastery at Auxerre was reduced to a hundred mansus by Pippin III's reign, and at the Abbey of Saint Wandrille under Abbot Teutsind , who was appointed by Charles in 735/6, the Church's local property was reduced to a third its size. [ 30 ] Wood has also criticised this point and proven that the loss of land by the Church was in reality very small, the remaining land being simply leased as it went beyond the Church's capabilities. [ 37 ] Regardless, it is apparent that Charles' expansion of control consumed plenty of reallocated properties, many of which were ecclesiastical domains. Interregnum, death and divisions When King Theuderic IV died in 737, Charles did not install a Merovingian successor. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Charles was strong enough by the end of his reign to not rely on Merovingian loyalties. He had created his own power bloc through the vassals he installed in Frankish heartlands and peripheral states. [ 25 ] Even prior to Theuderic's death, Charles did act with complete sovereignty in Austrasia. It was only in areas like Neustria, where Carolingian opposition historically existed, that Charles knew he would face criticism if he usurped the throne. [ 38 ] Therefore, until his death, Charles ruled as Princeps or First Man/First Citizen, officially gaining the title with his uncontested leadership with the acquisition of Provence in 737. [ 39 ] This meant that the issue of kingship remained ever present for his successors who would have to work further to establish themselves as royal. When Charles died in 741, he was buried at St Denis in Paris. He made secure succession plans, likely learning from his father, that ensured Francia was effectively divided between his sons, Carloman and Pippin as maior palatii . According to the Continuations , the eldest son, Carloman, was given control of the eastern kingdoms in Austrasia, Alammania and Thuringia, while Pippin was given the western kingdoms in Burgundy, Neustria and Provence. [ 40 ] Charlemagne The greatest Carolingian monarch was Charlemagne , Pepin's son. Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III at Rome in 800. [ 41 ] His empire, ostensibly a continuation of the Western Roman Empire , is referred to historiographically as the Carolingian Empire . The Carolingian rulers did not give up the traditional Frankish (and Merovingian ) practice of dividing inheritances among heirs, though the concept of the indivisibility of the Empire was also accepted. The Carolingians had the practice of making their sons minor kings in the various regions ( regna ) of the Empire, which they would inherit on the death of their father, which Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious both did for their sons. Following the death of the Emperor Louis the Pious in 840, his surviving adult sons, Lothair I and Louis the German , along with their adolescent brother Charles the Bald , fought a three-year civil war ending only with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which divided the empire into three regna while according imperial status and a nominal lordship to Lothair who, at 48, was the eldest. [ 42 ] The Carolingians differed markedly from the Merovingians in that they disallowed inheritance to illegitimate offspring, possibly in an effort to prevent infighting among heirs and assure a limit to the division of the realm. In the late ninth century, however, the lack of suitable adults among the Carolingians necessitated the rise of Arnulf of Carinthia as the king of East Francia , a bastard child of a legitimate Carolingian king, Carloman of Bavaria , [ 43 ] himself a son of the First King of the Eastern division of the Frankish kingdom, Louis the German. Weakening and disappearance of the dynasty Disappearance of Middle Francia Lothair was the first of the three brothers to die, leaving the empire at the mercy of the other two. Finally, after many twists and turns, his domain was gradually attached to East Francia, with the Scheldt marking the border between West and East Francia. The king of East Francia, at the same time, also recovered the title of emperor. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Decline After Charlemagne's death the dynasty slowly crumbled. His kingdom was split into three, each being ruled over by one of his grandsons. Only the kingdoms of the eastern and western portions survived, becoming the predecessors of modern Germany and France. [ 46 ] The Carolingians were displaced in most of the regna of the Empire by 888. They ruled in East Francia until 911 and held the throne of West Francia intermittently until 987. Carolingian cadet branches continued to rule in Vermandois and Lower Lorraine after the last king died in 987, but they never sought the royal or imperial thrones and made peace with the new ruling families. One chronicler of Sens dates the end of Carolingian rule with the coronation of Robert II of France as junior co-ruler with his father, Hugh Capet , thus beginning the Capetian dynasty . [ 47 ] Scandinavian invasions The term Vikings generally designated all the peoples from present-day Scandinavia . In the Carolingian period, they were first known as Normans ("men of the north", origin of the name Normandy ) and later as Vikings. They sold amber, animal skins, and metals, and bought honey, wine, and everything they could not produce in their lands. They were present, in small groups, in most coastal towns of the Frankish Empire. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Around 800 , the Vikings became aware of a new means of enrichment. Since they were not Christians, they did not have to respect the abbeys , which contained, with minimal defensive structure (a wall and sometimes a few guards), considerable treasure, consisting of chasses , reliquaries , precious metal objects for use in worship. These objects were particularly sought after in this period of weak monetary circulation, when metal was important not only for its value but also for the prestige associated with it. [ 50 ] Consequently, from 800 to about 850 , the Vikings continued their trading practices, while also attempting raids on isolated monastic establishments whenever the opportunity arose. The first establishment to suffer was the monastery of Lindisfarne , on the British coast, attacked by the Vikings in 793 . After this first attack, Viking pressure increased: they sailed up rivers aboard their shallow-draft ships, improperly called “ drakkars ”, and plundered the treasures of the abbeys before returning to Scandinavia. For the moment, these were only brief expeditions: the Normans plundered, carried off goods, and left, most often after burning the place. These attacks nevertheless terrified the population by their speed, violence, and also because they struck churches which, since the establishment of Christianity, had never been attacked. In 841 , the Normans attacked the Abbey of Jumièges and the city of Rouen ; the monks had to flee from the danger of raids, carrying with them the relics of their saints. The Île de Noirmoutier was also repeatedly targeted by the Normans, to the point that the monks abandoned their monastery and settled about twenty-five km south of Nantes , at Déas, which became Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu . In 843 , Nantes was taken and part of the population massacred. In the second third of the 9th century, most of the towns located along rivers were visited by the Normans. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] At the end of the 9th century, the phenomenon grew in importance. These were now much more organized bands, who had decided in advance their routes and knew where to go. The expeditions were also more numerous, sometimes a hundred boats, compared to a small dozen at most at the beginning of the century. Finally, they no longer contented themselves with plundering and leaving. More and more often, they carried away the population to be sold as slaves and settled in conquered territories where they sometimes spent the winter. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] The Vikings ravaged Europe but also the Iberian Peninsula , then Muslim , and North Africa , without anyone being able to stop them. As it was impossible to control the entire territory and their strength lay in the speed of their fleets and the brutality of their expeditions, it was difficult to predict where they would attack. When they did not attack, the Vikings demanded the payment of heavy tributes. The quarrels among the sons of Louis the Pious hardly improved the situation. Lothair and his brother Louis took little interest in the problem, which fell almost entirely to Charles , the youngest son, who inherited all the coastal territories. Charles, who would be nicknamed the Bald , tried to build additional fortifications. He asked the leaders of the aristocracy to defend the threatened regions. Robert the Strong (ancestor of the Capetians ) was placed by the king at the head of a western march ; he died fighting the Vikings in 866 . Count Odo defended Paris against an attack coming up the Seine in 885 . These great lords acquired immense prestige in the struggle against the Scandinavian invader, prestige that contributed to the weakening of royal power. Military successes were now attributed to the marquises and counts . The inability of the Carolingians to resolve the Scandinavian problem was evident: in 911 , by the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte , King Charles the Simple ceded the Lower Seine to the Viking chief Rollo . He entrusted him with the defense of the estuary and the river downstream of Paris. This decision was at the origin of the creation of the Duchy of Normandy . The Carolingians were forced to cede territories and deliver tributes to counter the Scandinavian threat. They were also absorbed by family quarrels. The climate of insecurity therefore accelerated the disintegration of Carolingian power. [ 52 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Genealogy Carolingians and their relatives, with the names of kings bolded [ 58 ] Arnulf of Metz Pepin the Elder Itta of Metz Chlodulf Ansegisel Begga Gertrude of Nivelles Grimoald the Elder Pepin the Middle Martin Childebert the Adopted Vulfetrude Drogo of Champagne Grimoald the Younger Charles Martel Childebrand I Hugh of Rouen Theudoald Carloman Pepin the Younger Grifo Hiltrud Bernard Nibelung I Gisela of Chelles Charlemagne Carloman I Pepin the Hunchback Pepin of Italy Bertha Charles the Younger Rotrude Louis the Pious Hugh Drogo of Metz Bernard of Italy Nithard Lothar I Pepin I of Aquitaine Arnulf of Sens Louis the German Charles the Bald Gisela Louis II of Italy Lothar II Charles of Provence Pepin II of Aquitaine Charles Carloman of Bavaria Louis the Younger Charles the Fat Louis the Stammerer Charles the Child Judith of Flanders Carloman Berengar I of Italy Ermengard of Italy Hugh of Alsace Bertha Arnulf of Carinthia Louis III of France Carloman II of France Charles the Simple Gisela of Friuli Louis the Blind Hugh of Italy Zwentibold Louis the Child Louis IV of France Berengar II of Italy Lothar II of Italy Lothar II of France Charles of Lower Lorraine Adalbert of Italy Arnulf of Reims Louis V of France Otto of Lower Lorraine Arnulf of Metz Pepin the Elder Itta of Metz Chlodulf Ansegisel Begga Gertrude of Nivelles Grimoald the Elder Pepin the Middle Martin Childebert the Adopted Vulfetrude Drogo of Champagne Grimoald the Younger Charles Martel Childebrand I Hugh of Rouen Theudoald Carloman Pepin the Younger Grifo Hiltrud Bernard Nibelung I Gisela of Chelles Charlemagne Carloman I Pepin the Hunchback Pepin of Italy Bertha Charles the Younger Rotrude Louis the Pious Hugh Drogo of Metz Bernard of Italy Nithard Lothar I Pepin I of Aquitaine Arnulf of Sens Louis the German Charles the Bald Gisela Louis II of Italy Lothar II Charles of Provence Pepin II of Aquitaine Charles Carloman of Bavaria Louis the Younger Charles the Fat Louis the Stammerer Charles the Child Judith of Flanders Carloman Berengar I of Italy Ermengard of Italy Hugh of Alsace Bertha Arnulf of Carinthia Louis III of France Carloman II of France Charles the Simple Gisela of Friuli Louis the Blind Hugh of Italy Zwentibold Louis the Child Louis IV of France Berengar II of Italy Lothar II of Italy Lothar II of France Charles of Lower Lorraine Adalbert of Italy Arnulf of Reims Louis V of France Otto of Lower Lorraine Complete male-line family tree Male, male-line, legitimate, members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. Arnulf of Metz , c. 582-645 Chlodulf of Metz , c. 605-697 Ansegisel , c. 602/610 - 662/679 Pepin of Herstal , c. 635-714 Drogo of Champagne , c. 675-708 Arnulf of Champagne , fl. 707-723 Hugh of Rouen , d. 730 Gotfrid Pippin Grimoald the Younger , d. 714 Childebrand I , c. 678 - 743/751 Charles Martel , c. 688-741 Carloman , 706/716 - 754 Drogo , b. c. 730 Pepin the Short , c. 714-768 Charlemagne , 748-814 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Carloman I , 751-771 Grifo , c. 726-753 Chlodulf of Metz , c. 605-697 Ansegisel , c. 602/610 - 662/679 Pepin of Herstal , c. 635-714 Drogo of Champagne , c. 675-708 Arnulf of Champagne , fl. 707-723 Hugh of Rouen , d. 730 Gotfrid Pippin Grimoald the Younger , d. 714 Childebrand I , c. 678 - 743/751 Charles Martel , c. 688-741 Carloman , 706/716 - 754 Drogo , b. c. 730 Pepin the Short , c. 714-768 Charlemagne , 748-814 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Carloman I , 751-771 Grifo , c. 726-753 Pepin of Herstal , c. 635-714 Drogo of Champagne , c. 675-708 Arnulf of Champagne , fl. 707-723 Hugh of Rouen , d. 730 Gotfrid Pippin Grimoald the Younger , d. 714 Childebrand I , c. 678 - 743/751 Charles Martel , c. 688-741 Carloman , 706/716 - 754 Drogo , b. c. 730 Pepin the Short , c. 714-768 Charlemagne , 748-814 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Carloman I , 751-771 Grifo , c. 726-753 Drogo of Champagne , c. 675-708 Arnulf of Champagne , fl. 707-723 Hugh of Rouen , d. 730 Gotfrid Pippin Arnulf of Champagne , fl. 707-723 Hugh of Rouen , d. 730 Gotfrid Pippin Grimoald the Younger , d. 714 Childebrand I , c. 678 - 743/751 Charles Martel , c. 688-741 Carloman , 706/716 - 754 Drogo , b. c. 730 Pepin the Short , c. 714-768 Charlemagne , 748-814 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Carloman I , 751-771 Grifo , c. 726-753 Carloman , 706/716 - 754 Drogo , b. c. 730 Drogo , b. c. 730 Pepin the Short , c. 714-768 Charlemagne , 748-814 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Carloman I , 751-771 Charlemagne , 748-814 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Pepin the Hunchback , 768/769 - 811 Charles the Younger , c. 772-811 Pepin of Italy , 777-810 Louis the Pious , 778-840 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Lothair I , 795-855 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Louis II of Italy , 825-875 Lothair II , 835-869 Charles of Provence , 845-863 Pepin I of Aquitaine , 797-838 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Pepin II of Aquitaine , 823-864 Charles (archbishop of Mainz) , 825/830 - 863 Louis the German , c. 806/810 - 876 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Carloman of Bavaria , c. 830-880 Louis the Younger , 830/835 - 882 Charles the Fat , 839-888 Charles the Bald , 823-877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Louis the Stammerer , 846-879 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Louis III of France , 863/865 - 882 Carloman II , c. 866-884 Charles the Simple , 879-929 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Louis IV of France , 920/921 - 954 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Lothair of France , 941-986 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Louis V of France , 966/967 - 987 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine , 953 - 992/995 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine , c. 970-1012 Louis of Lower Lorraine , 975/980 - 1023 Charles the Child , 847/848 - 866 Lothair the Lame , c. 848-865 Carloman , 848 - c. 877 Carloman I , 751-771 Grifo , c. 726-753 Grand strategy The historian Bernard Bachrach argues that the rise of the Carolingians to power is best understood using the theory of a Carolingian grand strategy . A grand strategy is a long term military and political strategy that lasts for longer than a typical campaigning season, and can span long periods of time. [ 59 ] The Carolingians followed a set course of action that discounts the idea of a random rise in power and can be considered as a grand strategy. Another major part of the grand strategy of the early Carolingians encompassed their political alliance with the aristocracy. This political relationship gave the Carolingians authority and power in the Frankish kingdom. Beginning with Pippin II, the Carolingians set out to put the regnum Francorum ("kingdom of the Franks") back together, after its fragmentation after the death of Dagobert I , a Merovingian king. After an early failed attempt in c. 651 to usurp the throne from the Merovingians, the early Carolingians began to slowly gain power and influence as they consolidated military power as mayors of the palace. In order to do this, the Carolingians used a combination of Late Roman military organization along with the incremental changes that occurred between the fifth and eighth centuries. Because of the defensive strategy the Romans had implemented during the Late Empire, the population had become militarized and were thus available for military use. [ 60 ] The existence of the remaining Roman infrastructure that could be used for military purposes, such as roads, strongholds and fortified cities meant that the reformed strategies of the Late Romans would still be relevant. Civilian men who lived either in or near a walled city or strong point were required to learn how to fight and defend the areas in which they lived. These men were rarely used in the course of Carolingian grand strategy because they were used for defensive purposes, and the Carolingians were for the most part on the offensive most of the time. Another class of civilians were required to serve in the military which included going on campaigns. Depending on one's wealth, one would be required to render different sorts of service, and "the richer the man was, the greater was his military obligation for service". [ 61 ] For example, if rich, one might be required as a knight. Or one might be required to provide a number of fighting men. In addition to those who owed military service for the lands they had, there were also professional soldiers who fought for the Carolingians. If the holder of a certain amount of land was ineligible for military service (women, old men, sickly men or cowards) they would still owe military service. Instead of going themselves, they would hire a soldier to fight in their place. Institutions, such as monasteries or churches were also required to send soldiers to fight based on the wealth and the amount of lands they held. In fact, the use of ecclesiastical institutions for their resources for the military was a tradition that the Carolingians continued and greatly benefitted from. It was "highly unlikely that armies of many more than a hundred thousand effectives with their support systems could be supplied in the field in a single theatre of operation." [ 62 ] Because of this, each landholder would not be required to mobilize all of his men each year for the campaigning season, but instead, the Carolingians would decide which kinds of troops were needed from each landholder, and what they should bring with them. In some cases, sending men to fight could be substituted for different types of war machines. In order to send effective fighting men, many institutions would have well trained soldiers that were skilled in fighting as heavily armored troops. These men would be trained, armored, and given the things they needed in order to fight as heavy troops at the expense of the household or institution for whom they fought. These armed retinues served almost as private armies, "which were supported at the expense of the great magnates, [and] were of considerable importance to early Carolingian military organization and warfare." [ 63 ] The Carolingians themselves supported their own military household and they were the most important "core of the standing army in the" regnum Francorum . [ 64 ] It was by utilizing the organization of the military in an effective manner that contributed to the success of the Carolingians in their grand strategy. This strategy consisted of strictly adhering to the reconstruction of the regnum Francorum under their authority. Bernard Bachrach gives three principles for Carolingian long-term strategy that spanned generations of Carolingian rulers: The first principle… was to move cautiously outward from the Carolingian base in Austrasia. Its second principle was to engage in a single region at a time until the conquest had been accomplished. The third principle was to avoid becoming involved beyond the frontiers of the regnum Francorum or to do so when absolutely necessary and then not for the purpose of conquest". [ 65 ] The first principle… was to move cautiously outward from the Carolingian base in Austrasia. Its second principle was to engage in a single region at a time until the conquest had been accomplished. The third principle was to avoid becoming involved beyond the frontiers of the regnum Francorum or to do so when absolutely necessary and then not for the purpose of conquest". [ 65 ] This is important to the development of medieval history because without such a military organization and without a grand strategy, the Carolingians would not have successfully become kings of the Franks, as legitimized by the bishop of Rome. Furthermore, it was ultimately because of their efforts and infrastructure that Charlemagne was able to become such a powerful king and be crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800. Without the efforts of his predecessors, he would not have been as successful as he was and the revival of the Roman Empire in the West was likely to have not occurred. See also Phantom time conspiracy theory East Francia West Francia Carolingian architecture Royal Administration of Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties Carolingian art Carolingian minuscule Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian church List of counts of Vermandois King of Italy Phantom time conspiracy theory East Francia West Francia Carolingian architecture Royal Administration of Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties Carolingian art Carolingian minuscule Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian church List of counts of Vermandois King of Italy List of: Frankish Kings and French monarchs Kings of France family tree List of Holy Roman Emperors and German monarchs German monarchs family tree List of: Frankish Kings and French monarchs Kings of France family tree Kings of France family tree List of Holy Roman Emperors and German monarchs German monarchs family tree German monarchs family tree French monarchs family tree . References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Carolingian". Collins English Dictionary (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4 . ^ National Identity and Vision of Europe . 2000. p. 26. The word Europe first appeared in the eighth century, when the Carolingi tried to reunite the divided Europe. ^ Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Carolingians" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ "Carolingian dynasty" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 22 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2024 . ^ Watkin, David (2005). A History of Western Architecture . Laurence King Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1856694599 . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . ^ Hanks, Patrick (8 May 2003). Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set . Oxford University Press, USA. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-19-508137-4 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Riché, Pierre (1993). Peters, Edward (ed.). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe . Middle Ages Series. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 14, 17– 18, 20– 23, 25, 30– 31, 33, 35, 42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel . Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 28, 34– 35, 37– 40, 48, 60, 70, 106, 108– 109. ^ McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57n. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations . Translated by Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. 1960. pp. 32, 43, 50– 52, 73– 75, 87. ^ a b c d e f g Gerberding, Richard A. (1987). The Rise of the Carolingians and the Liber Historiae Francorum . Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 7, 61, 65, 118, 145. ^ a b c Fouracre, Paul (2005). "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians". In Story, Joanna (ed.). Charlemagne: Empire & Society . Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 6, 10– 11. ^ a b Collins, Roger (2010). Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 . Palgrave History of Europe (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 264, 266. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Paul, Fouracre; Gerberding, Richard (1996). Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography 640–720 . Manchester Medieval Sources Series. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 91– 94, 358– 359, 365. ^ a b c d Costambeys, Marios; Innes, Matthew; MacLean, Simon (2011). The Carolingian World . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40, 42, 50– 51. ^ a b c d Wood, Ian (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751 . New York: Longman Publishing. pp. 256 , 260, 267, 285. ^ a b c Fouracre, Paul (1995). "Frankish Gaul of 814". The New Cambridge Medieval History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ^ Goosman, F.C.W. (2013). Memorable crises: Carolingian historiography and the making of Pippin's reign, 750–900 . Amsterdam. p. 223. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) ^ Fouracre, Paul (1995). "Frankish Gaul of 814". The New Cambridge Medieval History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88, 90. ^ a b Wood, Ian (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751 . New York: Longman Publishing. pp. 256 , 260, 267, 275– 276, 285. ^ Bede (1968). A History of the English Church and People . Penguin Classics. Translated by Sherley-Price, Leo ; Latham, R. E. London: Penguin Books. p. 330. ^ Gibbon, Edward (1839). Hilman, H. H. (ed.). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Vol. X. London: John Murray. pp. 23– 27. ^ Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne . Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. p. 30. ^ Collins, Roger (2010). Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 . Palgrave History of Europe (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 264, 266, 269. ^ a b Fouracre, Paul (1995). "Frankish Gaul of 814". The New Cambridge Medieval History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88– 90. ^ Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel . Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 28, 34– 35, 37– 40, 48, 60, 70, 96– 97, 106, 108– 109. ^ a b The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations . Translated by Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. 1960. pp. 32, 43, 50– 52, 73– 75, 87, 96, 102– 103. ^ Paul the Deacon (1829). Pertz, G. (ed.). Historia Langobardorum . Vol. II. Hanover: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores. pp. 262– 268. ^ Lewis, Archibald R. (July 1976). "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751". Speculum . 51 (3): 401. doi : 10.2307/2851704 . JSTOR 2851704 . S2CID 162248053 . ^ a b c d Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel . Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 28, 34– 35, 37– 40, 48, 60, 70, 96– 97, 106, 108– 109, 121, 137– 154. ^ Collins, Roger (2010). Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 . Palgrave History of Europe (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 264, 266, 269, 271. ^ Einhard (2008). Two Lives of Charlemagne: Einhard and Notker the Stammerer . Translated by Ganz, David. London: Penguin Books. pp. 18– 19. ISBN 978-0-140-45505-2 . ^ de Jong, Mayke (1995). "Carolingian monasticism: the power of prayer". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 622 . ^ Wood, Ian (2013). "Entrusting Western Europe to the Church, 400–750". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . 23 : 60– 61. doi : 10.1017/S0080440113000030 . JSTOR 23726102 . S2CID 163341734 . ^ Fouracre, Paul (1995). "Frankish Gaul of 814". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88 –90, 91. ^ Wood, Ian (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751 . New York: Longman Publishing. pp. 256 , 260, 267, 275– 276, 280, 285, 287. ^ Wood, Ian (1995). "Teutsind, Witlaic and the history of Merovingian precaria". In Fouracre, Paul; Davies, Wendy (eds.). Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31 –52. ISBN 9780521434195 . ^ Wood, Ian (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751 . New York: Longman Publishing. pp. 256 , 260, 267, 275– 276, 285, 287. ^ Collins, Roger (1998). "The Making of the Carolingian Dynasty". Charlemagne . Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. p. 30. ^ The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations . Translated by Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. 1960. pp. 32, 43, 50– 52, 73– 75, 87, 96– 97, 102– 103. ^ "Charlemagne – Emperor of the Romans | Holy Roman emperor [747?–814]" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ "Treaty of Verdun | France [843]" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ "Arnulf | Holy Roman emperor" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ Jochens, Jenny (1 October 1963). "The Age of the Vikings. By P. H. Sawyer . (New York: St Martin's Press. 1962. Pp. vi, 254.)" . The American Historical Review . 69 (1): 95– 96. doi : 10.1086/ahr/69.1.95 . ISSN 1937-5239 . ^ Mckitterick, Rosamond (8 October 2018). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 . doi : 10.4324/9781315836973 . ISBN 978-1-315-83697-3 . ^ "Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire" . penfield.edu . Archived from the original on 29 July 2023 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Lewis, Andrew W. (1981). Royal Succession in Capetian France: Studies on Familial Order and the State . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press , p. 17. ISBN 0-674-77985-1 . ^ Matson, William L. (1971). "Melman, Seymour (ed.), The War Economy of the United States, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1971, 247 p." Études internationales . 2 (4): 714. doi : 10.7202/700161ar . ISSN 0014-2123 . ^ Basson, André; McDonald, R. Andrew; Sharron, David; Somerville, Angus A. (January 2010). "A Thirteenth-Century English Charter at Brock University" . Florilegium . 29 : 6. doi : 10.3138/flor.27.6 . ISSN 0709-5201 . ^ Matson, William L. (1971). "Melman, Seymour (ed.), The War Economy of the United States, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1971, 247 p." Études internationales . 2 (4): 714. doi : 10.7202/700161ar . ISSN 0014-2123 . ^ Roesdahl, Else; Boyer, Régis (1 October 2005), "Monuments archéologiques de l'âge Viking au Danemark" , Les Vikings, premiers Européens , Autrement, pp. 27– 51, doi : 10.3917/autre.boyer.2005.01.0027 , ISBN 978-2-7467-0736-8 , retrieved 6 October 2025 ^ a b "Simon Coupland, Carolingian Coinage and the Vikings: Studies on Power and Trade in the 9th Century. (Variorum Collected Studies Series, 847.) Aldershot, Eng., and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2007. Pp. x, 324, numbered nonconsecutively; black-and-white frontispiece portrait, black-and-white figures, black-and-white plates, tables, and maps. $124.95" . Speculum . 82 (4): 1054. October 2007. doi : 10.1017/s0038713400012033 . ISSN 0038-7134 . ^ Scammell, G. V. (December 1972). "The German Hansa. By Philippe Dollinger. Translated and edited by D. S. Ault and S. H. Steinberg. London: Macmillan, 1970. Pp. xxii + 474. £6" . The Historical Journal . 15 (4): 804. doi : 10.1017/s0018246x00003575 . ISSN 0018-246X . ^ Nelson, Janet L. (11 June 2014). Charles the Bald . doi : 10.4324/9781315846002 . ISBN 978-1-315-84600-2 . ^ Jochens, Jenny (1 October 1963). "The Age of the Vikings. By P. H. Sawyer . (New York: St Martin's Press. 1962. Pp. vi, 254. $7.00.)" . The American Historical Review . 69 (1): 95– 96. doi : 10.1086/ahr/69.1.95 . ISSN 1937-5239 . ^ Jochens, Jenny (1 October 1963). "The Age of the Vikings. By P. H. Sawyer . (New York: St Martin's Press. 1962. Pp. vi, 254. $7.00.)" . The American Historical Review . 69 (1): 95– 96. doi : 10.1086/ahr/69.1.95 . ISSN 1937-5239 . ^ Roesdahl, Else; Boyer, Régis (1 October 2005), "Monuments archéologiques de l'âge Viking au Danemark" , Les Vikings, premiers Européens , Autrement, pp. 27– 51, doi : 10.3917/autre.boyer.2005.01.0027 , ISBN 978-2-7467-0736-8 , retrieved 6 October 2025 ^ Riché 1993 , pp. 368–369. ^ Bachrach, Bernard S. Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire . Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2001, p. 1. ^ Bachrach, 52. ^ Bachrach, 55. ^ Bachrach, 58. ^ Bachrach, 64. ^ Bachrach, 65. ^ Bachrach, 49–50. Sources Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056 . New York: Longman, 1991. [ ISBN missing ] MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire . Cambridge University Press: 2003. [ ISBN missing ] Leyser, Karl. Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries . London: 1994. [ ISBN missing ] Lot, Ferdinand . (1891). "Origine et signification du mot «carolingien»." Revue Historique , 46 (1): 68–73. Oman, Charles . The Dark Ages, 476–918 . 6th ed. London: Rivingtons, 1914. Painter, Sidney . A History of the Middle Ages, 284–1500 . New York: Knopf, 1953. "Astronomus", Vita Hludovici imperatoris , ed. G. Pertz, ch. 2, in Mon. Gen. Hist. Scriptores, II, 608. Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda . (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. Einhard . Vita Karoli Magni Archived 14 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Translated by Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1880. External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Carolingian dynasty at Wikimedia Commons v t e Pippinids, Arnulfings and Carolingians v t e Legend: → ≡ "father of", · ≡ "brother of" Begga , the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II. Pippinids Carloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted Carloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted Arnulfings Arnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz Ansegisel → Pepin II , his sons Drogo , sons Arnulf Hugh of Champagne Godfrey Pepin Grimoald I , son Theudoald Charles Martel , sons Carloman Pepin III Grifo Bernard Jerome Remigius Childebrand I , son Nibelung I → Nibelungids Arnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz Ansegisel → Pepin II , his sons Arnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz Ansegisel → Pepin II , his sons Drogo , sons Arnulf Hugh of Champagne Godfrey Pepin Arnulf Hugh of Champagne Godfrey Pepin Grimoald I , son Theudoald Theudoald Charles Martel , sons Carloman Pepin III Grifo Bernard Jerome Remigius Carloman Pepin III Grifo Bernard Jerome Remigius Childebrand I , son Nibelung I → Nibelungids Nibelung I → Nibelungids Early Carolingians Sons of Charles Martel Carloman , son Drogo Pepin III , sons Charlemagne , sons Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin Louis the Pious Lothair Drogo Hugh Theoderic Carloman , son Pepin Pepin Bernard , sons Wala Adalhard Bernhar Sons of Charles Martel Carloman , son Drogo Drogo Pepin III , sons Charlemagne , sons Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin Louis the Pious Lothair Drogo Hugh Theoderic Carloman , son Pepin Pepin Charlemagne , sons Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin Louis the Pious Lothair Drogo Hugh Theoderic Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin Louis the Pious Lothair Drogo Hugh Theoderic Carloman , son Pepin Pepin Pepin Pepin Bernard , sons Wala Adalhard Bernhar Wala Adalhard Bernhar Carolingian Empire Sons of Charlemagne Pepin , son Bernard → Pepin I, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois Louis the Pious , sons Arnulf of Sens Lothair I , sons Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → Bosonids Lothair II → Hugh Charles Pepin I , son Pepin II Louis the German , sons Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child Ratold Zwentibold → Godfrey Otto Louis the Younger → Louis Hugh Charles the Fat → Bernard Ratold → Adalbert Charles the Bald , sons Louis the Stammerer → Louis III Carloman II Charles the Simple Charles the Child Carloman Lothair the Lame Drogo Pepin Charles Sons of Charlemagne Pepin , son Bernard → Pepin I, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois Bernard → Pepin I, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois Louis the Pious , sons Arnulf of Sens Lothair I , sons Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → Bosonids Lothair II → Hugh Charles Pepin I , son Pepin II Louis the German , sons Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child Ratold Zwentibold → Godfrey Otto Louis the Younger → Louis Hugh Charles the Fat → Bernard Ratold → Adalbert Charles the Bald , sons Louis the Stammerer → Louis III Carloman II Charles the Simple Charles the Child Carloman Lothair the Lame Drogo Pepin Charles Arnulf of Sens Arnulf of Sens Lothair I , sons Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → Bosonids Lothair II → Hugh Charles Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → Bosonids Lothair II → Hugh Charles Pepin I , son Pepin II Pepin II Louis the German , sons Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child Ratold Zwentibold → Godfrey Otto Louis the Younger → Louis Hugh Charles the Fat → Bernard Ratold → Adalbert Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child Ratold Zwentibold → Godfrey Otto Louis the Younger → Louis Hugh Charles the Fat → Bernard Ratold → Adalbert Charles the Bald , sons Louis the Stammerer → Louis III Carloman II Charles the Simple Charles the Child Carloman Lothair the Lame Drogo Pepin Charles Louis the Stammerer → Louis III Carloman II Charles the Simple Charles the Child Carloman Lothair the Lame Drogo Pepin Charles West Francia West Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom. Charles the Simple , sons Louis IV Arnulf Drogo Rorico Louis IV , sons Lothair IV Charles Louis Charles of Lorraine Henry Lothair IV , sons Louis V Arnulf Charles of Lorraine , sons Otto Louis Charles West Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom. Charles the Simple , sons Louis IV Arnulf Drogo Rorico Louis IV Arnulf Drogo Rorico Louis IV , sons Lothair IV Charles Louis Charles of Lorraine Henry Lothair IV Charles Louis Charles of Lorraine Henry Lothair IV , sons Louis V Arnulf Louis V Arnulf Charles of Lorraine , sons Otto Louis Charles Otto Louis Charles v t e Monarchs of France v t e Detailed family tree Simplified family tree List of Frankish kings List of French monarchs Detailed family tree Simplified family tree List of Frankish kings List of French monarchs Merovingians (509–751) Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III Carolingians , Robertians and Bosonids (751–987) Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne (Charles I) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat Odo R Charles III Robert I R Rudolph B Louis IV Lothair Louis V Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne (Charles I) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat Odo R Charles III Robert I R Rudolph B Louis IV Lothair Louis V House of Capet (987–1328) Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV House of Valois (1328–1589) Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III House of Lancaster (1422–1453) Henry VI of England Henry VI of England House of Bourbon (1589–1792) Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII House of Bonaparte (1804–1814; 1815) Napoleon I Napoleon II Napoleon I Napoleon II House of Bourbon (1814–1815; 1815–1830) Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V House of Orléans (1830–1848) Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe II Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe II House of Bonaparte (1852–1870) Napoleon III Napoleon III Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . v t e Royal houses of Italy v t e Aleramici Anjou Antelminelli Appiani Anscarids Barcelona Bentivoglio Bonaparte Borgia Bourbon-Parma Bourbon-Two Sicilies Carolingian Della Rovere Della Torre Doria Este Farnese Fieschi Flavia Fregoso Gonzaga Grimaldi Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine Hauteville Hohenstaufen Imperiali Julio-Claudia Malatesta Malaspina Medici Montefeltro Murat Ordelaffi Palaiologos Pallavicini Savoy Sforza Trastámara Valois Visconti Widonids Aleramici Anjou Antelminelli Appiani Anscarids Barcelona Bentivoglio Bonaparte Borgia Bourbon-Parma Bourbon-Two Sicilies Carolingian Della Rovere Della Torre Doria Este Farnese Fieschi Flavia Fregoso Gonzaga Grimaldi Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine Hauteville Hohenstaufen Imperiali Julio-Claudia Malatesta Malaspina Medici Montefeltro Murat Ordelaffi Palaiologos Pallavicini Savoy Sforza Trastámara Valois Visconti Widonids Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 5 GND VIAF 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Croatia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Croatia Poland Israel People Deutsche Biographie DDB Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Carolingian dynasty Frankish noble families Austrian nobility Belarusian noble families Czech nobility Danish nobility Finnish noble families German noble families Hungarian noble families Norwegian nobility Polish nobility Russian nobility Swedish noble families Ukrainian nobility Descendants of individuals Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 maint: location missing publisher Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 Articles containing Latin-language text Pages with missing ISBNs Webarchive template wayback links Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 23:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty#cite_ref-28
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Technical issues and costs 2 Legal issues 3 Best practice for revisions 4 See also 5 Notes Wikipedia : Article revisions සිංහල Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is an essay . It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article or a Wikipedia policy , as it has not been reviewed by the community and may reflect various opinions. Although Wikipedia, today, has fewer than 8 million articles (plus millions of red-link articles), the total number of revisions is over 1.3 billion. Currently, the article count is 7,122,626 articles, with 1,328,413,698 total revisions, giving an average [ 1 ] of 187 revisions per article. At times, people have worried that the large number of article edits, or revisions, is a problem. There is no technical or cost problem in the numbers of revisions. It is, however, customary to think of how many revisions are actually necessary in order to make it easy to use the article histories in a productive way. One way to do that is to avoid unnecessarily large numbers of revisions for a change, while another is to use more revisions than strictly required so that your edit comments can clearly say what you are doing and why. Technical issues and costs The revision count is not a technical or cost problem. The Wikimedia servers combine old versions into large batches and then compress them. Because so much is the same between revisions the compression produces a huge reduction in storage space. The storage space is almost cost-free because starting in late 2004 and early 2005 Wikimedia uses SATA hard disks on some of the web server for this work. The SATA disks are extremely cheap and because the servers are already used for page building there is insignificant additional cost there. As with the main database servers, several copies of each set are kept so that failure of one machine will not cause trouble. Some people mistakenly believe that deleting articles or revisions saves space somewhere. Wikipedia keeps all old versions of articles and versions, including for deleted articles. No space is saved by deleting. Editors with the basic rights cannot see these versions and might wrongly believe that they are gone. Administrators can see most of them, and those with Oversight permission can also see the few that are deleted for concealment from most administrators. There is a small cost for each edit. A tiny amount of storage is used for metadata and summary information. The edit also has to be sent to the replicas. At extreme edit rates this can sometimes cause short delays in the most recent revision being available but today the servers used are fast enough and the processes are streamlined enough that this is not the problem it used to be sometimes back in 2004/5. The issues with this have essentially been engineered out of the Mediawiki design as they were encountered. Legal issues The licenses used by Wikipedia require that every revision is saved. If there was wholesale complete removal of revisions, instead of just hiding some, the article would become a copyright infringement and would need to reverted to a blank page and rewritten. Thoughts of copying article text and then deleting the original are impractical for this reason. Don't do it, complying with copyright law is something that is taken very seriously here. Best practice for revisions An edit history that is clogged with experimental or "junk" edits may become confusing to humans who are trying to work out what happened and when. An editor who makes multiple edits to an article in an attempt to achieve their final plan may view any edits before the final one as temporary revisions that will not remain very long. Sometimes, it is not easy or even possible to get the permanently planned revision made in a single edit. This can be the case when the edit contains a huge amount of information, or when it is difficult to enter all the text at once. While Wikipedia is a work in progress and there is no deadline for completion it is good to make life easier for those looking at the history to work out what was done in each edit and why. If sensible, consider the following steps, none of which is required, but which might sometimes make life easier for others: Combine multiple edits of the same pattern together, as one "Save" operation. If you arbitrarily combine multiple edits, you run the risk of geting wholesale reverted, cf. WP:FEET Use the article preview feature to see your work in progress. Don't compromise the clarity of the edit description; this is the first thing that those looking at the history will see. There are two solutions: If this requires a lengthy summary, post the lengthy description to the talk page as a new topic/section, and in the article revision's edit summary write something like "Edited per [[Talk:Article#Topic]]" Or, if multiple edits are the best way to make what you are doing clear, use multiple edits. If this requires a lengthy summary, post the lengthy description to the talk page as a new topic/section, and in the article revision's edit summary write something like "Edited per [[Talk:Article#Topic]]" Or, if multiple edits are the best way to make what you are doing clear, use multiple edits. If you are making a minor change , see whether there are other minor changes you should make at the same time. Any out of date links, typos? Create new articles offline, in a sandbox or in draft space first, and then copy it into a smaller quantity of main article space edits once you're done. Avoid running fixer-bots too often and beware trivial auto-updates, especially for minor words or auto-correcting grammar in vandalism jokes. See also WP:Refactoring talk pages WP:How to read an article history WP:Advanced article editing WP:Advanced footnote formatting WP:Advanced template coding WP:Advanced text formatting WP:Alert WP:Thinking outside the infobox WP:Refactoring talk pages WP:How to read an article history WP:Advanced article editing WP:Advanced footnote formatting WP:Advanced template coding WP:Advanced text formatting WP:Alert WP:Thinking outside the infobox WP:About translating German Wikipedia WP:Overlink crisis WP:Authors of Wikipedia WP:Avoiding Wikipedia quirks WP:Avoiding difficult users Configuration management Wikipedia:Parser functions WP:About translating German Wikipedia WP:Overlink crisis WP:Authors of Wikipedia WP:Avoiding Wikipedia quirks WP:Avoiding difficult users Configuration management Wikipedia:Parser functions Notes ^ The average revisions per article is calculated as the total revisions divided by total pages: avg = # total_edits / # pages, as: {{NUMBEROFEDITS:R}} / {{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard Wikipedia essays Wikipedia essays about building the encyclopedia Wikipedia page history This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 20:48 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_revisions
|
Heafodtramet Gemǣnscipes Ingang Se Þorpes Wella Bewitendas Nīwlica andwendunga Hlīetlic tramet Help Giefan feoh Scypp wisboc Foh to wisbec Giefan feoh Scypp wisboc Foh to wisbec Wikipǣdia : Geong gelimp العربية مصرى অসমীয়া Авар अवधी تۆرکجه Башҡортса Bikol Central Беларуская भोजपुरी Banjar Català Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ کوردی Čeština Чӑвашла Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Eʋegbe Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska 日本語 ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Қазақша 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lietuvių मैथिली Minangkabau മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Occitan Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Română Русский Русиньскый Sicilianu Scots سنڌي සිංහල Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska தமிழ் ತುಳು Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá Zeêuws 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Weorces tramet Motung Rædan Adiht fruman Seoh stær Rædan Adiht fruman Seoh stær Hwæt bindaþ hider Sibba andwendunga Hlad ymelan forþ Fæst bend Trametes gefræge Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Wyrce boc Hlad on spearctellend to PDF Gemǣlendlicu fadung Wikidata wiht On 23 ƿeodmonað 2023 ᵹeareſ Ᵹefᵹeniᵹ Priᵹoſhin ⁊ hiſ ᵹeneataſ ſƿulton on lyftene unbelimpe. On 23 ƿeodmonað 2023 ᵹeareſ Ᵹefᵹeniᵹ Priᵹoſhin ⁊ hiſ ᵹeneataſ ſƿulton on lyftene unbelimpe. Man niwanost wende þisne tramet on þære 06:25 tide þæs 24 Weodmonað 2023. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Digolnesse rihta bocung Ymbe Wikipǣdian Ætsacunga Dædlagu Wyrhtan Gewissung Gecwed be Cookie Handrīmeres sihþ
|
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C7%A3dia:Geong_gelimp
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–5 of 5 results for author: Abdullaeva, I Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10254 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI NoReGeo: Non-Reasoning Geometry Benchmark Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Anton Vasiliuk , Elizaveta Goncharova , Temurbek Rahmatullaev , Zagorulko Ivan , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode sp… ▽ More We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10254 [ pdf , ps , other ] NoReGeo: Non-Reasoning Geometry Benchmark Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Anton Vasiliuk , Elizaveta Goncharova , Temurbek Rahmatullaev , Zagorulko Ivan , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode sp… ▽ More We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.09149 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MindShift: Analyzing Language Models' Reactions to Psychological Prompts Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Irina Abdullaeva , Polina Druzhinina , Anton Razzhigaev , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of LLMs' prompts and psychological biases we created personality-oriented prompts, crafting a detailed set of personas that vary in trait intensity. This enables us to measure how well LLMs follow these roles. Our study introduces MindShift, a benchmark for evaluating LLMs' psychological adaptability. The results highlight a consistent improvement in LLMs' role perception, attributed to advancements in training datasets and alignment techniques. Additionally, we observe significant differences in responses to psychometric assessments across different model types and families, suggesting variability in their ability to emulate human-like personality traits. MindShift prompts and code for LLM evaluation will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.09149 [ pdf , ps , other ] MindShift: Analyzing Language Models' Reactions to Psychological Prompts Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Irina Abdullaeva , Polina Druzhinina , Anton Razzhigaev , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of LLMs' prompts and psychological biases we created personality-oriented prompts, crafting a detailed set of personas that vary in trait intensity. This enables us to measure how well LLMs follow these roles. Our study introduces MindShift, a benchmark for evaluating LLMs' psychological adaptability. The results highlight a consistent improvement in LLMs' role perception, attributed to advancements in training datasets and alignment techniques. Additionally, we observe significant differences in responses to psychometric assessments across different model types and families, suggesting variability in their ability to emulate human-like personality traits. MindShift prompts and code for LLM evaluation will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2502.03183 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.LG MaxInfo: A Training-Free Key-Frame Selection Method Using Maximum Volume for Enhanced Video Understanding Authors: Pengyi Li , Irina Abdullaeva , Alexander Gambashidze , Andrey Kuznetsov , Ivan Oseledets Abstract : Modern Video Large Language Models (VLLMs) often rely on uniform frame sampling for video understanding, but this approach frequently fails to capture critical information due to frame redundancy and variations in video content. We propose MaxInfo, the first training-free method based on the maximum volume principle, which is available in Fast and Slow versions and a Chunk-based version that selec… ▽ More Modern Video Large Language Models (VLLMs) often rely on uniform frame sampling for video understanding, but this approach frequently fails to capture critical information due to frame redundancy and variations in video content. We propose MaxInfo, the first training-free method based on the maximum volume principle, which is available in Fast and Slow versions and a Chunk-based version that selects and retains the most representative frames from a video. By maximizing the geometric volume formed by selected embeddings, MaxInfo ensures that the chosen frames cover the most informative regions of the embedding space, effectively reducing redundancy while preserving diversity. This method enhances the quality of input representations and improves long video comprehension performance across benchmarks. For instance, MaxInfo achieves a 3.28% improvement on LongVideoBench and a 6.4% improvement on EgoSchema for LLaVA-Video-7B. Moreover, MaxInfo boosts LongVideoBench performance by 3.47% on LLaVA-Video-72B and 3.44% on MiniCPM4.5. The approach is simple to implement and works with existing VLLMs without the need for additional training and very lower latency, making it a practical and effective alternative to traditional uniform sampling methods. Our code are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 5 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.03183 [ pdf , ps , other ] MaxInfo: A Training-Free Key-Frame Selection Method Using Maximum Volume for Enhanced Video Understanding Authors: Pengyi Li , Irina Abdullaeva , Alexander Gambashidze , Andrey Kuznetsov , Ivan Oseledets Abstract : Modern Video Large Language Models (VLLMs) often rely on uniform frame sampling for video understanding, but this approach frequently fails to capture critical information due to frame redundancy and variations in video content. We propose MaxInfo, the first training-free method based on the maximum volume principle, which is available in Fast and Slow versions and a Chunk-based version that selec… ▽ More Modern Video Large Language Models (VLLMs) often rely on uniform frame sampling for video understanding, but this approach frequently fails to capture critical information due to frame redundancy and variations in video content. We propose MaxInfo, the first training-free method based on the maximum volume principle, which is available in Fast and Slow versions and a Chunk-based version that selects and retains the most representative frames from a video. By maximizing the geometric volume formed by selected embeddings, MaxInfo ensures that the chosen frames cover the most informative regions of the embedding space, effectively reducing redundancy while preserving diversity. This method enhances the quality of input representations and improves long video comprehension performance across benchmarks. For instance, MaxInfo achieves a 3.28% improvement on LongVideoBench and a 6.4% improvement on EgoSchema for LLaVA-Video-7B. Moreover, MaxInfo boosts LongVideoBench performance by 3.47% on LLaVA-Video-72B and 3.44% on MiniCPM4.5. The approach is simple to implement and works with existing VLLMs without the need for additional training and very lower latency, making it a practical and effective alternative to traditional uniform sampling methods. Our code are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 5 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2407.12833 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.LG ESQA: Event Sequences Question Answering Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Andrei Filatov , Mikhail Orlov , Ivan Karpukhin , Viacheslav Vasilev , Denis Dimitrov , Andrey Kuznetsov , Ivan Kireev , Andrey Savchenko Abstract : Event sequences (ESs) arise in many practical domains including finance, retail, social networks, and healthcare. In the context of machine learning, event sequences can be seen as a special type of tabular data with annotated timestamps. Despite the importance of ESs modeling and analysis, little effort was made in adapting large language models (LLMs) to the ESs domain. In this paper, we highlig… ▽ More Event sequences (ESs) arise in many practical domains including finance, retail, social networks, and healthcare. In the context of machine learning, event sequences can be seen as a special type of tabular data with annotated timestamps. Despite the importance of ESs modeling and analysis, little effort was made in adapting large language models (LLMs) to the ESs domain. In this paper, we highlight the common difficulties of ESs processing and propose a novel solution capable of solving multiple downstream tasks with little or no finetuning. In particular, we solve the problem of working with long sequences and improve time and numeric features processing. The resulting method, called ESQA, effectively utilizes the power of LLMs and, according to extensive experiments, achieves state-of-the-art results in the ESs domain. △ Less Submitted 19 July, 2024; v1 submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: 25 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2407.12833 [ pdf , other ] ESQA: Event Sequences Question Answering Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Andrei Filatov , Mikhail Orlov , Ivan Karpukhin , Viacheslav Vasilev , Denis Dimitrov , Andrey Kuznetsov , Ivan Kireev , Andrey Savchenko Abstract : Event sequences (ESs) arise in many practical domains including finance, retail, social networks, and healthcare. In the context of machine learning, event sequences can be seen as a special type of tabular data with annotated timestamps. Despite the importance of ESs modeling and analysis, little effort was made in adapting large language models (LLMs) to the ESs domain. In this paper, we highlig… ▽ More Event sequences (ESs) arise in many practical domains including finance, retail, social networks, and healthcare. In the context of machine learning, event sequences can be seen as a special type of tabular data with annotated timestamps. Despite the importance of ESs modeling and analysis, little effort was made in adapting large language models (LLMs) to the ESs domain. In this paper, we highlight the common difficulties of ESs processing and propose a novel solution capable of solving multiple downstream tasks with little or no finetuning. In particular, we solve the problem of working with long sequences and improve time and numeric features processing. The resulting method, called ESQA, effectively utilizes the power of LLMs and, according to extensive experiments, achieves state-of-the-art results in the ESs domain. △ Less Submitted 19 July, 2024; v1 submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: 25 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2404.06212 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.LG OmniFusion Technical Report Authors: Elizaveta Goncharova , Anton Razzhigaev , Matvey Mikhalchuk , Maxim Kurkin , Irina Abdullaeva , Matvey Skripkin , Ivan Oseledets , Denis Dimitrov , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various… ▽ More Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various CLIP ViT-based encoders (SigLIP, InternVIT, etc.), and their fusing approach, image encoding method (whole image or tiles encoding) and two 7B LLMs (the proprietary one and open-source Mistral). Experiments on 8 visual-language benchmarks show the top score for the best OmniFusion setup in terms of different VQA tasks in comparison with open-source LLaVA-like solutions: VizWiz, Pope, MM-Vet, ScienceQA, MMBench, TextVQA, VQAv2, MMMU. We also propose a variety of situations, where OmniFusion provides highly-detailed answers in different domains: housekeeping, sightseeing, culture, medicine, handwritten and scanned equations recognition, etc. Mistral-based OmniFusion model is an open-source solution with weights, training and inference scripts available at △ Less Submitted 9 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures, 9 tables, 2 appendices MSC Class: 6804; 68T50 (Primary) ACM Class: I.2.7; I.2.10; I.4.9 arXiv:2404.06212 [ pdf , other ] OmniFusion Technical Report Authors: Elizaveta Goncharova , Anton Razzhigaev , Matvey Mikhalchuk , Maxim Kurkin , Irina Abdullaeva , Matvey Skripkin , Ivan Oseledets , Denis Dimitrov , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various… ▽ More Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various CLIP ViT-based encoders (SigLIP, InternVIT, etc.), and their fusing approach, image encoding method (whole image or tiles encoding) and two 7B LLMs (the proprietary one and open-source Mistral). Experiments on 8 visual-language benchmarks show the top score for the best OmniFusion setup in terms of different VQA tasks in comparison with open-source LLaVA-like solutions: VizWiz, Pope, MM-Vet, ScienceQA, MMBench, TextVQA, VQAv2, MMMU. We also propose a variety of situations, where OmniFusion provides highly-detailed answers in different domains: housekeeping, sightseeing, culture, medicine, handwritten and scanned equations recognition, etc. Mistral-based OmniFusion model is an open-source solution with weights, training and inference scripts available at △ Less Submitted 9 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures, 9 tables, 2 appendices MSC Class: 6804; 68T50 (Primary) ACM Class: I.2.7; I.2.10; I.4.9 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Abdullaeva,+I
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This article contains one or more duplicated citations . The reason given is: DuplicateReferences script detected: (refs: 141, 198) It is recommended to use named references to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top to bottom, left to right: .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64. ^ Ghuhl, Wernar (2007) Imperial Japan's World War Two Transaction Publishers pp. 7, 30 ^ Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991) World War II: America at war, 1941–1945 ISBN 978-0-3945-8530-7 ^ Ben-Horin 1943 , p. 169; Taylor 1979 , p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965). Asian and African Studies , p. 191. For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003). American History the Easy Way . Barron's Educational Series. p. 236 ISBN 978-0-7641-1973-6 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same " European Civil War " or " Second Thirty Years' War ": Canfora 2006 , p. 155; Prins 2002 , p. 11. ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10. ^ "In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII' " . Fresh Air . NPR. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021 . Retrieved 16 April 2021 . ^ Frank, Willard C. (1987). "The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War" . The International History Review . 9 (3): 368– 409. doi : 10.1080/07075332.1987.9640449 . JSTOR 40105814 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4. ^ "Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany" . usa.usembassy.de. 12 September 1990. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ "Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty" . Asia Times . Reuters. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 June 2018. ^ "Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol" . The New York Times . 20 October 1956. p. 2. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian". "The state of war between the USSR and Japan ends on the day the present declaration enters into force [...] ^ Mintz, Steven. "Historical Context: The Global Effect of World War I" . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Archived from the original on 4 March 2024 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ Gerwarth, Robert (21 January 2019). "Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order" . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 29 October 2021 . ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76–78 . ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149. ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35. ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4. ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62. ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96; Record 2005 , p. 50. ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124. ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52. ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 298–299. ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104. ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458. ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28. ^ Coogan 1993 : "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies." ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10. ^ Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia . p. 308. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131–132. ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 289. ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231. ^ Neulen 2000 , p. 25. ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271. ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146. ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547–551. ^ Paine, Sarah (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 . Cambridge University Press. ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195–200. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-8510-9672-5 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan" ^ Dorn, Frank (1974). The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1941 . Macmillan. ^ a b Wakabayashi, Bob (2007). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–1938: Complicating the Picture . Berghahn Books. p. 384. ^ Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. The Massacre in History . 1999, pp. 223–224 ^ Totten, Samuel. Dictionary of Genocide . 2008, 298–299. ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221–230. ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566. ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150–152. ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651–687. ^ Mitter, Rana (2013). Forgotten Ally . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ^ Paine, Sarah. The Wars for Asia . Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342. ^ Goldman, Stuart D. (28 August 2012). "The Forgotten Soviet-Japanese War of 1939" . The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Neeno, Timothy. "Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War" . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121–122. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157. ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143–144 (2008 ed.). ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 461–462. ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330. ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234. ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 471. ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108. ^ Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939". Europe-Asia Studies . 52 (4): 695– 722. doi : 10.1080/713663077 . JSTOR 153322 . S2CID 144385167 . ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608. ^ "The German Campaign In Poland (1939)" . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ a b "The Danzig Crisis" . ww2db.com . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . ^ a b "Major international events of 1939, with explanation" . Ibiblio.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ "Historyczna fotografia było pozowaną "ustawką"!" . PolskieRadio.pl (in Polish) . Retrieved 18 March 2025 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1–2. ^ Zabecki, David T. (2015). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia . Routledge. p. 1663. ISBN 978-1-1358-1242-3 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2019 . The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35. Cienciala 2010 , p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "[f]ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshaven. The French, who committed to attacking Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so." ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248–249; Roskill 1954 , p. 64. ^ "Battle of the Atlantic" . Sky HISTORY TV channel . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 11 July 2022 . ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80, 83. ^ Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939". The American Journal of International Law . 52 (1): 69– 84. doi : 10.2307/2195670 . JSTOR 2195670 . S2CID 146904066 . ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24. ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88–89. ^ Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack [on France] is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible." ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39–40. ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563–564, 566, 568–569, 574–575 (1983 ed.). ^ Deighton, Len (1979). Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk . Jonathan Cape. pp. 186– 187. ISBN 978-0-2240-1648-3 . Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place." ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24. ^ a b Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55–56. ^ Spring 1986 , pp. 207–226. ^ van Dyke, Carl (1997). The Soviet Invasion of Finland . Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7146-4753-1 . ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12. ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745, 975. ^ Haynes, Rebecca (2000). Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 205. ISBN 978-0-3122-3260-3 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 3 February 2022 . ^ Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327 ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367, 376, 379, 417. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 118ff. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFSnyder2010 ( help ) ^ Koch 1983 , pp. 912–914, 917–920. ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56. ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57–63. ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9. ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122–123. ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59–60. ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152. ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48. ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66–67. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207. ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311. ^ Brown 2004 , p. 198. ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ a b Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108–109. ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328–330. ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52. ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390. ^ a b "Major international events of 1940, with explanation" . Ibiblio.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. ^ Skinner Watson, Mark. "Coordination With Britain" . US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179. ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877. ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745–746. ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146, 152; US Army 1986 , pp. 4–6 ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9–10. ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106. ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7–8. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263–276. ^ Gilbert 1989 , pp. 174–175. ^ Gilbert 1989 , pp. 184–187. ^ Gilbert 1989 , pp. 208, 575, 604. ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80. ^ Morrisey, Will (2019). "What Churchill and De Gaulle learned from the Great War". Winston Churchill . Routledge. pp. 119– 126. doi : 10.4324/9780429027642-6 . ISBN 978-0-4290-2764-2 . S2CID 189257503 . ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114. ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195. ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Förster 1998 , p. 26. ^ Förster 1998 , pp. 38–42. ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 810–812. ^ a b Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944). Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History . 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541. Director: Humphrey, Richard A. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 267–312 ( 1941 ). Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Sella 1978 , p. 555. ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66–69. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Hauner 1978 . ^ Roberts 1995 . ^ Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands . Basic Books. pp. 176– 180. ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114–137. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Farrell 1993 . ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29. ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220. ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425. ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26: "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½ million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions." ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227. ^ Milward 1964 . ^ Rotundo 1986 . ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26. ^ Deighton, Len (1993). Blood, Tears and Folly . London: Pimlico. p. 479 . ISBN 978-0-7126-6226-0 . ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41–42; Evans 2008 , pp. 213–214, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse." ^ "Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941" . U.S. Department of State Publication (1983): 87– 97. 1983. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . ^ Maechling, Charles. Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War . History Today. December 2000 ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289. ^ Frank 2020 , p. 161. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFFrank2020 ( help ) ^ Paine, Sarah (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 . Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224. ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320. ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30. ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33. ^ "Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 – July 1941" . US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years . pp. 45– 66. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201. ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456. ^ Coox, Alvin (1985). Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939 . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 1046– 1049. ISBN 978-0-8047-1835-6 . ^ a b "The decision for War" . US Army in WWII – Strategy, and Command: The First Two Years . pp. 113– 127. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . ^ a b "The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941" . US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63– 96. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . ^ Bix 2000 , pp. 399–414. ^ Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021). "Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack" . The Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on 17 April 2022 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ Fujiwara, Akira (1991). Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō . p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary. ^ Bix 2000 , pp. 417–420. ^ Bix 2000 , p. 418. ^ Wetzler, Peter (1998). Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan . University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 29, 35. ISBN 978-0-8248-1925-5 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2024 . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ Bix 2000 , p. 424. ^ The United States Replies Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack. ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to US pressure." ^ Wood 2007 , p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic." ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125. ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11–12. ^ a b Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341–343. ^ Keegan, John (1989) The Second World War . New York: Viking. pp. 256–257. ISBN 978-0-3995-0434-1 ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157. According to May 1955 , p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front." ^ Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource. ^ Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944). Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History . 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541. Director: Humphrey, Richard A. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 310 ( 1941 ). Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313–314. ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22. ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 904. ^ "The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942" . US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97– 119. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ "The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942" . US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266– 292. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ "Casablanca – Beginning of an Era: January 1943" . US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18– 42. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ "The Trident Conference – New Patterns: May 1943" . US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126– 145. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247–267, 345. ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 (Table 11). ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71–74. ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362. ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158. ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145. ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111–112. ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186. ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28. ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19. ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368. ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339. ^ Gilbert, Adrian (2003). The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot. p. 259 . ISBN 978-1-5922-8027-8 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2019 . Retrieved 26 June 2019 . ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197. ^ Paine, Sarah (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 . Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340. ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111. ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31. ^ Read 2004 , p. 764. ^ Bellamy, Chris (2008). Absolute War . ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 (2008 ed.). ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239–265. ^ Black 2003 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383–391. ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142. ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52. ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224–228. ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91. ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31. ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380–381. ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178. ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129. ^ Neillands 2005 , p. 60. ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277. ^ Smith 2002 . ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8. ^ a b c d Ross 1997 , p. 38. ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24. ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11. ^ "The Civilians" Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War) ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119–120. ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164. ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610. ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228. ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149–159. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592. ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32. ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595. ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35. ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90. ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50–55. ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362. ^ Hart, Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151. ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52. ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129. ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335–336. ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211, 235, 267–268. ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154. ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286. ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148. ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268–274. ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161. ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412–416, Map 38 ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660–661. ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327–366. ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367–414. ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122. ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169–184; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568–573. The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500–502). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ), Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ), and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10–11), and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224. ^ a b Zeiler 2004 , p. 60. ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555–560. ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163. ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85. ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406–407: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war." ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695. ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91. ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562. ^ Forrest, Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II." ^ Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands . Basic Books. ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8. ^ "Slovak National Uprising 1944" . Museum of the Slovak National Uprising . Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ "Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation" . US Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653. ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65–66. ^ Wiktor, Christian L (1998). Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995 . Kluwer Law International. p. 426. ISBN 978-9-0411-0584-4 . ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1085. ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120. ^ 全面抗战，战犯前仆后继见阎王 [The war criminals tries to be the first to see their ancestors] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8. ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140. ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54. ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305. ^ Parker 2004 , pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330 ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85. ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709–722. ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 793–829. ^ Shepardson 1998 ^ Glass, Andrew (12 April 2016). "President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at age 63, April 12, 1945" . Politico . Retrieved 26 January 2025 . ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737. ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24. ^ Selby, Scott A. (28 July 2021). The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It . Scott Andrew Selby. p. 8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024 . Retrieved 4 March 2024 . ^ Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7102-0718-0 . ^ Long, Tony (9 March 2011). "March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy" . Wired . Wired Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . 1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million homeless. ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57. ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6. ^ Poirier, Michel Thomas (20 October 1999). "Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II" . U.S. Navy. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . ^ Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Strategic Analysis . 25 (5): 623– 662. doi : 10.1080/09700160108458986 . S2CID 154800868 . ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90. ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201. ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203–204. ^ Ward Wilson. "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima". International Security , Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp. 162–179. ^ Glantz 2005 . ^ Pape 1993 "The principal cause of Japan's surrender was the ability of the United States to increase the military vulnerability of Japan's home islands, persuading Japanese leaders that defence of the homeland was highly unlikely to succeed. The key military factor causing this effect was the sea blockade, which crippled Japan's ability to produce and equip the forces necessary to execute its strategy. The most important factor accounting for the timing of surrender was the Soviet attack against Manchuria, largely because it persuaded previously adamant Army leaders that the homeland could not be defended.". ^ Bix 2000 , pp. 525–526. ^ Bix 2000 , pp. 526–528. ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776. ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96–100. ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41–66. ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2015). "The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality" . Geographia Polonica . 88 (1): 77– 105. doi : 10.7163/GPol.0007 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948 (PDF) . Warsaw: Didactica. ISBN 978-1-5361-1035-7 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2015. ^ a b Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950) (PDF) . Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-8-3615-9046-0 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2012). "The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background" . Geographia Polonica . 85 (1): 5– 21. doi : 10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43. ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55. ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794. ^ Kennedy-Pipe 1995 . ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20–21. ^ Senn 2007 , p. ?. ^ "Italy since 1945" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 2 October 2023 . ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39. ^ "History of the UN" . United Nations . Archived from the original on 15 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2022 . ^ "History of the UN" . United Nations. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here [1] Archived 3 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ The UN Security Council . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6. ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33. ^ Applebaum 2012 . ^ Naimark 2010 . ^ Swain 1992 . ^ "Greek Civil War" . Encyclopedia Britannica . 28 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023 . Retrieved 15 May 2023 . ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318. ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911. ^ Stueck 2010 , p. 71. ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589. ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441–443, 464–68. ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34–55. ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207. ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263. ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208–209. ^ "The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944" . United States Department of State. 7 January 2008. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022 . Retrieved 18 April 2022 . ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190–191 ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212. ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29–30, 32 ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20–21 ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23. ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117. ^ Schain 2001 . ^ Emadi-Coffin 2002 , p. 64. ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32. ^ Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe", in Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014). A Companion to Europe Since 1945 . Wiley. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-1188-9024-0 . ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49. ^ Genzberger, Christine (1994). China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. p. 4 . ISBN 978-0-9631-8643-0 . ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 1. ^ Hastings 2011 , pp. 669–670. ^ Aubin, Bernard & Guillerat 2019 , p. 147. ^ Hanson 2017 , p. 470. ^ Hanson 2017 , pp. 468. ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204. ^ Herf 2003 . ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005). "Victims" . A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ a b Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45–52. ^ Snyder, Timothy (16 July 2009). "Holocaust: The Ignored Reality" . The New York Review of Books . 56 (12). Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ "Polish Victims" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ "Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others" . BBC . April 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . ^ Hastings 2011 , p. 465. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158–160, 234–236. ^ Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War . New York: Tylor and Francis. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 August 2021 . ^ Geiger, Vladimir (2012). "Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators" . Review of Croatian History . VIII (1). Croatian Institute of History: 117. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . ^ Massacre, Volhynia. "The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres" . Volhynia Massacre . Archived from the original on 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ "Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji Wisła. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947" . dzieje.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ Paine, Sarah (2012). The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 . Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ^ Dower, John (1986). War Without Mercy . W.W. Norton & CO. p. 296. ^ a b Mitter, Rana (2013). Forgotten Ally . p. 381. ^ Hastings, Max (2012). Inferno . Vintage. p. 670. ^ Frank, Richard (2020). Tower of Skulls . W. W. Norton & Company. p. 576. ^ Dower, John (1999). Embracing Defeat . W.W. Norton and Company. ^ Mitter 2013 , pp. 5, 381. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMitter2013 ( help ) ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 163. ^ Bix 2000 , p. 367. ^ Hastings, Max (2007). Nemesis: The Battle for Japan 1944–1945 . London. p. 13. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) ^ Hanson 2017 , pp. 472. ^ Hanson, Victor (2017). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won . Basic Books. p. 498. ^ Dower, John (1986). War Without Mercy . p. 296. ^ Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard (2015). The Routledge History of Genocide . Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-3678-6706-5 . ^ Gold, Hal (1996). Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle. pp. 75– 77. ISBN 978-0-8048-3565-7 . ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320. ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74. ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69. ^ "Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . ^ Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2011. ^ Robert Gellately (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf, ISBN 978-1-4000-4005-6 p. 391 ^ Women and War . ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–. ISBN 978-1-8510-9770-8 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2024 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor". International Affairs . 78 (4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914– 916. ^ Naimark, Norman (1995). The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 . Cambridge: Belknap. p. 70. ^ Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 im Kieler Landeshaus (Debate on the War of Extermination. Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941–1944) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Kiel. 1999. ^ Pascale R . Bos, "Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945"; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993 Journal of Women in Culture and Society , 2006, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 996–1025 ^ Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-8454-5844-7 . ^ Dower, John (2007). "Lessons from Iwo Jima" . Perspectives . 45 (6): 54– 56. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2022 . ^ The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2nd ed.), 2006. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ISBN 978-0-8018-8358-3 . ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568–569. ^ a b Marek, Michael (27 October 2005). "Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers" . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . ^ Pearson, Alexander (19 March 2018). "Color photo of girl at Auschwitz strikes chord" . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2023 . Kwoka was murdered with a phenol injection to the heart a few weeks later. ^ J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence. The American Historical Review , Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 1017–1049 ^ Applebaum 2003 , pp. 389–396. ^ Zemskov V. N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No. 4, (in Russian). See also [2] Archived 14 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (online version), and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . ^ "Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" . American Experience: the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online. Archived from the original on 27 July 2003 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2–3. ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360. ^ a b Ju, Zhifen (June 2002). "Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War" . Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ a b "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45" . Library of Congress. 1992. Archived from the original on 30 October 2004 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42. ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138. ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148. ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232. ^ Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. p. 9 "Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000" . ^ Cooke, Philip; Shepherd, Ben H. (31 January 2020). European Resistance in the Second World War . Pen and Sword. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4738-3162-9 . From 1942 in particular, then, resistance across occupied Europe was an active and burgeoning phenomenon ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5. ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107. ^ a b Rahn 2001 , p. 266. ^ Leith, C. K. (July 1939). "The Struggle for Mineral Resources" . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 204, Democracy and the Americas: 42– 48. JSTOR 1021443 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2024 . Retrieved 26 January 2024 . [...] mineral raw materials [...] are the basis of industrial power, and this in turn is the basis of military power. [...] England and the United States of America alone control economic proportions of nearly three-fourths of the world's production of minerals. Not less important, they control the seas over which the products must pass. ^ a b Harrison 1998 , p. 3. ^ Compare: Wilson, Mark R. (2016). Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II . American Business, Politics, and Society (reprint ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8122-9354-8 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . By producing nearly two thirds of the munitions used by Allied forces – including huge numbers of aircraft, ships, tanks, trucks, rifles, artillery shells, and bombs – American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called 'the arsenal of democracy' [...]. ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2. ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267. ^ Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . Diane Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-5856-6069-8 . ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26. ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126. ^ Unidas, Naciones (2005). World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration . United Nations Pubns. p. 23. ISBN 978-9-2110-9147-2 . ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76. ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227. ^ Klavans, Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247–251. ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163. ^ Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston, Leics: Silverdale Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-8450-9079-1 . ^ Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York: Main Street. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4027-3099-3 . ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25. ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14. ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52. ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15. ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16. ^ Burns, R. W. (September 1994). "Impact of technology on the defeat of the U-boat September 1939 – May 1943" . IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology . 141 (5): 343– 355. doi : 10.1049/ip-smt:19949918 (inactive 1 July 2025). {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) ^ a b Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125. ^ Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1982). The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane's Information Group . p. 231. ISBN 978-0-7106-0123-0 . ^ "The Vital Role Of Tanks In The Second World War" . Imperial War Museums . Archived from the original on 25 March 2022 . Retrieved 5 April 2022 . ^ Castaldi, Carolina; Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro (1 August 2009). " 'Chariots of fire': the evolution of tank technology, 1915–1945" . Journal of Evolutionary Economics . 19 (4): 545– 566. doi : 10.1007/s00191-009-0141-0 . hdl : 10419/89322 . ISSN 1432-1386 . S2CID 36789517 . ^ a b Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108. ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734. ^ a b Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221. ^ Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006). "The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" (PDF) . controlarms.org. p. 1. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11. ^ a b Schoenherr, Steven (2007). "Code Breaking in World War I" . History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . ^ Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory". The Times . London. p. 27. Gale IF0504159516 . ^ Rowe, Neil C.; Rothstein, Hy. "Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare" . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . ^ "The Scientific and Technological Advances of World War II" . New Orleans: The National WWII Museum. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024 . Retrieved 6 October 2025 . ^ "World War – II" . Insights Ias – Simplifying Upsc Ias Exam Preparation . Archived from the original on 11 July 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2022 . ^ Gaynes, Robert (May 2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use" . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 23 (5): 849– 853. Bibcode : 2017EIDis..23..849G . doi : 10.3201/eid2305.161556 . PMC 5403050 . Sources Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992). The Making of the Second World War . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-90716-3 . Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex". The Pacific Historical Review . 44 (2): 201– 231. doi : 10.2307/3638003 . JSTOR 3638003 . Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps . London: Allen Lane . ISBN 978-0-7139-9322-6 . ——— (2012). Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56 . London: Allen Lane . ISBN 978-0-7139-9868-9 . Aubin, Nicolas; Bernard, Vincent; Guillerat, Nicolas (2019). Lopez, Jean (ed.). World War II Infographics . London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-02292-4 . Bacon, Edwin (1992). " Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II". Soviet Studies . 44 (6): 1069– 1086. doi : 10.1080/09668139208412066 . JSTOR 152330 . Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-0-85045-921-0 . Balabkins, Nicholas (1964). Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948 . New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press . Barber, John; Harrison, Mark (2006). "Patriotic War, 1941–1945". In Ronald Grigor Suny (ed.). The Cambridge History of Russia – The Twentieth Century . Vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 217– 242. ISBN 978-0-521-81144-6 . Barker, A. J. (1971). The Rape of Ethiopia 1936 . New York: Ballantine Books . ISBN 978-0-345-02462-6 . Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad . New York: Viking . ISBN 978-0-670-87095-0 . ——— (2012). The Second World War . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978-0-297-84497-6 . Belco, Victoria (2010). War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948 . Toronto: University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978-0-8020-9314-1 . Bellamy, Chris T. (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War . New York: Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978-0-375-41086-4 . Ben-Horin, Eliahu (1943). The Middle East: Crossroads of History . New York: W. W. Norton. Berend, Ivan T. (1996). Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-55066-6 . Bernstein, Gail Lee (1991). Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945 . Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press . ISBN 978-0-520-07017-2 . Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007). Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States . Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe . ISBN 978-0-7656-1821-4 . Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood . ISBN 978-0-275-96363-7 . Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan . New York: HarperCollins . ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0 . Black, Jeremy (2003). World War Two: A Military History . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-30534-1 . Blinkhorn, Martin (2006) [1984]. Mussolini and Fascist Italy (3rd ed.). Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-26206-4 . Bonner, Kit; Bonner, Carolyn (2001). Warship Boneyards . Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-0870-7 . Borstelmann, Thomas (2005). "The United States, the Cold War, and the colour line". In Melvyn P. Leffler; David S. Painter (eds.). Origins of the Cold War: An International History (2nd ed.). Abingdon & New York: Routledge . pp. 317– 332. ISBN 978-0-415-34109-7 . Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph (2015). The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology . The Cambridge History of the Second World War (3 vol). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 313– 314. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Brayley, Martin J. (2002). The British Army 1939–45, Volume 3: The Far East . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-238-8 . British Bombing Survey Unit (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945 . London & Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers . ISBN 978-0-7146-4722-7 . Brody, J. Kenneth (1999). The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936 . New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978-0-7658-0622-2 . Brown, David (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940 . London & New York: Frank Cass . ISBN 978-0-7146-5461-4 . Buchanan, Tom (2006). Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000 . Oxford & Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978-0-631-22162-3 . Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce ; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; Morrow, James D. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-02546-1 . Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress . Polity . ISBN 978-0-7456-1298-0 . Bullock, Alan (1990) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995). "Concepts in Submarine Design" . Journal of Applied Mechanics . 62 (1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press : 268. Bibcode : 1995JAM....62R.268B . doi : 10.1115/1.2895927 . ISBN 978-0-521-55926-3 . Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-97733-7 . Canfora, Luciano (2006) [2004]. Democracy in Europe: A History . Oxford & Malden MA: Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978-1-4051-1131-7 . Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion". Public Opinion Quarterly . 4 (3): 387– 407. doi : 10.1086/265420 . JSTOR 2745078 . Chang, Iris (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II . New York: Basic Books . ISBN 978-0-465-06835-7 . Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006). France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation . New York: Fordham University Press . ISBN 978-0-8232-2562-0 . Chubarov, Alexander (2001). Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras . London & New York: Continuum . ISBN 978-0-8264-1350-5 . Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In James C. Hsiung; Steven I. Levine (eds.). China's Bitter Victory: War with Japan, 1937–45 . Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe . pp. 157– 184. ISBN 978-1-56324-246-5 . Cienciala, Anna M. (2010). "Another look at the Poles and Poland during World War II". The Polish Review . 55 (1): 123– 143. doi : 10.2307/25779864 . JSTOR 25779864 . S2CID 159445902 . Clogg, Richard (2002). A Concise History of Greece (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-80872-9 . Coble, Parks M. (2003). Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945 . Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press . ISBN 978-0-520-23268-6 . Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-539-6 . Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000). Germany 1919–45 . Oxford: Heinemann . ISBN 978-0-435-32721-7 . Commager, Henry Steele (2004). The Story of the Second World War . Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-741-9 . Coogan, Anthony (1993). "The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China" . History Today . 43 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Cook, Chris; Bewes, Diccon (1997). What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History . London: UCL Press . ISBN 978-1-85728-532-1 . Cowley, Robert ; Parker, Geoffrey , eds. (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978-0-618-12742-9 . Darwin, John (2007). After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000 . London: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-101022-9 . Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory . London: Macmillan . ix+544 pages . ISBN 978-0-333-69285-1 . OCLC 70401618 . Dear, I. C. B. ; Foot, M. R. D. , eds. (2001) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-860446-4 . DeLong, J. Bradford ; Eichengreen, Barry (1993). "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press . pp. 189– 230. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Dower, John W. (1986). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War . New York: Pantheon Books . ISBN 978-0-394-50030-0 . Drea, Edward J. (2003). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army . Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978-0-8032-6638-4 . de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (Autumn 1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944". Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature . 3 (2): 153– 169. doi : 10.1525/lal.1991.3.2.02a00030 . JSTOR 743479 . Dunn, Dennis J. (1998). Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978-0-8131-2023-2 . Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In John K. Fairbank; Denis Twitchett (eds.). The Cambridge History of China – Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2 . Vol. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-24338-4 . Ellman, Michael (2002). "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" (PDF) . Europe-Asia Studies . 54 (7): 1151– 1172. doi : 10.1080/0966813022000017177 . JSTOR 826310 . S2CID 43510161 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012. Copy ———; Maksudov, S. (1994). "Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note" (PDF) . Europe-Asia Studies . 46 (4): 671– 680. doi : 10.1080/09668139408412190 . JSTOR 152934 . PMID 12288331 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance . London & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-19540-9 . Erickson, John (2001). "Moskalenko". In Shukman, Harold (ed.). Stalin's Generals . London: Phoenix Press . pp. 137– 154. ISBN 978-1-84212-513-7 . ——— (2003). The Road to Stalingrad . London: Cassell Military . ISBN 978-0-304-36541-8 . Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (2012) [1997]. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978-1-59114-244-7 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . London: Allen Lane . ISBN 978-0-7139-9742-2 . Fairbank, John King ; Goldman, Merle (2006) [1994]. China: A New History (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-01828-0 . Farrell, Brian P. (1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941". Journal of Military History . 57 (4): 599– 625. doi : 10.2307/2944096 . JSTOR 2944096 . Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311239-6 . Forrest, Glen; Evans, Anthony; Gibbons, David (2012). The Illustrated Timeline of Military History . New York: Rosen. ISBN 978-1-4488-4794-5 . Förster, Jürgen (1998). "Hitler's Decision in Favour of War". In Horst Boog; Jürgen Förster; Joachim Hoffmann; Ernst Klink; Rolf-Dieter Muller; Gerd R. Ueberschar (eds.). Germany and the Second World War – The Attack on the Soviet Union . Vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press . pp. 13– 52. ISBN 978-0-19-822886-8 . Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide" . In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.). A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 53– 68. ISBN 978-0-521-83432-2 . Frank, Richard B. (2020). Tower of Skulls: A History of The Asia-Pacific War July 1937-May 1942 . W. W. Norton & Company. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-324-00210-9 . Frei, Norbert (2002). Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration . New York: Columbia University Press . ISBN 978-0-231-11882-8 . Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K., eds. (2004). The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945 . London: Conway Maritime Press . ISBN 978-0-85177-953-9 . Garver, John W. (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism . New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-505432-3 . Gilbert, Martin (1989). Second World War . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79616-9 . Glantz, David M. (1986). "Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943" . Combined Arms Research Library . CSI Report No. 11. Command and General Staff College. OCLC 278029256 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . ——— (1989). Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War . Abingdon & New York: Frank Cass . ISBN 978-0-7146-3347-3 . ——— (1998). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978-0-7006-0899-7 . ——— (2001). "The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. ——— (2002). The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944 . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978-0-7006-1208-6 . ——— (2005). "August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" . Combined Arms Research Library . Leavenworth Papers. Command and General Staff College. OCLC 78918907 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004). World War II: Europe . Minneapolis: Lerner Publications . ISBN 978-0-8225-0139-8 . Gordon, Andrew (2004). "The greatest military armada ever launched" . In Jane Penrose (ed.). The D-Day Companion . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . pp. 127–144 . ISBN 978-1-84176-779-6 . Gordon, Robert S. C. (2012). The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010 . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-6346-2 . Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J. R. Hill (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy . Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 348– 380. ISBN 978-0-19-211675-8 . Hane, Mikiso (2001). Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press . ISBN 978-0-8133-3756-2 . Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (1997). Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution" . Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press . ISBN 978-0-87338-558-9 . Harris, Sheldon H. (2002). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-93214-1 . Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison (ed.). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 1– 42. ISBN 978-0-521-62046-8 . Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000). The German Soldier in World War II . Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-1-86227-073-2 . Hastings, Max (2011). All Hell Let Loose: the World at War 1939-1945 . London: Harper Press. ISBN 9780-00-733809-2 . Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?". Journal of Contemporary History . 13 (1): 15– 32. doi : 10.1177/002200947801300102 . JSTOR 260090 . S2CID 154865385 . Healy, Mark (1992). Kursk 1943: The Tide Turns in the East . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-211-0 . Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea . Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books . ISBN 978-0-8117-3398-4 . Hempel, Andrew (2005). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History . New York: Hippocrene Books . ISBN 978-0-7818-1004-3 . Herbert, Ulrich (1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew (ed.). Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945 . London & New York: Routledge . pp. 219–273 . ISBN 978-0-415-08239-6 . Herf, Jeffrey (2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History . 4 (4): 913– 930. doi : 10.1353/kri.2003.0059 . S2CID 159958616 . Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944 . London & New York: Frank Cass . ISBN 978-0-7146-5711-0 . Holland, James (2008). Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45 . London: HarperPress . ISBN 978-0-00-717645-8 . Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006). Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union . Cambridge: Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-02178-5 . Howard, Joshua H. (2004). Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953 . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-4896-4 . Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971). History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) (2nd ed.). Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210 . OCLC 12828898 . Ingram, Norman (2006). "Pacifism". In Lawrence D. Kritzman ; Brian J. Reilly (eds.). The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought . New York: Columbia University Press . pp. 76–78 . ISBN 978-0-231-10791-4 . Iriye, Akira (1981). Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945 . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-69580-1 . Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War . London & New York: Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978-1-85285-417-1 . Joes, Anthony James (2004). Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978-0-8131-2339-4 . Jowett, Philip S. (2001). The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume 2: Africa 1940–43 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-865-5 . ———; Andrew, Stephen (2002). The Japanese Army, 1931–45 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-353-8 . Jukes, Geoffrey (2001). "Kuznetzov". In Harold Shukman (ed.). Stalin's Generals . London: Phoenix Press . pp. 109– 116. ISBN 978-1-84212-513-7 . Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999). The Rage of Nations . Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978-0-8028-4455-2 . ——— (2000). Coming Apart, Coming Together . Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978-0-8028-4456-9 . Keeble, Curtis (1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda; Peter J. Duncan (eds.). Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-37494-1 . Keegan, John (1997). The Second World War . London: Pimlico . ISBN 978-0-7126-7348-8 . Kennedy, David M. (2001). Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514403-1 . Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943–56 . Manchester: Manchester University Press . ISBN 978-0-7190-4201-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04994-7 . ——— (2007). Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 . London: Allen Lane . ISBN 978-0-7139-9712-5 . Kitson, Alison (2001). Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-913417-5 . Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market". Journal of Managerial Issues . 9 (1): 13– 361. JSTOR 40604127 . Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin". Military Affairs . 47 (3): 122– 128. doi : 10.2307/1988082 . JSTOR 1988082 . Koch, H. W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa' ". The Historical Journal . 26 (4): 891– 920. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012747 . JSTOR 2639289 . S2CID 159671713 . Kolko, Gabriel (1990) [1968]. The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945 . New York: Random House . ISBN 978-0-679-72757-6 . Laurier, Jim (2001). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-092-6 . Lee, En-han (2002). "The Nanking Massacre Reassessed: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Controversy over the Factual Number of Massacred Victims". In Robert Sabella; Fei Fei Li; David Liu (eds.). Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing . Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe . pp. 47– 74. ISBN 978-0-7656-0816-1 . Leffler, Melvyn P. ; Westad, Odd Arne , eds. (2010). The Cambridge History of the Cold War . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-83938-9 , in 3 volumes. Levine, Alan J. (1992). The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger . ISBN 978-0-275-94319-6 . Lewis, Morton (1953). "Japanese Plans and American Defenses" . In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). The Fall of the Philippines . Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office . LCCN 53-63678 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Liberman, Peter (1996). Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-02986-3 . Liddell Hart, Basil (1977). History of the Second World War (4th ed.). London: Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-23770-3 . Lightbody, Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis . London & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-22404-8 . Lindberg, Michael; Todd, Daniel (2001). Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger . ISBN 978-0-275-96486-3 . Lowe, C. J.; Marzari, F. (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940 . London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-26681-9 . Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3 . Maddox, Robert James (1992). The United States and World War II . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press . ISBN 978-0-8133-0437-3 . Maingot, Anthony P. (1994). The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press . ISBN 978-0-8133-2241-4 . Mandelbaum, Michael (1988). The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries . Cambridge University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 978-0-521-35790-6 . Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-882-3 . Masaya, Shiraishi (1990). Japanese Relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987 . Ithaca, New York: SEAP Publications . ISBN 978-0-87727-122-2 . May, Ernest R. (1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945". Pacific Historical Review . 24 (2): 153– 174. doi : 10.2307/3634575 . JSTOR 3634575 . Mazower, Mark (2008). Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe . London: Allen Lane . ISBN 978-1-59420-188-2 . Milner, Marc (1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In Gooch, John (ed.). Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War . Abingdon: Frank Cass . pp. 45– 66. ISBN 978-0-7146-3369-5 . Milward, A. S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg". The Economic History Review . 16 (3): 499– 518. JSTOR 2592851 . ——— (1992) [1977]. War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945 . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03942-1 . Minford, Patrick (1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press . pp. 115– 138. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P. (2007). United Nations in the Twenty-First Century (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press . ISBN 978-0-8133-4346-4 . Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007). From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War . New York: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-86244-8 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007) [1982]. Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps . Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books . ISBN 978-0-8117-3413-4 . Mitter, Rana (2014). Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 . Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-544-33450-2 . Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84603-006-2 . Murray, Williamson (1983). Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 . Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama: Air University Press . ISBN 978-1-4294-9235-5 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . ———; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987). The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945 . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-10222-1 . Naimark, Norman (2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins . Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 175– 197. ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4 . Neary, Ian (1992). "Japan". In Martin Harrop (ed.). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 49– 70. ISBN 978-0-521-34579-8 . Neillands, Robin (2005). The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press . ISBN 978-0-253-34781-7 . Neulen, Hans Werner (2000). In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945 . Ramsbury, Marlborough, United Kingdom: The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-799-3 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press . ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich . New York: Clarendon Press . ISBN 978-0-19-820290-5 . ——— (1995). Why the Allies Won . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-7453-9 . ——— (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . ———; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999). The Road to War (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945 . Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books . ISBN 978-0-7391-0195-7 . Painter, David S. (2012). "Oil and the American Century" . The Journal of American History . 99 (1): 24– 39. doi : 10.1093/jahist/jas073 . Padfield, Peter (1998). War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II . New York: John Wiley . ISBN 978-0-471-24945-0 . Pape, Robert A. (1993). "Why Japan Surrendered". International Security . 18 (2): 154– 201. doi : 10.2307/2539100 . JSTOR 2539100 . S2CID 153741180 . Parker, Danny S. (2004). Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 (New ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press . ISBN 978-0-306-81391-7 . Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press . ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4 . Perez, Louis G. (1998). The History of Japan . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-313-30296-1 . Petrov, Vladimir (1967). Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II . Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978-0-8018-0530-1 . Polley, Martin (2000). An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789 . London & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-18597-4 . Portelli, Alessandro (2003). The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome . Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978-1-4039-8008-3 . Preston, P. W. (1998). Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction . Oxford & Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 978-0-631-20238-7 . Prins, Gwyn (2002). The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century . London & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-36960-2 . Radtke, K. W. (1997). " 'Strategic' concepts underlying the so-called Hirota foreign policy, 1933–7". In Aiko Ikeo (ed.). Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context . London & New York: Routledge . pp. 100– 120. ISBN 978-0-415-14900-6 . Rahn, Werner (2001). "The War in the Pacific". In Horst Boog; Werner Rahn; Reinhard Stumpf; Bernd Wegner (eds.). Germany and the Second World War – The Global War . Vol. VI. Oxford: Clarendon Press . pp. 191– 298. ISBN 978-0-19-822888-2 . Ratcliff, R. A. (2006). Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers . New York: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-85522-8 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04800-1 . Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (2002) [1992]. The Fall Of Berlin . London: Pimlico . ISBN 978-0-7126-0695-0 . Record, Jeffery (2005). Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s (PDF) . Diane Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-58487-216-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Rees, Laurence (2008). World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West . London: BBC Books . ISBN 978-0-563-49335-8 . Regan, Geoffrey (2004). The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders . Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-252-0 . Reinhardt, Klaus (1992). Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42 . Oxford: Berg . ISBN 978-0-85496-695-0 . Reynolds, David (2006). From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-928411-5 . Rich, Norman (1992) [1973]. Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00802-9 . Ritchie, Ella (1992). "France". In Martin Harrop (ed.). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 23– 48. ISBN 978-0-521-34579-8 . Roberts, Cynthia A. (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941". Europe-Asia Studies . 47 (8): 1293– 1326. doi : 10.1080/09668139508412322 . JSTOR 153299 . Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press . ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1997). The Penguin History of Europe . London: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-026561-3 . Ropp, Theodore (2000). War in the Modern World (Revised ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978-0-8018-6445-2 . Roskill, S. W. (1954). The War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive . History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series. London: HMSO . Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Ross, Steven T. (1997). American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-7146-4634-3 . Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press . ISBN 978-0-313-31395-0 . Rotundo, Louis (1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign". Military Affairs . 50 (1): 21– 28. doi : 10.2307/1988530 . JSTOR 1988530 . Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific . Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58097-049-5 . Schain, Martin A., ed. (2001). The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later . London: Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978-0-333-92983-4 . Schmitz, David F. (2000). Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-8420-2632-1 . Schoppa, R. Keith (2011). In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-05988-7 . Sella, Amnon (1978). " "Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication". Journal of Contemporary History . 13 (3): 555– 583. doi : 10.1177/002200947801300308 . JSTOR 260209 . S2CID 220880174 . ——— (1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War". Journal of Contemporary History . 18 (4): 651– 687. JSTOR 260307 . Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above . Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi . ISBN 978-9-0420-2225-6 . Shaw, Anthony (2000). World War II: Day by Day . Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-0939-1 . Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth". Journal of Military History . 62 (1): 135– 154. doi : 10.2307/120398 . JSTOR 120398 . Shirer, William L. (1990) [1960]. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany . New York: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-0-671-72868-7 . Shore, Zachary (2003). What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy . New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-518261-3 . Slim, William (1956). Defeat into Victory . London: Cassell. Smith, Alan (1993). Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration . London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-08924-1 . Smith, J. W. (1994). The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment . Institute for Economic Democracy. ISBN 978-0-9624423-2-2 . Smith, Peter C. (2002) [1970]. Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta (5th ed.). Manchester: Goodall. ISBN 978-0-907579-19-9 . Smith, David J.; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania . London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-28580-3 . Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004). All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3 . Last Gasp. ISBN 978-0-86719-616-0 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . London: The Bodley Head . ISBN 978-0-224-08141-2 . Spring, D. W. (1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939". Soviet Studies . 38 (2): 207– 226. doi : 10.1080/09668138608411636 . JSTOR 151203 . S2CID 154270850 . Steinberg, Jonathan (1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620 . JSTOR 578338 . Steury, Donald P. (1987). "Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare". Journal of Contemporary History . 22 (2): 209– 233. doi : 10.1177/002200948702200202 . JSTOR 260931 . S2CID 159943895 . Stueck, William (2010). "The Korean War". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins . Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. 266– 287. ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4 . Sumner, Ian; Baker, Alix (2001). The Royal Navy 1939–45 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-195-4 . Swain, Bruce (2001). A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45 . Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978-1-86508-352-0 . Swain, Geoffrey (1992). "The Cominform: Tito's International?". The Historical Journal . 35 (3): 641– 663. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00026017 . S2CID 163152235 . Tanaka, Yuki (1996). Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press . ISBN 978-0-8133-2717-4 . Taylor, A. J. P. (1961). The Origins of the Second World War . London: Hamish Hamilton . ——— (1979). How Wars Begin . London: Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 978-0-241-10017-2 . Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-03338-2 . Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-640-8 . Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J. (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies (4th ed.). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978-0-8203-3113-3 . Trachtenberg, Marc (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-00273-6 . Tucker, Spencer C. ; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History . ABC-CIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-999-7 . Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.). Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe . Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 227– 326. ISBN 978-0-19-822885-1 . United States Army (1986) [1953]. The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941) . Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army . Archived from the original on 17 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Waltz, Susan (2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Third World Quarterly . 23 (3): 437– 448. doi : 10.1080/01436590220138378 . JSTOR 3993535 . S2CID 145398136 . Ward, Thomas A. (2010). Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore: John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978-0-470-82497-9 . Watson, William E. (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger . ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1 . Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-85316-3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953 . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6 . Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare . St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-1401-2 . Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-35980-1 . Wilt, Alan F. (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press . Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge: MIT Press . pp. 29– 56. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5339-2 . Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System (3rd ed.). London & Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978-1-56032-546-8 . Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-462-7 . Zaloga, Steven J. (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-478-7 . ——— (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-408-5 . Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II . Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 978-0-8420-2991-9 . Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Casemate . ISBN 978-1-935149-04-0 . Further reading Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War". Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category World portal Bibliography Category v t e History of World War II by region and country v t e Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar North Africa Tunisia Morocco Nyasaland Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Uganda Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar North Africa Tunisia Morocco Tunisia Morocco Nyasaland Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Uganda North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland United States Arizona California Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico Native Americans Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland United States Arizona California Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico Native Americans Arizona California Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico Native Americans South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Latin America Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Argentina Brazil Colombia Latin America Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Manchuria Dutch East Indies New Guinea West Sumatra Hong Kong India Indochina Cambodia Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Tibet Turkey Tuva Burma Ceylon China Manchuria Manchuria Dutch East Indies New Guinea West Sumatra New Guinea West Sumatra Hong Kong India Indochina Cambodia Cambodia Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Tibet Turkey Tuva Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Spain Basque Country Catalonia Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Wales Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia ( Slovenia ) Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Spain Basque Country Catalonia Galicia Basque Country Catalonia Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Wales Channel Islands Gibraltar British Empire Wales Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia ( Slovenia ) Oceania and Antarctica Antarctica Australia Gilbert Islands Nauru New Guinea New Zealand Solomon Islands Pacific Islands Antarctica Australia Gilbert Islands Nauru New Guinea New Zealand Solomon Islands Pacific Islands v t e Western world and culture v t e Foundations Cradle of civilization Old World Greco-Roman world Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Roman legacy Romanization Romano-Germanic culture Gallo-Roman Anglo-American world Eurosphere Christendom Cradle of civilization Old World Greco-Roman world Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Western Eastern Roman legacy Romanization Romano-Germanic culture Gallo-Roman Gallo-Roman Anglo-American world Eurosphere Christendom History European Bronze Age Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages early high late Renaissance Modern period Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Post–Cold War era Information age War on drugs Post-9/11 European Bronze Age Classical antiquity Late antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages early high late early high late Renaissance Modern period Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Post–Cold War era Information age War on drugs Post-9/11 Information age War on drugs Post-9/11 Culture Alphabet Greek Latin Cyrillic Runes Architecture Art Periods Calendar Cuisine Diet Classical tradition Studies Clothing History Dance Education Esotericism Astrology Folklore Immigration Law Languages Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Literature Canon Media Internet Music Chant Classical Folk Instruments Mythology Painting contemporary Philosophy Science Values Physical culture Sport Religion East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism Alphabet Greek Latin Cyrillic Runes Greek Latin Cyrillic Runes Architecture Art Periods Periods Calendar Cuisine Diet Diet Classical tradition Studies Studies Clothing History History Dance Education Esotericism Astrology Astrology Folklore Immigration Law Languages Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Literature Canon Canon Media Internet Internet Music Chant Classical Folk Instruments Chant Classical Folk Instruments Mythology Painting contemporary contemporary Philosophy Science Values Science Values Physical culture Sport Sport Religion East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism Philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Christian ethics Judeo-Christian ethics Christian philosophy Scholasticism Rationalism Empiricism Existentialism Christian existentialism Humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Liberalism Conservatism Capitalism Progressivism Continental philosophy Analytic philosophy Post-structuralism Tolerance Paradox Relativism Peritrope Atlanticism Sovereigntism Individualism Values European Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Christian ethics Judeo-Christian ethics Christian philosophy Scholasticism Rationalism Empiricism Existentialism Christian existentialism Christian existentialism Humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Liberalism Conservatism Capitalism Progressivism Continental philosophy Analytic philosophy Post-structuralism Tolerance Paradox Paradox Relativism Peritrope Peritrope Atlanticism Sovereigntism Individualism Values European European Religion Abrahamic Christianity Culture Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Paganism Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Agnosticism Atheism Abrahamic Christianity Culture Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Christianity Culture Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Culture Western / Eastern Western / Eastern Catholicism Latin Church Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Paganism Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Agnosticism Atheism Law Natural law Rule of law Equality before the law Constitutionalism Human rights Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Democracy Liberal international order Natural law Rule of law Equality before the law Equality before the law Constitutionalism Human rights Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Democracy Liberal international order Contemporary integration ABCANZ Armies AER Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ANZUK ANZUS Arctic Council AUKUS AUSCANNZUKUS Baltic Assembly Benelux British–Irish Council BSEC Bucharest Nine CANZUK CBSS Celtic League CEFTA Council of Europe Craiova Group Eastern European Group Eastern Partnership EEA EFTA EPC ESA EU EU Customs Union Eurozone EU–UK TCA Five Eyes G7 Lancaster House Treaties Latin American and Caribbean Group Latin Union Lublin Triangle NAFTA NATO NORAD Nordic Council OAS OECD Open Balkan OSCE Pacific Islands Forum PROSUR/PROSUL Rio Treaty Schengen Special Relationship Three Seas Initiative UKUSA Agreement USMCA Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Bloc Western European and Others Group Westernization ABCANZ Armies AER Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ANZUK ANZUS Arctic Council AUKUS AUSCANNZUKUS Baltic Assembly Benelux British–Irish Council BSEC Bucharest Nine CANZUK CBSS Celtic League CEFTA Council of Europe Craiova Group Eastern European Group Eastern Partnership EEA EFTA EPC ESA EU EU Customs Union Eurozone EU–UK TCA Five Eyes G7 Lancaster House Treaties Latin American and Caribbean Group Latin Union Lublin Triangle NAFTA NATO NORAD Nordic Council OAS OECD Open Balkan OSCE Pacific Islands Forum PROSUR/PROSUL Rio Treaty Schengen Special Relationship Three Seas Initiative UKUSA Agreement USMCA Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Bloc Western European and Others Group Westernization v t e Eastern world and culture v t e Foundations Cradle of civilization Old World Sinic world Indic world Iranic world Arab world Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Islamdom Cradle of civilization Old World Sinic world Indic world Iranic world Arab world Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Islamdom History Ancient history Silk Road Post-classical history (Middle Ages) Modern period Early modern period Industrial Revolution World War I Asian and Pacific Theatre Middle Eastern Theatre Interwar period World War II Pacific War Middle Eastern Theatre Cold War Post–Cold War era War on terror Ancient history Silk Road Post-classical history (Middle Ages) Modern period Early modern period Industrial Revolution World War I Asian and Pacific Theatre Middle Eastern Theatre Interwar period World War II Pacific War Middle Eastern Theatre Cold War Early modern period Industrial Revolution World War I Asian and Pacific Theatre Middle Eastern Theatre Asian and Pacific Theatre Middle Eastern Theatre Interwar period World War II Pacific War Middle Eastern Theatre Pacific War Middle Eastern Theatre Cold War Post–Cold War era War on terror War on terror Culture Alphabet Hanzi Kanji Kana Hangul Hanja Brahmic Arabic Cyrillic Latin Architecture Art History Calendar Chinese Buddhist Hindu Cuisine Esotericism Folklore Chinese Japanese Korean Languages Literature Music Chant Folk Mythology Philosophy Religion Alphabet Hanzi Kanji Kana Hangul Hanja Brahmic Arabic Cyrillic Latin Hanzi Kanji Kana Hangul Hanja Brahmic Arabic Cyrillic Latin Architecture Art History History Calendar Chinese Buddhist Hindu Chinese Buddhist Hindu Cuisine Esotericism Folklore Chinese Japanese Korean Chinese Japanese Korean Languages Literature Music Chant Folk Chant Folk Mythology Philosophy Religion Philosophy Chinese philosophy Japanese philosophy Korean philosophy Vietnamese philosophy Indian philosophy Iranian philosophy Buddhist ethics Islamic ethics Hindu philosophy Buddhist philosophy Jain philosophy Islamic philosophy Collectivism Values Japanese Philippine Chinese philosophy Japanese philosophy Korean philosophy Vietnamese philosophy Indian philosophy Iranian philosophy Buddhist ethics Islamic ethics Hindu philosophy Buddhist philosophy Jain philosophy Islamic philosophy Collectivism Values Japanese Philippine Japanese Philippine Religion Dharmic Buddhism Culture Southern/Eastern/Northern Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Hinduism Culture Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Sikhism Jainism Taoic Taoism Confucianism Shenism Shinto Muism Tengrism Iranian Zoroastrianism Yazidism Abrahamic Islam Culture Sunni Shia Christianity Culture Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Churches Judaism Culture Bábism Azali Baháʼí Druze Dharmic Buddhism Culture Southern/Eastern/Northern Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Hinduism Culture Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Sikhism Jainism Buddhism Culture Southern/Eastern/Northern Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Culture Southern/Eastern/Northern Southern/Eastern/Northern Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Hinduism Culture Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Culture Vaishnavism Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Sikhism Jainism Taoic Taoism Confucianism Shenism Shinto Muism Tengrism Taoism Confucianism Shenism Shinto Muism Tengrism Iranian Zoroastrianism Yazidism Zoroastrianism Yazidism Abrahamic Islam Culture Sunni Shia Christianity Culture Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Churches Judaism Culture Bábism Azali Baháʼí Druze Islam Culture Sunni Shia Culture Sunni Shia Christianity Culture Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Churches Culture Eastern Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Catholicism Latin Church Eastern Churches Latin Church Eastern Churches Judaism Culture Culture Bábism Azali Baháʼí Azali Baháʼí Druze Contemporary integration APEC Arab Customs Union Arab League ASEAN Asia and the Pacific Group Asia Cooperation Dialogue Asia Council BIMSTEC CAREC CAU CSTO CPTPP Eastern Bloc Easternization EAEU EAEU Customs Union ECO GCC OTS RCEP SAARC SCO SEATO TCS APEC Arab Customs Union Arab League ASEAN Asia and the Pacific Group Asia Cooperation Dialogue Asia Council BIMSTEC CAREC CAU CSTO CPTPP Eastern Bloc Easternization EAEU EAEU Customs Union ECO GCC OTS RCEP SAARC SCO SEATO TCS Authority control databases International GND FAST WorldCat GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Korea Sweden Poland Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Korea Sweden Poland Israel Artists KulturNav KulturNav Other Lexicon Istoric Retic Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine İslâm Ansiklopedisi Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Yale LUX Lexicon Istoric Retic Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine İslâm Ansiklopedisi Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Yale LUX World War II World wars Conflicts in 1939 Conflicts in 1940 Conflicts in 1941 Conflicts in 1942 Conflicts in 1943 Conflicts in 1944 Conflicts in 1945 Late modern Europe Nuclear warfare Wars involving Albania Wars involving Australia Wars involving Austria Wars involving Belgium Wars involving Bolivia Wars involving Brazil Wars involving British India Wars involving Bulgaria Wars involving Myanmar Wars involving Cambodia Wars involving Canada Wars involving Chile Wars involving Colombia Wars involving Costa Rica Wars involving Croatia Wars involving Cuba Wars involving Czechoslovakia Wars involving Denmark Wars involving the Dominican Republic Wars involving Ecuador Wars involving Egypt Wars involving El Salvador Wars involving Estonia Wars involving Ethiopia Wars involving Finland Wars involving France Wars involving Germany Wars involving Greece Wars involving Guatemala Wars involving Haiti Wars involving Honduras Wars involving Hungary Wars involving Iceland Wars involving Indonesia Wars involving Italy Wars involving Iran Wars involving Iraq Wars involving Japan Wars involving Kazakhstan Wars involving Laos Wars involving Latvia Wars involving Lebanon Wars involving Liberia Wars involving Lithuania Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving Mexico Wars involving Mongolia Wars involving Montenegro Wars involving Nepal Wars involving Norway Wars involving Nicaragua Wars involving Panama Wars involving Paraguay Wars involving Peru Wars involving Poland Wars involving Rhodesia Wars involving Romania Wars involving Saudi Arabia Wars involving Serbia Wars involving Slovakia Wars involving Slovenia Wars involving South Africa Wars involving Sri Lanka Wars involving Syria Wars involving Thailand Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving the Philippines Wars involving the Republic of China Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Wars involving Uruguay Wars involving Venezuela Wars involving Vietnam Wars involving Yugoslavia Wars involving India Wars involving New Zealand CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1: long volume value CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia references cleanup from January 2026 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2026 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with duplicate citations Use British English from December 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from June 2024 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2025 Articles containing Italian-language text Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Pages using Sister project links with default search This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 11:13 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommager20049-102
|
arXiv.org > 2410.07109 > format Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Format selector for 2410.07109 Note: Many of the formats above are served gzipped ( Content-Encoding: x-gzip ). Your browser may silently uncompress after downloading so the files you see saved may appear uncompressed. Please report any problems to arXiv technical support and include the paper identifier. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/format/2410.07109
|
arXiv.org > 2510.09243 > format Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Format selector for 2510.09243 Note: Many of the formats above are served gzipped ( Content-Encoding: x-gzip ). Your browser may silently uncompress after downloading so the files you see saved may appear uncompressed. Please report any problems to arXiv technical support and include the paper identifier. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/format/2510.09243
|
Ovdâsijđo Kähviviste Vorâs nubástusah Sätisijđo Iše Toimâsiijđoh Skeŋkkii Räähti tubdâlduv Čáládât siisâ Skeŋkkii Räähti tubdâlduv Čáládât siisâ 2026 Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali Žemaitėška Беларуская Betawi Български Banjar বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Cebuano کوردی Qırımtatarca Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Galego گیلکی Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 Kurdî Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Ligure Lietuvių Latviešu Malagasy Māori Македонски Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Polski پنجابی Português Runa Simi Română Русский Русиньскый سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 მარგალური Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Artikkâl Savâstâllâm Luuvâ Mute Mute wikiteevstâ Čääiti historjá Luuvâ Mute Mute wikiteevstâ Čääiti historjá Teehin čujotteijee siijđoh Liŋkkejum siijđoi nubástusah Vuorkkii tiätuvuárhá Pisovâš liŋkkâ Siijđo tiäđuh Lovnii taam siijđo Uánid URL-čujottâs Luođii QR-koodi Räähti kirje Luođii PDF-tiätuvuárkkán Printtimversio Wikimedia Commons Wikidata-čuosâttâh Ihečyeđeh 1800-loho · 1900-loho · 2000-loho · 2100-loho · 2200-loho Iheloveh 1990-loho · 2000-loho · 2010-loho · 2020-loho · 2030-loho · 2040-loho 2050-loho · 2060-loho · 2070-loho · 2080-loho · 2090-loho · 2100-loho Iveh 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 · 1996 · 1997 · 1998 · 1999 2000 · 2001 · 2002 · 2003 · 2004 · 2005 · 2006 · 2007 · 2008 · 2009 2010 · 2011 · 2012 · 2013 · 2014 · 2015 · 2016 · 2017 · 2018 · 2019 2020 · 2021 · 2022 · 2023 · 2024 · 2025 · 2026 · 2027 · 2028 · 2029 2030 · 2031 · 2032 · 2033 · 2034 · 2035 · 2036 · 2037 · 2038 · 2039 2040 · 2041 · 2042 · 2043 · 2044 · 2045 · 2046 · 2047 · 2048 · 2049 2050 · 2051 · 2052 · 2053 · 2054 · 2055 · 2056 · 2057 · 2058 · 2059 2060 · 2061 · 2062 · 2063 · 2064 · 2065 · 2066 · 2067 · 2068 · 2069 2070 · 2071 · 2072 · 2073 · 2074 · 2075 · 2076 · 2077 · 2078 · 2079 2080 · 2081 · 2082 · 2083 · 2084 · 2085 · 2086 · 2087 · 2088 · 2089 2090 · 2091 · 2092 · 2093 · 2094 · 2095 · 2096 · 2097 · 2098 · 2099 2100 · 2101 · 2102 · 2103 · 2104 · 2105 · 2106 · 2107 · 2108 · 2109 2026 ( MMXXVI ) lii normaalihe , mii gregoriaanlâš kalender mield álgá já nohá tuorâstuv . Tot lii 2020-lovo čiččâd ihe. Tábáhtusah Uđđâivemáánu uđđâivemáánu 1. peeivi – Bulgaria seervâi eurokuávlun . Tot lii eurokuávlu 21. jeessânstaatâ. [ 1 ] uđđâivemáánu 2. peeivi – Peeivitäsideijee Guinea president asâttâs 1/2026 mield Ciudad de la Pazist šoodâi staatâ uđđâ uáivikaavpug. [ 2 ] Kuovâmáánu kuovâmáánu 6. – 22. peeivi – Tälviolympialiih tuállojeh Milanost já Cortina d'Ampezzost . kuovâmáánu 28. peeivi – Uđđâ muusik kišto fiinaal uárnejuvvoo Nokia Arenast Tamperest . [ 3 ] Njuhčâmáánu njuhčâmáánu 6. – 15. peeivi – Tälviparalympialiih tuállojeh Milanost já Cortina d'Ampezzost . njuhčâmáánu 17. peeivi – SM-liiga vuáđuspellâmráiđu nohá. [ 4 ] Porgemáánu porgemáánu 12. peeivi – Tievâslâš piäiváásiävŋánem uáinoo Tave-Amerikist já Euroopist . Čuákánkiäsuh jieškote-uvlágán suorgijn Sämmilâš kirjálâšvuotâ ive 2026 Šoddâmeh Jämimeh Kalender Kalender 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Uđđâivemáánu Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Kuovâmáánu Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Njuhčâmáánu Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Cuáŋuimáánu Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vyesimáánu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Kesimáánu Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Syeinimáánu Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Porgemáánu Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Čohčâmáánu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Roovvâdmáánu Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Skammâmáánu Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Juovlâmáánu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Vá Lá Pa Vu Ma Ko Tu Fáádást eres soojijn Wikimedia Commonsist láá koveh teikkâ eres tiätuvuárháh fáádást 2026 . Käldeeh .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ↑ Parviala, Antti: Bulgaria on tammikuussa uusin euromaa: tätä se tarkoittaa Suomelle yle.fi . 26.12.2025. Čujottum 1.1.2026. (suomâkielân) ↑ Decreto Ley por el que se declara la Ciudad de la Paz, Djibloho, capital de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial Peeivitäsideijee Guinea haldâttâs . 2.1.2026. ”Decreto Ley Núm. 1/2026, de fecha 2 de enero del año 2026, por el que se declara la Ciudad de la Paz, capital de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial.” Čujottum 4.1.2026. (espanjakielân) ↑ Aaltonen, Elise: UMK järjestetään Tampereella myös ensi vuonna Yle . 17.5.2025. Čujottum 19.5.2025. (suomâkielân) ↑ Tässä on Liigan runkosarjan otteluohjelma kaudelle 2025–26 Jääkiekon SM-liiga Oy . 13.5.2025. Čujottum 19.5.2025. (suomâkielân) 2026 Artikkâleh, main peivimere häämi lii muttum Sijđo lii majemustáá nubástittum 6. uđđâivemáánu 2026 tijme 15.04. Tekstâ lii finnimnáál Creative Commons Nommâ-JyeviSiämmáánáál -lisensáin. Laseiävtuh pyehtih leđe. Keejâ kevttimiävtuid . Tiätusyejikeevâtlâšvuotâ Lasetiäđuh Wikipediast Ovdâsvástádâsrijjâvuotâ Lattimnjuolgâdusah Ovdedeijeeh Statistiik Tiäđuh niästádâsâin Moobiiluáinus
|
https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Outbreak of fighting Toggle Outbreak of fighting subsection 2.1 Peace agreements 2.1 Peace agreements 3 Conflict in the tribal areas (2005-2006) Toggle Conflict in the tribal areas (2005-2006) subsection 3.1 Ceasefire 3.2 Waziristan peace accord 3.3 2006 Madrassah air strike 3.1 Ceasefire 3.2 Waziristan peace accord 3.3 2006 Madrassah air strike 4 Insurgency in the north, 2007 Toggle Insurgency in the north, 2007 subsection 4.1 Waziri–Uzbek tensions 4.2 Defeat of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 4.3 Lal Masjid siege and truce broken 4.4 Operation Rah-e-Haq 4.5 2007 Rawalpindi bombings and state of emergency 4.6 2008 general election 4.1 Waziri–Uzbek tensions 4.2 Defeat of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 4.3 Lal Masjid siege and truce broken 4.4 Operation Rah-e-Haq 4.5 2007 Rawalpindi bombings and state of emergency 4.6 2008 general election 5 Escalation of the conflict and Pakistan's military response Toggle Escalation of the conflict and Pakistan's military response subsection 5.1 Operation Zalzala 5.2 Bajaur offensive 5.3 Tensions between tribal militias and the Pakistani Taliban 5.4 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 5.5 Renewed Bajaur offensive 5.6 Intensified drone strikes and border skirmishes with the United States 5.7 Militant targeting of tribes 5.8 Fighting for NATO supply lines 5.1 Operation Zalzala 5.2 Bajaur offensive 5.3 Tensions between tribal militias and the Pakistani Taliban 5.4 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 5.5 Renewed Bajaur offensive 5.6 Intensified drone strikes and border skirmishes with the United States 5.7 Militant targeting of tribes 5.8 Fighting for NATO supply lines 6 Public support and unified military operations Toggle Public support and unified military operations subsection 6.1 Swat ceasefire 6.2 Defeat of the militants in Bajaur 6.3 Militant violation of Swat ceasefire 6.4 Operation Black Thunderstorm 6.5 Blockade of South Waziristan 6.6 Death of Baitullah Mehsud and TTP counter-attacks 6.1 Swat ceasefire 6.2 Defeat of the militants in Bajaur 6.3 Militant violation of Swat ceasefire 6.4 Operation Black Thunderstorm 6.5 Blockade of South Waziristan 6.6 Death of Baitullah Mehsud and TTP counter-attacks 7 Military offensive (2010–2017) Toggle Military offensive (2010–2017) subsection 7.1 Insurgency in West and defeat of Taliban: 2010–11 7.2 Death of Bin Laden and Navy offensive 7.3 Tirah Valley clashes 7.4 Operation Rah-e-Shahadat 7.5 Operation Khyber 7.6 Disengagement of militant groups 7.7 North Waziristan offensive 7.8 Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan infighting 7.9 Operation Zarb-e-Azb 7.1 Insurgency in West and defeat of Taliban: 2010–11 7.2 Death of Bin Laden and Navy offensive 7.3 Tirah Valley clashes 7.4 Operation Rah-e-Shahadat 7.5 Operation Khyber 7.6 Disengagement of militant groups 7.7 North Waziristan offensive 7.8 Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan infighting 7.9 Operation Zarb-e-Azb 8 Continued insurgency Toggle Continued insurgency subsection 8.1 Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 8.2 Pakistan-Afghanistan border barrier 8.3 2023 Kurram Parachinar conflict 8.4 Operation Azm-e-Istehkam 8.4.1 Background 8.4.2 Approval and Launch 8.5 Operation Sarbakaf 8.1 Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 8.2 Pakistan-Afghanistan border barrier 8.3 2023 Kurram Parachinar conflict 8.4 Operation Azm-e-Istehkam 8.4.1 Background 8.4.2 Approval and Launch 8.4.1 Background 8.4.2 Approval and Launch 8.5 Operation Sarbakaf 9 Peace prospects and developments Toggle Peace prospects and developments subsection 9.1 Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa-FATA Merger 9.1 Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa-FATA Merger 10 Casualties 11 Issues with war veterans 12 United States role Toggle United States role subsection 12.1 Economics and cost of war 12.1 Economics and cost of war 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית کٲشُر Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Part of the war on terror and the spillover of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top, left to right: .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Pakistani soldier overlooks the Swat Valley during the Second Battle of Swat Pakistani soldier at the highest point in the Swat Valley during Operation Black Thunderstorm Pakistani forces during a clearance operation in Mir Ali , North Waziristan View of the Islamabad Marriott Hotel after a bombing in September 2008 Interior view of the Police Lines mosque in Peshawar after a deadly bombing in January 2023 Candlelight vigil in London for the victims of the 2014 Peshawar school massacre Pakistani soldier overlooks the Swat Valley during the Second Battle of Swat Pakistani soldier at the highest point in the Swat Valley during Operation Black Thunderstorm Pakistani forces during a clearance operation in Mir Ali , North Waziristan View of the Islamabad Marriott Hotel after a bombing in September 2008 Interior view of the Police Lines mosque in Peshawar after a deadly bombing in January 2023 Candlelight vigil in London for the victims of the 2014 Peshawar school massacre Date 16 March 2004 – present (21 years and 10 months) First phase: 16 March 2004 – 22 February 2017 (12 years, 11 months and 6 days) Second phase: 23 February 2017 – present (8 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) Location Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan Status Ongoing (Low-level insurgency) [ 2 ] First phase : First phase (War 2004 – 2017) ( Beginning of war Order of Battle ) Battle of Wanna Operation al-Mizan Battle of Mirali Waziristan Accord (short-lived peace agreement in North Waziristan ) Operation Sunrise Operation Rah-e-Haq ( First Battle of Swat ) 2007 Kurram Agency conflict Operation Zalzala Battle of Bajaur Angur Ada raid Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem Operation Black Thunderstorm Operation Rah-e-Rast ( Second Battle of Swat ) Operation Rah-e-Nijat 2009 Khyber Pass offensive Operation Janbaz Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009 (failed peace agreement) Mohmand Offensive Orakzai and Kurram offensive Killing of Osama bin Laden 2011 Chitral cross-border attacks Operation Koh-e-Sufaid Operation Rah-e-Shahadat Operation Khyber Operation Zarb-e-Azb Operation Ghazi Second phase : Second phase (Insurgency 2017 – present) ( Beginning of nationwide large scale operations against insurgency ) Operation Ghazi Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 2600 Kilometer Afghanistan-Pakistan border barrier fenced as of 2023 Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan [ 3 ] Heavy insurgent losses and substantial reduction in insurgent activity [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Tribal areas merged into Pakistan, tribal law abolished and writ of constitution established as of 2018 [ 6 ] End of drone strikes conducted by the United States in Pakistan Jundallah , Tehreek-e-Khilafat, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar , and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan join ISIL [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar rejoins the TTP [ 10 ] 2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan Intermittent series of multilateral talks underway with groups specially with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 2022 ceasefire ends [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 2023 Chitral cross-border attacks 2023 Kurram conflict Deportation of 1.1 million foreigners illegally settling in Pakistan [ 16 ] 2024 Kurram conflict Operation Azm-e-Istehkam launched in June 2024 Operation Sarbakaf launched on 29 July 2025 2025 North Waziristan border clashes Pakistan–Afghanistan clashes (2024–present) 2025 Pakistan–Afghanistan conflict Territorial changes Pakistan regains control of the Tribal Areas [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Date 16 March 2004 – present (21 years and 10 months) First phase: 16 March 2004 – 22 February 2017 (12 years, 11 months and 6 days) Second phase: 23 February 2017 – present (8 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) Location Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan Status Ongoing (Low-level insurgency) [ 2 ] First phase : First phase (War 2004 – 2017) ( Beginning of war Order of Battle ) Battle of Wanna Operation al-Mizan Battle of Mirali Waziristan Accord (short-lived peace agreement in North Waziristan ) Operation Sunrise Operation Rah-e-Haq ( First Battle of Swat ) 2007 Kurram Agency conflict Operation Zalzala Battle of Bajaur Angur Ada raid Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem Operation Black Thunderstorm Operation Rah-e-Rast ( Second Battle of Swat ) Operation Rah-e-Nijat 2009 Khyber Pass offensive Operation Janbaz Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009 (failed peace agreement) Mohmand Offensive Orakzai and Kurram offensive Killing of Osama bin Laden 2011 Chitral cross-border attacks Operation Koh-e-Sufaid Operation Rah-e-Shahadat Operation Khyber Operation Zarb-e-Azb Operation Ghazi Second phase : Second phase (Insurgency 2017 – present) ( Beginning of nationwide large scale operations against insurgency ) Operation Ghazi Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 2600 Kilometer Afghanistan-Pakistan border barrier fenced as of 2023 Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan [ 3 ] Heavy insurgent losses and substantial reduction in insurgent activity [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Tribal areas merged into Pakistan, tribal law abolished and writ of constitution established as of 2018 [ 6 ] End of drone strikes conducted by the United States in Pakistan Jundallah , Tehreek-e-Khilafat, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar , and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan join ISIL [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar rejoins the TTP [ 10 ] 2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan Intermittent series of multilateral talks underway with groups specially with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 2022 ceasefire ends [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 2023 Chitral cross-border attacks 2023 Kurram conflict Deportation of 1.1 million foreigners illegally settling in Pakistan [ 16 ] 2024 Kurram conflict Operation Azm-e-Istehkam launched in June 2024 Operation Sarbakaf launched on 29 July 2025 2025 North Waziristan border clashes Pakistan–Afghanistan clashes (2024–present) 2025 Pakistan–Afghanistan conflict Ongoing (Low-level insurgency) [ 2 ] ( Beginning of war Order of Battle ) Battle of Wanna Operation al-Mizan Battle of Mirali Waziristan Accord (short-lived peace agreement in North Waziristan ) Operation Sunrise Operation Rah-e-Haq ( First Battle of Swat ) 2007 Kurram Agency conflict Operation Zalzala Battle of Bajaur Angur Ada raid Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem Operation Black Thunderstorm Operation Rah-e-Rast ( Second Battle of Swat ) Operation Rah-e-Nijat 2009 Khyber Pass offensive Operation Janbaz Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009 (failed peace agreement) Mohmand Offensive Orakzai and Kurram offensive Killing of Osama bin Laden 2011 Chitral cross-border attacks Operation Koh-e-Sufaid Operation Rah-e-Shahadat Operation Khyber Operation Zarb-e-Azb Operation Ghazi Battle of Wanna Operation al-Mizan Battle of Mirali Waziristan Accord (short-lived peace agreement in North Waziristan ) Operation Sunrise Operation Rah-e-Haq ( First Battle of Swat ) 2007 Kurram Agency conflict Operation Zalzala Battle of Bajaur Angur Ada raid Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem Operation Black Thunderstorm Operation Rah-e-Rast ( Second Battle of Swat ) Operation Rah-e-Rast ( Second Battle of Swat ) Operation Rah-e-Nijat 2009 Khyber Pass offensive Operation Janbaz Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009 (failed peace agreement) Mohmand Offensive Orakzai and Kurram offensive Killing of Osama bin Laden 2011 Chitral cross-border attacks Operation Koh-e-Sufaid Operation Rah-e-Shahadat Operation Khyber Operation Zarb-e-Azb Operation Ghazi ( Beginning of nationwide large scale operations against insurgency ) Operation Ghazi Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 2600 Kilometer Afghanistan-Pakistan border barrier fenced as of 2023 Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan [ 3 ] Heavy insurgent losses and substantial reduction in insurgent activity [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Tribal areas merged into Pakistan, tribal law abolished and writ of constitution established as of 2018 [ 6 ] End of drone strikes conducted by the United States in Pakistan Jundallah , Tehreek-e-Khilafat, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar , and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan join ISIL [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar rejoins the TTP [ 10 ] 2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan Intermittent series of multilateral talks underway with groups specially with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 2022 ceasefire ends [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 2023 Chitral cross-border attacks 2023 Kurram conflict Deportation of 1.1 million foreigners illegally settling in Pakistan [ 16 ] 2024 Kurram conflict Operation Azm-e-Istehkam launched in June 2024 Operation Sarbakaf launched on 29 July 2025 2025 North Waziristan border clashes Pakistan–Afghanistan clashes (2024–present) 2025 Pakistan–Afghanistan conflict Operation Ghazi Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 2600 Kilometer Afghanistan-Pakistan border barrier fenced as of 2023 Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan [ 3 ] Heavy insurgent losses and substantial reduction in insurgent activity [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Tribal areas merged into Pakistan, tribal law abolished and writ of constitution established as of 2018 [ 6 ] End of drone strikes conducted by the United States in Pakistan Jundallah , Tehreek-e-Khilafat, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar , and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan join ISIL [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar rejoins the TTP [ 10 ] 2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan Intermittent series of multilateral talks underway with groups specially with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 2022 ceasefire ends [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 2023 Chitral cross-border attacks 2023 Kurram conflict Deportation of 1.1 million foreigners illegally settling in Pakistan [ 16 ] 2024 Kurram conflict Operation Azm-e-Istehkam launched in June 2024 Operation Sarbakaf launched on 29 July 2025 Operation Sarbakaf launched on 29 July 2025 2025 North Waziristan border clashes Pakistan–Afghanistan clashes (2024–present) 2025 Pakistan–Afghanistan conflict 2025 Pakistan–Afghanistan conflict Territorial changes Pakistan regains control of the Tribal Areas [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Pakistan United States ( drone strikes only , until 2018) [ 1 ] Pakistan United States ( drone strikes only , until 2018) [ 1 ] Jihadist groups Pro-Islamic State groups Commanders and leaders Pakistan List Pervez Musharraf .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} # Asif Ali Zardari Mamnoon Hussain # Arif Alvi Yusuf Raza Gilani Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Nawaz Sharif Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Imran Khan Shehbaz Sharif Ashfaq Pervez Kayani Raheel Sharif Qamar Javed Bajwa Asim Munir Kaleem Saadat Tanvir Ahmed Rao Qamar Suleman Tahir Rafique Butt Sohail Aman Mujahid Anwar Khan Zaheer Ahmad Babar Afzal Tahir Noman Bashir Asif Sandila Muhammad Zakaullah Zafar Mahmood Abbasi United States List George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump Pervez Musharraf .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} # Asif Ali Zardari Mamnoon Hussain # Arif Alvi Yusuf Raza Gilani Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Nawaz Sharif Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Imran Khan Shehbaz Sharif Ashfaq Pervez Kayani Raheel Sharif Qamar Javed Bajwa Asim Munir Kaleem Saadat Tanvir Ahmed Rao Qamar Suleman Tahir Rafique Butt Sohail Aman Mujahid Anwar Khan Zaheer Ahmad Babar Afzal Tahir Noman Bashir Asif Sandila Muhammad Zakaullah Zafar Mahmood Abbasi George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump Pakistani Taliban List Noor Wali Mehsud Maulana Fazlullah † Khalid Mehsud † Adnan Rashid Mangal Bagh † Hakimullah Mehsud † Abdullah Mehsud † Baitullah Mehsud † Maulvi Nazir † Hafiz Gul Bahadur Omar Khalid † [ 19 ] Khalid Balti † Azam Tariq † Shahidullah Shahid † Mullah Dadullah † Wali-ur-Rehman † Qari Hussain † Faqir Mohammed ( POW ) [ 20 ] Maulvi Omar ( POW ) Muslim Khan ( POW ) Hayatullah ( POW ) Shah Dauran † Sher Muhammad Qusab † Naik Muhammad Wazir † Sufi Muhammad ( POW ) [ 21 ] Al-Qaeda List Ayman al-Zawahiri † Osama bin Laden † Ilyas Kashmiri † Abu Jihad al-Masri † Atiyah Abd al-Rahman † Abu Laith al-Libi † Abu Yahya al-Libi † Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti † Saeed al-Masri † Usama al-Kini † Sheikh Swedan † Sheikh Fateh † [ 22 ] Andan Shukrijumah † [ 23 ] Asim Umar † Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( POW ) Abu Faraj al-Libbi ( POW ) Ramzi bin al-Shibh ( POW ) Abu Zubaydah ( POW ) ISIS List Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † Hafiz Saeed Khan † [ 24 ] Abdul Rahman Ghaleb † Abdul Rahim Muslim Dost (2014–2015) [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Usman Ghazi † [ 9 ] [ 27 ] IMU Group List Usman Ghazi † Tohir Yuldashev † Najmiddin Jalolov † ETIM Group List Emeti Yakov † Memetimin Memet ( WIA ) Noor Wali Mehsud Maulana Fazlullah † Khalid Mehsud † Adnan Rashid Mangal Bagh † Hakimullah Mehsud † Abdullah Mehsud † Baitullah Mehsud † Maulvi Nazir † Hafiz Gul Bahadur Omar Khalid † [ 19 ] Khalid Balti † Azam Tariq † Shahidullah Shahid † Mullah Dadullah † Wali-ur-Rehman † Qari Hussain † Faqir Mohammed ( POW ) [ 20 ] Maulvi Omar ( POW ) Muslim Khan ( POW ) Hayatullah ( POW ) Shah Dauran † Sher Muhammad Qusab † Naik Muhammad Wazir † Sufi Muhammad ( POW ) [ 21 ] Ayman al-Zawahiri † Osama bin Laden † Ilyas Kashmiri † Abu Jihad al-Masri † Atiyah Abd al-Rahman † Abu Laith al-Libi † Abu Yahya al-Libi † Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti † Saeed al-Masri † Usama al-Kini † Sheikh Swedan † Sheikh Fateh † [ 22 ] Andan Shukrijumah † [ 23 ] Asim Umar † Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( POW ) Abu Faraj al-Libbi ( POW ) Ramzi bin al-Shibh ( POW ) Abu Zubaydah ( POW ) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † Hafiz Saeed Khan † [ 24 ] Abdul Rahman Ghaleb † Abdul Rahim Muslim Dost (2014–2015) [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Usman Ghazi † [ 9 ] [ 27 ] Usman Ghazi † Tohir Yuldashev † Najmiddin Jalolov † Emeti Yakov † Memetimin Memet ( WIA ) Units involved Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Army Pakistan Air Force Special Forces : SSG SSW LCBs CAD Civil Armed Forces Frontier Corps FC KPK (North) FC KPK (South) Pakistan Levies Federal Constabulary Pakistan Police Service Counter Terrorism Department KPK Police Special Combat Unit KPK Levies Dir Levies Malakand Levies Pakistani Intelligence community NACTA ISI MI FIA Until 2018 : United States Air Force CIA Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Army Pakistan Air Force Special Forces : SSG SSW LCBs CAD Pakistan Army Pakistan Air Force Special Forces : SSG SSW LCBs CAD SSG SSW LCBs CAD Civil Armed Forces Frontier Corps FC KPK (North) FC KPK (South) Pakistan Levies Federal Constabulary Frontier Corps FC KPK (North) FC KPK (South) FC KPK (North) FC KPK (South) Pakistan Levies Federal Constabulary Pakistan Police Service Counter Terrorism Department KPK Police Special Combat Unit KPK Levies Dir Levies Malakand Levies Counter Terrorism Department KPK Police Special Combat Unit KPK Levies Dir Levies Malakand Levies Dir Levies Malakand Levies Pakistani Intelligence community NACTA ISI MI FIA NACTA ISI MI FIA Pakistani Taliban TNSM [ a ] Tariq Gidar Group Ittihad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group [ 32 ] Jaish-e-Fursan-e-Muhammad [ 33 ] Lashkar-e-Islam [ b ] Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2014, again from 2020) [ 10 ] Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan [ 34 ] Al-Qaeda AQIS IMU [ c ] Jundallah (until 2014) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2015) Turkistan Islamic Party (until 2015–2017) [ d ] Sipah-e-Sahaba (until 2018) Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (until 2024) Haqqani Network (ceased operations in Pakistan in 2017 – 2021 ) Islamic State Pakistan Province [ 37 ] Khorasan Province Jundallah [ 7 ] IMU [ e ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) [ 10 ] Pakistani Taliban TNSM [ a ] Tariq Gidar Group Ittihad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group [ 32 ] Jaish-e-Fursan-e-Muhammad [ 33 ] Lashkar-e-Islam [ b ] Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2014, again from 2020) [ 10 ] TNSM [ a ] Tariq Gidar Group Ittihad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group [ 32 ] Jaish-e-Fursan-e-Muhammad [ 33 ] Lashkar-e-Islam [ b ] Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group [ 32 ] Jaish-e-Fursan-e-Muhammad [ 33 ] Jaish-e-Fursan-e-Muhammad [ 33 ] Lashkar-e-Islam [ b ] Harakat-e-Inqilab-e-Islami Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2014, again from 2020) [ 10 ] Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan [ 34 ] Al-Qaeda AQIS IMU [ c ] AQIS IMU [ c ] IMU [ c ] Jundallah (until 2014) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2015) Turkistan Islamic Party (until 2015–2017) [ d ] Sipah-e-Sahaba (until 2018) Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (until 2024) Haqqani Network (ceased operations in Pakistan in 2017 – 2021 ) Islamic State Pakistan Province [ 37 ] Khorasan Province Jundallah [ 7 ] IMU [ e ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) [ 10 ] Pakistan Province [ 37 ] Khorasan Province Jundallah [ 7 ] IMU [ e ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) [ 10 ] Jundallah [ 7 ] IMU [ e ] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) [ 10 ] Strength Pakistan 200,000 Pakistani troops (est. 2010–2017) [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Unknown no. of air squadrons of Pakistan Air Force fighter jets, including JF-17 , J-10c , and F-16 jets [ 40 ] ~20,000–40,000 Frontier Corpsmen United States (Until 2018): UAV drones CIA operatives U.S. Special Operations Forces [ 41 ] Pakistan 200,000 Pakistani troops (est. 2010–2017) [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Unknown no. of air squadrons of Pakistan Air Force fighter jets, including JF-17 , J-10c , and F-16 jets [ 40 ] ~20,000–40,000 Frontier Corpsmen ~25,000 TTP militia (est. 2014) [ 42 ] ~2,000 Lashkar-e-Islam militia (est. 2013) [ 43 ] ~1,000 TNSM militia (est. 2012) [ 44 ] 300–3,000 al-Qaeda militants (est. 2014) [ 45 ] Jundallah: 12,000–20,000 (disputed) [ 7 ] IMU: 500 [ citation needed ] –1,000 [ 46 ] ~25,000 TTP militia (est. 2014) [ 42 ] ~2,000 Lashkar-e-Islam militia (est. 2013) [ 43 ] ~1,000 TNSM militia (est. 2012) [ 44 ] 300–3,000 al-Qaeda militants (est. 2014) [ 45 ] Jundallah: 12,000–20,000 (disputed) [ 7 ] IMU: 500 [ citation needed ] –1,000 [ 46 ] Casualties and losses Pakistan: 10,429 soldiers and LEAs killed (SATP; by January 2026) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 9,431 killed soldiers and LEAs and 14,583 wounded (Costs of War Project; by August 2021) [ 47 ] United States : 15 soldiers killed (2010) [ 48 ] Pakistan: 10,429 soldiers and LEAs killed (SATP; by January 2026) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 9,431 killed soldiers and LEAs and 14,583 wounded (Costs of War Project; by August 2021) [ 47 ] 37,391 militants killed (SATP; by January 2026) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 32,838 killed (Costs of War Project; by August 2021) [ 49 ] Total killed: 48,863 including 10,118 civilians (SATP; by February 2025) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 66,650 including 24,099 civilians ( Costs of War Project ; by August 2021) [ 49 ] 45,249 all over Pakistan ( UCDP ; 1989–2025) [ 50 ] Over 3.44 million civilians displaced (2009) [ 51 ] Over 6 million civilians displaced (2003–2019) [ 52 ] Tariq Khan (2008–10) Nadir Zeb (2010–12) Air Chief Tahir Rafique Butt (2012–present) Tavier Ahmad (2006–09) Rao Suleman (2009–12) Naval Chief Muhammad ZakaUllah (2014–present) Afzal Tahir (2005–08) Noman Bashir [ 53 ] (2008–11) Total killed: 48,863 including 10,118 civilians (SATP; by February 2025) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 66,650 including 24,099 civilians ( Costs of War Project ; by August 2021) [ 49 ] 45,249 all over Pakistan ( UCDP ; 1989–2025) [ 50 ] Over 3.44 million civilians displaced (2009) [ 51 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Pakistan) v t e Wana Al-Mizan Waziristan ceasefire Sunrise or Battle of Lal Masjid ( Red Mosque ) Mirali First Swat or Rah-e-Haq ( Righteous Path ) 2007 Kurram Zalzala ( Earthquake ) Sirat-e-Mustaqeem ( Righteous Path ) Bajaur or Sherdil ( Lionhearted ) Black Thunderstorm Second Swat or Rah-e-Raast ( Path to Salvation ) Janbaz ( Daredevil ) Khyber Pass Rah-e-Nijat ( Path to Salvation ) Mohmand Kurram and Orankzai or Khwakh Ba De Sham ( I will teach you a lesson ) 2011 Chitral Koh-e-Sufaid ( White Mountain ) Zarb-e-Azb ( Sharp and Cutting Strike ) Khyber Ghazi ( Warrior ) Radd-ul-Fasaad ( Elimination of Chaos ) Bannu siege 2023 Kurram 2023 Chitral Azm-e-Istehkam ( Resolve for Stability ) 2024 Kurram North Waziristan Sarbakaf ( Willing to sacrifice ) American airstrikes Damadola Chenagai Dande Darpakhel Miramshah Baghar China Laghman Shrawangai Nazarkhel Datta Khel Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan : Spera and Shultan Paktika Kabul Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes (since 2003) Pakistan–United States skirmishes (2008–2012) Neptune Spear Angur Ada 2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present) Wana Al-Mizan Waziristan ceasefire Sunrise or Battle of Lal Masjid ( Red Mosque ) Mirali First Swat or Rah-e-Haq ( Righteous Path ) 2007 Kurram Zalzala ( Earthquake ) Sirat-e-Mustaqeem ( Righteous Path ) Bajaur or Sherdil ( Lionhearted ) Black Thunderstorm Second Swat or Rah-e-Raast ( Path to Salvation ) Janbaz ( Daredevil ) Khyber Pass Rah-e-Nijat ( Path to Salvation ) Mohmand Kurram and Orankzai or Khwakh Ba De Sham ( I will teach you a lesson ) 2011 Chitral Koh-e-Sufaid ( White Mountain ) Zarb-e-Azb ( Sharp and Cutting Strike ) Khyber Ghazi ( Warrior ) Radd-ul-Fasaad ( Elimination of Chaos ) Bannu siege 2023 Kurram 2023 Chitral Azm-e-Istehkam ( Resolve for Stability ) 2024 Kurram North Waziristan Sarbakaf ( Willing to sacrifice ) Spera and Shultan Paktika Kabul Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes (since 2003) Pakistan–United States skirmishes (2008–2012) Neptune Spear Angur Ada 2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present) v t e Terrorist attacks in Pakistan since 2001 v t e Italics indicates attacks resulting in more than 40 deaths ‡ indicates attacks resulting in more than 100 deaths Underline indicates the deadliest terrorist attack/s to date 2001 1st Bahawalpur 1st Bahawalpur 2002 1st Karachi 1st Karachi 2003 1st Quetta 1st Quetta 2004 2nd Quetta 1st Multan 2nd Quetta 1st Multan 2005 1st Mandi Bahauddin (Ahmadiyya) 1st Mandi Bahauddin (Ahmadiyya) 2006 4th Karachi Dargai 4th Karachi Dargai 2007 1st Dera Ismail Khan 1st Charsadda July bombings ‡ 2nd Rawalpindi 5th Karachi ‡ 2nd Charsadda 3rd Rawalpindi (Bhutto assassination) 1st Dera Ismail Khan 1st Charsadda July bombings ‡ 2nd Rawalpindi 5th Karachi ‡ 2nd Charsadda 3rd Rawalpindi (Bhutto assassination) 2008 3rd Charsadda 2nd Parachinar 1st Swat 1st Islamabad 2nd Islamabad 2nd Dera Ismail Khan 1st Wah 1st Peshawar 3rd Islamabad 1st Orakzai ‡ 2nd Peshawar 3rd Charsadda 2nd Parachinar 1st Swat 1st Islamabad 2nd Islamabad 2nd Dera Ismail Khan 1st Wah 1st Peshawar 3rd Islamabad 1st Orakzai ‡ 2nd Peshawar 2009 4th/5th Dera Ismail Khan (January violence) 6th Dera Ismail Khan 2nd Lahore (Sri Lankan cricket) 1st Khyber 3rd Lahore Chakwal 7th/8th Dera Ismail Khan (May attacks) 4th Lahore 3rd Peshawar 5th Lahore Usterzai 4th Peshawar 4th Rawalpindi Alpuri 6th Lahore 5th Islamabad 5th Peshawar ‡ 5th Rawalpindi 6th Peshawar 6th Rawalpindi 7th Lahore 1st Dera Ghazi Khan 1st Lower Dir 6th Karachi 4th/5th Dera Ismail Khan (January violence) 6th Dera Ismail Khan 2nd Lahore (Sri Lankan cricket) 1st Khyber 3rd Lahore Chakwal 7th/8th Dera Ismail Khan (May attacks) 4th Lahore 3rd Peshawar 5th Lahore Usterzai 4th Peshawar 4th Rawalpindi Alpuri 6th Lahore 5th Islamabad 5th Peshawar ‡ 5th Rawalpindi 6th Peshawar 6th Rawalpindi 7th Lahore 1st Dera Ghazi Khan 1st Lower Dir 6th Karachi 2010 1st Lakki Marwat ‡ 1st Bajaur 2nd Lower Dir 7th Karachi 2nd Khyber 3rd Khyber 8th, 9th & 10th Lahore U.S consulate/Timergarah attack 2nd/3rd Kohat 8th Peshawar 11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya) 9th Dera Ismail Khan 12th Lahore (Sufi) 1st Mohmand ‡ 13th Lahore (Shia) 3rd Quetta 2nd Darra Adam Khel 8th Karachi (CID) 2nd Mohmand 2nd Bajaur 1st Lakki Marwat ‡ 1st Bajaur 2nd Lower Dir 7th Karachi 2nd Khyber 3rd Khyber 8th, 9th & 10th Lahore U.S consulate/Timergarah attack 2nd/3rd Kohat 8th Peshawar 11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya) 9th Dera Ismail Khan 12th Lahore (Sufi) 1st Mohmand ‡ 13th Lahore (Shia) 3rd Quetta 2nd Darra Adam Khel 8th Karachi (CID) 2nd Mohmand 2nd Bajaur 2011 Faisalabad 9th Peshawar 2nd Dera Ghazi Khan 4th Quetta 4th Charsadda 9th Karachi (PNS Mehran) 10th Peshawar 10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station) 4th Khyber 5th Quetta Karachi targeted killings ‡ 1st Mastung Faisalabad 9th Peshawar 2nd Dera Ghazi Khan 4th Quetta 4th Charsadda 9th Karachi (PNS Mehran) 10th Peshawar 10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station) 4th Khyber 5th Quetta Karachi targeted killings ‡ 1st Mastung 2012 5th Khyber 1st Rahim Yar Khan 1st Kohistan Mansehra 13th Peshawar (airport) 11th Dera Ismail Khan 5th Khyber 1st Rahim Yar Khan 1st Kohistan Mansehra 13th Peshawar (airport) 11th Dera Ismail Khan 2013 8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡ 9th Quetta 10th Karachi Election day Quaid-e-Azam residency 10th Quetta Mardan Nanga Parbat 11th Quetta/17th Peshawar 14th Lahore 5th Parachinar 12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack) 11th Karachi 12th Quetta 13th Quetta 18th Peshawar ‡ 19th Peshawar 8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡ 9th Quetta 10th Karachi Election day Quaid-e-Azam residency 10th Quetta Mardan Nanga Parbat 11th Quetta/17th Peshawar 14th Lahore 5th Parachinar 12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack) 11th Karachi 12th Quetta 13th Quetta 18th Peshawar ‡ 19th Peshawar 2014 12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination) 1st Bannu 2nd Mastung 20th Peshawar 13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport) 14th Quetta Wagah border 21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡ 12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination) 1st Bannu 2nd Mastung 20th Peshawar 13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport) 14th Quetta Wagah border 21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡ 2015 Shikarpur 22nd Peshawar 15th Lahore 14th Karachi 3rd Mastung Attock Camp Badaber Taunsa Sharif 15th Quetta Jacobabad 6th Parachinar Shikarpur 22nd Peshawar 15th Lahore 14th Karachi 3rd Mastung Attock Camp Badaber Taunsa Sharif 15th Quetta Jacobabad 6th Parachinar 2016 16th Quetta 5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University) 23rd Peshawar 16th Lahore 17th Quetta 3rd Mohmand 18th Quetta 2nd Khuzdar 16th Quetta 5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University) 23rd Peshawar 16th Lahore 17th Quetta 3rd Mohmand 18th Quetta 2nd Khuzdar 2017 13th Dera Ismail Khan 7th Parachinar 17th Lahore 24th Peshawar Sehwan 6th Charsadda 8th Parachinar 18th Lahore 25th Peshawar 4th Mastung 19th Quetta/9th Parachinar Chaman 19th Lahore 20th Lahore 4th Bajaur 20th Quetta 1st Harnai 14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah) Jhal Magsi 27th Peshawar 21st Quetta 13th Dera Ismail Khan 7th Parachinar 17th Lahore 24th Peshawar Sehwan 6th Charsadda 8th Parachinar 18th Lahore 25th Peshawar 4th Mastung 19th Quetta/9th Parachinar Chaman 19th Lahore 20th Lahore 4th Bajaur 20th Quetta 1st Harnai 14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah) Jhal Magsi 27th Peshawar 21st Quetta 2018 28th Peshawar 5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡ 15th Dera Ismail Khan 2018 election violence 22nd Quetta 2nd Orakzai 15th Karachi (Chinese consulate) 28th Peshawar 5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡ 15th Dera Ismail Khan 2018 election violence 22nd Quetta 22nd Quetta 2nd Orakzai 15th Karachi (Chinese consulate) 2019 1st Loralai 2nd Loralai/Panjgur 23rd Quetta 20th Lahore 1st Gwadar 1st Loralai 2nd Loralai/Panjgur 23rd Quetta 20th Lahore 1st Gwadar 2020 24th Quetta 25th Quetta 16th Karachi (Stock Exchange) 24th Quetta 25th Quetta 16th Karachi (Stock Exchange) 2021 1st Machh 3rd Chaman 26th Quetta (Serena Hotel) 21st Lahore 17th Karachi 27th Quetta 28th Quetta 1st Machh 3rd Chaman 26th Quetta (Serena Hotel) 21st Lahore 17th Karachi 27th Quetta 28th Quetta 2022 22nd Lahore 1st Kech Panjgur and Naushki 29th Quetta Sibi 29th Peshawar Sangan 18th Karachi 19th Karachi 1st Miranshah 4th Swat 2nd Lakki Marwat 30th Quetta 2nd Miranshah 3rd Bannu 7th Islamabad 22nd Lahore 1st Kech Panjgur and Naushki 29th Quetta Sibi 29th Peshawar Sangan 18th Karachi 19th Karachi 1st Miranshah 4th Swat 2nd Lakki Marwat 30th Quetta 2nd Miranshah 3rd Bannu 7th Islamabad 2023 31st Peshawar 20th Karachi Barkhan Bolan Havelian 3rd Lakki Marwat 8th Khyber 31st Quetta Muslim Bagh 32nd Peshawar Zhob 1st N Waziristan Bara Khar 2nd N Waziristan 6th Mastung Hangu 16th Dera Ismail Khan 2nd Gwadar Mianwali Chilas Daraban 31st Peshawar 20th Karachi Barkhan Bolan Havelian 3rd Lakki Marwat 8th Khyber 31st Quetta Muslim Bagh 32nd Peshawar Zhob 1st N Waziristan Bara Khar 2nd N Waziristan 6th Mastung Hangu 16th Dera Ismail Khan 2nd Gwadar Mianwali Chilas Daraban 2024 2024 Balochistan BLA Gwadar attack Shangla Lakki Marwat 32nd Quetta Kurram 2024 Balochistan BLA Gwadar attack Shangla Lakki Marwat 32nd Quetta Kurram 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania Jaffar Express hijacking 7th Mastung North Waziristan clashes 2nd Machh 3rd Khuzdar Mir Ali 5th Bajaur 33rd Quetta South Waziristan (Cadet College) 8th Islamabad Darul Uloom Haqqania Jaffar Express hijacking 7th Mastung North Waziristan clashes 2nd Machh 3rd Khuzdar Mir Ali 5th Bajaur 33rd Quetta South Waziristan (Cadet College) 8th Islamabad The Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , also known as the War in North-West Pakistan , or the Jihadist insurgency in North-West Pakistan , is an ongoing armed conflict involving Pakistan and Islamist militant groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Jundallah , Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI), the Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM), al-Qaeda , and their Central Asian allies such as the Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISKP), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan , East Turkistan Movement , Emirate of Caucasus , and elements of organised crime . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Formerly a war , the conflict has now transformed into an insurgency. [ 2 ] The armed conflict began in 2004 when tensions rooted in the Pakistan Army 's search for al-Qaeda fighters in its mountainous Waziristan region escalated into large-scale armed resistance. [ 57 ] Pakistan's actions were presented as its contribution to the U.S. war on terror . [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The al-Qaeda terrorists fled Afghanistan seek refuge in the bordering Federally Administered Tribal Areas . Pakistan had already joined US-led war on terror after the 9/11 attacks under Pervez Musharraf . However, after the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 , Al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters ventured across the Pakistan-Afghanistan border to seek refuge in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). As a result, militants established a presence in several border districts in FATA. The insurgency turned into a critical issue for Pakistan when the Pakistan Army besieged Lal Masjid in Islamabad . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The operation resulted in the TTP describing Pakistan as a "puppet of Western powers," amplifying its propaganda initiative and kickstarting its campaign of suicide bombings throughout the country. Through several military campaigns, Pakistani forces pushed the TTP into neighbouring Afghanistan from where it continues to launch terrorist attacks on Pakistan. In particular, Operation Zarb-e-Azb resulted in the total loss of TTP territory in Pakistan, transitioning the conflict into an unconventional guerrilla campaign through sleeper cells . In 2017, Pakistan began to fence its the 2,600 kilometer-long border with Afghanistan, alongside constructing around 1,000 military installations in border regions to capitalise on gains made against militants. Moreover, FATA, under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan , was merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in 2018 to enhance administrative efficiency in the region. Since the fall of Kabul in August 2021, Pakistan has been confronted with a renewed threat of terrorism as the TTP has amplified its attacks, relying on Taliban-led Afghanistan as a base for attacks and a reliable provider of support. Fresh recruits, easy access to abandoned US-made weapons, and a sanctuary under the Taliban have bolstered the TTP to continue its insurgency with the International Crisis Group stating Pakistan to be the country worst affected by the fall of Kabul. [ 62 ] Background In the aftermath of the Battle of Tora Bora in 2002, the Pakistan Army began formal troop deployment at the behest of the federal government . The conservative parties , most notably the Pakistan Muslim League , [ 63 ] were very critical of such troop deployments in the region. [ 63 ] The XI Corps , under its commander Lieutenant-General Jan Aurkzai , entered the Tirah Valley in the Khyber Agency for the first time since Pakistan's independence in 1947. [ 64 ] The army troops later moved into the Shawal Valley of North Waziristan , eventually entering South Waziristan . [ 64 ] A monitoring reconnaissance base was established by the Special Service Group [Navy] in 2003. [ 64 ] Criticism of Musharraf and the United States grew in Peshawar by a massive communist party in 2003, demanding an end to the operations. [ 65 ] In 2003, the troubles mounted as the Tribes began to see military's deployment and repeated PAF 's flights in the region as an act of subjugation. [ 66 ] In 2003–04 public speeches, Musharraf repeatedly called for the eviction of the foreign fighters from the South Waziristan and justified the army deployments in the region despite the concerns. [ 65 ] In December 2003, at least two assassination attempts against President Pervez Musharraf were traced to South Waziristan. The government responded by intensifying military pressure on the area. However, the fighting was costly: government forces sustained heavy casualties throughout 2004 and into early 2005, when the government switched to a tactic of negotiation instead of direct conflict. [ 67 ] Outbreak of fighting On 16 March 2004, a bloody mountainous battle between the Pakistan Army troops and the foreign fighters of al-Qaeda was fought in the White Mountains of South Waziristan . [ 68 ] The Pakistani media speculated that Pakistan Army had surrounded a " high value target " in the mountainous region, possibly al-Qaeda 's then-second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri . [ 69 ] According to the military intelligence in 2004, all militants were Chechens , Uzbeks , and Tajiks who were trying to flee Black Caves ( Tora Bora of Afghanistan ). [ 68 ] After a week of the battle, the entire area was captured and as many as 400 al-Qaeda operatives were apprehended by the Pakistan Army. [ 70 ] In spite of its success, the army failed to capture Zawahiri. The ISPR later admitted that it was Soviet Uzbek Tohir Yo'ldosh who was surrounded, not Zawahiri. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] By 2004, additional battalions were stationed by General Musharraf to help curb infiltration into Pakistan through its porous border. [ 73 ] The Military Intelligence , Covert Action Division (CAD) and army troops found many caves and tunnels in White Mountain range used by the foreign fighters before the military action took place. [ 72 ] The Military Intelligence accounts maintained that the tunnels were led into Afghanistan , possible Tora Bora region. [ 72 ] Though it is difficult to know how effective the cordon was on the first night of the military suspension but the military intelligence accounts did confirm that many high-value foreign fighters might have escaped through these tunnels and caves back to Afghanistan. [ 72 ] On 7 October 2004, Musharraf approved the appointment of his close aide, General Ehsan ul Haq from ISI , who superseded seven colleagues; his appointment was brutally criticised by the media . [ 74 ] After becoming the chairman joint chiefs, General Ehsan-ul-Haq oversaw the ground troops deployment of army only, while the air force and navy were kept out of the region. [ 74 ] Peace agreements In April 2004, the Government of Pakistan signed the Shakai agreement, first of three peace agreements with militants in South Waziristan . It was signed by militia commander Naik Muhammad Wazir , but was immediately abrogated once Naik Muhammad was killed by an American Hellfire missile in June 2004. [ 54 ] The second one, Sararogha Peace Agreement, was signed in February 2005 with Nek's successor Baitullah Mehsud , which brought relative calm in the South Waziristan region. This deal would later, in September 2006, be mimicked in the neighbouring North Waziristan territory as the third and final truce, Miranshah Peace Accord, between the government and the militants. However, all of these truces would not have a substantial effect in reducing bloodshed. [ 67 ] The latter two deals were officially broken in August 2007 with the start of Operation Silence which was initiated by Islamabad, and resulted in a tenfold increase in suicide attacks on Pakistan Armed Forces. [ 57 ] The strategy of keeping the air force and navy out from the conflict proved to be ineffective, as the violence spread out all over the country, and the army came under great pressure from the militants in 2004–07. [ 75 ] In 2007, General Ehsan-ul-Haq admitted publicly that keeping the navy and the air force out of the conflict was a mistake. [ 76 ] Conflict in the tribal areas (2005-2006) The ISI's Covert Action Division (CAD) and the Special Services Group (SSG) conducted a secret paramilitary operation to capture a high-ranking al-Qaeda operative Abu Faraj al-Libbi on 4 May 2005, after a raid outside the town of Mardan , 50 kilometres (30 mi) northeast of Peshawar. [ 77 ] His arrest was confirmed by the Government sources and noted as "al-Libbi was a high ranking al-Qaeda official, rumored to be third after Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri ." [ 77 ] Al-Libbi replaced Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after his arrest in March 2003 in connection with the 11 September attacks . [ 77 ] The Pakistan government arrested al-Libbi and held him on charges in relation to being a chief planner in two assassination attempts on the life of President Pervez Musharraf in December 2003. [ 78 ] On 13 January 2006, the United States Air Force launched an airstrike on the village of Damadola . [ 79 ] The attack occurred in the Bajaur tribal area, about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 7 km ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi) from the Afghan border, and killed at least 18 people, mostly children and women. The attack again targeted Ayman al-Zawahiri, but later evidence suggests he was not there. [ 79 ] Ceasefire On 21 June 2006, pro-Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan militants in the Bannu region of North Waziristan stated they shot down a Bell military helicopter that was reported to have crashed. The government denied missile fire as the cause, stating it was due to technical faults. The helicopter had taken off from a base camp in Bannu at around 7 am for Miramshah and crashed 15 minutes later into the Baran Dam in the Mohmandkhel area on Wednesday morning. Four soldiers were killed while three others were rescued. On the same day militants killed an inspector and two constables on a road connecting Bannu and the main town of Miranshah . [ 80 ] On 21 June 2006, Afghan Taliban leader Sirajuddin Haqqani issued a decree that it was not (Afghan) Taliban policy to fight the Pakistan Army . However, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan intentionally did not circulate the decree in North Waziristan thereby keeping pressure on the government. [ 81 ] Waziristan peace accord In 2006, the government witnessed the successful implementation of the peace deal between two tribes in Kurram Agency over the issue of distribution of irrigation water. [ 82 ] Promptly, the government accepted the tribal recommendation to sign a peace deal with the militants in North Waziristan . [ 83 ] Signed on 5 September 2006, the agreement was called the " Waziristan Accord "— an agreement among tribal leaders, militants, and the Pakistan government was signed in Miranshah, North Waziristan. [ 84 ] to end all fighting. The agreement includes the following provisions: [ 85 ] The Pakistan military will help reconstruct infrastructure in tribal areas of North and South Waziristan. The Pakistan military will not tolerate any assistance to intruders in North Waziristan, and will monitor actions in the region. The Pakistan government is to compensate tribal leaders for the loss of life and property of innocent tribesmen. "Foreigners" (informally understood to be foreign terrorists) are not allowed to use Pakistani territory for any terrorist activity anywhere in the world. 2,500 foreigners who were originally held on suspicion of having links to the Taliban [ 86 ] were to be detained for necessary action against them. The agreement, dubbed the Waziristan accord, has been viewed by some political commentators as a success for Pakistan. [ 87 ] Even the military commander of the Pakistan Army, Lieutenant-General Ali Jan Aurakzai , also welcomed the peace agreement as "unprecedented in tribal history" and credited the intertribal jirga with amicably resolving a complicated issue within a few weeks. [ 83 ] Others were far more critical, seeing it as allowing militants to regroup and reorganise after military operations. [ 57 ] However, in 2007, accord's chief architect and chairman joint chiefs General Ehsan-ul-Haq openly admitted to the media that the only ground troops deployment was wrong as the "Waziristan truce went wrong". [ 76 ] 2006 Madrassah air strike On 30 October 2006, United States conducted a deadly missile airstrike on a madrassa in the Bajaur region bordering Afghanistan . The strike killed 82 seminary students. [ 88 ] Long War Journal blamed U.S. for the air strike as only U.S. was able to conduct precision night strikes in the region. [ 89 ] Sahibzada Haroonur Rashid, MNA from Bajaur Agency, resigned from the National Assembly on Monday to protest against the bombing of a madrassah in his constituency. [ 90 ] In retaliation for the attack the militants unsuccessfully fired a series of RPG rockets on the heavily fortified security camp of Governor and Lieutenant-General Ali Jan Aurakzai ; though his convey escaped unharmed on 8 November 2006. [ 91 ] The same day, the militants coordinated a successful suicide bomb attack on military base in Dargai, about 100 km north of Peshawar . [ 92 ] The suicide attack killed nearly 42 Pakistani soldiers and wounding 20 others. [ 92 ] Military intelligence investigators later testified in media that suicide bombing had a direct link with the air strike. [ 92 ] Insurgency in the north, 2007 As early as 2007, the northern region had been suffering with an insurgency and President Musharraf was increasingly under great pressure from the militants when several army operations outlined mixed results. In March, his government signed a peace treaty with Fakir Mohamad , the main militant leader in Bajaur . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Militant groups then held three districts in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas : South Waziristan , North Waziristan and Bajaur Agency . [ 95 ] Waziri–Uzbek tensions In South Waziristan , the Uzbek militancy had been growing as many former Soviet fighters –turned militants were reportedly seen encircling in the area; many of the military intelligence reports indicated the movements of former Soviet fighters in the region, mostly Uzbeks and Chechens from the troubled areas of the Russian Federation . [ 96 ] In 2007, the fighting sparked between the Uzbek fighters and the native militant groups by the killing of Arab fighter Saiful Adil, an al-Qaeda operative, blamed on the Uzbeks fighters by Maulvi Nazir , described as a top pro-Taliban militant commander in the region. [ 96 ] According to the other version, the fighting started after Maulvi Nazir, whom the government claimed had come over to its side, ordered the Uzbek followers of former Soviet fighters , Tohir Abduhalilovich Yo'ldoshev and Kamolitdinich Jalolov , to disarm, both were formerly the close confidants of Osama bin Laden . [ 96 ] It was also preceded by the clashes between the Yo'ldoshev -led IMU and a pro-government tribal leader in Azam Warsak, in which 17–19 people died before a ceasefire was announced. [ 97 ] [ failed verification ] Defeat of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan According to the military intelligence officials in 2007, there were many key reasons why the Uzbeks had been dominating the area. [ 96 ] Military intelligence reports testified that the locals were scared to mobilise the opposition against the Uzbek militants due to their reputations as fierce fighters with long memories and very strong military backgrounds. [ 96 ] Some of these fighters used to be soldiers and officers in the Soviet Army during the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, and some of them had military training given by the CIA during the 1990s; hence they were experts in guerrilla warfare . [ 96 ] The IMU fighters had little to lose and it was difficult for them to escape somewhere else. They couldn't go back to Uzbekistan, and after 2009, re-infiltration back to Afghanistan also started becoming more difficult. [ 96 ] Thus, they made Waziristan their home. [ 96 ] Local militants allied to the tribesmen were reported attacking and seizing the IMU's private jail in Azam Warsak. [ 96 ] The Pakistan Army intelligence said it did not intend to step in, but witnesses say government artillery fired on the Uzbek fighters they set up to fight the tribesmen. [ 96 ] Heavy fighting resumed on 29 March 2007, ending a week-long ceasefire between tribal fighters and foreign militants. According to initial reports, tribesmen attacked a checkpoint manned by former Soviet Uzbek fighters and captured two of them. The clashes also left one tribal fighter dead and three wounded. [ 96 ] The following day, a senior Pakistani official announced that 52 people were killed during the past two days; 45 of them were Uzbeks and the rest tribesmen. One of Maulvi Nazir's aides put the death toll at 35 Uzbeks fighters and 10 tribal fighters. However, residents in the area said that the death toll on both sides was inflated. [ 96 ] The conflict further escalated on 2 April when a council of elders declared jihad against foreign militants and started to raise an army of tribesmen. [ 96 ] According to Pakistani intelligence officials, heavy fighting concentrated in the village of Doza Ghundai left more than 60 people dead, including 50 foreigners, 10 tribal fighters and one Pakistani soldier. Intelligence officials also said that "dozens of Uzbeks" had surrendered to tribal forces and that many bunkers used by militants were seized or destroyed. [ 96 ] On 12 April 2007, the army general in charge of South Waziristan said that tribal fighters had cleared the Soviet Uzbeks out of the valleys surrounding Wana and the foreign fighters had been pushed back into the mountains on the Afghan border . [ 98 ] Four days later, the local tribesmen has urged Islamabad to resume control of law and order in the area. [ 99 ] Lal Masjid siege and truce broken The siege of Lal Masjid was one of the serious breaches in the conflict and escalated the conflict in the summer of 2007. On 3 July 2007, the armed militia of Lal Masjid and its supporters inspired by the tribal fighters clashed with the Pakistan Police and Pakistan Rangers outside the mosque in Islamabad after the female students from the mosque affiliated Jamia Hafsa attacked and stoned the nearby MoE secretariat . Their resultant faceoff with the military escalated, despite the intervention of then-ruling PML(Q) leaders Shuja'at Hussain and Ijaz-ul-Haq . The Pakistan Rangers , aided by the Pakistan Army and the Special Service Group immediately put up a siege around the mosque and madrassah complex which lasted until 11 July and resulted in 108 deaths. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] This represented the main catalyst for the conflict and eventual breakdown of the truce that existed between Pakistan and the Taliban groups. Already during the siege, there were several attacks in Waziristan in retaliation for the siege. As the siege in Islamabad ensued, several attacks on Pakistan army troops in Waziristan were reported. First attack was reported on 14 July 2007 when a suicide bomber attacked a Pakistan Army convoy killing 25 soldiers and wounding 54. Second attack was on 15 July 2007, two suicide bombers attacked another Pakistan Army convoy killing 16 soldiers and 5 civilians and wounding another 47 people. And in a separate incident, a fourth suicide bomber attacked a police headquarters killing 28 police officers and recruits and wounding 35 people. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The assault on the Red Mosque prompted Islamic militants along the border with Afghanistan to scrap the controversial Waziristan Accord with Musharraf. [ 105 ] Under pressured, Musharraf moved the army in large concentration of troops into Waziristan and engaged in fierce clashes with militants in which at least 100 militants were killed, including wanted terrorist and former Guantanamo Bay detainee, Abdullah Mehsud . [ 106 ] The militants also struck back by attacking Army convoys, security check points and sending suicide bombers killing dozens of soldiers and police and over 100 civilians. In one month of fighting during the period from 24 July to 24 August 2007, 250 militants and 60 soldiers were killed. On 2 September 2007, just a few dozen militants led by Baitullah Mehsud managed to ambush a 17-vehicle army convoy and captured an estimated 247 soldiers without a shot being fired, an event that shocked the nation. [ 107 ] Several officers were among the captured, the public criticism grew hard on Musharraf. After the army returned to Waziristan, they garrisoned the areas and set up check-points, but the militants hit hard. In mid-September, the TTP and other forces attacked a number of Pakistan army outposts all across North and South Waziristan. This resulted in some of the heaviest fighting of the war. Following the Lal Masjid Siege , the first outpost was attacked and overrun by the militants resulting in the capture of 12 Pakistani soldiers. The next day on 13 September 2007, a suicide bomber in Tarbela Ghazi attacked a Pakistan army base, destroying the main mess hall and killing 20 members of the Special Service Group 's Zarrar Commando Unit; Pakistan's most elite army unit. A series of attacks ensued and by 20 September 2007, a total of five Pakistan Army military outposts had been overrun and more than 25 soldiers captured. More than 65 soldiers were either killed or captured and almost 100 wounded. A little over two weeks later, the Army responded with helicopter gunships and ground troops. They hit militant positions near the town of Mir Ali . In heavy fighting over four days, 257 people were killed, including 175 militants, 47 soldiers and 35 civilians. Operation Rah-e-Haq By the end of October 2007, another heavy fighting erupted in the Swat district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province between the Frontier Police and the large portion of far right-wing TNSM organisation, under the command of Maulana Fazlullah who was trying to impose Sharia law. In a response, the military deployed a combat brigade under a local Brigadier-General to confront them. After week of heavy fighting with the brigade combat teams , the battle came to a standstill with both sides suffering heavy casualties. On 3 November 2007, around ~220 paramilitary soldiers and policemen surrendered or deserted after a military position on a hill-top and two police stations were overrun. This left the TNSM in control of most of the Swat district. The fighting in Swat is the first serious insurgent threat from terrorist groups in what is known as a settled area of Pakistan. Following this, foreign fighters of al-Qaeda loyal to TNSM 's Maulana Fazlullah tried to implement strict Islamic law in November 2007. In November 2007, another brigade combat team was deployed with the help of helicopter gunships to crush the uprising. By the beginning of December 2007, the fighting had ended and the military recaptured Swat. Almost ~400 foreign fighters of Maulana Fazlullah were dead along with 15 Pakistani soldiers and 20 civilians in the military suspension. [ 108 ] Despite the victory by the military, the foreign fighters of TNSM slowly re-entered Swat over the coming months and started engaging security forces in battles that lasted throughout 2008. By early February 2009, the whole district was in military control. [ 109 ] 2007 Rawalpindi bombings and state of emergency On 3 September 2007, the two coordinated suicide bombers targeted an ISI bus and a line of cars carrying ISI officers. [ citation needed ] The bus attack killed a large number of Defence Ministry workers and the other attack killed an Army colonel. In all 31 people, 19 soldiers and 12 civilians, were killed. Two months later on 24 November, another military intelligence (MI) bus was again attacked. Almost everyone on the bus was killed. Another bomber blew up at a military checkpoint. 35 people were killed, almost all military officials. [ citation needed ] Facing with an intense criticism from media regarding the Red Mosque siege , President Musharraf became involved in a confrontation with the country's judiciary who began taking suo motu actions against the directives issued by Musharraf and his Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz on issues involving the forming of the investigative commission on Red Mosque as well as hearings of victims of the siege, the findings of missing persons , issuing verdicts against the controversial NRO and privatisation , and issuing subpoena regarding the extrajudicial killing of Akbar Bugti , in 2006. Failing to reach a compromise and subdue the judiciary, Musharraf authorised the decree of sacking around ~70 senior justices including, the Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry , immediately and declared the state of emergency on 9 November 2007. Virtually suspending the supreme law of the land, the constitution of the country, [ 110 ] [ 111 ] the massive nationwide demonstration and anger erupted against President Musharraf. Though, this action and its responses are generally related to the controversies surrounding the re-election of Musharraf during the presidential election that had occurred on 6 October 2007, and also was claimed by the government to be the reaction to the actions by militants in Waziristan. [ 112 ] 2008 general election On 27 December 2007, Pakistani opposition leader and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated upon leaving a political rally for the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in Rawalpindi , Pakistan. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] A suicidal assassin reportedly fired shots in Bhutto's direction just prior to detonating an explosive pellet-laden vest, killing approximately 24 people and wounding many more. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Ultimately, President General Musharraf and his military establishment blamed the attack on al-Qaeda , but this was contradicted following day, when Baitullah Mehsud sent a statement to the media saying that he and al-Qaeda had "no involvement in the murder of the former Prime Minister", and that they believed that Musharraf was responsible. The violence spread all over the country and national media broadcast the wave of violence across the country that left 58 people dead, including four police officers. Most of the violence was directed at Musharraf and his political party, PML(Q) . Opposition parties, notably the PPP , branded PML(Q) as " Qatil League " (lit. Murderer's League). Benazir Bhutto had previously survived an assassination attempt made on her life during her homecoming which left 139 people dead and hundreds wounded. [ 118 ] Escalation of the conflict and Pakistan's military response # Campaign Date location Results Operation al-Mizan 2002–2006 North Waziristan Stalemate between Islamic militants and Government of Pakistan . Waziristan Accord signed between militants and Pakistan Army Withdrawal of Pakistani forces from Waziristan Waziristan fell out of writ of control Government of Pakistan for 12 years since 2002 till beginning of Operation Zarb-e-Azb in 2014. Waziristan Accord signed between militants and Pakistan Army Withdrawal of Pakistani forces from Waziristan Waziristan fell out of writ of control Government of Pakistan for 12 years since 2002 till beginning of Operation Zarb-e-Azb in 2014. Operation Rah-e-Haq 25 October 2007– 8 December 2007 Swat Valley and Shangla Pakistani victory Led to the short-lived 2009 ceasefire Sharia implemented in Swat Ceasefire ended in the decisive Second Battle of Swat . Led to the short-lived 2009 ceasefire Sharia implemented in Swat Ceasefire ended in the decisive Second Battle of Swat . Operation Zalzala January 2008 – May 2008 Spinkai , South Waziristan Pakistani victory Following the operation, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) offered a truce and peace negotiations resulting in a suspension of violence. In spite of the victory in the operation, on 21 May 2008 Pakistan signed a peace agreement with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Short-lived peace in South Waziristan. Following the operation, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) offered a truce and peace negotiations resulting in a suspension of violence. In spite of the victory in the operation, on 21 May 2008 Pakistan signed a peace agreement with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Short-lived peace in South Waziristan. Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem 28 June 2008 – 9 July 2008 Bara Pakistani victory Pakistan Army gained control of strategic town of Bara on the outskirts of Peshawar . The Peshawar was secured from the threat of militant takeover. Destruction of LeI command and training centers. Pakistan Army gained control of strategic town of Bara on the outskirts of Peshawar . The Peshawar was secured from the threat of militant takeover. Destruction of LeI command and training centers. Operation Sherdil 7 August 2008 – 28 February 2009 Bajaur Agency Decisive Pakistani victory Bajaur fell back under Government control Militant fled across border into Kunar Afghanistan Enduring peace in Bajaur Bajaur fell back under Government control Militant fled across border into Kunar Afghanistan Enduring peace in Bajaur Operation Black Thunderstorm 26 April 2009 – 14 June 2009 Swat Buner Lower Dir Shangla Swat Buner Lower Dir Shangla Decisive Pakistani victory Districts returned to Pakistani control High ranking TTP leadership taken as POW TTP's control confined to four agencies of FATA , namely, North Waziristan , Kurram , Khyber and Orakzai . Mainland Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa secured. Enduring peace across Malakand division . Districts returned to Pakistani control High ranking TTP leadership taken as POW TTP's control confined to four agencies of FATA , namely, North Waziristan , Kurram , Khyber and Orakzai . Mainland Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa secured. Enduring peace across Malakand division . Operation Rah-e-Rast 16 May 2009 – 15 July 2009 Swat Decisive Pakistani victory Sub-Operation of Black Thunderstorm specifically targeted to flush out militants from Swat Swat returned to government control Multiple Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan commanders captured or killed Ensured long term peace in Swat Sub-Operation of Black Thunderstorm specifically targeted to flush out militants from Swat Swat returned to government control Multiple Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan commanders captured or killed Ensured long term peace in Swat Operation Rah-e-Nijat 19 June 2009 – 12 December 2009 South Waziristan Agency Decisive Pakistani victory The military occupied the town of Kaniguram , a stronghold of former Russians fighters and Uzbeks led by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan . Senior Taliban , Uzbek , Russian , and Al-Qaeda leadership abandoned their posts and escaped to neighbouring Afghanistan On December 12, 2009, the military took the control of the entire South Waziristan into the government control. Pakistani forces established government writ in South Waziristan till Afghanistan-Pakistan border . Enduring Peace in South Waziristan The military occupied the town of Kaniguram , a stronghold of former Russians fighters and Uzbeks led by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan . Senior Taliban , Uzbek , Russian , and Al-Qaeda leadership abandoned their posts and escaped to neighbouring Afghanistan On December 12, 2009, the military took the control of the entire South Waziristan into the government control. Pakistani forces established government writ in South Waziristan till Afghanistan-Pakistan border . Enduring Peace in South Waziristan 2009 Khyber Pass Offensive 1 September 2009 – 30 September 2009 Khyber Agency Pakistani victory NATO supply lines across Torkham border secured Trade route between Afghanistan-Pakistan secured on National Highway 5 . NATO supply lines across Torkham border secured Trade route between Afghanistan-Pakistan secured on National Highway 5 . Operation Khwakh Ba De Sham September 2009–21 January 2011 Kurram Agency Orakzai Agency Kurram Agency Orakzai Agency Pakistani victory 100% Orakzai and 90% of Kurram returned to Pakistani control Militants fled to white mountains of Afghanistan Pakistan border Sporadic militant attacks from white mountains continued in Kurram Agency 100% Orakzai and 90% of Kurram returned to Pakistani control Militants fled to white mountains of Afghanistan Pakistan border Sporadic militant attacks from white mountains continued in Kurram Agency Operation Brekhna 3 November 2009 – 20 December 2012 Mohmand Agency Decisive Pakistani victory Mohmand Agency fell back into the government control Leadership of TTP fled to Afghanistan Failure to kill or capture Ayman al-Zawahiri Enduring peace in Mohmand Mohmand Agency fell back into the government control Leadership of TTP fled to Afghanistan Failure to kill or capture Ayman al-Zawahiri Enduring peace in Mohmand Operation Koh-e-Sufaid 4 July 2011 – 18 August 2011 Kurram Agency Decisive Pakistani victory Militants flushed out from white mountains of Koh-e-Sufaid on Afghanistan Pakistan border in Kurram Agency . Thall - Parachinar transit route secured at Kharlachi border. Militants fled across Afghanistan-Pakistan border Kurram Agency effectively secured from militant attacks originating from Koh-e-Sufaid range. Gains of Orakzai and Kurram offensive consolidated Militants continued to maintain presence in mountains of strong presence in Tirah Valley Militants flushed out from white mountains of Koh-e-Sufaid on Afghanistan Pakistan border in Kurram Agency . Thall - Parachinar transit route secured at Kharlachi border. Militants fled across Afghanistan-Pakistan border Kurram Agency effectively secured from militant attacks originating from Koh-e-Sufaid range. Gains of Orakzai and Kurram offensive consolidated Militants continued to maintain presence in mountains of strong presence in Tirah Valley Operation Rah-e-Shahadat 5 April 2013 – 30 June 2013 Tirah Valley Decisive Pakistani victory Militants flushed out from Tirah Valley Headquarters of Lashkar-e-Islam destroyed TTP and LeI leadership fled across Afghanistan Militants continued to pose threat to Khyber Agency from across the border. Militants flushed out from Tirah Valley Headquarters of Lashkar-e-Islam destroyed TTP and LeI leadership fled across Afghanistan Militants continued to pose threat to Khyber Agency from across the border. Operation Zarb-e-Azb 12 June 2014 – 22 February 2017 North-Waziristan Agency Decisive Pakistani victory The last remaining agency of FATA, North Waziristan Agency descended back under Pakistani control. The headquarters of TTP at Miranshah was destroyed. Pakistani forces recaptured last remaining valley of Shawal on Pakistan-Afghanistan border by early 2016. The civilians deaths from 3000 in 2012 to 600 in 2016. War in North-West Pakistan was reduced to low-intensity insurgency National Action Plan conceived to fight extremism The last remaining agency of FATA, North Waziristan Agency descended back under Pakistani control. The headquarters of TTP at Miranshah was destroyed. Pakistani forces recaptured last remaining valley of Shawal on Pakistan-Afghanistan border by early 2016. The civilians deaths from 3000 in 2012 to 600 in 2016. War in North-West Pakistan was reduced to low-intensity insurgency National Action Plan conceived to fight extremism Operation Khyber 7 October 2014 – 21 August 2017 Khyber Agency Decisive Pakistani victory extension of Operation Zarb-e-Azb Area from Bara till the border of Tirah Valley returned to government control under Operation Khyber-1 Under Operation Khyber-2 the main Tirah Valley cleared and returned under government control by 15 June 2015, marking the first anniversary of Operation Zarb-e-Azb Area beyond Tirah Valley returned to government control under Khyber-3 that ended in July 2017 The last valley in Tirah, Rajgal Valley, located on Pakistan-Afghanistan border , was recaptured and secured by 21 August 2017. With success of Operation Khyber three agencies of FATA namely, Kurram , Khyber and Orakzai agencies were successfully secured from all sides. By mid-2017 more or less Government of Pakistan reestablished its authority over more or less 98% of the lost erstwhile FATA . Fencing work began Afghanistan-Pakistan border . Ensured long term peace in Khyber, Kurram and Orakzai. extension of Operation Zarb-e-Azb Area from Bara till the border of Tirah Valley returned to government control under Operation Khyber-1 Under Operation Khyber-2 the main Tirah Valley cleared and returned under government control by 15 June 2015, marking the first anniversary of Operation Zarb-e-Azb Area beyond Tirah Valley returned to government control under Khyber-3 that ended in July 2017 The last valley in Tirah, Rajgal Valley, located on Pakistan-Afghanistan border , was recaptured and secured by 21 August 2017. With success of Operation Khyber three agencies of FATA namely, Kurram , Khyber and Orakzai agencies were successfully secured from all sides. By mid-2017 more or less Government of Pakistan reestablished its authority over more or less 98% of the lost erstwhile FATA . Fencing work began Afghanistan-Pakistan border . Ensured long term peace in Khyber, Kurram and Orakzai. Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad 22 February 2017– November 2022 Across Pakistan Pakistani tactical victory Strategic failure Unlike previous military campaigns operation was not aimed at regaining lost territory but to purge Pakistan of sleeper cells that escaped across country 375,000 intelligence-based operations conducted as of 2021 Afghanistan-Pakistan border barrier erected with 1000 military forts to man the border. According to Delhi-based South Asian Terrorism Portal (SATP) 2019 was post peaceful year for Pakistan since the time of start of insurgency in 2004, the suicide attacks in Pakistan in 2019 was decreased to 8 from record high of 85 in 2009. The seven tribal agencies of FATA merged into Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa for effective governance in 2018. Resurgence of New wave of terrorism since fall of Kabul in 2021 Strategic failure Unlike previous military campaigns operation was not aimed at regaining lost territory but to purge Pakistan of sleeper cells that escaped across country 375,000 intelligence-based operations conducted as of 2021 Afghanistan-Pakistan border barrier erected with 1000 military forts to man the border. According to Delhi-based South Asian Terrorism Portal (SATP) 2019 was post peaceful year for Pakistan since the time of start of insurgency in 2004, the suicide attacks in Pakistan in 2019 was decreased to 8 from record high of 85 in 2009. The seven tribal agencies of FATA merged into Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa for effective governance in 2018. Resurgence of New wave of terrorism since fall of Kabul in 2021 Operation Azm-e-Istehkam 22 June 2024– Till date Across Pakistan and Afghanistan Ongoing In January 2008, the foreign fighters overran Sararogha Fort, and may have overrun a fort in Ladah as well. Both forts are in South Waziristan, and were held by the Pakistan Army. [ 119 ] After the general elections in 2008, the army 's fighting capability was depleted under the command of President Musharraf and many in the media had scrutinised the role of the army in the national politics . On 25 February 2008, a suicide bomber struck in the garrison-town of Rawalpindi which targeted and killed top military medic and Medical Corps Surgeon-General , Lieutenant-General Mushtaq Baig , along with two more soldiers and five civilians. In a secretive appointment by Musharraf personally, General Baig had been an operational commander of the army fighting in the region and was the highest-level military official to be assassinated since 1971 war . [ 120 ] [ 121 ] In 2008, General Musharraf was soon relieved off his command, succeeding General Ishfaq Pervez Kiani as chief of army staff. Events led by successful movement pushed Musharraf to downfall, followed by the consolidated impeachment movement led by Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani ousted Musharraf from the presidency in 2008 . The new socialist government led by Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of the PPP made critical decisions and appointment in the key combatant staff of the armed forces, including the new chief of naval staff (Admiral Noman Bashir ) and endorsing air chief marshal Rao Soleman as chief of air staff ; all in late 2008. The upcoming and then-newly appointed Chairman Joint Chiefs General Tariq Majid formalised a plan and strategy to tackle the insurgency. [ 122 ] Terming as " tri-services framework (TSW) ", the chairman joint chiefs emphasised the role of inter-services to tackle the insurgency with full force, and joint army-navy-airforce "efforts that are synergized within a framework of jointness and inter-operability to meet present and future challenges". [ 122 ] His plan was submitted to Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani who approved the new strategy, which followed the new order of battle and new deployments of combat units of joint army – navy – air force in the north-western region. [ 122 ] In the meantime, military leadership under General Kayani vowed to take fight against militancy to its logical end. General Kayani initiated series of military campaigns in different regions of North-West fell in the hands of militants beginning with Operation Sherdil aimed to flush out militants from Bajaur Agency. Overall, Kayani's tenure witnessed nine major operations and recaptured almost 90% of the lost territories of the North-Western Frontier Province and FATA . The last remaining agency of North-Waziristan and parts of Khyber Agency were recaptured by 2016 by Kayani's successors General Raheel Sharif and Qamar Javed Bajwa . Thus, General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani 's tenure considered pivotal in Pakistan's fight against terrorism during which Pakistan swift its gear from defensive to the offensive mode. Operation Zalzala After a brief intense change in chain of command in the Pakistan Armed Forces , a full-fledged military operation called ' Zalzala (lit. earthquake ) was undertaken by 14th Army Division in January with the goal of flushing out Baitullah Mehsud 's TTP fighters from the area. The area had previously been a more or less safe zone for militants, with some villagers providing them support and shelter. The operation resulted in tactical success and scores of militants were killed during the operation, and within three days the armed forces were in full control of the area. The army later captured a few other villages and small towns as part of their attempt to pressure Baitullah Mehsud. [ 123 ] However, the operation led to a huge displacement of local population and the local Emanzai Tribe. According to the GOC of the 14th Army Division's Major-General Tariq Khan , about 200,000 men, women and children, were displaced. Khalid Aziz, former chief secretary of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and expert on tribal affairs, said the displacement was "one of the biggest in tribal history". Bajaur offensive Earlier on 7 February 2008, the TTP had offered a truce to Musharraf and peace negotiations resulting in a suspension of violence. [ 124 ] On 21 May 2008, the Government signed a peace agreement with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). [ 125 ] Despite the agreement sporadic fighting continued until late June and escalated with the takeover of the town of Jandola on 24 June, by the militants. Around 22 pro-government tribal fighters were captured and executed by the TTP at that time. [ 126 ] On 28 June 2008, Pakistan Army started another offensive against militia fighters in Kyhber , codenamed Sirat-e-Mustaqeem (lit. Righteous Path ). The military took control of a key town and demolished an insurgent group's building. In this offense, one militant was reportedly killed while two soldiers died in Swat valley. [ 127 ] The operation was halted in early July. On 19 July 2008, clashes erupted between the TTP and a faction of pro-government Taliban militants. The fighting ended with 10–15 of the pro-government fighters were killed and another 120 were captured. Among the captured were two commanders who were tried under "Islamic" law by the Taliban and then executed. On 21 July 2008, heavy fighting with another Militant group, the BLA in Baluchistan Province , killed 32 militants, 9 soldiers and 2 civilians. More than two dozen militants were captured and a large weapons cache was found. Between 28 July and 4 August 2008, heavy fighting flared up in the northwestern Swat valley leaving 94 militants, 28 civilians and 22 soldiers and policemen, were dead. [ 128 ] On 6 August 2008, the heavy ground fighting erupted in the Loisam area of the Bajaur District . The Loisam lies on the strategically important road leading towards the main northwestern city of Peshawar. The fighting started when hundreds of foreign fighters poured into the area and began attacking armed forces. After four days of fighting on 10 August 2008, the military was forced to withdraw from the area. It resulted in confirmed killing of 100 militants and 9 soldiers, and another 55 soldiers were missing, at least three dozen of them captured by the militants. [ 129 ] While the fighting was going on in Bajaur, in the Buner area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province , the militants killed at least nine policemen in an attack on a check post. [ 130 ] The checkpoint was then abandoned, and the army troops withdrew to Khar, the main town of Bajaur Agency. There were reports that the town of Khar was then besieged by tribal militants. [ 131 ] On 21 August 2008, in response to the military offensive in Bajaur, two suicide bombers attacked the POF Laboratories in Wah while workers were changing shifts. The attack killed at least 70 people. [ 132 ] Tensions between tribal militias and the Pakistani Taliban As military retreat from Bajaur Agency , the Pakistani tribal elders began organising a private army of approximately 30,000 tribesmen to fight the TTP, with the support of the Provincial government in September 2008. This local private military company , known as lashkar (lit. brigade ), had composed of Pakistani tribesmen who began burning the houses of militant commanders in Bajaur and vowed to fight them until they are expelled. During this campaign, the Lashkar torched the house of local militant commander named Naimatullah, who had occupied several government schools and converted them into seminaries. A tribal elder named Malik Munsib Khan quoted in media that tribes would continue their struggle until the foreign fighters were expelled from the area, adding that anyone found sheltering militants would be fined one million rupees and their houses will be burned. The tribesmen also torched two important centres of local militant activity and gained control of tribal areas. One of the main motivations for this activity was the operations that were taking place in the FATA that had displaced some 300,000 people while dozens of citizens had been killed in clashes between the militants and military. Since the start of operations against the foreign fighters , some 150,000 tribesmen have sided with them. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] The American military proposals outlined an intensified effort to enlist tribal leaders in the frontier areas of Pakistan in the fight against al-Qaeda . The proposal was modelled in part on a similar effort by American forces in Iraq that had been hailed as a great success in fighting foreign insurgents there. But it raised the question of whether such partnerships can be forged without a significant American military presence in Pakistan. The American military raised great questions whether it is enough support can be found among the tribes. Small numbers of high-ranking officers of American military have served as advisers to the Pakistan Armed Forces in the tribal areas, giving planning advice and helping to integrate American intelligence. Under this new approach, the number of advisers had to increase. The U.S. Government said these security improvements complemented a package of assistance from the US AID for the seven districts of the tribal areas that amounted to $750 million over five years, and would involve work in education, health and other sectors. The BINLEA of the US Government also assisted the Frontier Corps with financing for counter-narcotics work. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing In 2008, al-Qaeda struck its largest terrorist attack in Islamabad when a truck bomb targeted the Marriott Hotel . This attack was a defining moment in the war; 54 people were killed and around 266 others injured. According to the testimonies, numbers of U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy personnel also died in the attack; many believed the Americans were the target of the terrorist attacks. In a response to attack on 23 September 2008, the PAF launched its aerial bombing mission which resulted in ultimate success. Military reports indicating that more than 60 insurgents were killed in northwest Pakistan. In the nearby Bajur tribal region, the air force strikes killed at least 10 militants, according to government officials. [ 138 ] The Bajur operations, which the army said left more than 700 suspected militants dead, won praise from U.S. officials. [ 139 ] Renewed Bajaur offensive They [Taliban militants] never see us on the ground. The only time they find out that an aircraft has struck is when the bomb explodes on them. It creates a great psychological impact.... They [Taliban militants] never see us on the ground. The only time they find out that an aircraft has struck is when the bomb explodes on them. It creates a great psychological impact.... In a television emergency address, President Zardari and Prime Minister Gillani publicly vowed revenge in response to the Marriott Hotel bombing. By 26 September 2008, Pakistan air force and army had successfully conducted and completed a major joint offensive in the Bajaur and the Tang Khata regions of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, codenamed Operation Sherdil . This joint operation had killed over 1,000 militants in a huge offensive, a day after President Asif Ali Zardari lashed out at US forces over a clash on the Afghan border. Major-General Tariq Khan , now Inspector General of the Frontier Corps , mentioned to journalists that since the beginning of the Bajaur operations, there were up to 2,000 militant fighters including hundreds of foreign fighters who were fighting with the soldiers and the armed forces. The overall death toll was over ~1,000 militants and also adding that 27 Pakistani soldiers had also been killed with 111 soldiers seriously wounded. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] In this major aerial offense, five of the most wanted al-Qaeda operatives and Central Asian militant commanders were among those killed in a month-long operation in Bajaur. According to PAF reports, "out of the five militant commanders killed, four appeared to be foreigners: Egyptian abu Saeed Al-Masri ; Abu Suleiman, also an Arab; an Uzbek fighter named Mullah Mansoor; and an Afghan commander called Manaras. The fifth was a Pakistani commander named only Abdullah, a son of aging hardline leader Maulvi Faqir Mohammad who is based in Bajaur and has close ties to Al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Between 22 and 24 October, the armed forces engaged in another hard-push against militants in the restive Bajaur and Khyber tribal regions. The army troops did not enter in the region until the PAF conducted its precision bombings. The PAF intense high-altitude air strikes missions were carried out in the Nawagai and Mamond sub-districts of Bajaur Agency. The advancing troops destroyed several centers of militants at Charmang, Chinar and Zorbandar and inflicted heavy losses on them. The army gunship helicopters shelled in Charming, Cheenar, Kohiand Babarha areas of Nawagai and Mamund Tehsil of Bajaur agency, destroying various underground hideouts and bunkers of militants. The armed forces also took control of different areas of Loisam, a militant headquarters, and advanced towards other areas for complete control. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Intensified drone strikes and border skirmishes with the United States At the end of August 2008, the USAF stepped up its air attacks in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . [ 147 ] On 3 September 2008, the United States Army Special Forces teams laid a commando attack in a village near the Afghan border in South Waziristan . Additional airstrikes from unmanned drones in North Waziristan culminating on 8 September 2008, when a United States Air Force drone aircraft fired a number of missiles at a "guest house for militants arriving in North Waziristan." Around ~23 people were killed, but the operation's target, Jalaluddin Haqqani , was not among them. [ 148 ] On 25 September 2008, the Pakistan military and the US military became involved in heavy border fighting on the Frontier border . The incident happened after two US military helicopters came under fire from Pakistan army troops. A US military spokesman insisted that they had been about 2.5 kilometres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles) inside Afghanistan . Speaking at the United Nations, President Asif Zardari maintained that Pakistan would not tolerate violations of its sovereignty, even by its allies. President Zardari told the United Nations, "Just as we will not let Pakistani's territory to be used by terrorists for attacks against our people and our neighbours, we cannot allow our territory and our sovereignty to be violated by our friends", he said, without specifically citing the United States or the border flareup. [ 143 ] Militant targeting of tribes On 10 October 2008, TTP militants beheaded four kidnapped pro-government tribal elders in the Charmang area of Bajaur. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] On 11 October 2008, a suicide bomber struck an anti-militant gathering of tribal elders just as they had decided to form a lashkar (tribal militia). At least 110 anti-Taliban tribesmen were killed and a further 125 were wounded. The suicide bomber drove his car into the gathering itself and blew himself up. The attack on the tribal council took place in Orakzai, normally a relatively quiet corner of the nation's chaotic tribal areas. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Fighting for NATO supply lines On 19 October 2008, the news media began to broadcast the news of Pakistan Army troops, led by an army lieutenant, being locked in a fierce battle with foreign militants to keep open the line routes to NATO forces in Afghanistan. For several months, the foreign militants had been trying to either attack or seal off the supply routes. The army battle reports indicated that the local commander, Mohammad Tariq al-Fridi, had seized terrain around the 1.5-kilometre-long (1 mi) Kohat Tunnel . The military intelligence reports had held al-Fridi responsible for coordinated suicide bomb attacks and rocket strikes against convoys emerging from it. The TTP spokesman, Maulvi Omar , claimed that his foreign fighters would lay down their arms if the Pakistan Army ceased intense fighting. The military refused his offers and a tactical military operation was launched to secure the tunnel routes after TTP seized five trucks carrying weapons and ammunition. They held the tunnel for a week before they were driven out in fierce fighting with the military. Since then, Tariq and his men have returned several times to attack convoys, in a response, the army launched its latest onslaught after a suicide bomb attack at one of its bases near the tunnel six weeks ago. In a massive manhunt operation , Tariq was killed along with hundreds of militants while trying to flee the battle in a combat air operation. The operation ended with five civilians were killed and 45 were injured, including 35 soldiers, when a pickup truck packed with explosives was driven into a checkpoint. [ 153 ] On 11 November 2008, another group of militants attacked two convoys at the Khyber Pass capturing 13 trucks which were headed for Afghanistan. One convoy was from the United Nations World Food Programme and was carrying wheat. The second was intended for NATO troops and one of the captured trucks was carrying with it two U.S. military Humvees, which were also seized. [ 154 ] On 8 December 2008, the militants torched more than 160 vehicles destined for US-led troops in Afghanistan. The militants attacked the Portward Logistic Terminal (PTL) in the northern city of Peshawar at around 02:30 am, destroying its gate with a rocket-propelled grenade and shooting dead a guard. They then set fire to about 100 vehicles, including 70 Humvees, which shipping documents showed were being shipped to the US-led coalition forces and the Afghan National Army . At the same time, militants torched about 60 more vehicles at the nearby Faisal depot, which like Portward is on the ring road around Peshawar, where convoys typically stop before heading for the Khyber Pass. [ 155 ] On 3 February 2009, the militant group again blew up a bridge at the Khyber Pass, temporarily cutting a major supply line for Western troops in Afghanistan. After the attack supplies along the route had been halted "for the time being", according to NATO. Public support and unified military operations Swat ceasefire Since 2008–09, the Chairman joint chiefs General Tariq Majid , working with his JS HQ staffers, had been running several meetings of planning to conduct the joint warfare operations against the TTP militants. A new strategy of joint-military operations and studies were conducted under General Majid. During this time, the Government agreed to impose the Sharia ordnance law and temporarily suspended the military suspension in the Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province . This decision was troubling for the United States in Afghanistan, which believed that it would embolden militant groups fighting US military –led ISAF in Afghanistan. The US government also believed it would provide another safe haven for the militants within 130 kilometres (80 mi) of Islamabad, as well as a corridor between the North-Western border with Afghanistan and North–Eastern border with India. The Pakistan Government officials rationalised that "such agreement was the only way to pacify a fierce insurgency and avoid more civilian casualties in Swat Valley – whose ski resort and mountain scenery once made it a popular tourist destination." The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 's Chief Minister , Amir Hoti , announced that the local authorities would impose Islamic law across Malakand Division , which includes Swat. The Government officials maintained that President Asif Zardari would sign off on the deal once peace had been restored. However, the agreement was never signed by President Zardari soon after the TTP militants violated the treaty. The agreement came the day after the militants in Swat said that it would observe a ten-day ceasefire in support of the peace process. Pakistani officials say that the laws allow Muslim clerics to advise judges, but not to outlaw female education, music or other activities once banned by the Afghan Taliban in Afghanistan. [ 156 ] Defeat of the militants in Bajaur On 1 March 2009, the Pakistan Army troops finally defeated the foreign fighters in Bajaur, which is a strategically important region on the Afghan border. The 40th Army Division commander, Major-General Tariq Khan reported that the army and the Frontier Corps had killed most militants in Bajaur, the smallest of the agencies but a major infiltration route into Afghanistan, after a six-month offensive. By the time the battle in Bajaur was over, the Pakistan Army killed over 1,500 militants while losing 97 of their own soldiers and 404 soldiers seriously injured. [ 157 ] In retaliation on 30 March, the militant groups attacked the Police Academy in Munawan town, killing and taking hostage police cadets. In an operation led by Punjab Police , the units of Elite Police had managed to retake the academy. Lasting about eight hours, the police suspension ended with 18 people killed in the attack, including eight policemen, eight militants and two civilians deaths. At least, ~95 policemen were wounded and four gunmen were captured by the Elite Police . In a similar attack on 4 April 2009, another suicide bomber attacked a military camp in Islamabad killing eight soldiers; less than 24 hours later, two more suicide attacks occurred. One bomber targeted a market on the border with Afghanistan killing 17 people and the other attacked a mosque in Chakwal, in the Eastern Pakistan province of Punjab , killing 26 more civilians. The next day, the leader of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Baitullah Mehsud, promised that there were to be two suicide attacks per week in the country until the Pakistani army withdrew from the border region and the United States stopped its missile attacks by unmanned drones on militant bases. Militant violation of Swat ceasefire In March 2009, many Pakistanis were horrified when a videotape was broadcast in news channels that showed militant enforcers were publicly whipping a 17-year-old girl in Swat accused of having an affair. The girl had not committed fornication or adultery but was flogged simply because she refused her brother's demand to marry someone of his choosing. Protests against the TTP broke out all over the country to demonstrate against the flogging. Conservative thinker Raja Zafar ul Haq of Pakistan Muslim League , appearing in news channels , maintained that "this summary punishment of flogging simply for refusing a marriage proposal was totally un-Islamic and had nothing to do with Sharia ." He went on to say that Muhammad had strictly forbidden the practice of forced marriages and in this case, the girl had not done anything wrong by refusing a marriage proposal. [ 158 ] Sensing the sensitivity of the issue, the Supreme Court of Pakistan appointed a five-member team appointed to investigate the video's origins, and concluded that it had been faked, raising questions at Pakistani intelligence services . [ 159 ] [ 160 ] In Buner, the TTP continued their criminal activities when residents said TTP fighters had been stealing cattle for meat, stealing other livestock, berating men without beards and recruiting teenagers into their ranks. The TTP also began to steal vehicles belonging to government officials and ransacked the offices of some local non-government organisations for no apparent reason. [ 161 ] 12 schoolchildren were killed by a bomb contained in a football. [ 162 ] Operation Black Thunderstorm On 26 April 2009, the unified Pakistan Armed Forces started the strategic and tactical airborne attack, codename Black Thunderstorm , with the aim of retaking Buner, Lower Dir, Swat and Shangla districts from the TTP . This joint army – navy - air force unified operation was well rehearsed and prepared. The fighter jets of Navy and air force began pounding the militant hideouts while army kept advancing in the militant hideouts. The combat fighter pilots of the navy and air force flew their aerial bombing mission together in high altitude at continuous 24-hour period, to avoid being hit from the anti-aircraft guns. During the initial stages of the unified operations, the ground troops and paratroopers performed combat HALO/HAHO techniques to hold the control of high strategic mountains and hills surrounding the Taliban-controlled cities. The operation largely cleared the Lower Dir district of militia forces by 28 April and Buner by 5 May 2009. The same day, the ground fighting in Swat was particularly fierce since the TTP threw away their insurgent tactics and the ground forces obtained the counter-insurgency tactics. By 14 May 2009, the military was only six kilometers south of Mingora, the militia-held capital city of Swat, and preparations for all-out street fighting were underway. On 23 May 2009, the battle for Mingora started and by 27 May, approximately 70% of the city was cleared of militants. On 30 May, the Pakistan military had taken back the city of Mingora from the TTP , calling it a significant victory in its offensive against the militants. However, some sporadic fighting was still continuing on the city's outskirts. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] In all, according to the military, 128 soldiers and more than ~1,475 militants were killed and 317 soldiers were wounded during operation Black Thunderstorm . ~95 soldiers and policemen were captured by the militants; all were rescued by the military. 114 foreign fighters were captured, including some local commanders. At least 23 of the militants killed were foreigners. Sporadic fighting throughout Swat continued up until mid-June. On 14 June, the operation was declared over and the military had regained control of the region. Only small pockets of Taliban resistance remained and the military started mopping up operations. This led to a refugee crisis , and by 22 August, 1.6 million of 2.3 million have returned home according to UN estimates. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Blockade of South Waziristan In the aftermath of the successful victory and recapture of the entire Swat valley , the Pakistan military began a massive army troop build-up along the southern and eastern borders of South Waziristan on 16 June 2009,. The military was now taking the fight to Mehsud's mountainous stronghold, ordering an expansion of its current offensive against TTP fighters in the Swat valley. On 17 June 2009, the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Owais Ghani, denounced Baitullah Mehsud as "the root cause of all evils", and quoted that the government has called on the military to launch a "full-fledged" operation to eliminate Mehsud and his estimated 20,000 men. The Islamabad's decision to launch the offensive against Mehsud signalled a deepening of Pakistani resolve against the militants. The military had targeted the TTP leader on three separate occasions – in 2004, 2005 and 2008 – but walked away each time after signing peace deals with Mehsud. This time, the military also enjoyed the public support as a wave of terrorist attacks had swayed public sentiment against the Taliban. [ 167 ] On 17 October 2009, the military launched another offense, called Operation Rah-e-Nijat when the combat brigades and fighter jets launched a large-scale offensive in South Waziristan involving ~28,000 troops advancing across South Waziristan from three directions. [ 168 ] Starting with air force strike and naval intelligence assessment on the TTP, the first town to fall to the military was Kotkai, the birthplace of the TTP leader, Hakimullah Mehsud , on 19 October 2009. However, the next day, the TTP re-took the town. Troops had thrust into Kotkai only to be hit by a determined counteroffensive that killed seven soldiers, including an army major, and wounded seven more. [ 169 ] The military managed to take the town once again on 24 October, after days of bombardments. [ 170 ] On 29 October, the town of Kaniguram , which was under the control of Uzbek fighters from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan , was surrounded. [ 171 ] And on 2 November, Kaniguram was taken. [ 172 ] On 1 November 2009, the towns of Sararogha and Makin were surrounded, [ 173 ] and fighting for Sararogha started on 3 November. [ 174 ] The fighting there lasted until 17 November, when the town finally fell to the military. The same day, the town of Laddah was also captured by the military and street fighting commenced in Makin. Both Sararogha and Laddah were devastated in the fighting. [ 175 ] By 21 November 2009, ISPR reports showed that more than 570 foreign fighters and 76 soldiers had been killed in the offensive. [ 176 ] On 12 December 2009, the Pakistan military declared victory in South Waziristan. [ 177 ] Death of Baitullah Mehsud and TTP counter-attacks As early as August 2009, the TTP leader, Baitullah Mehsud , was killed in a drone attack . This was later confirmed by captured chief spokesman Maulvi Umar . [ 178 ] He was replaced by Hakimullah Mehsud . In early October 2009, the TTP started a string of bomb attacks in cities across Pakistan. The goal of the attacks was to show that the TTP militants were still a united fighting force following the death of their leader and to disrupt a planned military offensive into South Waziristan. Places targeted include the U.N. World Food Program offices in Islamabad [ 179 ] a food store in Peshawar ; [ 180 ] military headquarters in Rawalpindi ; a market in Shangla ; [ 181 ] the intelligence establishments in Lahore; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] the police stations in Kohat and Peshawar; the Islamic center at the International Islamic University in Islamabad; [ 184 ] and Air Science Laboratories (ASL) Complex in Kamra. November ended with a car bombing of Meena Bazaar, Peshawar killing 118 civilians. [ 185 ] Additionally, November saw suicide bombings of the National Bank of Pakistan in Rawalpindi , [ 186 ] a market in Charsadda, and six bombings in Peshawar including the regional headquarters of the ISI and the Judicial Complex. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] In 2013, the media reported that the mastermind of chain of attacks in 2009, Abdullah Umar, was brutalised and killed in a police encounter with Punjab Police in 2013. [ 190 ] Media authorities identified Abdullah Umar as a law student of the International Islamic University and a son of army colonel. [ 190 ] Military offensive (2010–2017) Insurgency in West and defeat of Taliban: 2010–11 In an offensive in Bajaur by Frontier Corps , a militants' stronghold village Damadola was captured and cleared by 6 February 2010. [ 191 ] Bajaur was declared conflict free zone by 20 April. [ 192 ] On 23 March 2010, the Pakistan armed forces launched an offensive to clear Orakzai. [ 193 ] Officials also announced a future offensive in North Waziristan. [ 194 ] The week prior the Pakistan military killed approximately 150 militants in fighting in the region. [ 195 ] It was expected that all tribal areas would be cleared by June 2010. [ 196 ] On 3 June, Pakistani authorities announced a victory over the insurgents in Orakzai and Kurram. [ 197 ] Death of Bin Laden and Navy offensive As late as 2010, chief of naval staff Admiral Noman Bashir had coordinated many of successful tactical ground operations against TTP hideouts, to support the army and air force pressure on militants. Many successful operations were executed by the navy, and its operational capability gained international prominence. [ 198 ] By 2011, Pakistan's armed forces were stretched thin by natural disasters and deployments against extremist groups, with one third of the army deployed for the fight, another third along the Indian border and the rest engaged in preparing to deploy. [ 199 ] On 1 May 2011, in a clandestine operation in Abbottabad , al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was located and killed by the U.S. Navy SEALs in his private compound . The groups affiliated with the armed TTP vowed, via media, to avenge Osama's death upon the Pakistan Armed Forces. On 21 and 28 April, senior al-Qaeda operative Ilyas Kashmiri conducted a series of coordinated terrorist attacks on the Pakistan Navy presence in Northern and Southern contingents . This included attacks on high naval officials of the Pakistan Navy in Karachi, first attacking their bus near the Navy bases. Finally on 22 May, TTP attacked the Mehran Naval Base , killing up to 10 naval officers, wounding 30 others, and destroying two naval reconnaissance aircraft, during the attack. In response, the navy's SSG(N) launched its largest offensive efforts since the 1971 operations , and managed to control and secure the base after a massive shootout. Operationally resulting in tactical success, the navy's counter offensive killed all the militants and ring leaders behind these operations. Kashmiri was widely suspected in the Mehran operation. On 4 June 2011, Ilyas Kashmiri was killed by a U.S. drone strike in South Waziristan . In 2012, the north-west region of Pakistan experienced periodic bombings perpetrated by insurgents, resulting in thousands of deaths. On 22 December 2012, a suicide bomb attack carried out by the Pakistani Taliban killed Bashir Ahmed Bilour, a minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well as 8 other people. [ 200 ] Tirah Valley clashes In January 2013, at least 80 militants and civilians were killed in clashes between the Tehrik-e-Taliban / Lashkar-e-Islam and Ansar ul-Islam (a pro-government militant group) in Tirah Valley of Pakistan's Khyber Agency . [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Fighting between Ansar ul-Islam and the Pakistani Taliban continued till March and as a result, almost the entire Tirah Valley came under the control of Lashkar-e-Islam and TTP fighters. [ 201 ] Over 250 militants and civilians were killed and 400 others wounded in the three-month-long clashes. [ 203 ] The fighting also displaced about 200,000 to 300,000 people. [ 203 ] This forced the Pakistan Army to start Operation Rah-e-Shahadat in order to root out insurgents and extremists from the strategically important region and restore peace and stability for the upcoming May elections. [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Operation Rah-e-Shahadat Operation: Rah-e-Shahadat- ( English: Path to Martyrdom ; Urdu:راه شهادث ), was the codename of a joint military operation that was commenced on 5 April 2013 by the Pakistan Army , with assistance provided by the PAF and Navy for air support. In close coordination with Local Peace Committee ( Aman Lashkar ), the army troops and special operations forces , aided by Frontier Corps , to flush out TTP and LeI militants from the Tirah Valley of the Khyber Agency . At least four Pakistani soldiers and 14 insurgents were killed while 5 soldiers were also wounded. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] In a major aerial operation, the Pakistan Air Force and navy fighter jets pounded hideouts of banned group LeI in and according to military intelligence reports, many militants escaped from the areas taking with them their injured fighters. [ 207 ] On 7 April 2013, Pakistani military officials said that at least 30 Taliban-linked militants and 23 soldiers including commandos were killed during clashes in the Tirah Valley since 5 April. Several Aman Lashkar members were also reported to be killed and wounded. Scores of insurgents and Pakistani troops were injured in the operation. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] On 8 April 2013, Pakistani military officials said that at least 30 Pakistani soldiers and 97 militants were killed during fierce fighting with Taliban linked-fighters in the Tirah Valley since 5 April, the day when the operation began. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] On 9 April 2013, the ISPR confirmed that at least 23 soldiers and 110 insurgents were killed in the four-day fighting in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency . [ 212 ] [ 213 ] On 11 April 2013, at least 15 militants and one Pakistani soldier were killed during fighting in southern sector of Tirah Valley. [ 214 ] [ 215 ] The areas of Mada Khel and Tut Sar were cleared from militants. [ 216 ] On 12 April 2013, nine Pakistani soldiers and seven insurgents were killed during clashes in Sipah area of Tirah Valley. The security forces took control of the areas of Sandana and Sheikhmal Khel in Sipah area. Three Lashkar-e-Islam militants were also arrested while a dozen others were injured. [ 217 ] Two peace committee members were killed and 22 others were injured in a bomb blast in the same area. [ 218 ] On 13 April 2013, Pakistan Army's ISPR said that seven militants were killed in the Tirah Valley on 12 April. It did not confirm the casualties suffered by the security forces. [ 219 ] On 16 April 2013, a member of Zakhakhel peace committee (Tawheedul-ul-Islam) was killed in a bomb blast in Dari area of Tirah Valley . [ 220 ] On 2 May 2013, four Taliban-linked insurgents were killed and five others wounded after Pakistani fighter jets targeted TTP hideouts in the Tirah Valley. [ 221 ] On 5 May 2013, Pakistan Army's ISPR said that 16 insurgents and two soldiers were killed during heavy clashes in the Tirah Valley. Three soldiers were reported to be wounded. The military also claimed to have captured militant strongholds Kismat Sur and Sanghar and recovered huge cache of arms and ammunition from the militants fleeing the area. [ 222 ] Operation Khyber Disengagement of militant groups News reports and intelligence media news began airing the news that the TTP and other Central Asian militant groups, notably the IMU , have now set up camps and reinforced hundreds of fighters to Syria to fight alongside rebels opposed to Bashar al-Assad in continuity of cementation of ties with al Qaeda, starting of July 2013. [ 223 ] [ 224 ] According to Reuters, hundreds of fighters had gone to Syria to fight alongside their "Mujahedeen friends". [ 224 ] Media reported the visit and setup of a TTP base in Syria to assess "the needs of the jihad". [ 225 ] At least 12 experts in information technology and warfare were sent to Syria in the last two months to aid the Mujahideen. The Pakistani government has not commented on the allegations. [ 225 ] North Waziristan offensive On 19 December 2013, the army launched a major offensive in the Mir Ali region of North Waziristan following a suicide bomb attack on a checkpoint in the area the previous day. Artillery and helicopter gunships were used in the operation. By 23 December, more than 30 militants and up to 70 civilians allegedly were killed. [ 226 ] Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan infighting In March 2014 rival factions fought for control of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan. Commander Khan Said Sajna and followers of the late TTP leader Hakimullah Mehsud now under command of Maulana Fazlullah clashed in Shaktoi area of South Waziristan and later in the same area in early April 2014. [ 227 ] This began a bloody struggle for control of the organisation. After several minor skirmishes another major attack took place in the Shawal area of the troubled North Waziristan district on 6 May 2014. [ 228 ] Operation Zarb-e-Azb In response to the IMU's Jinnah Airport attack on 8 June 2014, the Pakistani military launched an operation on 15 June 2014 against the militants in North Waziristan including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Al-Qaeda , East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Haqqani network . Up to 30,000 soldiers were involved in the operation. It had been described as a "comprehensive operation" that aimed to flush out foreign and local militants hiding in North Waziristan . In 2014, the Pakistan Army 's Special Service Group were reportedly successful in their manhunt operation after targeting and killing of Adnan Gulshair , a Saudi citizen who was known to be the Global Operations Chief of Al-Qaeda . [ 229 ] By 2014, casualty rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40% as compared to 2011–13, with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [ 230 ] despite the province being the site of a large massacre of school children by Tehrik-i-Taliban terrorists in December 2014. By December 2015, some 3,400 Pakistani Taliban and their allied fighters were killed during the first 18 months of the operation, according to the ISPR. [ 231 ] By June 2016, a total of 3,500 militants were killed, including 900 terrorists belonging to Lashkar-e-Islam, according to the Director General ISPR. 490 soldiers were also killed in the two-year operation. A kinetic military action was conducted and Shawal valley was cleared of militants. [ 232 ] On 21 May 2016, the Emir of Taliban Akhtar Mansour was killed in a US drone strike near Ahmad Wal town in Balochistan , which is roughly 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Afghan airspace. [ 233 ] Continued insurgency This section needs expansion . You can help by making an edit request expanding it . ( December 2022 ) After Zarb-e-Azb militants were deprived of any territorial space and were scattered across length and breadth of the country in the form of sleeper cells. Despite substantial reduction in terrorism, sleeper cells continued to pose threat to Pakistan's security. The TTP and its affiliate Jamaat-ul-Ahrar launched Operation Ghazi to punish Pakistan of its military campaigns in the North-West. Pakistan Army responding to TTP's Operation Ghazi, launched Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad . As of 2025, rise in TTP's activity threatened Pakistan’s attempts to position itself as a military powerhouse in South Asia. TTP has increasingly focused on direct attacks against security forces while largely sparing civilians, reducing the likelihood of local backlash. Despite the use of drone strikes and targeted operations, Pakistan’s military has suffered significant personnel losses, and the continued presence of Islamic State fighters in the region has further strained its control. According to Asfandyar Mir, a senior fellow at the Stimson Center , the TTP has been able to assert itself to the extent that the balance of power is beginning to shift against Pakistan’s security forces, raising concerns over the state’s ability to maintain authority and regional military influence. [ 234 ] In October 2025, KP Chief Minister Sohail Afridi blamed the federal government for the resurgence of militancy in the province, citing its flawed policies and failure to release essential war-on-terror funds and constitutional dues. [ 235 ] Between 2021 and 2025, the latter saw most activity with about 3,811 incidents. These accounted for 71% incidents across Pakistan. KP saw 16 suicide bombings in 2025. DG-ISPR Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry blamed "politically permissive environment" and PTI leaders Imran Khan and Sohail Afridi over the surge. [ 236 ] About 8,500 TTP fighters were active by the end of the year according to Iftikhar Firdous, co-founder of Khorasan Diary research outlet. The year was also the deadliest in a decade since 2015 on account of increased violence and Pakistan's worsened ties with Taliban ruled Afghanistan. [ 237 ] Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad In 2017, the insurgency slowed from a war to a low-intensity conflict , but high-death toll attacks continued, including a suicide bombing in Sehwan , Sindh , on 16 February which killed over 90 people. On 22 February, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad which is aimed at eliminating terrorism and consolidating the gains of Zarb-e-Azb . [ 238 ] The operation was initiated in response to militant Jamaat-ul-Ahrar 's Operation Ghazi that saw several IED and suicide attacks across Pakistan during the same month. [ 239 ] Islamist attacks against government and civilian targets continued, including a bombing at a market in Parachinar on 23 June 2017 which killed over 70 people and a suicide bombing in a mosque in Peshawar on 4 March 2022 which killed over 60 people. Unlike previous military campaigns Radd-ul-Fasaad was not specific to a specific conflict zone but included Intelligence-Based Operations against sleeper cells, facilitators, abettors and militants scattered across length and breadth of the country. After 2016, the Pakistan Armed Forces largely squeezed territorial space on the militants which denied them space to operate freely in Pakistan. The strict vigilance by Pakistan Military forced them to operate in urban areas in the form of sleeper cells while taking scattered sanctuaries in the mountainous terrain of western provinces of Pakistan. The leadership of TTP fled across Afghanistan and established its base in the Eastern Afghanistan bordering with Pakistan from where it continued to launch cross border raids on Afghanistan-Pakistan border areas. Radd-ul-Fasaad vowed to tackle cross border militancy, purge sleeper cells in Urban Pakistan, flush of remnants militants escaped across country, and pursuit National Action Plan. The operation entailed the conduct of Broad Spectrum Security (Counter Terrorism) operations by Rangers in Punjab and Sindh , and by Frontier Corps in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and focus on more effective border security management. Countrywide disarmament and explosive control were also given as additional objectives of the operation. The National Action Plan was pursued as the hallmark of this operation. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] As a result of Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad , TTP suffered huge losses and divided into various splinter groups that weakened its operational capabilities. According to Delhi-based South Asian Terrorism Portal (SATP) 2019 was the most peaceful year for Pakistan since the start of the insurgency in 2004. According to SATP, The suicide attacks in Pakistan in 2019 dropped to 8 from a record high of 85 in 2009. By 2021, More than 375,000 operations have been carried out against terrorists, including over 150,000 in Sindh, 3,4000 in Punjab, more than 80,000 in Balochistan and over 92,000 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. [ 242 ] Operation was a tactical victory for Pakistan as country saw consolidation of gains of Operation Zarb-e-Azb by further denting the terrorist capability to carry out activities against Pakistan which was visible in drastic drop in suicide and IED attacks. Yet it deemed as a strategic failure due to failure of operation to achieve objectives of National Action Plan . The country failed to foster durable peace, specially after Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021. The political change in Afghanistan triggered new wave of terrorism in Pakistan. Since 2022 Pakistan has seen a visible uptick in terrorism-related incidents. [ 243 ] Pakistan-Afghanistan border barrier To consolidate gains of military campaigns from 2002 to 2017, Pakistani military leadership started constructing a fence along the 2,611-kilometer (1,622-mile) border with Afghanistan in 2017 to prevent cross-border militant attacks. By August 2021, 90% of the border barrier between the two countries – consisting of 4 meters (13 feet) high chain-link double fences separated by a 2-meter (6.5-foot) space filled with concertina wire coils – was completed. [ 244 ] 2023 Kurram Parachinar conflict In May 2023, the 2023 Kurram Parachinar secretarian conflict broke on between local Sunni fighters, of Turi , and Bangash Shia Fighters in the Kurram District . After escalation in the conflict, the Government of Pakistan responding to the request of the Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa for intervention by the armed forces, deployed Frontier Corps troops to the area to restore order. After deployment, all fighting in the area came to an end on July 13, 2023. The normalcy in region returned within days after the successful dialogue conducted by the Jirga with mediation from the officials of the paramilitary force and civil administration. The Pashtun Maliks (chieftains) of Turi and Bangash tribes, with aid of government led to the successful dialogue between two communities that bridged the gulf between two sects. [ 245 ] Operation Azm-e-Istehkam Background Radd-ul-Fasaad resulted in major successes in counter-terrorism , however it failed to address roots of insurgency embedded in extremism . Pakistan's National Action Plan 2014 had strongly called for complementing counter-terrorism with counter-extremism measures to uproot insurgency in North-West Pakistan. Contrary to National Action Plan, Pakistan saw slow implementation on the National Action Plan since 2019 specially on its primary aim of combating extremism under Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad. Resultantly since fall of Kabul in August 2021, Pakistan is confronted with renewed threat of terrorism as TTP has been injected with fresh dose of strength due to the victory of Taliban in Afghanistan . The fresh recruits, easy access to US made weapons, and a sanctuary under the shadow of Afghan Taliban have once again bolstered the TTP to target Pakistan. In 2023, Pakistan saw an increase in terror incidents, especially in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after the banned militant group Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan terminated its ceasefire with the government in November 2022. [ 243 ] Approval and Launch On 7 April 2023, Pakistan's National Security Committee under leadership of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif decided to launch a new military operation to root out militants posing threats to its western regions. The meeting was also attended by the Pakistan's new military leadership COAS Asim Munir and CJCSC Sahir Shamshad Mirza . [ 246 ] After over a year on 22 June 2024, Pakistan's Apex Committee on National Action Plan approved a new operation that is meant to address slow implementation of National Action Plan specially by addressing its vow of healing extremism across Pakistan. The aim of operation said to eradicate extremism and terrorism in a comprehensive and decisive manner. The operation will not only include military action, but socio-economic uplift to deter extremism. [ 247 ] Pakistan Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif clarified on 25 June 2024 that "Operation would not be large scale operation.Sharif said Operation Azm-e-Istehkam is being “misunderstood” and compared to previous military operations such as Operation Zarb-e-Azb and Operation Rah-e-Nijat . He said militants in these operations were killed for creating “no-go areas” in the country and for challenging the writ of the state, adding that they caused massive displacement of the population. There are currently no such no-go areas in the country as the ability of terrorist organisations to carry out large-scale organised operations inside Pakistan has been decisively defeated by past armed operations. Therefore, no large-scale military operation which would require population displacement is being contemplated.Its objective is to instill a new spirit and drive in the ongoing implementation of the revised National Action Plan , which was launched after a national consensus in the political arena. Operation Azm-e-Istekam is a multi-domain, multi-agency and national vision to bring about sustainable peace and stability in the country. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] Pakistan's Defence Minister Khawaja Asif on 28 June 2024 added that Pakistan may carry out cross border strikes inside Afghanistan on terrorist bases enjoying safe havens on Afghan soil. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Operation Sarbakaf This section needs expansion . You can help by making an edit request expanding it . ( September 2025 ) Operation Sarbakaf was launched on 29 July 2025 in Bajaur District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The operation began in Loi Mamund tehsil, supported by gunship helicopters and artillery, alongside a three-day curfew in 16 villages. Authorities aimed to eliminate militant hideouts amid a resurgence of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) activity. A curfew was later extended from 11 to 14 August in 27 areas of Mamund Tehsil . [ 252 ] On 29 July 2025, authorities imposed a daily curfew in 16 areas of Lowi Mamund tehsil under Section 144. The next morning, on 30 July, security forces launched Operation Sarbakaf, supported by helicopters and artillery. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] [ 255 ] There have been reports of civilian casualties during the operations, including a 13 August mortar strike in Mamund that killed a woman and her two children, [ 256 ] and a 22 September airstrike in Tirah Valley in which at least 30 civilians, including women and children, were killed. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] [ 259 ] In June 2025, Amnesty International raised concern over rising drone strikes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, criticising Pakistani authorities for failing to protect civilians. [ 260 ] Peace prospects and developments Since 2006, major initiatives have been taken out by the government to reconstruct and rehabilitate the war-torn areas of FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The military administrator of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Lieutenant-General Nadeem Ahmad , supervised majority of the socioeconomic development in the areas that were badly affected by the military operations. [ 261 ] The government took many initiatives, including the promotion of political activities under the Political Parties Act , the construction of the Peshawar-Torkham Road and the establishment of the Investment Bank of FATA, envisioned to bring prosperity and provide employment opportunities. [ 262 ] Around ₨ 1 billion were spent for the rehabilitation of the IDPs and ₨ 500 million were immediately transferred into the account of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government for the economic development in the province. [ 261 ] Since 2006, there are numbers of notable and major international agencies and UN efforts to reconstruct the war-torn areas affected of fighting. As early as 2005, major government institutions were involved at the public level to lead the reconstruction, economic development and to bring quick economic recovery in the war-torn areas, as listed below: US Aid National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) Special Support Group for IDPs (SSG) Federal Relief Commission (FRC) National Logistics Cell (NLC) Frontier Works Organisation (FWO) Navy Reconstruction Group (NRG) Under the 2006–15 program, a nine-year project, over $2.06 billion would be spend for the economic reconstruction of the FATA region, with the U.S. Government has pledged to provide $750 million over a period of 5 years. [ 263 ] Since 2010, the engineering units of army, the Frontier Works Organisation (FWO) and Corps of Engineers and Military Engineering Service , have been active in the area to reconstruct the war-torn areas. Major operations were carried out by the FWO to complete the wide canvas of works, including construction of over 400 km roads, dams, canals and hydroelectric works. [ 264 ] The engineering units commenced the work on Gomal Zam Dam in Waziristan with the help of the local tribal people who were employed for this mega project. [ 265 ] The Pakistan Army started the political and educational activities after rebuilding the damaged schools and colleges in Waziristan and gave admissions to as many as young tribal teenagers and young men and women in the army institutions since August 2011. [ 266 ] Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa-FATA Merger Since the independence of Pakistan from the United Kingdom in 1947, the seven districts of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were governed by political officers appointed by the President of Pakistan . The PA had near absolute power over their tribal districts. However, Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan merged FATA with Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , turning seven agencies of FATA into the seven districts. The amendment replaced colonial era Frontier Crimes Regulation with the FATA Interim Governance Regulation, 2018 , effectively enforcing Constitution of Pakistan on the territories of the erstwhile FATA. Twenty-fifth Amendment has proven to be a game changer in the Insurgency of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa as the area which were acting as fortress for the insurgency has been fallen under the local administration of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The provincial and federal departments have established their presence and started to consolidate control of Pakistan over these areas which were out of Pakistani jurisdiction. Around 37,428 policemen were recruited and deployed in tribal districts after training to maintain law and order. [ 242 ] Casualties In a debriefing to parliamentarians on 19 October 2011, the ISPR stated that a total of ~3,097 soldiers and personnel were killed and 721 other were permanently disabled in the war on terror . The ISI lost 63 of its personnel owing to targeted assaults on ISI installations. In the same government report, it confirmed that since 2001 a total of ~40,309 Pakistanis, both military and civilian, had lost their lives in the conflict. [ 267 ] In addition, the TTP and central Asian militant groups suffered a staggering number of human casualties, and according to the reports ~20,742 militants had been killed or captured by February 2010. [ 268 ] Among these, by November 2007, were 488 foreign fighters killed, 24 others arrested and 324 injured. [ 269 ] 220 policemen were killed in fighting in 2007 and 2008. [ 270 ] Before all-out fighting broke out in 2003, independent news sources reported only four incidents of deaths of Pakistani forces in 2001 and 2002, in which a total of 20 soldiers and policemen were killed. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] [ 273 ] [ 274 ] The data compiled by the independent South Asia Terrorism Portal website shows that around 63,872 people were killed all across Pakistan including at least 34,106 terrorists, 7,118 security forces personnel and 22,648+ civilians from 2000 to May 2019. [ 275 ] Naushad Ali Khan of Pakistan Government's Research and Analysis, [ 276 ] Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police in his article Suicide and terrorist attacks and police actions in NWFP, Pakistan [ 277 ] has provided details of different activities of the terrorists during 2008. Accordingly, 483 cases were registered with 533 deaths and 1290 injured. Similarly 29 suicidal attacks were recorded, resulting 247 deaths and 695 injuries. During the same period 83 attempts acts of terrorism were foiled by the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police. [ 277 ] Between January and August 2025, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's police recorded 605 security-related incidents, resulting in the deaths of at least 138 civilians and 79 police personnel; August alone saw 129 incidents, including the killing of six Pakistan Army and Federal Constabulary members. [ 260 ] Issues with war veterans Pakistan does not have its own equivalent to the United States Department of Veterans Affairs . There is also no federal ministry that looks after veteran affairs. Most of Pakistan's infantry come from lower income, poor families, mainly from the rural areas of the country. They remain unknown from the time of their recruitment, and for the most part, to the time of their leave or death. Because there is no network of support that goes out to veterans, some believe that Pakistan's veterans are facing similar issues like those faced by Vietnam veterans . Politicians hardly ever mention the veterans in speeches or statements. This is because civil society hardly ever inquires or hears about the physical and mental challenges facing Pakistan's veterans. How to re-integrate veterans in to society is an issue that has yet to be addressed. [ 278 ] United States role The US Ambassador Cameron Munter found it difficult to counter the Anti-American sentiment in the country, especially after the Raymond Davis incident . [ 279 ] [ relevant? ] The Anti-Americanism sentiment in Pakistan is one of the strongest in the world. [ 280 ] The Anti-Americanism has risen as a result of U.S. military drone strikes introduced by President George W. Bush [ 281 ] and continued by President Barack Obama as his counter-terrorism policy. [ 282 ] [ relevant? ] As of 2010, almost 60%–80% of Pakistanis considered the United States as an enemy combatant state. [ 283 ] [ relevant? ] The Anti-Americanism has been provoked mainly as a reaction from those who are critical of American CIA activities in Pakistan , such as the infamous break-out of the Raymond Allen Davis incident and American intrusions from Afghanistan border such as the 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan . [ citation needed ] The credibility of the Obama administration was undermined in the country [ when? ] and, furthermore, approximately 4 in 10 Pakistanis believe that U.S. military and economic aid is having a negative impact on their country; only 1 in 10 believes the impact has been positive. [ citation needed ] In 2010, Pakistan purchased 1,000 laser-guided bomb kits and 18 F-16 fighter jets from the US. [ 284 ] Economics and cost of war Studies and research conducted by Pakistan's leading economists and the financial experts, the war hit Pakistan's national economy "very hard", and the outcomes produced by the war on country's national economy, were surprising and unexpected to Pakistan's military and economic planners. [ 285 ] The Pakistani government's economic institutions referred to the conflict as "economic terrorism" and according to Pakistani officials, the indirect and direct cost of the war was around $2.67 billion in 2001–02, which reached up to $13.6 billion by 2009–10, was projected to rise to $17.8 billion in the 2010–11 financial year. [ 286 ] The country's national investment-to-GDP ratio has nosedived from 22.5% in 2006–07 which went down to 13.4% in 2010–11 with serious consequences for job creating ability of the economy. [ 263 ] The leading English language newspaper, The Nation gave great criticism to United States, and called U.S. role as "economic terrorism" in South Asia. [ 287 ] Until November 2016 the conflict, as well as terrorism in Pakistan , had cost Pakistan $118.3 billion. [ 288 ] According to US Congress and the Pakistani media, Pakistan has received about $18 billion from the United States for the logistical support it provided for the counter-terrorism operations from 2001 to 2010, and for its own military operation mainly in Waziristan and other tribal areas along the Durand Line . [ citation needed ] The Bush administration also offered an additional $3 billion five-year aid package to Pakistan for becoming a frontline ally in its " war on terror ". Annual installments of $600 million each split evenly between military and economic aid, began in 2005. [ 127 ] In 2009, President Barack Obama pledged to continue supporting Pakistan and said that Pakistan would be provided economic aid of $1.5 billion each year for the next five years. Unfolding a new US strategy to defeat Taliban and al-Qaeda, Obama said Pakistan must be a 'stronger partner' in destroying al-Qaeda safe havens. [ 289 ] In addition, President Obama has also planned to propose an extra $2.8 billion in aid for the Pakistani military to intensify the US-led "war on terror" along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The military aid would be in addition to the civilian aid of $1.5 billion a year for the next five years from 2009 onwards. [ 290 ] In his autobiography, President Musharraf wrote that the United States had paid millions of dollars to the Pakistan government as bounty money for capturing al-Qaeda operatives from tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. About 359 of them were handed over to the US for prosecution. [ 127 ] In popular culture See also Aftermath of Soviet war in Afghanistan Terrorism in Pakistan Violence in Pakistan 2006–09 Sectarian violence in Pakistan Civil Armed Forces Military history of the North-West Frontier Afghanistan–Pakistan relations Pakistan–United States relations India and state-sponsored terrorism MQM violence (1994–2016) MQM militancy Insurgency in Sindh Insurgency in Balochistan Separatist movements of Pakistan Notes ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2007. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2015. ^ pro Al-Qaeda factions ^ the group lost territories in 2015 [ 35 ] & active until 2017 in Waziristan [ 36 ] ^ pro-Islamic State factions [ 9 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Pakistan: Reported US strikes 2018" . The Bureau of Investigates Journalism . Retrieved 23 April 2019 . ^ a b Lieven, Anatol (2017). "Counter-Insurgency in Pakistan: The Role of Legitimacy". Small Wars & Insurgencies . 28 : 166– 190. doi : 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266128 . S2CID 151355749 . ^ "US Drone Kills Afghan-Based Pakistani Taliban Commander" . Voice of America (VOA) . 4 July 2018. ^ a b c d "Database – KPK from 2005 to present" . Retrieved 24 May 2019 . ^ a b c d "Database – FATA from 2005 to present" . Retrieved 24 May 2019 . ^ "President signs 'Constitutional Amendment' to merge FATA with KP" . nation.com.pk . 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ a b c "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State" . Reuters . 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ "ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag" . Daily Intelligencer . 23 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ a b c Says, Battu (31 March 2015). "Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video" . The Khaama Press News Agency . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ a b c Mehsud, Katharine Houreld (12 March 2015). "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . ^ "TTP extends ceasefire till May 30 after 'successful' talks" . The Express Tribune . 18 May 2022 . Retrieved 18 May 2022 . ^ Khan, Tahir (18 May 2022). "TTP extends ceasefire until May 30 as talks continue in Afghanistan" . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 18 May 2022 . ^ "Pakistan Taliban extend truce for more talks with government" . Washington Post . Retrieved 18 May 2022 . ^ "Pakistan Taliban ends ceasefire with gov't, threatens new attacks" . ^ "Taliban militants in Pakistan end ceasefire with government – spokesman" . Reuters . 28 November 202. ^ "Govt decides to evict over 1m foreigners illegally residing in Pakistan: State media" . 2 October 2023. ^ Roul, A. (2016). How Operation Zarb-e-Azb Changed Pakistan’s Tribal Areas. Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor, 14(12), 5–7. ^ Khan, S.R. and Khan, A. (2020). From War to Peace: The Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan’s Counter-Terrorism Environment Post Operation Zarb-e-Azb. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 15(2), 121–139 ^ "Top Pakistan Taliban leader killed in Afghanistan roadside attack" . Al Jazeera . 8 August 2022. ^ "Former Pakistani Taliban No 2 arrested in Afghanistan: Reports" . Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. ^ "Taliban leader killed in firefight with police" . Express Tribune . 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "US missile strike 'kills al-Qaeda chief' in Pakistan" . BBC News . 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . ^ Sophia Saifi, Ben Brumfield and Susan Candiotti (6 December 2014). "Pakistan kills al Qaeda leader on FBI most wanted list" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ Arif Rafiq. "What Happened to ISIS's Afghanistan-Pakistan Province?" . The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ "Released Gitmo detainee joins ISISNov. 19, 2014 – 2:30 – Former Taliban commander named chief of ISIS in Khorasa" . fox news . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . ^ "Local support for dreaded Islamic State growing in Pakistan: Report" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . ^ "IMU announces death of emir, names new leader" . The Long War Journal. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ "Emergence of 'Ittehad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan': A New Militant Alliance Challenges TTP's Monopoly. Weekly Report 11-17 April,2025" . Pakistan Institute for Conflict and Security Studies . 23 November 2023 . Retrieved 2 October 2025 . ^ "In June 2025, Ittihad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan (IMP) Executed 77 Attacks In Pakistani Tribal Districts, Killing And Wounding 125 Pakistani Soldiers" . MEMRI . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ "Terrorism Update Details - lashkar-e-islam-announces-new-outfit-'ittihad-ul-mujahideen-pakistan'-in-collaboration-with-two-other-fractions-of-ttp" . satp.org . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ "Jihadist Narratives in the Aftermath of India's Airstrikes on Pakistan" . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Kumar, Bhaswar (20 March 2024). "From friend to foe: How Hafiz Gul Bahadur brought Pak, Afghanistan to blows" . Business Standard . Retrieved 1 October 2024 . ^ Khattak, Daud (25 July 2024). "New Extremist Groups – At Least In Name – Enter Pakistan's Militant Scene" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 2 October 2024 . ^ "Pakistan Airbase In Mianwali Under Attack By Tehreek-e-Jihad; Loud Explosions And Smoke..." 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023 . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ "Pakistan says has eliminated Uighur militants from territory" . Reuters . 18 October 2015. ^ Bennett-Jones, Owen (8 March 2017). "North Waziristan: What happened after militants lost the battle?" . BBC News . Retrieved 3 May 2020 . ^ "IS Delineates "Khorasan Province" from "Pakistan Province" in Attack Claims, One Involving Targeted Killing in Rawalpindi" . Jihadist Threat . SITE Intelligence Group. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022 . Retrieved 9 September 2022 . ^ Khalid, M Saeed (10 September 2017). "The on-off partnership" . The News International . Archived from the original on 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (23 January 2010). "Pentagon chief defends arms sales to India, Pakistan" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "Pakistan, Saudi Arabia Cleared for U.S. Arms Buys" . Armscontrol.org. 11 September 2001. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ "American Dead in Pakistan Bombing Were Special Forces – ABC News" . USA: ABC. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Bennett-Jones, Owen (25 April 2014). "Pakistan army eyes Taliban talks with unease" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ "A Profile of Mangal Bagh" (PDF) . TheLongWarJournal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . ^ "Pak Taliban claims to be using Afghan soil" . Rediff News. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . ^ "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia" . 12 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . www.mipt.org . ^ Crawford, Neta C. "Update on the Human Costs of War for Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001 to mid-2016" (PDF) . Brown University . Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs . Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . The war in Pakistan, which began as Al Qaeda and the Taliban fled from Afghanistan into the northwest region of Pakistan in 2001, has caused almost 62,000 deaths and an additional 67,000 injuries. ^ "U.S. Fatalities in and around Afghanistan" . iCasualties. 9 September 2005. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . ^ a b "Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 2001–2022 | Figures | Costs of War" . The Costs of War . Retrieved 2 September 2021 . ^ "Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)" . Retrieved 23 May 2019 . ^ "Red Cross 'gravely concerned' about conditions in Swat Valley" . CNN. 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Pakistan's Swat Valley, where a month long offensive against the Taliban has displaced more than 2 million civilians. ^ "In source: "A majority of the more than 70,000-plus civilians killed in this violence were Pashtuns, while more than 6 million members of the ethnic group have endured displacement since the onset of conflict in 2003." " . Rfe/Rl . Gandhara. 27 May 2019 . Retrieved 27 May 2019 . ^ ROBERT MACKEY (23 May 2011). "Before Attack, Pakistan's Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . ^ a b Varun Vira and Anthony Cordesman "Pakistan: Violence versus Stability: A Net Assessment." Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Center for Strategic and International Studies , 25 July 2011. ^ "The War in Pakistan" . The Washington Post . 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Abbas, Zaffar (10 September 2004). "Pakistan's undeclared war" . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2022 . ^ a b c "Pakistan Primer Pt. 1" Archived 29 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Rise of the Pakistani Taliban, Global Bearings , 27 October 2011. ^ David Montero (22 June 2006). "Killing scares media away from Waziristan" . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . ^ "Pakistan attacks Waziristan compound" . Al Jazeera. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . ^ "Chinese hostages freed" . Dawn News. 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . ^ Declan Walsh (11 July 2007). "Red Mosque siege declared over" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2008 . ^ "Pakistan worst-hit by Taliban takeover of Kabul: International Crisis Group" . Dawn . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ a b "Govt warned against US operation in Fata" . Dawn News archives, 2002 . 6 May 2002. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ a b c "Tribesmen allow army to enter Shawal" . Dawn News, May 2002 . 6 June 2002. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ a b "Occupation of sovereign states by US flayed" . Dawn 2003, 10 August . 10 August 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ "Wana operation condemned" . Dawn, 10 2003 . 6 October 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ a b Rohde, David (10 September 2006). "Al Qaeda Finds Its Center of Gravity" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . ^ a b Zulfiqar Ali (16 March 2004). "Musharraf warns against failure of Wana operation" . Dawn news, area studies, Zulfiqar Ali . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Khan, Ismail (19 March 2004). "Al Zawahiri believed surrounded: Intensity of resistance indicates presence of high-value target, says Musharraf" . Dawn News, 2004 Area studies, Khan . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Khan, Ismail (26 March 2004). "Army winding up operation: Corps Commander" . Dawn, 26 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ "Top Al Qaeda leader hurt, hiding in Wana: ISPR" . Dawn News, 28 March 2004 . 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ a b c d Ismail Khan (28 March 2004). "Militants agree to set free hostages: Uzbek warlord hurt while fleeing" . Dawn News, 28 March 2004 by Ismail Khan . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Syed Irfan Raza & Dilawar Khan Wazir (6 October 2004). "More Troops deployed along Afghan border" . Dawn News Archives 2004. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . ^ a b Arshad Sharif (3 October 2004). "New JCSC chief, VCOAS appointed" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . ^ "Extremism greatest threat: president" . Dawn, 17 April 2007 . 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ a b "Waziristan truce went wrong: Gen Ehsan" . Dawn, Our Correspondent . 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ a b c Raza, Syed Irfan (5 May 2005). "Al Qaeda's number three Faraj Al Libbi arrested" . Dawn News area studies archives, 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ John Diamond (4 May 2005). "Pakistan reports arrest of Osama bin Laden's operations chief" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ a b Anwarullah Khan (14 January 2006). "Attack in Bajaur Agency kills 18: Raid believed to be made by US aircraft" . Dawn News archives, area studies 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ " 'Policemen killed' in Waziristan" . BBC News . 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2006 . ^ "Forces, militants heading for truce" . Dawn . 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. ^ "Jirga brokers peace deal between rival tribes" . Dawn Area . 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ a b Gul, Pazir (6 September 2006). "Waziristan accord signed" . Dawn News archives, area studies, 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ "Pakistan, Taliban militants sign peace agreement" . Fr.jpost.com. Associated Press. 2 September 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . [ dead link ] ^ "Waziristan accord signed" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "News" . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ "Some See Pakistan's Truce As a Defeat" . Fox News . Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ "The emerging age of drone wars" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . And more than once the United States has gotten it wrong – perhaps most tragically on 30 Oct. 2006, when an errant drone strike obliterated an Islamic boarding school in Chenagai, Pakistan, killing 82 people. ^ "A Closer Look at the Chingai Airstrike in Bajaur, Pakistan" . Long war journal . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Actually this would be Predator UAVs, conducted the strike. An American intelligence source informs us that the Pakistani Army does not possess the capabilities to conduct precision night strikes such as this attack. ^ "MNA resigns in protest against air strike" . Dawn news . 31 October 2006. ^ Dlavar Khan Wazir (8 November 2006). "Rockets rain on Wana during governor's visit: Aurakzai not targeted: spokesman" . Dawn news, area studies . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ a b c Khan, Ismail (8 November 2006). "Suicide attack on army base: 40 troops dead; search on for bomber's aide" . Dawn News, area studies, Ismail Khan . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Roggio B (17 March 2007). "Pakistan signs the Bajaur Accord" . The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Retrieved on 14 January 2008. ^ Stakelbeck E (3 April 2007). "Bajaur: When 'Peace' Yields War" . CBN News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. ^ Roggio B. "The fall of northwestern Pakistan: An online history" . The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Retrieved on 13 January 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Zaidi, Dr. Syed Manzar Abbas (4 February 2013). Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan (PDF) . SISA Report No. 1 2013 (Report). Centre for International and Strategic Analysis. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word) on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ "Rival militants clash in Pakistan" . BBC. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . ^ Plett B (12 April 2007). "Tribesmen 'oust' foreign fighters" . BBC. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . Retrieved on 16 January 2008. ^ "Tribe in Pakistan security plea" . BBC. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . Retrieved on 16 January 2008. ^ "Silence of the Dead in Islamabad" . The Statesman. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . ^ "US backs Pakistan's storming of radical mosque" . The Raw Story. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . ^ Witte, Griff (12 July 2007). "Mosque siege ends, and grim cleanup begins" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 May 2008 – via San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "FOXNews.com – Two Days of Homicide Attacks Kill 70 in Pakistan" . Fox News. 15 July 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Ismail Khan. "Suicide Bombers Kill 49 in Pakistan" . Fairuse.100webcustomers.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Scores killed in Pakistan attacks" . News.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Pakistan militant leader" . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . [ dead link ] ^ "Pakistan crisis 'hits army morale' " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ "12-hour curfew clamped on Swat -DAWN – Top Stories; November 17, 2007" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ [ dead link ] ^ "Musharraf imposes emergency rule" . Dawn. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . ^ "Martial law declared in Pakistan" . CNN. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . ^ Nelson, Dean (4 November 2007). "Pervez Musharraf spoils for a fight as he declares emergency rule" . The Times . London. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . ^ "Bhutto killed in suicide attack" . Al Jazeera English . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . ^ Benazir Bhutto is dead Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reuter's video ^ "Benazir Bhutto Assassination NBC News Coverage" . NBC. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . ^ "Benazir Bhutto Assassination CBS News Coverage" . CBS. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . ^ "Benazir Bhutto Assassination ABC News Coverage" . ABC. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . ^ Gall, Carlotta; Masood, Salman (19 October 2007). "Bomb Attack Kills Scores in Pakistan as Bhutto Returns" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . ^ "Pakistani troops 'flee border post' " . Al Jazeera. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved on 18 January 2008. ^ "Pakistan attacks hit aid group, military HQ" . CNN. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Kohat GOC, six other officers die in copter crash: Technical fault caused accident: ISPR" Archived 9 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Dawn , 7 February 2008 ^ a b c "Armed Forces guardian of national integrity: General Tariq Majid" . Aaj TV Headlines . 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . ^ Zaffar Abbas. "Taliban ousted, but Spinkai is now a ghost town" Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Dawn , 19 May 2008 ^ "BBC NEWS | South Asia | Pakistani militants 'call truce' " . News.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Al Jazeera English – News – Pakistan Troops To Vacate Swat" . English.aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Baitullah men storm Jandola -DAWN – Top Stories; June 24, 2008" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ a b c "Pakistan: $1 billion from U.S. to fight terror" . Aki/ Dawn . 14 November 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . [ dead link ] ^ "BLA claims responsibility for several deadly attacks in Balochistan" . 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022 . Retrieved 8 May 2022 . ^ Laura King & Zulfiqar Ali (10 August 2008). "Pakistan fighting ends as troops withdraw" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Taliban militants kill nine policemen in Pakistan – Yahoo! India News" . In.news.yahoo.com . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . [ dead link ] ^ " 'Dozens die' in Pakistan clashes" . news.bbc.co.uk. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Twin suicide bombers hit factory in Pakistan" . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . ^ David Montero (September 2008). "Pakistani tribesmen organize private armies to fight Taliban" . Christian Science Monitor . Csmonitor.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Saeed Shah (26 September 2008). "Pakistani tribesmen organize to fight Taliban insurgents" . McClatchy Washington Bureau . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "U.S. hopes to arm Pakistani tribes against Al Qaeda" . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Eric Schmitt, Mark Mazzetti And Carlotta Gall (19 November 2007). "U.S. Hopes to Use Pakistani Tribes Against Al Qaeda" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "U.S.-Pakistan Dialogue" . 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2019 . ^ "Pakistani Army Says 60 Suspected Militants Killed" . Fox News. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Habib Khan (23 September 2008). "Pakistan army says 60 suspected militants killed" . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . [ dead link ] ^ "PAF capable of mid-air refuelling" . The Nation (Pakistan) . 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ "The Standard – Hong Kong's First Free English Newspaper" . Thestandard.com.hk. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Pakistan says five top militants among 1,000 dead in offensive-Pakistan-World-The Times of India" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 September 2008 . ^ a b "AFP: Pakistan says 1,000 militants killed near Afghan border" . 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Pakistan says 1,000 militants killed in Bajaur campaign" . In.reuters.com. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Pak security forces kill 16 militants" . Outlookindia.com. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "Archive | Your Source of News on the World Wide Web" . Dawn.Com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Suspected US Missile Strike Hits Taliban Commander's House Archived 13 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine – Voice of America, 8 September 2008 ^ Perlez, J. & Shah, P.Z. 2008, 'US attack on Taliban kills 23 in Pakistan' Archived 12 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine most of the people killed in these attacks are civilians., International Herald Tribune , 9 September. Retrieved on 10 September 2008. ^ "AFP: Taliban militants behead four in Pakistan: officials" . 11 October 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Four pro-govt tribal elders beheaded -DAWN – Top Stories; October 11, 2008" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "Dozens killed in Pakistan bombing" . BBC. 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ "The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News" . wayback.archive-it.org . Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. ^ "Pakistan and Taliban battle for key tunnel – Times Online" . wayback.vefsafn.is . [ dead link ] ^ "Militants grab U.S. military Humvees in ambush" . CNN. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "US and Nato Humvees destroyed as Islamists attack Afghan supply bases" . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . ^ "Sharia imposed on northwest Pakistan in deal with Taleban – Times Online" . wayback.vefsafn.is . [ dead link ] ^ "Troops defeat Taliban in Pakistan's Bajaur region" . The Indian Express . 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "Taliban Invasion Is About Power, Not Islam in Pakistan" . Help The Middle Class. 10 May 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "Video of Swat girl flogging was fake: report,2/25/2011 6:10:35 AM" . thearynews.com . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ "Swat girl flogging video 'fake': Pak probe team" . The Indian Express . 19 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "Stop the Taliban now – or we will" . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . ^ "Football Bomb Kills 12 Children in Northern Pakistan While Another Four Die As Grenade Explodes" . News.sky.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ Reza Sayah (30 May 2009). "Pakistan secures key Swat Valley city" . CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "South Asia | Pakistan army 'regains' Swat city" . BBC News . 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "1.6 million Pakistani refugees return home: UN" . The Times of India . 22 August 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "1.3 million displaced Pakistanis return home: UN" . Sify . 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Waraich, Omar (16 June 2009). "Pakistan's Next Fight? Taliban Leader Baitullah Mehsud" . TIME . Archived from the original on 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "Pakistan forces move on Taliban" . BBC News. 17 October 2009. ^ "Taliban retake town as Pakistan offensive runs into trouble" . McClatchy. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "South Asia | Pakistan 'takes key Taliban town' " . BBC News . 24 October 2009. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Latest news and today's top stories" . Yahoo! News UK . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . [ dead link ] ^ "Pakistan takes Taliban stronghold" . BBC News . 2 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . ^ Bill Roggio (1 November 2009). "Pakistani Army surrounds major Taliban strongholds in South Waziristan" . The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ Bill Roggio (3 November 2009). "Pakistan captures two Taliban strongholds in South Waziristan" . The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Search Results main taliban bases in south waziristan captured army szh DAWN" . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. ^ "Six Pakistani troops, 14 Taliban killed in clashes – Summary" . Earth Times News . 21 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Taliban driven out of key battleground: Pakistan PM" . AFP. 12 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Search Results tehrik i taliban spokesman mohmand qs | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM" . Archived from the original on 20 August 2009. ^ "Washington TV" . Televisionwashington.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ [ dead link ] ^ "Pakistan blast toll reaches 45" . Malaysia News.Net. 13 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "41 killed in terror strikes targeting security forces in Pakistan – Economic Times" . Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "One killed, nine injured in Peshawar car bomb attack" . Malaysia News.Net. 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Schools across Pakistan close after deadly suicide blasts" . CNN. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Search Results explosion heard peshawar qs DAWN" . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. ^ Hussain, Shaiq (2 November 2009). "Suicide bombing kills 35, injures dozens in Pakistan" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Pakistan bombings kill 18 as spy agency hit" . Sify . 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "15 Pakistanis Killed in Peshawar Suicide Bombing, November 14, 2009" . United Nations. 14 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ [ dead link ] ^ a b Amir Mir (17 June 2013). "Why did a soldier's son join the Taliban?" . The news International, 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . ^ "Security forces seize control of damadola ss" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Bajaur declared conflict free zone" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Pakistan's Orakzai offensive" . Gcreport.com. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Accord for operation in North Waziristan" . Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "31 militants killed in Pakistan's Orakzai tribal area – People's Daily Online" . People's Daily . 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Pakistani general: Al Qaida-Taliban haven to be cleared by June" . Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . ^ "Anti-Taliban operations successful: Pakistan" . The Hindu . Chennai, India. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ "War on terror will continue: PM" . GEO TV . 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . ^ Garamone, Jim. "Fight Against Extremists Stretches Pakistan's Military." American Forces Press Service , 20 April 2011. ^ "Nation mourns Bashir Ahmed Bilour" . The News International . 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ a b "Pakistani Taliban overrun rival faction's headquarters, dozens killed" . 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ "80 killed in clashes between rival militant groups in Pak" . 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ a b c "Militant infighting compels thousands to flee Tirah Valley" . 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ "Fall of Tirah Valley" . 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . ^ "Pakistan army starts offensive in NW; 4 troops die" . U.S. News & World Report . 5 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ "Tirah Valley clash leaves 14 militants, 4 security officials dead" . The Express Tribune . 5 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ "Warplanes pound militant hideouts in FATA, 8 killed" . GEO News, 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ "Tirah valley operation intensifies, 23 soldiers killed" . Dawn . 7 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . ^ "30 militants, 23 soldiers killed in Pak clashes" . The Statesman . 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . ^ "30 Pakistan soldiers killed in northwest valley" . Khaleej Times . 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ "30 Pakistani soldiers killed in northwest valley" . 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ "ISPR confirms deaths of 23 soldiers in Tirah Valley offensive" . Dawn . 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ "110 militants, 23 soldiers killed in Tirah fighting: officials" . The News International . 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ "At least 15 militants killed in Khyber's Tirah valley, one soldier killed" . Dawn . 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . ^ "Fighting rages in NW Pakistan, 15 militants, one soldier killed – army" . 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . ^ "Report: Tirah Operation- Day 6" . 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . ^ "Nine soldiers, 7 militants killed in Tirah" . Dawn . 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ "TTP denies Mangal Bagh appointed Khyber militant chief" . Dawn . 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ "Seven militants killed in Tirah, Khyber Agency during last 24 hours" . Daily Times (Pakistan) . 14 April 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ "Member of lashkar killed in Tirah blast" . The News International . 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ "Four militants killed, five injured in Tirah strikes" . Dawn . 1 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . ^ "Troops kill 16 militants in Tirah valley: Military" . Express Tribune . 5 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Riggio, Bill (12 July 2013). "Pakistani Taliban establish 'base' inside Syria" . Long War Journal 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ a b Pakistan Taliban set up camps in Syria, join anti-Assad war Archived 14 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters. Retrieved on 22 August 2013. ^ a b Wali, Ahmed. (12 July 2013) BBC News – Pakistan Taliban 'sets up a base in Syria' Archived 3 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine . bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 22 August 2013. ^ "Pakistani army launches offensive in North Waziristan" . 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . ^ "12 militants killed in clashes between rival Taliban factions" . 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ "14 killed as Taliban infighting erupts again in Waziristan" . 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. ^ Operation Zarb-e-Azb ^ Thompson, Julia (22 December 2014). "A Small Measure of Progress" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ "3,400 militants killed in Operation Zarb-e-Azb: ISPR" . Express Tribune . 12 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ "490 soldiers, 3,500 militants killed in Operation Zarb-e-Azb so far: DG ISPR" . Express Tribune . 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Jon Boone, Kiyya Baloch (29 May 2016). "Family of driver killed in US strike on Taliban leader file criminal case" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Peltier, Elian; ur-Rehman, Zia (6 October 2025). "Pakistan Fights Its Fiercest Taliban Insurgency in a Decade" . The New York Times . ^ "Afridi faults Centre for terror resurgence" . The Express Tribune . 21 October 2025 . Retrieved 21 October 2025 . ^ "DG ISPR blames K-P's political environment for terror spike" . The Express Tribune . 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Pakistan Has Deadliest Year in Decade as Taliban Ties Worsen" . Blooomberg . 31 December 2025. ^ "Pakistan Army launches 'Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad' across the country" . Dawn . 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ "Army launches Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad against terrorists across the country" . Express Tribune . 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Shah, Kriti M. (31 March 2017). "Radd-ul-Fasaad: Assessing Pakistan's New Counterterrorism Operation" . South Asian Voices . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Three years of Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad completed" . Dunya News . 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ a b Rehman, Laiq Ur (22 February 2021). "Radd-ul-Fasad was aimed at destroying support base of terrorists: DG ISPR" . ARY NEWS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ a b Hussain, Abid. "What explains the dramatic rise in armed attacks in Pakistan?" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Pakistan army completes 90% of fence along Afghan border" . Associated Press . 4 August 2021. ^ "Kurram warring tribes strike one-year peace agreement" . The Frontier Post . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ "NSC approves multi-pronged comprehensive operation against terrorism" . 7 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Govt approves Operation Azm-e-Istehkam to eliminate terrorism" . The Nation . 23 June 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Azm-e-Istehkam not a 'large-scale military operation,' clarifies PM Sharif amid growing criticism" . Arab News PK . 25 June 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Operation Azm-e-Istehkam to energise IBOs without population displacement: PM Shehbaz" . Brecorder . APP. 25 June 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Azm-e-Istehkam can target terrorist hideouts in Afghanistan: Khawaja Asif" . Aaj English TV . 27 June 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "TTP hideouts in Afghanistan can be targeted under Azm-e-Istehkam: Asif" . The Express Tribune . 27 June 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ "Three-day curfew imposed in Bajaur" . ^ "Curfew imposed as 3-day operation against militants begins in Bajaur: Official" . 29 July 2025. ^ "Section 144 imposed in Bajaur amid security concerns" . 30 July 2025. ^ "Curfew imposed as forces launch 'Operation Sarbakaf' in Bajaur" . 30 July 2025. ^ "Mortar kills 2 children and their mother in northwest Pakistan where troops are targeting militants" . Associated Press News . 13 August 2025. ^ "30 Killed As Pak Air Force Drops 8 Bombs On Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Village" . NDTV . Archived from the original on 29 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 November 2025 . ^ "Pakistan bombards its own village, killing 30 including women and children in khyber Pakhtunkhwa region" . Wion . Retrieved 26 September 2025 . ^ Ojha, Arvind (22 September 2025). "30 killed as Pakistan Air Force bombs village in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" . India Today . Retrieved 11 November 2025 . ^ a b Raj Kaul, Aditya (22 September 2025). "30 Killed As Pak Air Force Drops 8 Bombs On Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Village" . NDTV . ^ a b "Int'l Donors conference to be called for IDPs: Gilani" . Associate Press of Pakistan . 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ "Development projects: FATA ACS highlights initiative" . Tribune Express, 2012 . 25 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ a b "FATA Development (2000–2015)" . Ministry of Finance . Government of Pakistan (Public Domain). Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ "Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Development Works" . FWO . PA. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ "South Waziristan free of terrorists: Army" . Daily Pakistan . 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ Muhammad Faisal Ali (1 April 2012). "S. Waziristan marching on road to progress: army" . DAWN . Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ Iftikhar A. Khan. "Pakistan lost two brigades in war on terror" Dawn , 20 October 2011 Archived 21 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Global war on terror claims 30,000 Pakistani casualties" . ummid.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ "600 Pakistan security men killed in 28 suicide attacks after Lal Masjid operation" . Topnews. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Rondeaux, Candace (4 February 2009). "Taliban Destroys a Key Bridge in Pakistan" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ "AL QAEDA PRISONERS KILL 6 GUARDS, FLEE" . Daily News . New York. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Ten Pakistani Soldiers, Two Suspected Al Qaeda Fighters Killed in Gunbattle" . Fox News. 26 June 2002. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "18 Christians killed Assailants spray bullets in Pak church" . The Tribune . India. 29 October 2001. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ "7 Killed in Shootout Between Pakistani Forces and Suspected al-Qaida | News" . Voice of America. 3 July 2002. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ "Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in Pakistan 2003–2017" . South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ "Computerization of Police Stations in District Swat" . NWFP.gov.PK. Archived from the original on 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . ^ a b Suicide and Terrorist attacks Archived 11 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine , Pakistan Society of Criminology ^ "Foot soldiers: Our forgotten war veterans" . tribune.com.pk . 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ Tara McKelvey (20 November 2012). "A Former Ambassador to Pakistan Speaks Out" . Daily Beast . Archived from the original on 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . ^ "Strongest anti-American sentiment in Serbia, Pakistan" . B92. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ GHUND, YUKKA (22 January 2006). "Pakistan seeks to quell anti-American sentiments" . USA Today / The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . ^ Stack, Liam (8 July 2009). "Fresh drone attacks in Pakistan reignite debate" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 21 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . ^ "Pakistan's flood victims give USAID chief an earful" . CNN. 25 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea (2 March 2010). "US to send Pakistan laser-guided bomb kits" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . ^ Sohail Ahmed. "Pakistan's economy hit hard by war on terro" . Central Asia Online. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ "Cost of War on Terror for Pakistan Economy" . Economic Affairs Secretariat . Government of Pakistan (Public Domain). Archived from the original on 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ Hali, S.M (7 March 2012). "Economic Terrorism" . The Nation . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ " 'War on terror' has cost Pakistan $118bn: SBP" . Dawn . Agence France Presse . 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ "Obama unveils new US policy for Pakistan, Afghanistan" . Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ "Obama to propose 28 billion dollars military aid for Pakistan" . Thaindian News . Thaindian.com. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Further reading Farooq, Umar (11 February 2013). "Civilians Bear Brunt of Pakistan's War in the Northwest" . Foreign Policy . Perlez, Jane; Shah, Pir Zubair (2 October 2008). "Confronting Taliban, Pakistan finds itself at War" . The New York Times . Tellis, Ashley J. (2008). "Pakistan and the War on Terror: Conflicted Goals, Compromised Performance" (PDF) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . External links Costs of War by the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs , Brown University Pakistan Security Reports by the Pak Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS) Pakistan Long War Journal by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Human Security Report Archived 27 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine s by the Human Security Report Project Battling Taliban: Where Does It Stop? ongoing coverage from Dawn in Pakistan "Waziristan War (2004 – present)" . historyguy.com . The History Guy. v t e Armed conflict involving the Pakistan Armed Forces v t e Domestic Martial law Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan 1970s Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Martial law Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan 1970s 1970s Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa India and Pakistan 1947 1965 1971 Siachen conflict 1999 1947 1965 1971 Siachen conflict 1999 Afghanistan Waziristan 1948 Bajaur Campaign Panjshir Uprising Soviet War 1989-92 1992-96 1996-2001 2001-21 War with Islamic State (2022–Present) Waziristan 1948 Bajaur Campaign Panjshir Uprising Soviet War 1989-92 1992-96 1996-2001 2001-21 War with Islamic State (2022–Present) Middle East Arab–Israeli conflict 1967 1973 Black September Dhofar Rebellion (Oman) Gulf War Yemen crisis Grand Mosque seizure Arab–Israeli conflict 1967 1973 Black September 1967 1973 Black September Dhofar Rebellion (Oman) Gulf War Yemen crisis Grand Mosque seizure Worldwide Bosnian War Sudanese civil war Somalian civil war War on terror Bosnian War Sudanese civil war Somalian civil war War on terror Foreign deployments UN peacekeeping missions UN peacekeeping missions Anti-piracy Somalia Venezuela Somalia Venezuela v t e War on terror v t e September 11 attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) ( Withdrawal ) Iraq War (2003–2011) ( Withdrawal ) September 11 attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) ( Withdrawal ) Iraq War (2003–2011) ( Withdrawal ) Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Policies Patriot Act (2001) Torture Memos (2002) Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 Terrorist Surveillance Program Patriot Act (2001) Torture Memos (2002) Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 Terrorist Surveillance Program Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant CAGE Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant CAGE Category Commons Category Commons v t e Pakistani Taliban v t e Leaders Noor Wali Mehsud Fazlullah † Hakimullah Mehsud † Baitullah Mehsud † Faqir Mohammed Wali-ur-Rehman † Dadullah † Khalid Mehsud † Omar Khalid Khorasani † Mangal Bagh † Qari Hussain † Sher Muhammad Qusab † Adnan Rashid Noor Wali Mehsud Fazlullah † Hakimullah Mehsud † Baitullah Mehsud † Faqir Mohammed Wali-ur-Rehman † Dadullah † Khalid Mehsud † Omar Khalid Khorasani † Mangal Bagh † Qari Hussain † Sher Muhammad Qusab † Adnan Rashid Spokesmen Maulvi Omar ( POW ) Ehsanullah Ehsan Muslim Khan ( POW ) Maulvi Omar ( POW ) Ehsanullah Ehsan Muslim Khan ( POW ) Alleged/claimed actions Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2006 Dargai bombing Assassination of Benazir Bhutto Kidnapping of Tariq Azizuddin Capture of NATO convoy Battle of Bajaur 2008 Wah bombing Faisal Shahzad 2010 Sikh beheading 2011 Faisalabad bombing PNS Mehran attack Assassination attempt on Malala Yousufzai 2012 Dera Ismail Khan bombing Bacha Khan Airport attack Dera Ismail Khan prison attack Assassination of Chaudhry Aslam Khan 2014 Bannu bombing Jinnah Airport attack Peshawar school massacre Chaman suicide bombing Bannu CTD centre attack Sarband police station attack 2023 Peshawar mosque bombing Karachi police station attack Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2006 Dargai bombing Assassination of Benazir Bhutto Kidnapping of Tariq Azizuddin Capture of NATO convoy Battle of Bajaur 2008 Wah bombing Faisal Shahzad 2010 Sikh beheading 2011 Faisalabad bombing PNS Mehran attack Assassination attempt on Malala Yousufzai 2012 Dera Ismail Khan bombing Bacha Khan Airport attack Dera Ismail Khan prison attack Assassination of Chaudhry Aslam Khan 2014 Bannu bombing Jinnah Airport attack Peshawar school massacre Chaman suicide bombing Bannu CTD centre attack Sarband police station attack 2023 Peshawar mosque bombing Karachi police station attack See also Umar Media Drone strikes in Pakistan List of Taliban fatality reports in Pakistan Taliban Umar Media Drone strikes in Pakistan List of Taliban fatality reports in Pakistan Taliban v t e Al-Qaeda v t e Leadership Saif al-Adel Abd al-Rahman al-Maghrebi Ali Mohamed Rage Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki Ahmad Umar Iyad Ag Ghaly Amadou Koufa Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri Ibrahim al-Banna Ibrahim al Qosi Mahad Karate Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir Fuad Qalaf Jehad Mostafa Abu Humam al-Shami Sami al-Oraydi Saif al-Adel Abd al-Rahman al-Maghrebi Ali Mohamed Rage Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki Ahmad Umar Iyad Ag Ghaly Amadou Koufa Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri Ibrahim al-Banna Ibrahim al Qosi Mahad Karate Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir Fuad Qalaf Jehad Mostafa Abu Humam al-Shami Sami al-Oraydi Former leadership Killed Osama bin Laden ( killing ) Ayman al-Zawahiri ( killing ) Mohammed Atef Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi ( killing ) Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Haitham al-Yemeni Abu Hamza Rabia Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Omar al-Faruq Haitham al-Badri Abu Yaqub al-Masri Abu Talha al-Sudani Abu al-Layth al-Libi Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi Midhat Mursi Mohamed Moumou Khalid Habib Abu Ghadiya Abu Zubair al-Masri Rashid Rauf Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan Saad bin Laden Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan Abdullah Said al Libi Saleh al-Somali Saeed al-Masri Hamza al-Jawfi Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Mohamed Abul-Khair Sheikh Fateh Huthaifa al-Batawi Ilyas Kashmiri Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Atiyah Abd al-Rahman Anwar al-Awlaki Samir Khan Tariq al-Dahab Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan Fahd al-Quso Abu Yahya al-Libi Hassan Ghul Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti Said Ali al-Shihri Farman Ali Shinwari Abdelhamid Abou Zeid Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki Said Bahaji Abu Khalid al-Suri Omar Ould Hamaha Ahmed Abdi Godane Abu Yusuf Al-Turki Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Adam Yahiye Gadahn Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi Nasir al-Wuhayshi Muhsin al-Fadhli Abu Khalil al-Madani Matiur Rehman Abu Firas al-Suri Ahmed Refai Taha Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abu Khayr al-Masri Ibrahim al-Asiri Hamza bin Laden Sari Shihab Asim Umar Qasim al-Raymi Abdelmalek Droukdel ( killing ) Khalid al-Aruri Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Abu Muhsin al-Masri Captured Mamdouh Mahmud Salim Wadih el-Hage Khalid al-Fawwaz Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Walid bin Attash Riduan Isamuddin Ali al-Bahlul Abu Faraj al-Libbi Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Abdulhadi al-Iraqi Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi Younis al-Mauritani Sulaiman Abu Ghaith Abu Anas al-Libi Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh Mukhtar Robow Amin al-Haq Other Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (died) Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died) Mahfouz Ould al-Walid (left) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (expelled) Ahmed al-Sharaa (left) Abu Maria al-Qahtani (left) Ahmad Salama Mabruk (left) Abu Omar al-Turkistani (left) Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir (left) Khalid Batarfi (died) Abu Walid al-Masri (died) Killed Osama bin Laden ( killing ) Ayman al-Zawahiri ( killing ) Mohammed Atef Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi ( killing ) Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Haitham al-Yemeni Abu Hamza Rabia Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Omar al-Faruq Haitham al-Badri Abu Yaqub al-Masri Abu Talha al-Sudani Abu al-Layth al-Libi Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi Midhat Mursi Mohamed Moumou Khalid Habib Abu Ghadiya Abu Zubair al-Masri Rashid Rauf Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan Saad bin Laden Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan Abdullah Said al Libi Saleh al-Somali Saeed al-Masri Hamza al-Jawfi Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Mohamed Abul-Khair Sheikh Fateh Huthaifa al-Batawi Ilyas Kashmiri Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Atiyah Abd al-Rahman Anwar al-Awlaki Samir Khan Tariq al-Dahab Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan Fahd al-Quso Abu Yahya al-Libi Hassan Ghul Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti Said Ali al-Shihri Farman Ali Shinwari Abdelhamid Abou Zeid Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki Said Bahaji Abu Khalid al-Suri Omar Ould Hamaha Ahmed Abdi Godane Abu Yusuf Al-Turki Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Adam Yahiye Gadahn Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi Nasir al-Wuhayshi Muhsin al-Fadhli Abu Khalil al-Madani Matiur Rehman Abu Firas al-Suri Ahmed Refai Taha Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abu Khayr al-Masri Ibrahim al-Asiri Hamza bin Laden Sari Shihab Asim Umar Qasim al-Raymi Abdelmalek Droukdel ( killing ) Khalid al-Aruri Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Abu Muhsin al-Masri Osama bin Laden ( killing ) Ayman al-Zawahiri ( killing ) Mohammed Atef Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi ( killing ) Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Haitham al-Yemeni Abu Hamza Rabia Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Omar al-Faruq Haitham al-Badri Abu Yaqub al-Masri Abu Talha al-Sudani Abu al-Layth al-Libi Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi Midhat Mursi Mohamed Moumou Khalid Habib Abu Ghadiya Abu Zubair al-Masri Rashid Rauf Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan Saad bin Laden Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan Abdullah Said al Libi Saleh al-Somali Saeed al-Masri Hamza al-Jawfi Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Mohamed Abul-Khair Sheikh Fateh Huthaifa al-Batawi Ilyas Kashmiri Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Atiyah Abd al-Rahman Anwar al-Awlaki Samir Khan Tariq al-Dahab Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan Fahd al-Quso Abu Yahya al-Libi Hassan Ghul Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti Said Ali al-Shihri Farman Ali Shinwari Abdelhamid Abou Zeid Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki Said Bahaji Abu Khalid al-Suri Omar Ould Hamaha Ahmed Abdi Godane Abu Yusuf Al-Turki Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Adam Yahiye Gadahn Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi Nasir al-Wuhayshi Muhsin al-Fadhli Abu Khalil al-Madani Matiur Rehman Abu Firas al-Suri Ahmed Refai Taha Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abu Khayr al-Masri Ibrahim al-Asiri Hamza bin Laden Sari Shihab Asim Umar Qasim al-Raymi Abdelmalek Droukdel ( killing ) Khalid al-Aruri Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Abu Muhsin al-Masri Captured Mamdouh Mahmud Salim Wadih el-Hage Khalid al-Fawwaz Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Walid bin Attash Riduan Isamuddin Ali al-Bahlul Abu Faraj al-Libbi Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Abdulhadi al-Iraqi Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi Younis al-Mauritani Sulaiman Abu Ghaith Abu Anas al-Libi Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh Mukhtar Robow Amin al-Haq Mamdouh Mahmud Salim Wadih el-Hage Khalid al-Fawwaz Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Walid bin Attash Riduan Isamuddin Ali al-Bahlul Abu Faraj al-Libbi Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Abdulhadi al-Iraqi Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi Younis al-Mauritani Sulaiman Abu Ghaith Abu Anas al-Libi Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh Mukhtar Robow Amin al-Haq Other Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (died) Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died) Mahfouz Ould al-Walid (left) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (expelled) Ahmed al-Sharaa (left) Abu Maria al-Qahtani (left) Ahmad Salama Mabruk (left) Abu Omar al-Turkistani (left) Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir (left) Khalid Batarfi (died) Abu Walid al-Masri (died) Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (died) Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died) Mahfouz Ould al-Walid (left) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (expelled) Ahmed al-Sharaa (left) Abu Maria al-Qahtani (left) Ahmad Salama Mabruk (left) Abu Omar al-Turkistani (left) Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir (left) Khalid Batarfi (died) Abu Walid al-Masri (died) Timeline of attacks 1992 Aden hotel bombings 1998 United States embassy bombings 2000 USS Cole bombing 2001 September 11 attacks 2002 Bali bombings 2004 Madrid train bombings 2005 London bombings 2007 Algiers bombings 2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 2008 Sanaa United States embassy attack 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting 2015 Garissa University College attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack 2016 Ouagadougou attacks 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings 2016 Bamako attack 2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting 1992 Aden hotel bombings 1998 United States embassy bombings 2000 USS Cole bombing 2001 September 11 attacks 2002 Bali bombings 2004 Madrid train bombings 2005 London bombings 2007 Algiers bombings 2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 2008 Sanaa United States embassy attack 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting 2015 Garissa University College attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack 2016 Ouagadougou attacks 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings 2016 Bamako attack 2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting Wars Soviet–Afghan War Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) First Chechen War Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Iraq War Somali Civil War War in North-West Pakistan ( drone strikes ) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Syrian civil war Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Houthi insurgency Soviet–Afghan War Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) First Chechen War Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Iraq War Somali Civil War War in North-West Pakistan ( drone strikes ) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Syrian civil war Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Houthi insurgency Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Houthi insurgency Affiliates Al-Shabaab (Somalia) Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen) Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (North Africa) Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent (Indian subcontinent) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (Mali) Al-Shabaab (Somalia) Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen) Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (North Africa) Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent (Indian subcontinent) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (Mali) Charity organizations Benevolence International Foundation Al-Haramain Foundation Benevolence International Foundation Al-Haramain Foundation Media Al Qaeda Handbook Al Neda As-Sahab Al-Andalus Media Al-Kataib Media Foundation Radio al-Andalus Shahada News Agency Al-Malahem Media Inspire Az-Zallaqa Foundation Fatawā of Osama bin Laden Al-Khansaa Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit Management of Savagery Voice of Jihad Qaedat al-Jihad Umar Media Global Islamic Media Front Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al Qaeda Handbook Al Neda As-Sahab Al-Andalus Media Al-Kataib Media Foundation Radio al-Andalus Shahada News Agency Al-Malahem Media Inspire Az-Zallaqa Foundation Al-Andalus Media Al-Kataib Media Foundation Radio al-Andalus Shahada News Agency Radio al-Andalus Shahada News Agency Al-Malahem Media Inspire Inspire Az-Zallaqa Foundation Fatawā of Osama bin Laden Al-Khansaa Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit Management of Savagery Voice of Jihad Qaedat al-Jihad Umar Media Global Islamic Media Front Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Video and audio Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri Related Safe houses Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Timeline Safe houses Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Timeline Timeline Category:Al-Qaeda v t e Taliban v t e Leadership Leadership Council Supreme leaders Mullah Omar Akhtar Mansour Hibatullah Akhundzada decrees Deputy leaders Mohammad Rabbani Abdul Ghani Baradar Sirajuddin Haqqani Obaidullah Akhund Mullah Yaqoob Abdul Kabir Tayyab Agha Shahabuddin Delawar Abdul Hakim Haqqani Hasan Akhund Amir Khan Muttaqi trips Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil Qari Ahmadullah Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai Khalil Haqqani Commanders Dadullah Shahzada Abdul Qayyum Zakir Zain-Ul-Abideen Leadership Council Supreme leaders Mullah Omar Akhtar Mansour Hibatullah Akhundzada decrees Mullah Omar Akhtar Mansour Hibatullah Akhundzada decrees decrees Deputy leaders Mohammad Rabbani Abdul Ghani Baradar Sirajuddin Haqqani Obaidullah Akhund Mullah Yaqoob Mohammad Rabbani Abdul Ghani Baradar Sirajuddin Haqqani Obaidullah Akhund Mullah Yaqoob Abdul Kabir Tayyab Agha Shahabuddin Delawar Abdul Hakim Haqqani Hasan Akhund Amir Khan Muttaqi trips trips Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil Qari Ahmadullah Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai Khalil Haqqani Commanders Dadullah Shahzada Abdul Qayyum Zakir Zain-Ul-Abideen Dadullah Shahzada Abdul Qayyum Zakir Zain-Ul-Abideen Government History Cabinet (2021–present) Religious police Propaganda Jirga Flag Emblem Motto History Cabinet (2021–present) Religious police Propaganda Jirga Flag Emblem Motto Human rights/violations Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan Treatment of women War crimes Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan Treatment of women War crimes Military Army Air Force 55th Arab Brigade Red Unit Badri 313 Battalion Conscription Army Air Force 55th Arab Brigade Red Unit Badri 313 Battalion Conscription Conflicts Civil War (1996–2001) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Insurgency leaders 2006 offensive 2021 offensive Fall of Kabul Conflict with IS (2015–present) Republican insurgency in Afghanistan (2021–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Civil War (1996–2001) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Insurgency leaders 2006 offensive 2021 offensive Fall of Kabul Insurgency leaders 2006 offensive 2021 offensive Fall of Kabul leaders 2006 offensive 2021 offensive Fall of Kabul Fall of Kabul Conflict with IS (2015–present) Republican insurgency in Afghanistan (2021–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Foreign relations Taliban in Qatar International relations with the Taliban Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban in Qatar International relations with the Taliban Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Related topics Haqqani network Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Guantanamo detainees Islamic state Islamism Amir al-Mu'minin Sharia Deobandi Pashtunwali Safe house Talibanization Theocracy Waziristan Anti-intellectualism Haqqani network Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Guantanamo detainees Islamic state Islamism Amir al-Mu'minin Sharia Deobandi Pashtunwali Safe house Talibanization Theocracy Waziristan Anti-intellectualism v t e Islamic State v t e Names of the Islamic State History Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2003-2006) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004-2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2003-2006) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004-2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) Timelines 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Members and Leaders Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari Abdul Qadir Mumin Abu Yusaf Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi Abu Habib al-Libi Abu Jandal al-Masri Bajro Ikanović Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani Fatiha Mejjati Ahlam al-Nasr Issam Abuanza Musa Baluku Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Zulfi Hoxha Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari Abdul Qadir Mumin Abu Yusaf Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi Abu Habib al-Libi Abu Jandal al-Masri Bajro Ikanović Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani Fatiha Mejjati Ahlam al-Nasr Issam Abuanza Musa Baluku Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Zulfi Hoxha Captured, KIA , and targeted Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Haji Bakr Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Tariq al-Harzi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Maher Meshaal Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Saleh Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Ali Aswad al-Jiburi Abu Omar al-Shishani El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Abu Muhammad al-Furqan André Poulin Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Abu Bilal al-Harbi Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali Tareq Kamleh Lavdrim Muhaxheri Abu Osama al-Masri Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Gulmurod Khalimov Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured) Abu Yasser al-Issawi Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Yusuf al-Hindi Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured) Othman al-Nazih Jamal Udeen Al-Harith Aine Davis (captured) Alexanda Kotey (captured) El Shafee Elsheikh (captured) Denis Cuspert Abdelhamid Abaaoud Boubaker El Hakim Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Haji Bakr Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Tariq al-Harzi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Maher Meshaal Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Saleh Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Ali Aswad al-Jiburi Abu Omar al-Shishani El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Abu Muhammad al-Furqan André Poulin Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Abu Bilal al-Harbi Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali Tareq Kamleh Lavdrim Muhaxheri Abu Osama al-Masri Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Gulmurod Khalimov Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured) Abu Yasser al-Issawi Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Yusuf al-Hindi Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured) Othman al-Nazih Jamal Udeen Al-Harith Aine Davis (captured) Alexanda Kotey (captured) El Shafee Elsheikh (captured) Denis Cuspert Abdelhamid Abaaoud Boubaker El Hakim Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Locations "Provinces" Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland) Bengal Province (Bangladesh) Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016) West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger) Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Tanzania and Uganda) Sahel Province (Mali, Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso) Hind Province (India) Tunisia Province Pakistan Province (Pakistan) Turkey Province (Turkey) Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) Philippines Province (Philippines) Mozambique Province (Mozambique) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018) Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (2014–2024) Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018) East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022) Egypt Province Other locations Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) Lebanon Province Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) Australia| Timeline "Provinces" Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland) Bengal Province (Bangladesh) Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016) West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger) Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Tanzania and Uganda) Sahel Province (Mali, Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso) Hind Province (India) Tunisia Province Pakistan Province (Pakistan) Turkey Province (Turkey) Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) Philippines Province (Philippines) Mozambique Province (Mozambique) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018) Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (2014–2024) Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018) East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022) Egypt Province Other locations Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) Lebanon Province Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) Australia| Timeline Timeline Relations Iran and the Islamic State Philippines and the Islamic State United Kingdom and the Islamic State Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State Foreign fighters Name changes due to the Islamic State Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Iran and the Islamic State Philippines and the Islamic State United Kingdom and the Islamic State Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State Foreign fighters Name changes due to the Islamic State Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Wars War on terror Iraq War Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Syrian civil war Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mozambique Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Mali War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conflict with Taliban Moro conflict (1968–2019) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against IS US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation Somalia War on terror Iraq War Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Syrian civil war Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mozambique Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Mali War Mali War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conflict with Taliban Conflict with Taliban Moro conflict (1968–2019) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against IS US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation Somalia Battles 2013 Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar 2014 Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli 2015 Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam 2016 Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra 2017 Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq 2018 As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 2019 Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid 2020 Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda 2021 Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous 2022 Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye 2023 Falagountou Tin-Akoff Battles 2013 Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar 2014 Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli 2015 Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam 2016 Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra 2017 Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq 2018 As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 2019 Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid 2020 Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda 2021 Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous 2022 Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye 2023 Falagountou Tin-Akoff Falagountou Tin-Akoff Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) 2015 Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 2020 Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) 2021 Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital 2022 Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel 2023 Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing 2024 Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting 2025 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) 2015 Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 2020 Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) 2021 Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital 2022 Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel 2023 Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing 2024 Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting 2025 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting Politics and structure Finances Education Ideology Medicare Military Armoured warfare Human rights Genocide of Christians Genocide of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Genocide of Turkmen Persecution of gay and bisexual men Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Occupation of Mosul Executions in Mosul Finances Education Ideology Medicare Military Armoured warfare Armoured warfare Human rights Genocide of Christians Genocide of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Genocide of Turkmen Persecution of gay and bisexual men Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Occupation of Mosul Executions in Mosul Executions in Mosul Society Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims al-Barakah district Collaboration Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims al-Barakah district al-Barakah district Collaboration Media A Second Message to America Al-Bayan Al-Fatihin Al-Furat Media Center Al-Hayat Media Center Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al-Naba Al-Raud Amaq News Agency Dar al-Islam Dabiq Dawlat al-Islam Qamat Flames of War: The Fighting Has Just Begun Huroof I'lam foundation Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Salil al-Sawarim The End of Sykes-Picot The Chosen Few of Different Lands Turkey and the Fire of Racism Voice of Khorasan A Second Message to America Al-Bayan Al-Fatihin Al-Furat Media Center Al-Hayat Media Center Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al-Naba Al-Raud Amaq News Agency Dar al-Islam Dabiq Dawlat al-Islam Qamat Flames of War: The Fighting Has Just Begun Huroof I'lam foundation Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Salil al-Sawarim The End of Sykes-Picot The Chosen Few of Different Lands Turkey and the Fire of Racism Voice of Khorasan Related topics Defeating ISIS The Islamic State (documentary) ISIS-chan Islamism Islam and democracy Islam and nationalism List of military equipment of ISIS Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia–Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century jihadism Theocracy Defeating ISIS The Islamic State (documentary) ISIS-chan Islamism Islam and democracy Islam and nationalism List of military equipment of ISIS Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia–Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century jihadism Theocracy v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States v t e Listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Foreign American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War ( 1983 Beirut barracks bombings ) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War ( Operation Gothic Serpent ) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel war ( Operation Midnight Hammer ) Operation Southern Spear American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War ( 1983 Beirut barracks bombings ) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War ( Operation Gothic Serpent ) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel war ( Operation Midnight Hammer ) Operation Southern Spear Related Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Asia v t e South Asia India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Sri Lanka JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) Others Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Sri Lanka JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) Others Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear East Asia China and Taiwan First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) Korea (North and South) Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis China and Taiwan First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) Korea (North and South) Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Southeast Asia Cambodia Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Indonesia Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Myanmar Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Philippines Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Thailand Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict East Timor Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Others FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff Cambodia Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Indonesia Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Myanmar Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Philippines Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Thailand Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict East Timor Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Others FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff Central Asia Afghanistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Kazakhstan Ethnic conflicts Kyrgyzstan 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes Tajikistan Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Uzbekistan Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) Afghanistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Kazakhstan Ethnic conflicts Ethnic conflicts Kyrgyzstan 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes Tajikistan Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Uzbekistan Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) West Asia Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Bahrain Bahraini uprising (2011) Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Iraq Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Israel Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Lebanon South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) Palestine Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Saudi Arabia Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Syria Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Turkey Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Yemen Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Bahrain Bahraini uprising (2011) Bahraini uprising (2011) Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Iraq Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Israel Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Lebanon South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) Palestine Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Saudi Arabia Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Qatif conflict Syria Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Regional spillover Turkey Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Yemen Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Inter-continental conflict Sinai insurgency (2011–2023) Sinai insurgency (2011–2023) Related topics War on terror Operation Inherent Resolve Arab Spring Arab Winter Asian Spring Colour revolutions War on terror Operation Inherent Resolve Arab Spring Arab Winter Asian Spring Colour revolutions Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War on terror 2000s rebellions 2010s rebellions 2020s rebellions 2000s in Pakistan 2010s in Pakistan 2020s in Pakistan Conflicts in Pakistan Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia Guerrilla wars Religion-based civil wars Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving the Taliban Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Waziristan Proxy wars Pakistan–United States military relations Afghanistan–Pakistan relations History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1947–present) Spillover of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Post-independence history of Pakistan Conflicts in 2022 Terrorism in Central Asia Terrorism in Pakistan Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2011 CS1: unfit URL Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with dead external links from December 2025 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2021 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles to be expanded from December 2022 All articles to be expanded Articles to be expanded from September 2025 All articles that may have off-topic sections Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 13:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Dimensions and planes of existence Toggle Dimensions and planes of existence subsection 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 1.1 Matter/Object — Physical sciences 1.2 Life/Organism — Biological sciences 1.3 Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences 1.4 Culture/Person — Human social sciences 2 Theoretical joint points Toggle Theoretical joint points subsection 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 2.1 Quantum gravity 2.2 The modern synthesis 2.3 Behavioral investment theory 2.4 Justification systems theory 3 The "problem of psychology" Toggle The "problem of psychology" subsection 3.1 Solution 3.1 Solution 4 Consciousness and human behavior 5 Toward the integration of human knowledge 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Tree of knowledge system العربية Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . See our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article. ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The tree of knowledge ( ToK ) system is a new [ when? ] map of Big History that traces cosmic evolution across four different planes of existence, identified as Matter, Life, Mind and Culture that are mapped respectively by the physical, biological, psychological and social domains of science. The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System was developed by Gregg Henriques , who is a professor and core faculty member in the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University . [ 1 ] The ToK System is part of a larger Unified Theory of Knowledge that Henriques describes as a consilient scientific humanistic philosophy for the 21st Century. The official Unified Theory of Knowledge website describes the ToK System as: [ 2 ] [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. [A] theory of scientific knowledge that defines the human knower in relation to the known. It achieves this novel accomplishment by solving the problem of psychology and giving rise to a truly consilient view of the scientific landscape. It accomplishes this via dividing the evolution of behavioral complexity into four different planes of existence...The ToK also characterizes modern empirical natural science as a kind of justification system that functions to map complexity and change. The outline of the ToK System was first published in 2003 in Review of General Psychology . [ 3 ] Two special issues of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in December 2004 [ 4 ] and January 2005 [ 5 ] were devoted to the elaboration and evaluation of the model. In 2008, a special issue of Theory & Psychology [ 6 ] was devoted to the ToK System. In 2011, Henriques published A New Unified Theory of Psychology . That same year he also launched the blog Theory of Knowledge: A Unified Approach to Psychology and Philosophy on Psychology Today , which remains active. There is also a Theory Of Knowledge Society and discussion listserve that is devoted to discussing Henriques' work and other big picture viewpoints. In some ways, the ToK System reflects a fairly common hierarchy of nature and of the sciences that has been represented in one way or another since the time of Auguste Comte , who in the 19th century used a hierarchical conception of nature to argue for the existence of sociology. It also has clear parallels with Aristotle's conception of the scales of nature and the first four levels of the Great Chain of Being . Despite some overlap with a number of traditional schemes, the ToK System is properly thought of as a new theory of both ontic reality and our scientific knowledge of that reality. One of the most important and salient features of the Tree of Knowledge is how it represents reality as consisting of four different planes of existence. The theory is that, following Matter, Life, Mind and Culture each represent complex adaptive landscapes that are organized and mediated by novel emergent information processing and communication systems. Specifically, DNA/RNA store information that is processed by cells which then engage in intercellular communication to create the plane of existence called Life. Similarly, the brain and nervous system store and process information in animals which then engage in communication networks on the complex adaptive plane called Mind. Finally, linguistic storage and processing and communication between human beings generates the emergence of the Culture-Person plane of existence. The separable planes of existence or dimension of complexity argument is one of the most crucial aspects of the system. Many have argued nature is hierarchically leveled; for example, a list of such levels might be subatomic particles , atoms , molecules , cells , organ structures, multi-celled organisms, consciousness , and society is common. The ToK System embraces a view of nature as levels, but adds the notion that there are also separable dimensions of complexity . The difference becomes particularly clear in the extension of the ToK System into the Periodic Table of Behavior . The Periodic Table of Behavior (PTB) shows that natural science can be arranged in terms of the four fundamental dimensions (i.e., matter, life, mind, and culture) and three fundamental levels of analysis (i.e., part, whole, group). The PTB also demonstrates that behavior is a central concept in science. Epistemologically, natural scientists view the world via a third person behavioral lens. Ontologically, science is about mapping different kinds of behaviors that take place in nature at various levels and dimensions of analysis. The second central insight of the ToK System is that it shows how natural science is a particular kind of justification system that emerges out of Culture based on novel methods and specific epistemological commitments and assumptions (i.e., an exterior view point, quantification and experimentation). This epistemology and methodology functions to justify scientific ontology, which in turn maps the ontic reality. Specifically, the domains of the physical, biological, (basic) psychological and social sciences map the ontic dimensions of matter, life, mind and culture. The Periodic Table of Behavior further shows how science is a justification system that is arranged to map behavioral frequencies at different dimensions of complexity and levels of analysis. Dimensions and planes of existence This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Matter/Object — Physical sciences The dimension of matter refers to the set of material objects and their behaviors through time. In accordance with modern cosmology , matter is theorized to have emerged from a pure energy singularity at the Big Bang . Space and time were also born at such a point. Nonliving material objects range in complexity from subatomic particles to large organic molecules. The physical sciences (i.e., physics , chemistry , geology, astronomy ) describe the behavior of material objects. [ 3 ] Life/Organism — Biological sciences The dimension of life refers to organisms and their behaviors through time. Living objects are considered a unique subset of material objects. Just as quantum particles form the fundamental units of material complexity, genes are the fundamental units of living information. Although many questions about the emergence of life remain unanswered, in accordance with modern biology, the ToK posits that natural selection operating on genetic combinations through time is the unified theory of biology and forms the foundational understanding for the emergence of organic complexity. [ 3 ] Mind/Animal — (Basic) psychological sciences Mind/cognition in the ToK system refers to the set of mental behaviors. Mental behaviors are behaviors of animals mediated by the nervous system that produce a functional effect on the animal-environment relationship. As such, Mind/cognition is essentially synonymous with what behavioral psychologists have meant when they use the term behavior. Thus, a fly avoiding a fly swatter, a rat pushing a bar or a human getting a drink of water are all mental behaviors. Mind is not synonymous with sentience or the capacity for mental experience, although such processes are presumed to emerge in the mental/cognitive dimension. Cognition , in the broad sense of the term is meaning bodily-neuro-social information processing, as in EEEE Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, Extended. While cognitive science stands for naturalist study of mind, psychology is an approach grounded in the tradition of humanities, especially philosophy. Thus, by defining mind as mental behavior, Henriques argues that the ToK System provides a way to bridge the epistemological differences between cognitive and behavioral science . [ 3 ] Henriques argues that comparative psychology , ethology, and (animal) cognitive behavioral neuroscience should all be thought of as parts of the discipline that maps the animal-mental domain. Culture/Person — Human social sciences Culture in the ToK system refers to the set of sociolinguistic behaviors, which range from large scale nation states to individual human justifications for particular actions. Just as genetic information processing is associated with the Life dimension and neuronal information processing associated with the Mind dimension, symbolic information processing emerges with the Cultural dimension. [ 3 ] Henriques argues that human cognitive science, human psychology and the social sciences (i.e., anthropology, sociology, political science, and economics) work to map this domain. Theoretical joint points Quantum gravity Quantum gravity refers to the imagined merger between the twin pillars of physical science which are quantum mechanics , the study of the microscopic (e.g., electrons), and general relativity , the science of the macroscopic (e.g., galaxies ). Currently, these two great domains of science cannot be effectively interwoven into a single, physical Theory of Everything , yet progress is being made, most notably through string theory , loop quantum gravity , black hole thermodynamics and the study of the early universe. Some of the difficulties combining these two pillars of physical science are philosophical in nature and it is possible that the macro view of knowledge offered by the ToK may eventually aid in the construction of a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The reason the ToK might help is that it locates scientific knowledge in relationship to the physical universe. The modern synthesis The modern synthesis refers to the merger of genetics with natural selection which occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and offers a reasonably complete framework for understanding the emergence of biological complexity. Although there remain significant gaps in biological knowledge surrounding questions such as the origin of life and the emergence of sexual reproduction, the modern synthesis represents the most complete and well-substantiated joint point. Behavioral investment theory Behavioral investment theory (BIT) is a metatheoretical formulation for the mind, brain and animal behavioral sciences. Henriques proposes that it enables the merger of the selection science of behaviorism with the information science of cognitive neuroscience that has conceptual parallels with the modern synthesis. BIT posits that the nervous system evolved as an increasingly flexible computational control system that coordinates the behavioral expenditure of energy of the animal as a whole. Expenditure of behavioral energy is theorized to be computed on an investment value system built evolutionarily through natural selection operating on genetic combinations and ontogenetically through behavioral selection operating on neural combinations. As such, the current behavioral investments of the animal are conceptualized as the joint product of the two vectors of phylogeny and ontogeny . A unique element of BIT is that it finds a core of agreement and builds bridges between five brain-behavior paradigms: (1) cognitive science ; (2) behavioral science ; (3) evolutionary theory and genetics; (4) neuroscience; and (5) cybernetics / systems theory . David C. Geary noted the similarities between his "motive-to-control" hypothesis and Henriques' Behavioral Investment Theory, which were developed independently of each other. Furthermore, Geary suggested that his model "seem[ed] to fill in many of the proximate mechanisms and evolutionary pressures that define the life-mind joint point, and provided a framework for further development of the mind-culture joint point." [ 7 ] Justification systems theory The justification systems theory (JUST; formerly known as the justification hypothesis) posits that the evolution of language reached a tipping point with emergence of propositional claims. Specifically, propositional claims can be questioned, which generates the "question-answer" dynamic. This creates the problem of justification, which Henriques argues drives both the design of the human self-consciousness system as a mental organ of justification and gives rise to the evolution of the Culture-Person plane of existence. JUST is a novel proposal that allows for both the understanding of the evolution of culture and for identifying what makes humans distinct animals. A basic initial claim of JUST is that the process of justification is a crucial component of human mental behavior at both the individual and societal level. Unlike all other animals, humans everywhere ask for and give explanations for their actions. Arguments, debates, moral dictates, rationalizations, and excuses all involve the process of explaining why one's claims, thoughts or actions are warranted. In virtually every form of social exchange, from warfare to politics to family struggles to science, humans are constantly justifying their behavioral investments to themselves and others. JUST consists of three key postulates: The first is that the evolution of propositional language must have created the problem of justification, which involves three interlocking problems of deciphering what is (1) analytically true and what is (2) good for the group and (3) good for the individual. The second postulate is that the structure and functional design of human consciousness can be understood as a solution to the problem of justification. Specifically, the three domains of human consciousness that Henriques identifies in the Updated Tripartite Model of the (1) experiential; (2) private narrator; and (3) public narrator are directly consistent with adaptive pressures that arise from the logic of the problem of justification. This analysis deepens when one considers the dynamic relationships and filtering that takes place between these three domains. The third postulate is that culture can be understood as large scale justification systems that coordinate the behavior of human populations. Cultural systems are seen to evolve much in the same way as organisms do in biological evolution: there is a process of variation, selection and retention of belief systems. The "problem of psychology" The ToK System emerged as a consequence of Henriques wrestling with what he calls "the problem of psychology". Henriques argues that the most difficult problem in psychology as a discipline is that while there is incredible diversity offered by different approaches to psychology, and there is no consensus model of what psychology actually is. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Specifically, Henriques argues that the field lacks a clear definition, an agreed upon subject matter, and a coherent conceptual framework . The problem has been long standing, identified as the "crisis" by Lev Vygotsky in the mid 1920s. Henriques further argues that the patent tendency of psychology has been toward theoretical and substantial fragmentation and increasing insularity among the "specialties." In other words, the discipline has fragmented into different schools of thought and methodology, with no overall framework to interpret and integrate the research of different areas. At its best, the different approaches are a strength of psychology; different approaches lead to novel ideas, and prevent psychologists from clinging to a paradigm that fails to explain a phenomenon. At its worst, adherents of one particular school cling to their beliefs concerning the relative importance of their research and disregard or are ignorant of different approaches. In most cases, individual psychologists have to determine for themselves which elements of which perspective to apply, and how to integrate them into their overall understanding. Henriques argues that the problem of psychology is a central feature of modern knowledge systems. In A New Unified Theory of Psychology , he described it as follows: The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The problem of psychology is the joint observation that the field cannot be coherently defined and yet it connects more deeply than any other discipline to the three great branches of learning. Taken together, these observations suggest that the problem of psychology is a profound problem in academia at large. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that as psychology has lumbered along acquiring findings but not foundational clarity, the fragmentation of human knowledge has grown exponentially. All of this suggests that the question, "What is psychology?" is profoundly important, one of the central questions in all of philosophy. Asking the right questions is often the most important step in getting the right answer. My interest in psychotherapy integration ultimately led me to ask the question, "What is psychology?”. Although I had no idea at the time, it turns out that this is the right question. And, as startling as it sounds, because psychology connects to so many different domains, the correct answer to it opens up a whole new vision for integrating human knowledge. The reason for psychology's fragmentation, according to the ToK System, is that there has been no meta-theoretical frame that allows scholars to agree on the basic questions that need to be addressed. As such, the different schools of thought in psychology are like the blind men who each grab a part of the elephant and proclaim they have discovered its true nature. With its novel depiction of evolving dimensions of complexity, the ToK allows scholars finally to see the elephant. In his 2003 Review of General Psychology paper, [ 8 ] Henriques used the ToK System with the attempt to clarify and align the views of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud . These luminaries were chosen because when one considers their influence and historical opposition, it can readily be argued that they represent two schools of thought that are the most difficult to integrate. Henriques used the meta-perspective offered by the ToK to argue how one can retain the key insights from each school of thought, identify errors and points of confusion, and integrate the insights into a coherent whole. Cultural and personality psychologist, Michael Katzko, [ 10 ] however critiques Henriques' position on "the problem of psychology": There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] There is a very good reason for skepticism regarding the repeated claims that the one unique problem of psychology, applicable across the entire discipline, has been identified and that the ToK System solves it. The reason is given by the detail with which alternatives have been worked out, be they historical studies of institutional development or critical commentaries on the rhetorical structure of psychology's literature. [ 11 ] Solution The problem of psychology, according to the ToK, is its conceptual incoherence, which Henriques identifies by the following: When the various conceptions of psychology (e.g., behavioral, humanistic, cognitive) are viewed through the lens of the ToK System, psychology spans two different dimensions of complexity: the mental and the cultural. In other words, the discipline has historically spanned two fundamentally separate problems: If, as previously thought, nature simply consisted of levels of complexity, psychology would not be crisply defined in relationship to biology or the social sciences. And, indeed, it is frequently suggested that psychology exists in an amorphous space between biology and the social sciences. However, with its dimension of complexity depiction, the ToK System suggests that psychology can be crisply defined as the science of mind, which is the third dimension of complexity. Furthermore, because human behavior exists in the fourth dimension, psychology must be divided into two broad scientific domains of Psychological formalism is defined as the science of mind and corresponds to the behavior of animal objects. Human psychology is considered to be a unique subset of psychological formalism that deals with human behavior at the level of the individual. Because human behavior is immersed in the larger socio-cultural context (level four in the ToK System), human psychology is considered a hybrid discipline that merges the pure science of psychology with the social sciences. It is important to point out that there are other disciplines the ToK System would classify as “hybrids.” Molecular genetics, for example, is a hybrid between chemistry and biology and neuroscience is a hybrid between biology and psychology. As with Henriques' proposed conception of human psychology, both of these disciplines adopt an object level perspective (molecular and cellular, respectively) on phenomena that simultaneously exist as part of meta-level system processes (life and mind, respectively). [ 9 ] Though David A. F. Haaga "congratulate[d] Dr. Henriques' ambitious, scholarly, provocative paper", and "found the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy, the theoretical joint points, the evolutionary history, and the levels of emergent properties highly illuminating", he asks the rhetorical questions, If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] If it is so difficult to define terms such as 'psychology' with such precision, why bother? Why not just agree that we all have at least a rough idea of what psychology is, and take the rest of the afternoon off? After all, if theoretical or empirical work improves our understanding of some aspect of the world or our fellow people, or improves our ability to help people enhance their physical or emotional well being, what difference does it make whether this work is considered a part of psychology, of cognitive science, of behavioral neuroscience, of public health, or what have you? This raises the question of what definitions in general are good for. [ 12 ] In a similar vein, Scott O. Lilienfeld, who described Henriques' effort as "thoughtful", contended that psychology is "an inherently fuzzy concept that resists precise definition" and that "attempts to define psychology [would be] likely to hamper rather than foster consilience across disciplines". Lilienfield went on further to suggest that the scientist-practitioner gap in psychology lies not in definitional issues, but in different "epistemic attitudes" between these two groups. He stated that scientists have an epistemic attitude of empiricism , (where questions regarding human nature are settled by scientific evidence), and that practitioners have an epistemic attitude of romanticism , (where questions of human nature are settled by intuition). Lilienfeld suggested that the solution to the scientist-practitioner gulf isn't definitional, but in "train[ing] future clinical scientists to appreciate the proper places of romanticism and empiricism within science". [ 13 ] Consciousness and human behavior A frequent question and point of confusion in the ToK System is the definition and meaning of consciousness . As mentioned above, mind is not synonymous with consciousness. And, to understand consciousness from a ToK vantage point, it is crucial to recognize that the term is often ambiguous in its meaning. Two primary meanings are sentience , which is the capacity for mental experience and self-awareness , which is the capacity to be aware of one's awareness. Sentience is conceptualized as a "level 3" phenomenon, possessed by many animals other than humans and is defined as a "perceived" electro-neuro-chemical representation of animal-environment relations. The ingredient of neurological behavior that allows for the emergence of mental experience is considered the "hard" problem of consciousness and the ToK System does not address this question explicitly. In contrast, through the Justification Hypothesis (see below), the ToK System involves a very direct analysis of the other issue of consciousness, that of self-awareness . Another frequent question that is raised is "Where does individual human behavior fall on the ToK?" To analyze human behavior from the context of the ToK, one uses the ToK like a prism to separate the dimensions of behavior into physiochemical, biogenetic, neuropsychological and sociolinguistic. Thus if we imagine a conversation between a husband and wife as follows: Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” Wife: “You are late again.” Husband: “Please, not now. It was a stressful day, traffic was bad, and you know that if work needs to be done, I can’t just leave it.” The words represent the sociolinguistic dimension and are understood as a function of justification. Justification systems are seen both at the level of individual, micro-social and societal (i.e., the context of justification in which men work and women stay at home). The actions of the husband and wife in terms of facial expression , body movement, etc. are seen as the mental dimension and are understood as a function of behavioral investment. The physiological make up of the organ systems and cells of each body is seen as the biogenetic dimension. Finally, the position, temperature, molecular make up is seen as the physiochemical dimension. Each of the more basic dimensions represent conditions of possibility that allow for the emergence of the higher dimension of process. Thus, insufficient oxygen disrupts organic processes which in turn renders neuropsychological and sociolinguistic processes impossible. Toward the integration of human knowledge As stated above, the ToK System proposes a new epistemology with the goal of moving academic knowledge toward what E.O. Wilson termed consilience . Consilience is the interlocking of fact and theory into a coherent, holistic view of knowledge. Henriques argues that the ToK affords new perspectives on how knowledge is obtained because it depicts how science emerges from culture and that the four dimensions of complexity correspond to four broad classes of science: the physical, biological, psychological and social sciences. Henriques further argues that developing such a system for integrating knowledge is not just an academic enterprise. He suggests that in an increasingly complex world, the fragmented state of knowledge can be seen as one of the most pressing social problems of our time. Henriques also believes that history seems to attest that the absence of a collective worldview ostensibly condemns humanity to an endless series of conflicts that inevitably stem from incompatible, partially correct, locally situated justification systems. Thus, from Henriques' perspective, there are good reasons for believing that if there was a shared, general background of explanation, humanity might be able to achieve much greater levels of harmonious relations. In a 2008 article on the ToK, [ 14 ] Henriques cites Oliver Reiser 's 1958 call for unifying scientific knowledge that Henriques implies is similar in theme to the ToK: With its depiction of the dimensions of complexity and interlocking theoretical joint points, Henriques' believes that his ToK System offers new avenues that might allow scholars to meet Reiser’s call for academic synthesis. Henriques, like Reiser, believes that with a shared sense of purpose and a common background of explanation, people might yet be able to integrate bodies of knowledge into a unified interpretation of humanity, with humanity's place in nature and its potentialities for creating the good society. See also Tree of knowledge (philosophy) by René Descartes Tinbergen's four questions Behavioral repertoire Consilience Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge – 1998 book by E.O. Wilson Descriptive psychology General System Theory Psychological behaviorism Social meaning-making The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution – 1959 book by C. P. Snow Unified theory of cognition Unity of science Metasystem transition References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " "About Me" section of the ToK System website" . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . ^ " "The Tree of Knowledge System" section of the 8 key ideas in the Unified Theory of Knowledge website" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ a b c d e Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 1): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 60, No 12" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Defining Psychology: Articles and Commentaries on a New Unified Theory (Part 2): Journal of Clinical Psychology: Vol 61, No 1" . Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 – via Wiley Online Library. ^ "Theory & Psychology - Volume 18, Number 6, Dec 01, 2008" . Sage Journals . ^ Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2003). The tree of knowledge system and the theoretical unification of psychology. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. ^ a b Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. ^ Homepage of Michael Katzko ^ Katzko, M. W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology , 18, 817–828. Abstract ^ Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. ^ Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. ^ Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Final draft ^ Reiser, O.L. (1958). The integration of human knowledge. Boston: Porter Sargent. Bibliography Anchin, J.C. (2008). The critical role of the dialectic in viable metatheory: A commentary on Henriques' Tree of Knowledge System for integrating human knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 801–816. Full text Calhoun, L.G. (2004). The unification of psychology: A noble quest. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60, 1283–1289. Abstract Geary, D. C. (2005). The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life-mind joint point in the tree of knowledge. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 21–46. Full text Gilbert, P. (2004). A much needed macro level view: A commentary on Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1223–1226. Full text Goertzen, J.R. (2008). On the possibility of unification: The reality and nature of the crisis in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18, 829–852. Full text Haaga, D.A.F. (2004). Defining psychology: What can it do for us? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1227–1230. Full text Hayes, S.C. (2004). Taxonomy as a contextualist views it. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1231–1236. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2008). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson's Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 731–755. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). A new vision for the field: Introduction to the second special issue on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 61, 3–6. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2005). Toward a useful mass movement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 121–139. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2004). Psychology Defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1207–1221. Full text Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Henriques, G.R. (2004). The development of the unified theory and the future of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 39, 16–21. Final draft Henriques, G.R., & Cobb, H.C. (2004). Introduction to the special issues on the unified theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1203–1205. Full text Henriques, G.R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Unified professional psychology: Implications for combined-integrated doctoral training programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1051–1063. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology. Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182. Full text Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Henriques, G.R. (2002). The harmful dysfunction analysis and the differentiation between mental disorder and disease. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 1, 157–173. Full text Henriques, G.R. (2000). Depression: Disease or behavioral shutdown mechanism? Journal of Science and Health Policy, 1, 152–165. Full text Jones, R. (2005). From that dirty little science grows a Tree of Knowledge. The Madison, 1, 36–45. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2008). Pruning the Tree of Knowledge. Theory & Psychology, 18, 817–828. Full text Katzko, M.W. (2004). Psychology's dilemma: An institutional neurosis? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1237–1242. Full text Kihlstrom, J.F. (2004). Unity within psychology, and unity between science and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1243–1247. Full text Lilienfeld, S.O. (2004). Defining psychology: Is it worth the trouble? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1249–1253. Full text Mayer, J.D. (2004). How does psychotherapy influence personality? A theoretical integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1291–1315. Full text Presbury, J. (2004). Rooting the tree of knowledge: A response to Henriques’ psychology defined. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1255–1258. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2008). Theoretical unification as a practical project: Kant and the Tree of Knowledge System. Theory & Psychology, 18, 757–777. Full text Quackenbush, S.W. (2005). Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 67–80. Full text Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rand, K.L., & Ilardi, S.S. (2005). Toward a consilient science of psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 7–20. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2008). Religion as a large-scale justification system: Does the Justification Hypothesis explain animistic attribution? Theory & Psychology, 18, 779–799. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2006). Durkheim's aphorism, the Justification Hypothesis, and the nature of social facts. Sociological Viewpoints, fall issue, 57–70. Full text Shaffer, L.S. (2005). From mirror self-recognition to the looking glass self: Exploring the justification hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 47–65 . Full text Shealy, C.N. (2005). Justifying the justification hypothesis: Scientific-humanism, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 81–106. Full text Slife, B. (2005). Testing the limits of Henriques' proposal: Wittgensteinian lessons and hermenuetic dialogue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 107–120. Full text Stam, H.J. (2004). Unifying psychology: Epistemological act or disciplinary maneuver? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1259–1262. Full text Stanovich, K.E. (2004). Metarepresentation and the great cognitive divide: A commentary on Henriques' "Psychology Defined". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1263–1266. Full text Stricker, G. (2004). The unification of psychology and psychological organizations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1267–1269. Full text Vazire, S., & Robins, R.W. (2004). Beyond the Justification Hypothesis: A Broader Theory of the Evolution of Self-Consciousness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1271–1273. Full text Viney, W. (2004). Pluralism in the sciences is not easily dismissed. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1275–1278. Full text Yanchar, S.C. (2004). Some discontents with theoretical unification. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1279–1281. Full text External links The Official Tree of Knowledge Website Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques at the Psychology Wiki This page uses content from the English-language version of Psychology Wiki . The original article was at Tree of Knowledge System/Expert article by Gregg Henriques . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . The text of both The Psychology Wiki and Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License . Science studies Systems Systems theory Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2020 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2022 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2023 Articles needing additional references from April 2024 All articles needing additional references This page was last edited on 5 November 2025, at 05:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_system#cite_note-auto-3
|
Hlavná stránka Portál komunity Kaviareň Posledné úpravy Náhodná stránka Pomocník Špeciálne stránky Prispieť Vytvoriť účet Prihlásiť sa Prispieť Vytvoriť účet Prihlásiť sa Wikipédia : Zoznam najlepších článkov Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Qırımtatarca Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Nordfriisk Frysk 贛語 Galego گیلکی गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Кыргызча Latina Ladino Лезги Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Мокшень Олык марий Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Diné bizaad Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Русский संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Tagalog Toki pona Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük 吴语 Хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Zeêuws 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Stránka projektu Diskusia Čítať Zobraziť zdroj Zobraziť históriu Čítať Zobraziť zdroj Zobraziť históriu Odkazy na túto stránku Súvisiace úpravy Nahrať súbor Trvalý odkaz Informácie o stránke Získať skrátené URL Stiahnuť QR kód Použiť starší parser Vytvoriť knihu Stiahnuť ako PDF Verzia pre tlač Meta-Wiki Wikidruhy Wikiúdaje Položka Wikidata Najlepšie články Slovenskej Wikipédie Tu nájdete zoznam dobre napísaných a úplných článkov na slovenskej Wikipédii . Pretože existujú tisíce článkov na Wikipédii, táto stránka by mala pomôcť zhromaždiť tie najlepšie. Aby mohol byť článok pridaný k tomuto zoznamu, pridajte ho na stránku Wikipédia:Najlepšie články (kandidáti) , kde bude preskúmaná obsahová a formálna stránka tohto článku. Aj keď sú tieto články to najlepšie, čo tu máme, stále pracujeme na ich zdokonalení. Články sú radené podľa kategórií a následne abecedne. V súčasnosti tu máme 71 takýchto článkov z celkového počtu 257 722 na Wikipédii. Hrubo vyznačené články už boli odporúčané na hlavnej stránke . Heslá so spoločnou tematikou: Zoznamy Zoznam najlepších článkov Zoznam dobrých článkov Zoznam odporúčaných článkov Logy: Súčasní kandidáti na najlepší článok Úspešní kandidáti na najlepšie články Neúspešní kandidáti na najlepšie články Pravidlá a odporúčania: Pravidlá revízie najlepších článkov Kritériá na najlepší článok Ako napísať výborný článok Kritériá pre dobrý článok Najlepšie články Slovenskej Wikipédie Tu nájdete zoznam dobre napísaných a úplných článkov na slovenskej Wikipédii . Pretože existujú tisíce článkov na Wikipédii, táto stránka by mala pomôcť zhromaždiť tie najlepšie. Aby mohol byť článok pridaný k tomuto zoznamu, pridajte ho na stránku Wikipédia:Najlepšie články (kandidáti) , kde bude preskúmaná obsahová a formálna stránka tohto článku. Aj keď sú tieto články to najlepšie, čo tu máme, stále pracujeme na ich zdokonalení. Články sú radené podľa kategórií a následne abecedne. V súčasnosti tu máme 71 takýchto článkov z celkového počtu 257 722 na Wikipédii. Hrubo vyznačené články už boli odporúčané na hlavnej stránke . Najlepšie články Slovenskej Wikipédie Tu nájdete zoznam dobre napísaných a úplných článkov na slovenskej Wikipédii . Pretože existujú tisíce článkov na Wikipédii, táto stránka by mala pomôcť zhromaždiť tie najlepšie. Aby mohol byť článok pridaný k tomuto zoznamu, pridajte ho na stránku Wikipédia:Najlepšie články (kandidáti) , kde bude preskúmaná obsahová a formálna stránka tohto článku. Aj keď sú tieto články to najlepšie, čo tu máme, stále pracujeme na ich zdokonalení. Články sú radené podľa kategórií a následne abecedne. V súčasnosti tu máme 71 takýchto článkov z celkového počtu 257 722 na Wikipédii. Hrubo vyznačené články už boli odporúčané na hlavnej stránke . Najlepšie články Slovenskej Wikipédie Tu nájdete zoznam dobre napísaných a úplných článkov na slovenskej Wikipédii . Pretože existujú tisíce článkov na Wikipédii, táto stránka by mala pomôcť zhromaždiť tie najlepšie. Aby mohol byť článok pridaný k tomuto zoznamu, pridajte ho na stránku Wikipédia:Najlepšie články (kandidáti) , kde bude preskúmaná obsahová a formálna stránka tohto článku. Aj keď sú tieto články to najlepšie, čo tu máme, stále pracujeme na ich zdokonalení. Články sú radené podľa kategórií a následne abecedne. V súčasnosti tu máme 71 takýchto článkov z celkového počtu 257 722 na Wikipédii. Hrubo vyznačené články už boli odporúčané na hlavnej stránke . Heslá so spoločnou tematikou: Zoznamy Zoznam najlepších článkov Zoznam dobrých článkov Zoznam odporúčaných článkov Logy: Súčasní kandidáti na najlepší článok Úspešní kandidáti na najlepšie články Neúspešní kandidáti na najlepšie články Pravidlá a odporúčania: Pravidlá revízie najlepších článkov Kritériá na najlepší článok Ako napísať výborný článok Kritériá pre dobrý článok Heslá so spoločnou tematikou: Zoznamy Zoznam najlepších článkov Zoznam dobrých článkov Zoznam odporúčaných článkov Logy: Súčasní kandidáti na najlepší článok Úspešní kandidáti na najlepšie články Neúspešní kandidáti na najlepšie články Pravidlá a odporúčania: Pravidlá revízie najlepších článkov Kritériá na najlepší článok Ako napísať výborný článok Kritériá pre dobrý článok Architektúra Barok Dóm svätej Alžbety Astronómia Čierna diera Hubblov vesmírny ďalekohľad Kométa Mars Merkúr Mesiac Planetárna hmlovina Prelet dotyčnicového meteoroidu nad Česko-Slovenskom a Poľskom 13. októbra 1990 Saturn Slnečná sústava Slnko Urán (planéta) Veľká medvedica Veľký tresk Venuša Biológia Eukaryoty Iguanodon Jasoň červenooký Kosatka dravá Kukurica siata Ľuľok zemiakový Medveď biely Sauropody Úhor európsky Doprava Diaľnica A1 (Chorvátsko) Londýnske metro Fyzika Rýchlosť svetla vo vákuu Špeciálna teória relativity Geografia Frankfurt nad Mohanom Košice Piešťany Spišská župa (Uhorsko) Vancouver Pata Geológia Platňová tektonika Sopka Usadená hornina Zemetrasenie História a archeológia Dejiny Pitcairnových ostrovov Hudba Heavy metal Metallica Chémia Aktinoid Chlór Katastrofy Černobyľská havária Havária raketoplánu Columbia Kozmonautika Apollo 11 Space Shuttle Spitzerov vesmírny ďalekohľad STS-107 Lingvistika Esperanto Medicína Zobrazovanie magnetickou rezonanciou Náboženstvo a teológia Mária (matka Ježiša) Náboženstvo v Byzantskej ríši Politika Washingtonská deklarácia Športy a hry Bridž Vojenstvo Bitka o Stalingrad Bitka pri Termopylách Životopisy Johann Sebastian Bach George W. Bush Robert A. Heinlein Marián Hossa Winston Churchill Anatolij Kralickij Janko Kráľ Claudio Monteverdi Ján Pavol II. Pavol Jozef Šafárik Ľudovít Štúr Alexander Veľký Architektúra Barok Dóm svätej Alžbety Architektúra Barok Dóm svätej Alžbety Astronómia Čierna diera Hubblov vesmírny ďalekohľad Kométa Mars Merkúr Mesiac Planetárna hmlovina Prelet dotyčnicového meteoroidu nad Česko-Slovenskom a Poľskom 13. októbra 1990 Saturn Slnečná sústava Slnko Urán (planéta) Veľká medvedica Veľký tresk Venuša Astronómia Čierna diera Hubblov vesmírny ďalekohľad Kométa Mars Merkúr Mesiac Planetárna hmlovina Prelet dotyčnicového meteoroidu nad Česko-Slovenskom a Poľskom 13. októbra 1990 Saturn Slnečná sústava Slnko Urán (planéta) Veľká medvedica Veľký tresk Venuša Biológia Eukaryoty Iguanodon Jasoň červenooký Kosatka dravá Kukurica siata Ľuľok zemiakový Medveď biely Sauropody Úhor európsky Biológia Eukaryoty Iguanodon Jasoň červenooký Kosatka dravá Kukurica siata Ľuľok zemiakový Medveď biely Sauropody Úhor európsky Doprava Diaľnica A1 (Chorvátsko) Londýnske metro Doprava Diaľnica A1 (Chorvátsko) Londýnske metro Fyzika Rýchlosť svetla vo vákuu Špeciálna teória relativity Fyzika Rýchlosť svetla vo vákuu Špeciálna teória relativity Geografia Frankfurt nad Mohanom Košice Piešťany Spišská župa (Uhorsko) Vancouver Pata Geografia Frankfurt nad Mohanom Košice Piešťany Spišská župa (Uhorsko) Vancouver Pata Geológia Platňová tektonika Sopka Usadená hornina Zemetrasenie Geológia Platňová tektonika Sopka Usadená hornina Zemetrasenie História a archeológia Dejiny Pitcairnových ostrovov História a archeológia Dejiny Pitcairnových ostrovov Hudba Heavy metal Metallica Hudba Heavy metal Metallica Chémia Aktinoid Chlór Chémia Aktinoid Chlór Katastrofy Černobyľská havária Havária raketoplánu Columbia Katastrofy Černobyľská havária Havária raketoplánu Columbia Kozmonautika Apollo 11 Space Shuttle Spitzerov vesmírny ďalekohľad STS-107 Kozmonautika Apollo 11 Space Shuttle Spitzerov vesmírny ďalekohľad STS-107 Lingvistika Esperanto Lingvistika Esperanto Medicína Zobrazovanie magnetickou rezonanciou Medicína Zobrazovanie magnetickou rezonanciou Náboženstvo a teológia Mária (matka Ježiša) Náboženstvo v Byzantskej ríši Náboženstvo a teológia Mária (matka Ježiša) Náboženstvo v Byzantskej ríši Politika Washingtonská deklarácia Politika Washingtonská deklarácia Športy a hry Bridž Športy a hry Bridž Vojenstvo Bitka o Stalingrad Bitka pri Termopylách Vojenstvo Bitka o Stalingrad Bitka pri Termopylách Životopisy Johann Sebastian Bach George W. Bush Robert A. Heinlein Marián Hossa Winston Churchill Anatolij Kralickij Janko Kráľ Claudio Monteverdi Ján Pavol II. Pavol Jozef Šafárik Ľudovít Štúr Alexander Veľký Životopisy Johann Sebastian Bach George W. Bush Robert A. Heinlein Marián Hossa Winston Churchill Anatolij Kralickij Janko Kráľ Claudio Monteverdi Ján Pavol II. Pavol Jozef Šafárik Ľudovít Štúr Alexander Veľký Pozri aj Dobré články Najlepšie články Odporúčané články Pozri aj Dobré články Najlepšie články Odporúčané články Wikipédia:Zoznamy článkov Wikipédia:Najlepšie články Dátum a čas poslednej úpravy tejto stránky: 3. január 2025, 14:21. Stránka bola vykreslená pomocou Parsoid . Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 Unported ; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia . Ochrana osobných údajov O Wikipédii Zrieknutie sa zodpovednosti Pravidlá správania Vývojári Štatistiky Vyhlásenie o cookies Mobilné zobrazenie
|
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Zoznam_najlep%C5%A1%C3%ADch_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nkov
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Revolutionary War service 3 Early political career Toggle Early political career subsection 3.1 Member of Continental Congress 3.2 Marriage and law practice 3.3 Senator 3.4 Minister to France 3.1 Member of Continental Congress 3.2 Marriage and law practice 3.3 Senator 3.4 Minister to France 4 Governor of Virginia and diplomat (1799–1802, 1811) Toggle Governor of Virginia and diplomat (1799–1802, 1811) subsection 4.1 Governor of Virginia 4.2 Louisiana Purchase and Minister to Great Britain 4.3 1808 election and the Quids 4.1 Governor of Virginia 4.2 Louisiana Purchase and Minister to Great Britain 4.3 1808 election and the Quids 5 Secretary of State and Secretary of War (1811–1817) Toggle Secretary of State and Secretary of War (1811–1817) subsection 5.1 Madison administration 5.2 Election of 1816 5.1 Madison administration 5.2 Election of 1816 6 Presidency (1817–1825) Toggle Presidency (1817–1825) subsection 6.1 Inauguration and cabinet 6.2 Foreign policy 6.2.1 Treaties with Britain and Russia 6.2.2 Acquisition of Florida 6.2.3 South American Wars of Independence 6.2.4 Monroe Doctrine 6.3 Domestic policy 6.3.1 Missouri Compromise 6.3.2 Internal improvements 6.3.3 Panic of 1819 6.4 Native American policy 6.5 Election of 1820 6.1 Inauguration and cabinet 6.2 Foreign policy 6.2.1 Treaties with Britain and Russia 6.2.2 Acquisition of Florida 6.2.3 South American Wars of Independence 6.2.4 Monroe Doctrine 6.2.1 Treaties with Britain and Russia 6.2.2 Acquisition of Florida 6.2.3 South American Wars of Independence 6.2.4 Monroe Doctrine 6.3 Domestic policy 6.3.1 Missouri Compromise 6.3.2 Internal improvements 6.3.3 Panic of 1819 6.3.1 Missouri Compromise 6.3.2 Internal improvements 6.3.3 Panic of 1819 6.4 Native American policy 6.5 Election of 1820 7 Post-presidency (1825–1831) Toggle Post-presidency (1825–1831) subsection 7.1 Virginia Constitutional Convention Delegate 7.2 Death 7.1 Virginia Constitutional Convention Delegate 7.2 Death 8 Philosophy and views Toggle Philosophy and views subsection 8.1 Freemasonry 8.2 Religious beliefs 8.3 Slavery 8.1 Freemasonry 8.2 Religious beliefs 8.3 Slavery 9 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 9.1 Historical reputation 9.2 Memorials 9.1 Historical reputation 9.2 Memorials 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 12.1 Secondary sources 12.2 Primary sources 12.1 Secondary sources 12.2 Primary sources 13 External links James Monroe Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Asturianu अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item James Monroe Portrait of James Monroe by Samuel Morse , c. 1819 5th President of the United States In office March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins Preceded by James Madison Succeeded by John Quincy Adams 7th United States Secretary of State In office April 6, 1811 – March 4, 1817 President James Madison Preceded by Robert Smith Succeeded by John Quincy Adams 8th United States Secretary of War In office September 27, 1814 – March 2, 1815 President James Madison Preceded by John Armstrong Jr. Succeeded by William H. Crawford 12th and 16th Governor of Virginia In office January 16, 1811 – April 2, 1811 Preceded by John Tyler Sr. Succeeded by George William Smith In office December 28, 1799 – December 1, 1802 Preceded by James Wood Succeeded by John Page 4th United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 17, 1803 – October 7, 1807 President Thomas Jefferson Preceded by Rufus King Succeeded by William Pinkney 5th United States Minister to France In office August 15, 1794 – December 9, 1796 President George Washington Preceded by Gouverneur Morris Succeeded by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney United States Senator from Virginia In office November 9, 1790 – May 27, 1794 Preceded by John Walker Succeeded by Stevens Thomson Mason Member of the Virginia House of Delegates In office 1782 In office 1786-1787 In office 1810-1811 Delegate from Virginia to the Congress of the Confederation In office November 3, 1783 – November 7, 1786 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by Henry Lee III Personal details Born ( 1758-04-28 ) April 28, 1758 Monroe Hall, Virginia , British America Died July 4, 1831 (1831-07-04) (aged 73) New York City, U.S. Resting place Hollywood Cemetery ( Richmond, Virginia ) Party Democratic-Republican Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Elizabeth Kortright ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1786 ; died 1830 ) Children 3, including Eliza and Maria Relatives Joseph Jones (uncle) James Monroe (nephew) Education College of William & Mary Occupation .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Politician lawyer Politician lawyer Signature Military service Branch/service .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Continental Army Virginia militia Continental Army Virginia militia Years of service 1775–1777 (Army) 1777–1780 (Militia) 1775–1777 (Army) 1777–1780 (Militia) Rank Lieutenant (Army) Major (Army) Colonel (Militia) Lieutenant (Army) Major (Army) Colonel (Militia) Unit 3rd Virginia Regiment Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} American Revolutionary War New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Trenton ( WIA ) Philadelphia campaign Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth American Revolutionary War New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Trenton ( WIA ) Philadelphia campaign Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Trenton ( WIA ) Philadelphia campaign Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth James Monroe ( / m ə n ˈ r oʊ / mən- ROH ; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. He was the last Founding Father to serve as president as well as the last president of the Virginia dynasty . Monroe was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party , and his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings , concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He issued the Monroe Doctrine , a policy of limiting European colonialism in the Americas. Monroe previously served as Governor of Virginia , a member of the United States Senate , U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh secretary of state, and the eighth secretary of war. During the American Revolutionary War , he served in the Continental Army . From 1780 to 1783, Monroe studied law under Thomas Jefferson and subsequently served as a delegate to both the Continental Congress and the Virginia Ratifying Convention . He opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution . In 1790, Monroe won election to the Senate where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington 's ambassador to France but was recalled by Washington in 1796. Monroe won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election . As President Jefferson's special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase , through which the United States nearly doubled in size. Monroe fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain. He unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the Democratic-Republican nomination in the 1808 presidential election , but he joined Madison's administration as Secretary of State in 1811. During the later stages of the War of 1812 , Monroe simultaneously served as Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War. Monroe's wartime leadership established him as Madison's heir apparent, and he easily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election . During Monroe's tenure as president, the Federalist Party collapsed as a national political force and Monroe was re-elected, virtually unopposed, in 1820 . As president, he signed the Missouri Compromise , which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery from territories north of the 36°30′ parallel. In foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a policy of conciliation with Britain and a policy of expansionism against the Spanish Empire. In the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain . In 1823, Monroe announced the United States' opposition to any European intervention in the recently independent countries of the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Monroe was a member of the American Colonization Society which supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, and Liberia 's capital of Monrovia is named in his honor. Following his retirement in 1825, he was plagued by financial difficulties and died on July 4, 1831, in New York City. Historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president. Early life and education James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in his parents' house in a wooded area of Westmoreland County in the Colony of Virginia , to Andrew Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones. The marked site is one mile (1.6 km) from the unincorporated community known today as Monroe Hall, Virginia . The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. He had one sister, Elizabeth and three younger brothers, Spence, Andrew and Joseph Jones. Monroe's father worked as a craftsman and was a patriot who was involved in protests against the Stamp Act . His mother was the daughter of a Welsh immigrant whose family was one of the wealthiest in King George County . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] His paternal great-great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century as a Royalist after the defeat of Charles I in the English Civil War , [ 1 ] and was part of an ancient Scottish clan known as Clan Munro . In 1650, he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia . Also among James Monroe's ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700. [ 2 ] At age 11, Monroe was enrolled in Campbelltown Academy, the only school in the county. This school was considered the best in the colony of Virginia, which is why Monroe was later able to immediately take advanced courses in Latin and mathematics at the College of William & Mary . [ 3 ] He attended this school only 11 weeks a year, as his labor was needed on the farm. During this time, Monroe formed a lifelong friendship with an older classmate, future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall . [ 4 ] In 1772, Monroe's mother died after giving birth to her youngest child and his father died soon after, leaving him as the eldest son in charge of the family. Though he inherited property, including slaves, from both of his parents, the 16-year-old Monroe was forced to withdraw from school to support his younger brothers. His childless maternal uncle, Joseph Jones , became a surrogate father to Monroe and his siblings and paid off his brother-in-law's debts. A member of the Virginia House of Burgesses , Jones took Monroe to the capital of Williamsburg, Virginia , and enrolled him in the College of William and Mary in June 1774. Jones also introduced Monroe to important Virginians such as Thomas Jefferson , Patrick Henry , and George Washington . [ 4 ] During this phase of the American Revolution , opposition to the British government grew in the Thirteen Colonies in reaction to the " Intolerable Acts ", a series of harsh laws against the Colonies in response to the Boston Tea Party . In Williamsburg, British Governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore , dissolved the Assembly after protests by the delegates, who then decided to send a delegation to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Dunmore wanted to take advantage of the absence of the Burgesses, who had convened to Richmond, and had soldiers of the Royal Navy confiscate the weapons of the Virginian militia, which alarmed militiamen and students of the College of William & Mary, including Monroe. [ 4 ] They marched to the Governor's Palace and demanded that Dunmore return the confiscated gunpowder. When more militiamen arrived in Williamsburg under the leadership of Patrick Henry, Dunmore agreed to pay compensation for the confiscated goods. Monroe and his fellow students were so incensed by the governor's actions that they conducted daily military drills on campus afterward. [ 4 ] On June 24, 1775, Monroe and 24 militiamen stormed the Governor's Palace, capturing several hundred muskets and swords. [ 3 ] Revolutionary War service In early 1776, about a year and a half after his enrollment, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army , despite mourning the death of his brother Spence, who had died shortly before. [ 3 ] As the fledgling army valued literacy in its officers, Monroe was commissioned with the rank of lieutenant, serving under Colonel George Weedon and later Captain William Washington . After months of training, Monroe and 700 Virginia infantrymen were called north to serve in the New York and New Jersey campaign . Monroe's regiment played a central role in the Continental Army's retreat across the Delaware River on December 7 in response to the loss of Fort Washington. In late December, Monroe took part in a surprise attack on a Hessian encampment at the Battle of Trenton . Though the attack was successful, Monroe suffered a severed artery in the battle and nearly died. In the aftermath, Washington cited Monroe and William Washington for their bravery, and promoted Monroe to captain. [ 5 ] After recovering for two months, Monroe returned to Virginia to recruit his own company of soldiers. Lacking the wealth to induce soldiers to join his company, Monroe instead asked his uncle to return him to the front. Monroe was assigned to the staff of General William Alexander, Lord Stirling as an auxiliary officer. At the Battle of Brandywine , he formed a close friendship with the Marquis de Lafayette , a French volunteer who encouraged him to view the war as part of a wider struggle against religious and political tyranny. Monroe served in the Philadelphia campaign and spent the winter of 1777–78 at the encampment of Valley Forge , sharing a log hut with Marshall. By late 1777, he was promoted to major and served as Lord Stirling's aide-de-camp. After serving in the Battle of Monmouth , the destitute Monroe resigned his commission in December 1778 and joined his uncle in Philadelphia. After the British captured Savannah , the Virginia legislature decided to raise four regiments, and Monroe returned to his native state, hoping to receive his own command. With letters of recommendation from Washington, Stirling, and Alexander Hamilton , Monroe received a commission as a lieutenant colonel and was expected to lead one of the regiments, but recruitment again proved to be a problem. On Jones's advice, Monroe returned to Williamsburg to study law at the College of William and Mary, becoming a protégé of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson. [ 6 ] Jefferson, with whom Monroe soon formed a close and lifelong friendship, advised his protégé to pursue a political career and made his library available to him, where the works of Epictetus in particular had a great influence on Monroe [ 7 ] With the British increasingly focusing their operations in the Southern colonies , the Virginians moved the capital to the more defensible city of Richmond , and Monroe accompanied Jefferson to the new capital. Jefferson appointed Monroe as a military commissioner with the task of maintaining contact with the Southern Continental Army, under the command of General Johann von Kalb , and the Virginia Militia. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] At the end of 1780, British forces invaded Virginia and Monroe, who had become a colonel in the meantime, was given command of a regiment for the first time. However, he was still unable to raise an army due to a lack of interested recruits and returned to his home in King George County, being absent during the British raid on Richmond . As both the Continental Army and the Virginia militia had an abundance of officers, Monroe did not serve during the Yorktown campaign , and, much to his frustration, did not take part in the siege of Yorktown . [ 9 ] Although Andrew Jackson served as a courier in a militia unit at age 13, Monroe is regarded as the last U.S. president who was a Revolutionary War veteran, since he served as an officer of the Continental Army and took part in combat. [ 10 ] As a result of his service, Monroe became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Early political career Member of Continental Congress Monroe resumed studying law under Jefferson and continued until 1783. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] He was not particularly interested in legal theory or practice, but chose to take it up because he thought it offered "the most immediate rewards" and could ease his path to wealth, social standing, and political influence. [ 14 ] In 1782, Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates . After serving on Virginia's Executive Council, [ 15 ] he was elected to the Fourth Congress of the Confederation in November 1783 and served in Annapolis until Congress convened in Trenton, New Jersey in June 1784. He had served a total of three years when he finally retired from that office by the rule of rotation. [ 16 ] By that time, the government was meeting in the temporary capital of New York City. In 1784, Monroe undertook an extensive trip through Western New York and Pennsylvania to inspect the conditions in the Northwest. The tour convinced him that the United States had to pressure Britain to abandon its posts in the region and assert control of the Northwest. [ 17 ] While serving in Congress, Monroe became an advocate for western expansion, and played a key role in the writing and passage of the Northwest Ordinance . The ordinance created the Northwest Territory , providing for federal administration of the territories west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River . Another of Monroe's goals in the Confederate Congress was to negotiate American rights to free navigation on the Mississippi River . [ 18 ] During this period, Jefferson continued to serve as a mentor to Monroe, and, at Jefferson's prompting, he befriended another prominent Virginian, James Madison . [ 19 ] Marriage and law practice On February 16, 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830), who came from New York City's high society, at Trinity Church in Manhattan. [ 20 ] The marriage produced three children, Eliza in 1786, [ 21 ] James in 1799 [ 22 ] and Maria in 1802. [ 23 ] Although Monroe was raised in the Anglican faith, the children were educated according to the teachings of the Episcopal Church . [ 24 ] After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, New York , the Monroes returned to New York City to live with her father until Congress adjourned: [ 25 ] In the fall of 1786, Monroe resigned from Congress and moved to his uncle Jones' house in Fredericksburg, Virginia , where he successfully passed the bar exam and became an attorney for the state. [ 26 ] In 1787, Monroe won election to another term in the Virginia House of Delegates. Though he had become outspoken in his desire to reform the Articles, he was unable to attend the Philadelphia Convention due to his work obligations. [ 27 ] In 1788, Monroe became a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention , which voted on the adoption of the United States Constitution. [ 21 ] In Virginia, the struggle over the ratification of the proposed Constitution involved more than a simple clash between Federalists and Anti-Federalists . Virginians held a full spectrum of opinions about the merits of the proposed change in national government, and those who held the middle ground in the ideological struggle became the central figures. Led by Monroe and Edmund Pendleton , these "federalists who are for amendments" criticized the absence of a bill of rights and worried about surrendering taxation powers to the central government. [ 28 ] Monroe called for the Constitution to include guarantees regarding free navigation on the Mississippi River and to give the federal government direct control over the militia in case of defense. In doing so, he wanted to prevent the creation of a standing army, which proved to be a critical point of contention between the federalists and the anti-federalists. Monroe also opposed the Electoral College , which he viewed as too corruptible and susceptible to state interests, and favored direct election of the president. [ 29 ] After Madison reversed his decision and promised to pass a bill of rights, the Virginia Convention ratified the Constitution by a narrow vote, though Monroe himself voted against it. [ 30 ] Senator In the 1789 election to the 1st United States Congress , Anti-Federalist Henry Monroe persuaded Monroe to run against Madison, and he had the Virginia legislature draw a congressional district designed to elect Monroe. During the campaign, Madison and Monroe often traveled together, and the election did nothing to diminish their friendship. In the election for Virginia's Fifth District , Madison prevailed over Monroe, taking 1,308 votes compared to Monroe's 972 votes. After this defeat, Monroe moved his family from Fredericksburg to Albemarle County , first to Charlottesville and later to the immediate neighborhood of Monticello , where he bought an estate and named it Highland . [ 31 ] After the death of Senator William Grayson in 1790, Virginia legislators elected Monroe to serve the remainder of Grayson's term. [ 32 ] Since the Senate, unlike the House of Representatives, met behind closed doors, the public paid little attention to it and focused on the House of Representatives. Monroe therefore requested in February 1791 that Senate sessions be held in public, but this was initially rejected and not implemented until February 1794. [ 33 ] During the presidency of George Washington , U.S. politics became increasingly polarized between the Anti-Administration Party , led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and the Federalists , led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Monroe stood firmly with Jefferson in opposing Hamilton's strong central government and strong executive; Monroe was one of only 5 southern senators to vote against Hamilton's national bank proposal . [ 34 ] The Democratic-Republican Party coalesced around Jefferson and Madison, and Monroe became one of the fledgling party's leaders in the Senate. He also helped organize opposition to John Adams in the 1792 election, though Adams defeated George Clinton to win re-election as vice president. [ 35 ] When Monroe took part in congressional investigations into Hamilton's illegal transactions with James Reynolds in November 1792, this led to the uncovering of the first political sex scandal in the United States: The payments had been hush money to keep Hamilton's affair with Reynolds' wife secret. Hamilton never forgave Monroe for this public humiliation, which almost led to a duel between the two. [ 36 ] Throughout 1792 and 1793, Monroe and Madison responded to Hamilton's pamphlets accusing Jefferson of undermining Washington's authority with a series of six essays. These sharply worded replies were largely penned by Monroe. As leader of the Republicans in the Senate, Monroe soon became involved in matters of foreign relations. In 1794, he emerged as an opponent of Hamilton's appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom and a supporter of the First French Republic . Since 1791 he had taken sides with the French Revolution in several essays under the pseudonym Aratus. [ 37 ] Minister to France As the 1790s progressed, the French Revolutionary Wars came to dominate U.S. foreign policy, with the British and French both interdicting U.S. trade with Europe. Like most other Jeffersonians, Monroe supported the French Revolution , but Hamilton's followers tended to sympathize more with Britain. In 1794, hoping to find a way to avoid war with both countries, Washington appointed Monroe as his minister (ambassador) to France , after Madison and Robert R. Livingston had declined the offer. [ 38 ] At the same time, he appointed the Anglophile Federalist John Jay as his minister to Britain . [ 39 ] Monroe took this position at a difficult time: America's negotiating position was made considerably more difficult by its lack of military strength. In addition, the conflict between Paris and London in America intensified the confrontation between the Anglophile Federalists and the Francophile Republicans. While the Federalists were basically only aiming for an independent American state, the Republicans wanted a revolutionary new form of government, which is why they strongly sympathized with the First French Republic. [ 38 ] After arriving in France, Monroe addressed the National Convention , receiving a standing ovation for his speech celebrating republicanism . Monroe's passionate and friendly message of greeting at the inaugural ceremony before the National Convention was later criticized by Jay for its sentimentality, and Washington viewed the speech as "not well devised" in terms of venue and in light of American neutrality in the First Coalition War. [ 40 ] Monroe experienced several early diplomatic successes, including the protection of U.S. trade from French attacks. In February 1795, Monroe used his influence to secure the release of all American citizens imprisoned since the French Revolution and Adrienne de La Fayette , the wife of the Marquis de Lafayette. He had already secured the release of Thomas Paine in July 1794 and took him in, but when Paine worked on a diatribe against Washington despite Monroe's objections, they parted ways in the spring of 1796. [ 41 ] Months after Monroe arrived in France, the U.S. and Great Britain concluded the Jay Treaty , outraging both the French and Monroe—not fully informed about the treaty prior to its publication. Despite the undesirable effects of the Jay Treaty on Franco-American relations, Monroe won French support for U.S. navigational rights on the Mississippi River —the mouth of which was controlled by Spain —and in 1795 the U.S. and Spain signed Pinckney's Treaty . The treaty granted the U.S. limited rights to use the port of New Orleans . [ 42 ] Immediately after Timothy Pickering succeeded Secretary of State Edmund Randolph , who had been the only Francophile member of Washington's cabinet, in December 1795, he worked to dismiss Monroe. In 1796, Monroe sent a dispatch summarizing his response to French complaints of the Jay Treaty, but it was incomplete and did not include the French note or Monroe's written response. Pickering saw this as a sign of Monroe's unsuitability and, together with Hamilton, persuaded Washington to replace Monroe as ambassador. [ 43 ] Washington decided Monroe was inefficient, disruptive, and failed to safeguard the national interest. He recalled Monroe in November 1796, the letter of dismissal being deliberately delayed in order to prevent his return before the presidential election. [ 44 ] Returning to his home in Charlottesville, he resumed his dual careers as a farmer and lawyer. [ 45 ] Jefferson and Madison urged Monroe to run for Congress, but Monroe chose to focus on state politics instead. [ 46 ] In 1797, Monroe published A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States: Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5, and 6, which sharply attacked Washington's government and accused it of acting against America's interests. He followed the advice of his friend Robert Livingston who cautioned him to "repress every harsh and acrimonious" comment about Washington. However, he did complain that too often the U.S. government had been too close to Britain, especially regarding the Jay Treaty. [ 47 ] Washington made notes on this copy, writing, "The truth is, Mr. Monroe was cajoled, flattered, and made to believe strange things. In return he did, or was disposed to do, whatever was pleasing to that nation, reluctantly urging the rights of his own." [ 48 ] Governor of Virginia and diplomat (1799–1802, 1811) Governor of Virginia On a party-line vote, the Virginia legislature elected Monroe as Governor of Virginia in 1799. He would serve as governor until 1802. [ 49 ] The constitution of Virginia endowed the governor with very few powers aside from commanding the militia when the Assembly called it into action, but Monroe used his stature to convince legislators to enhance state involvement in transportation and education and to increase training for the militia. Monroe also began to give State of the Commonwealth addresses to the legislature, in which he highlighted areas in which he believed the legislature should act. Monroe also led an effort to create the state's first penitentiary , and imprisonment replaced other, often harsher, punishments. In 1800, Monroe called out the state militia to suppress Gabriel's Rebellion , a slave rebellion originating on a plantation six miles from the capital of Richmond. Gabriel and 27 other enslaved people who participated were all hanged for treason. [ 22 ] The executions sparked compassionate feelings among the people of Virginia, and Monroe worked with the legislature to secure a location where free and enslaved African Americans suspected of "conspiracy, insurgency, Treason, and rebellion" would be permanently banished outside the United States. [ 50 ] Monroe thought that foreign and Federalist elements had created the Quasi War of 1798–1800, and he strongly supported Thomas Jefferson 's candidacy for president in 1800 . Federalists were likewise suspicious of Monroe, some viewing him at best as a French dupe and at worst a traitor. [ 51 ] With the power to appoint election officials in Virginia, Monroe exercised his influence to help Jefferson win Virginia's presidential electors . [ 52 ] He also considered using the Virginia militia to force the outcome in favor of Jefferson. [ 53 ] Jefferson won the 1800 election, and he appointed Madison as his Secretary of State. As a member of Jefferson's party and the leader of the largest state in the country, Monroe emerged as one of Jefferson's two most likely successors, alongside Madison. [ 54 ] Louisiana Purchase and Minister to Great Britain Shortly after the end of Monroe's gubernatorial tenure, President Jefferson sent Monroe back to France to assist Ambassador Robert Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase . In the 1800 Treaty of San Ildefonso , France had acquired the territory of Louisiana from Spain; at the time, many in the U.S. believed that France had also acquired West Florida in the same treaty. The American delegation originally sought to acquire West Florida and the city of New Orleans , which controlled the trade of the Mississippi River . Determined to acquire New Orleans even if it meant war with France, Jefferson also authorized Monroe to form an alliance with the British if the French refused to sell the city. [ 55 ] Meeting with François Barbé-Marbois , the French foreign minister, Monroe and Livingston agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million; the purchase became known as the Louisiana Purchase . In agreeing to the purchase, Monroe violated his instructions, which had only allowed $9 million for the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida. The French did not acknowledge that West Florida remained in Spanish possession, and the United States would claim that France had sold West Florida to the United States for several years to come. Though he had not ordered the purchase of the entire territory, Jefferson strongly supported Monroe's actions, which ensured that the United States would continue to expand to the West. Overcoming doubts about whether the Constitution authorized the purchase of foreign territory, Jefferson won congressional approval for the Louisiana Purchase, and the acquisition doubled the size of the United States. Monroe would travel to Spain in 1805 to try to win the cession of West Florida, but found that the American ambassador to Spain, Charles Pinckney , had alienated the Spanish government with crude threats of violence. In the negotiations on the outstanding territorial issues concerning New Orleans, West Florida and the Rio Grande, Monroe made no progress and was treated condescendingly, and with the support of France, Spain refused to consider relinquishing the territory. [ 56 ] After the resignation of Rufus King , Monroe was appointed as the ambassador to Great Britain in 1803. The greatest issue of contention between the United States and Britain was that of impressment . The U.S. merchant fleet had become a haven for deserters from the Royal Navy , which responded by impressing alleged deserters from American merchantmen. Monroe was tasked with persuading the British government to prevent further such cases of impressment, but found little success in this endeavor, partly due to Jefferson's alienation of the British minister to the United States Anthony Merry . Rejecting Jefferson's offer to serve as the first governor of Louisiana Territory , Monroe continued to serve as ambassador to Britain until 1807. [ 57 ] In 1806 he negotiated the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty with Great Britain. It would have extended the Jay Treaty of 1794 which had expired after ten years. Jefferson had fought the Jay Treaty intensely in 1794–95 because he felt it would allow the British government to subvert American republicanism . The treaty had produced ten years of peace and highly lucrative trade for American merchants, but Jefferson was still opposed. When Monroe and the British signed the new treaty in December 1806, Jefferson refused to submit it to the Senate for ratification. Although the treaty called for ten more years of trade between the United States and the British Empire and gave American merchants guarantees that would have been good for business, Jefferson was unhappy that it contained no mention of impressment and refused to give up the potential use of commercial warfare against Britain. He made no attempt to obtain another treaty, and as a result, Anglo-American relations further deteriorated in the run-up towards the War of 1812 . [ 58 ] Monroe was severely pained by the administration's repudiation of the treaty, and he fell out with Secretary of State James Madison. [ 59 ] 1808 election and the Quids On his return to Virginia in 1807, Monroe received a warm reception, and many urged him to run in the 1808 presidential election . [ 60 ] After Jefferson refused to submit the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, Monroe had come to believe that Jefferson had snubbed the treaty out of the desire to avoid elevating Monroe above Madison in 1808. [ 61 ] Out of deference to Jefferson, Monroe agreed to avoid actively campaigning for the presidency, but he did not rule out accepting a draft effort. [ 62 ] The Democratic-Republican Party was increasingly factionalized, with " Old Republicans " or "Quids" denouncing the Jefferson administration for abandoning what they considered to be true republican principles. The Quids, led by John Randolph of Roanoke , tried to enlist Monroe in their cause. The plan was to run Monroe for president in the 1808 election in cooperation with the Federalist Party , which had a strong base in New England. Monroe decided to run against Madison in the 1808 presidential election in order to demonstrate the strength of his political position in Virginia. The regular Democratic-Republicans overcame the Quids in the nominating caucus, kept control of the party in Virginia, and protected Madison's base. [ 63 ] Monroe did not publicly criticize Jefferson or Madison during Madison's campaign against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , but he refused to support Madison. [ 64 ] Madison defeated Pinckney by a large margin, carrying all but one state outside of New England. Monroe won 3,400 votes in Virginia, but received little support elsewhere. [ 62 ] Monroe, who had fallen out of favor with the majority of Republicans because of his candidacy, withdrew into private life for the next few years. The plan to sell his second house in Loudon County, Oak Hill , in order to renovate and expand Highland with the proceeds, failed due to the low real estate prices. [ 65 ] After the election Monroe quickly reconciled with Jefferson, but their friendship endured further strains when Jefferson did not promote Monroe's candidacy to Congress in 1809. [ 66 ] Monroe did not speak with Madison until 1810. [ 59 ] Monroe devoted his attentions to farming at his Charlottesville estate, experimenting with new horticultural techniques in order to switch from tobacco, whose value was steadily declining, to wheat. [ 67 ] Secretary of State and Secretary of War (1811–1817) Madison administration In 1810, Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor in 1811, but served only four months, as less than two months into his term, Monroe was asked on Madison's behalf if he would be willing to succeed Robert Smith as Secretary of State. [ 65 ] In April 1811, Madison appointed Monroe to his cabinet as Secretary of State in hopes of shoring up the support of the more radical factions of the Democratic-Republicans. [ 59 ] Madison also hoped that Monroe, an experienced diplomat with whom he had once been close friends, would improve upon Smith's performance. Madison assured Monroe that their differences regarding the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty had been a misunderstanding, and the two resumed their friendship. [ 68 ] The Senate voted unanimously (30–0) to confirm him. On taking office, Monroe hoped to negotiate treaties with Britain and France to end their interdiction of American merchant shipping. While the French agreed to reduce the attacks and release seized American ships, the British were less receptive to Monroe's demands. [ 69 ] Monroe had long worked for peace with the British, but he came to favor war with Britain, joining with " war hawks " such as Speaker of the House Henry Clay . With the support of Monroe and Clay, Madison asked Congress to declare war on the British, and Congress complied on June 18, 1812, thus beginning the War of 1812 . [ 70 ] The ensuing war initially went very badly for the Americans, and the Madison administration quickly sought peace, but were rejected by the British. [ 71 ] The US Navy did experience several successes after Monroe convinced Madison to allow the Navy's ships to set sail rather than remaining in port for the duration of the war. [ 72 ] After the resignation of Secretary of War William Eustis , Madison asked Monroe to serve in dual roles as Secretary of State and Secretary of War, but opposition from the Senate limited Monroe to serving as acting Secretary of War until Brigadier General John Armstrong Jr. won Senate confirmation. [ 73 ] Monroe and Armstrong clashed over war policy, and Armstrong blocked Monroe's hopes of being appointed to lead an American invasion of Canada . [ 74 ] When British warships appeared in the Potomac River estuary in the summer of the same year, Monroe urged that defensive measures be taken for Washington, D.C., and that a military intelligence service should be established to Chesapeake Bay , which Armstrong dismissed as unnecessary. Since there was no functioning reconnaissance, Monroe formed his own small cavalry unit and began scouting the bay until the British withdrew from it. [ 75 ] As the war dragged on, the British offered to begin negotiations in Ghent , and the United States sent a delegation led by John Quincy Adams to conduct negotiations. Monroe allowed Adams leeway in setting terms, so long as he ended the hostilities and preserved American neutrality. [ 76 ] When a British fleet of 50 warships and 5,000 soldiers massed in the mouth of the Potomac, Monroe scouted the Chesapeake Bay with a troop and on August 21 sent the President a warning of the impending invasion so that Madison and his wife could flee in time and the state's assets and inhabitants could be evacuated. [ 77 ] Following their victory at Bladensburg , the British invaders burned federal buildings in Washington on August 24, 1814. Madison proceeded to remove Armstrong as Secretary of War and turned to Monroe for help, appointing him Secretary of War on September 27. [ 78 ] Monroe resigned as Secretary of State on October 1, 1814, but no successor was ever appointed and thus from October 1814 to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held both Cabinet posts. [ 79 ] Now in command of the war effort, Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to defend against a likely attack on New Orleans by the British, and he asked the governors of nearby states to send their militias to reinforce Jackson. He also called on Congress to draft an army of 100,000 men, increase compensation to soldiers, and establish a new national bank, the Second Bank of the United States , to ensure adequate funding for the war effort. [ 80 ] Months after Monroe took office as Secretary of War, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty resulted in a return to the status quo ante bellum , and many outstanding issues between the United States and Britain remained. However, many Americans celebrated the end of the war as a great victory, partly due to the news of the treaty reaching American soil shortly after Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans . With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in mid-1815, impressment ceased to be an issue in Anglo-American relations. After the war, Congress authorized the creation of the Second Bank of the United States. [ 81 ] Monroe resigned as Secretary of War in March 1815 and took over the leadership of the State Department again, emerging from the war politically strengthened and a promising presidential candidate. [ 82 ] Election of 1816 Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus . Since there was no longer a serious opposition party due to the decline of the Federalists, who were perceived as disloyal due to their pro-British stance and opposition to the War of 1812, the Democratic-Republican caucus in Congress was crucial to Monroe's victory. [ 83 ] Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. [ 84 ] Despite his substantial backing, Crawford decided to defer to Monroe on the belief that he could eventually run as Monroe's successor, and Monroe won his party's nomination. Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received 183 of the 217 electoral votes , winning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware. [ 85 ] Since Monroe previously served as a Continental Army officer during the Revolutionary War and as a delegate to the Continental Congress , he became the last president who was a Founding Father . Born in 1758, he was also the last president who belonged to the Republican generation . [ citation needed ] Presidency (1817–1825) Inauguration and cabinet Monroe's inauguration took place on March 4, 1817. As Monroe was the first president to take office during a period of peace and economic stability, the term " Era of Good Feelings " was soon coined. This period was characterized by the unchallenged dominance of the Republicans, who by the end of Madison's term had adopted some Federalist policies, such as the establishment of a central bank and protective tariffs. [ 86 ] Monroe largely ignored old party lines in making federal appointments, which reduced political tensions and augmented the sense of "oneness" that pervaded the United States. He made two long national tours to build national trust, which included ceremonies of welcome and expressions of good-will. [ 87 ] Monroe appointed a geographically balanced cabinet, through which he led the executive branch. [ 88 ] At Monroe's request, Crawford continued to serve as Treasury Secretary. Monroe also chose to retain Benjamin Crowninshield of Massachusetts as Secretary of the Navy and Richard Rush of Pennsylvania as Attorney General. Recognizing Northern discontent at the continuation of the Virginia dynasty, Monroe chose John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts as Secretary of State, making Adams the early favorite to eventually succeed Monroe. [ 89 ] An experienced diplomat, Adams abandoned the Federalist Party in 1807 in support of Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy, and Monroe hoped that the appointment would encourage the defection of more Federalists. After General Andrew Jackson declined appointment as Secretary of War, Monroe turned to South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun , leaving the Cabinet without a prominent Westerner. In late 1817 Rush became the ambassador to Britain, and William Wirt succeeded him as Attorney General. [ 89 ] With the exception of Crowninshield, the rest of Monroe's initial cabinet appointees remained in place for the remainder of his presidency. [ 90 ] Foreign policy According to historian William Earl Weeks, "Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally while solidifying it internally". He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent. Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, allowed the continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades. [ 91 ] Treaties with Britain and Russia Upon taking office, Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of 1812. [ 92 ] In 1817, the United States and Britain signed the Rush–Bagot Treaty , which regulated naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and demilitarized the border between the U.S. and British North America . [ 93 ] The Treaty of 1818 , also with Great Britain, was concluded October 20, 1818, and fixed the present Canada–United States border from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel . The accords also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of Oregon Country for the next ten years. [ 94 ] Though they did not solve every outstanding issue between the U.S. and Britain, the treaties allowed for greater trade between the United States and the British Empire and helped avoid an expensive naval arms race in the Great Lakes. [ 92 ] In the Pacific Northwest, American territorial claims clashed with those of Tsarist Russia , which had trading posts as far south as San Francisco Bay , and those of Great Britain. The situation intensified in the fall of 1821 when Saint Petersburg closed America's Pacific coastal sea north of 51° latitude to foreign ships within a 100-mile zone, thus shifting its territorial claim four degrees of latitude to the south. [ 95 ] Late in Monroe's second term, the U.S. concluded the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 with the Russian Empire, setting the southern limit of Russian sovereignty on the Pacific coast of North America at the 54°40′ parallel , the present southern tip of the Alaska Panhandle . [ 96 ] Acquisition of Florida In October 1817, the United States cabinet held several lengthy meetings to address the declarations of independence by former Spanish colonies in South America and the increasing piracy, particularly from Amelia Island . Piracy on the southern border with the Floridas was intensified by smugglers, slave traders, and privateers who had fled from the Spanish colonies over which the mother country had lost control. [ 97 ] Spain had long rejected repeated American attempts to purchase Florida. By 1818, Spain's troubling colonial situation made the cession of Florida make sense. Spain had been exhausted by the Peninsular War in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies. Revolutionaries in Central America and South America were beginning to demand independence. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between New Spain and the United States . With only a minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States. [ 98 ] The Seminole people were also providing sanctuary for runaway slaves, those of which the United States wanted back. [ 99 ] In response to Seminole attacks and their provision of aid to escaped slaves, Monroe ordered a military expedition to cross into Spanish Florida and attack the Seminoles. In this expedition, led by Andrew Jackson , the US Army displaced numerous Seminole people from their houses along with burning their towns. Jackson also seized the Spanish territorial capital of Pensacola . With the capture of Pensacola, Jackson established de facto American control of the entire territory. While Monroe supported Jackson's actions, many in Congress harshly criticized what they saw as an undeclared war. With the support of Secretary of State Adams, Monroe defended Jackson against domestic and international criticism, and the United States began negotiations with Spain. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Monroe later fixed the government's official position in a letter from Adams to Spanish Ambassador Luis de Onís , which he edited accordingly by removing all justifications for Jackson's actions. He also emphasized that although Jackson had exceeded his orders, he had come to a new assessment of the situation on the basis of previously unknown information at the scene of the war. [ 102 ] Spain faced revolt in all of its American colonies and could neither govern nor defend Florida. On February 22, 1819, Spain and the United States signed the Adams–Onís Treaty , which ceded the Floridas in return for the assumption by the United States of claims of American citizens against Spain to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000 (~$145 million in 2024). The treaty also contained a definition of the boundary between Spanish and American possessions on the North American continent. Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River the line ran along that river to the 32nd parallel , then due north to the Red River , which it followed to the 100th meridian , due north to the Arkansas River , and along that river to its source , then north to the 42nd parallel , which it followed to the Pacific Ocean . The United States renounced all claims to the west and south of this boundary ( Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah, Nevada ), so Spain surrendered any title she had to the Northwest ( Oregon Country ). [ 103 ] South American Wars of Independence In 1810, South America's wars of independence began, inspired by the American and French Revolutionary Wars, but the Madison administration, as well as Monroe himself during his first term in office, treated the conflicts as civil wars and kept the United States neutral. [ 104 ] Monroe was deeply sympathetic to the revolutionary movements against Spain, and was determined that the United States should never repeat the policies of the Washington administration during the French Revolution, when the nation had failed to demonstrate its sympathy for the aspirations of peoples seeking to establish republican governments. He did not envisage military involvement in Latin American affairs, but only the provision of moral support, as he believed that a direct American intervention would provoke other European powers into assisting Spain. [ 105 ] Monroe initially refused to recognize the Latin American governments due to ongoing negotiations with Spain over Florida. [ 106 ] Following their respective declarations of independence, the South American republics quickly sent emissaries to Washington to ask for diplomatic recognition and economic and trade relations. In 1818, Monroe assured a representative of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata that his attitude was "impartial neutrality," Although not diplomatically recognized, the young republics enjoyed the advantages of a sovereign nation in economic, trade, and diplomatic relations with the United States. [ 95 ] After Spain and America had fully ratified the Adams–Onís Treaty in February 1821 and a liberal government had come to power in Madrid , Monroe officially recognized the countries of Argentina , Peru , Colombia , Chile , and Mexico , all of which had won independence from Spain. [ 94 ] Secretary of State Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity". [ 105 ] Monroe Doctrine In January 1821, Adams first expressed the idea that the American double continent should be closed to further colonization by foreign powers. The idea, which was later adopted by Monroe, was influenced by the Adams–Onís Treaty and the negotiations on border disputes in the Oregon Country. Adams emphasized that the further colonization of America, except for Canada, should be in the hands of the Americans themselves. This later became a principle in Monroe's administration. After the Spanish Revolution of 1820 was ended by France, Secretary of War Calhoun and British Foreign Secretary George Canning warned Monroe that European powers might intend to intervene in South America, increasing the pressure on him to speak out on the future of the Western Hemisphere. [ 107 ] The British also had a strong interest in ensuring the demise of Spanish colonialism, with all the trade restrictions mercantilism imposed. In October 1823, Richard Rush, the American minister in London, corresponded with Canning to work out a common position on a potential French intervention in South America. When Monroe was presented with this correspondence, which had yielded no tangible results, in mid-October 1823, his first reaction was to accept the British offer. [ 108 ] Adams vigorously opposed cooperation with Great Britain, contending that a statement of bilateral nature could limit United States expansion in the future. He also argued that the British were not committed to recognizing the Latin American republics and must have had imperial motivations themselves. [ 109 ] Two months later, the bilateral statement proposed by the British became a unilateral declaration by the United States. While Monroe thought that Spain was unlikely to re-establish its colonial empire on its own, he feared that France or the Holy Alliance might seek to establish control over the former Spanish possessions. [ 104 ] On December 2, 1823, in his annual message to Congress, Monroe articulated what became known as the Monroe Doctrine. He first reiterated the traditional U.S. policy of neutrality with regard to European wars and conflicts. He then declared that the United States would not accept the recolonization of any country by its former European master, though he also avowed non-interference with existing European colonies in the Americas. [ 110 ] He stated that European countries should no longer consider the Western Hemisphere open to new colonization, a jab aimed primarily at Russia, which was attempting to expand its colony on the northern Pacific Coast. [ 94 ] [ 105 ] Domestic policy Missouri Compromise In the period between 1817 and 1819, Mississippi, [ 111 ] Illinois, [ 112 ] and Alabama [ 112 ] were recognized as new states. This rapid expansion resulted in a growing economic divide between the regions and a change of power in Congress to the detriment of the southern states, which viewed their plantation economy, which was dependent on slavery, as increasingly threatened. [ 113 ] In February 1819, a bill to enable the people of the Missouri Territory to draft a constitution and form a government preliminary to admission into the Union came before the House of Representatives . During these proceedings, Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York "tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings" [ 114 ] by offering the Tallmadge Amendment , which prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and required that all future children of slave parents therein should be free at the age of twenty-five years. After three days of rancorous and sometimes bitter debate, the bill, with Tallmadge's amendments, passed. The measure then went to the Senate, which rejected both amendments. [ 115 ] A House–Senate conference committee proved unable to resolve the disagreements on the bill, and so the entire measure failed. [ 116 ] The ensuing debates pitted the northern "restrictionists" (antislavery legislators who wished to bar slavery from the Louisiana territories and prohibit slavery's further expansion) against southern "anti-restrictionists" (proslavery legislators who rejected any interference by Congress inhibiting slavery expansion). [ 117 ] During the following session, the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, introduced on January 26, 1820, by John W. Taylor of New York , allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state . Initially, Monroe opposed any compromise that involved restrictions on slavery's expansion in federal territories. The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabama , a slave state, making the number of slave and free states equal. In addition, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state . [ 118 ] [ a ] Southern congressmen sought to force northerners to accept slavery in Missouri by connecting Maine and Missouri statehood. In this plan, endorsed by Monroe, Maine statehood would be held hostage to slavery in Missouri. In February 1820 the Senate passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois , excluding slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri. The House then approved the bill as amended by the Senate. [ 119 ] Though Monroe remained firmly opposed to any compromise that restricted slavery anywhere, he reluctantly signed the Compromise into law (March 6, 1820) only because he believed it was the least bad alternative for southern slaveholders. The legislation passed, and became known as "the Missouri Compromise ", which temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories. [ 120 ] Monroe's presidential leadership role in drafting the Missouri Compromise is disputed. He viewed the issue of admission conditions more from a political perspective and did not convene a cabinet meeting on this matter. [ 121 ] Internal improvements As the United States continued to grow, many Americans advocated a system of internal improvements to help the country develop. Federal assistance for such projects evolved slowly and haphazardly—the product of contentious congressional factions and an executive branch generally concerned with avoiding unconstitutional federal intrusions into state affairs. [ 122 ] Monroe believed that the young nation needed an improved infrastructure, including a transportation network to grow and thrive economically, but did not think that the Constitution authorized Congress to build, maintain, and operate a national transportation system, [ 123 ] Monroe repeatedly urged Congress to pass an amendment allowing Congress the power to finance internal improvements, but Congress never acted on his proposal, in part because many congressmen believed that the Constitution did in fact authorize the federal financing of internal improvements. [ 124 ] In 1822, Congress passed a bill authorizing the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road , with the tolls being used to finance repairs on the road. Adhering to stated position regarding internal improvements, Monroe vetoed the bill. [ 124 ] In an elaborate essay, Monroe set forth his constitutional views on the subject. Congress might appropriate money, he admitted, but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them. [ 125 ] In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden that the Constitution's Commerce Clause gave the federal government the authority to regulate interstate commerce. Shortly thereafter, Congress passed two important laws that, together, marked the beginning of the federal government's continuous involvement in civil works. The General Survey Act authorized the president to have surveys made of routes for roads and canals "of national importance, in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of public mail". The president assigned responsibility for the surveys to the Army Corps of Engineers . The second act, passed a month later, appropriated $75,000 to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers by removing sandbars, snags, and other obstacles. The act was amended to include rivers such as the Missouri . This work, too, was given to the Corps of Engineers—the only formally trained body of engineers in the new republic and, as part of the nation's small army, available to serve the wishes of Congress and the executive branch. [ 122 ] Panic of 1819 At the end of his first term of office, Monroe faced an economic crisis known as the Panic of 1819 , the first major depression to hit the country since the ratification of the Constitution in 1788. [ 126 ] The panic stemmed from declining imports and exports, and sagging agricultural prices [ 123 ] as global markets readjusted to peacetime production and commerce in the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars . [ 127 ] [ 128 ] The severity of the economic downturn in the U.S. was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands, [ 129 ] [ 130 ] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks and business concerns. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] Monroe lacked the power to intervene directly in the economy, as banks were largely regulated by the states, and he could do little to stem the economic crisis. [ 133 ] As a result, cuts had to be made to the state budget in the following years, primarily affecting the defense budget, whose growth to over 35% of the total budget in 1818 had already shocked the conservative republicans. [ 134 ] Monroe's fortification program survived the cutbacks unscathed for the time being, while the target size of the standing army was reduced from 12,656 to 6,000 in May 1819. The next year, the budget for reinforcing and expanding the forts was reduced by over 70%. By 1821, the defense budget had shrunk to $5 million, about half of what it had been in 1818. [ 135 ] Before the onset of the Panic of 1819, some business leaders had called on Congress to increase tariff rates to address the negative balance of trade and help struggling industries. [ 136 ] As the panic spread, Monroe declined to call a special session of Congress to address the economy. When Congress finally reconvened in December 1819, Monroe requested an increase in the tariff but declined to recommend specific rates. [ 137 ] Congress would not raise tariff rates until the passage of the Tariff of 1824 . [ 138 ] The panic resulted in high unemployment and an increase in bankruptcies and foreclosures, [ 123 ] [ 139 ] and provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprises. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Native American policy Monroe was the first president to visit the American West and entrusted Secretary of War Calhoun with departmental responsibility for this region. In order to prevent the relentless attacks on Native American settlements that accompanied the steadily advancing westward expansion, he advocated dividing up the areas between the federal territories and the Rocky Mountains and assigning them to different tribes for settlement. The districts were each to be given a civil government and a school system. In a speech to Congress on March 30, 1824, Monroe advocated the resettlement of Native Americans living within the territory of the United States to lands beyond the western frontier where they could continue their ancestral way of life. [ 142 ] Nonetheless, he shared Jackson and Calhoun's concerns about sovereign Indian nations, believing they were an obstacle to the West's future development. Like Washington and Jefferson, he wished to present the Natives with the benefits of American culture and Western civilization for their own good, as well as to save them from extinction. [ 143 ] Election of 1820 Monroe announced his candidacy for a second term early on. At the Republican Caucus on April 8, 1820, the 40 members unanimously decided not to nominate an opposing candidate to Monroe. The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed, [ 144 ] the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire, William Plumer , cast a vote for John Quincy Adams , preventing a unanimous vote in the Electoral College. [ 144 ] He did so because he thought Monroe was incompetent. Later in the century, the story arose that he had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. [ 145 ] Despite this broad support in the presidential election, Monroe had few loyal supporters and correspondingly little influence in the parallel elected 17th United States Congress . [ 135 ] Post-presidency (1825–1831) When his presidency ended on March 4, 1825, James Monroe resided at Monroe Hill , which is now included in the grounds of the University of Virginia . [ 146 ] Monroe spent the first five years of his retirement at his Oak Hill residence in Aldie, Virginia . In August 1825, the Monroes had received the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams as guests there. [ 146 ] He devoted himself to reading, with his private library containing over 3,000 books, most of which he had acquired during his stays in Europe. Monroe began work on a book of political theory The People the Sovereigns, Being a Comparison of the Government of the United States with those of the Republics Which Have Existed Before, with the Causes of their Decadence and Fall . The work was designed to highlight the difference between governments and people of the United States and other countries, ancient and modern, to show that certain issues that produced disastrous effects in them were not present in America. [ 147 ] In 1829, Monroe abandoned work on The People the Sovereigns after hearing George Hay's unfavorable reaction to the manuscript. Hay suggested that Monroe write an autobiography, which would be more interesting and valuable to posterity. Monroe, delighted with the idea, began working on an autobiography, but died before it could be completed. [ 148 ] In retirement, he was plagued by pressing financial worries. As Minister to France during the 1790s, he had had to take out substantial private loans to fulfill representative duties and diplomatic protocol due to his moderate pay. As early as 1797, he had asked Congress for an expense allowance and had been waiting in vain for a payment ever since. In the last days before handing over to Adams, Monroe wrote to Jefferson and Madison asking them to support him in his claims against Congress if necessary. He sold off his Highland Plantation to the Second Bank of the United States out of financial necessity. [ 149 ] It is now owned by his alma mater , the College of William and Mary , which has opened it to the public as a historic site. Throughout his life, he was financially insolvent, which was exacerbated by his wife's poor health. [ 150 ] Monroe served on the Board of Visitors for the University of Virginia under Jefferson and the second rector, James Madison , both former presidents, nearly until his death. Monroe had previously been a member of the original board of Central College (the predecessor to the University of Virginia [ 151 ] ), however the demands of the Presidency prevented him from continuing in the role. At the annual examinations in July, he presided over the Board of Examiners. When there was considerable indiscipline among the students, Monroe suggested in a report in 1830 that military drill be added to the curriculum, but Madison refused. [ 152 ] Virginia Constitutional Convention Delegate Although already clearly marked by age and severely impaired by a horse accident in 1828, [ 153 ] Monroe was elected as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830 . He was one of four delegates elected from the senatorial district made up of his home district of Loudoun and Fairfax County. [ 154 ] In October 1829, he was elected by the convention to serve as the presiding officer, until his failing health required him to withdraw on December 8, after which Philip P. Barbour of Orange County was elected presiding officer. [ 155 ] Death Shortly before his death, Monroe was dealt a severe blow when his son-in-law and close advisor George Hay died on September 21, 1830, and his wife Elizabeth died just two days later. [ 156 ] Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to 63 Prince Street at Lafayette Place [ 157 ] in New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur, who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur , son of Nicholas Gouverneur . [ 158 ] On July 4, 1831, Monroe died at age 73 from heart failure and tuberculosis , becoming the third president to have died on Independence Day . His death came 55 years after the United States Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and five years after the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery . 27 years later, in 1858, his body was re-interred at the President's Circle in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia . The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. National Historic Landmark . [ 159 ] Philosophy and views Freemasonry Monroe was initiated as a Freemason on November 9, 1775, in Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia at the age of 17 while he studied at the College of William & Mary. He was active as a Freemason until at least 1786. [ 160 ] Religious beliefs "When it comes to Monroe's thoughts on religion," historian Bliss Isely notes, "less is known than that of any other President." No letters survive in which he discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates comment on his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion. [ 161 ] Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia before the Revolution. As an adult, he attended Episcopal churches. Some historians see "deistic tendencies" in his few references to an impersonal God. [ 162 ] Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was rarely attacked as an atheist or infidel. In 1832, James Renwick Willson, a Reformed Presbyterian minister in Albany, New York, criticized Monroe for having "lived and died like a second-rate Athenian philosopher". [ 163 ] Slavery Monroe owned dozens of slaves . He took several slaves with him to Washington to serve at the White House from 1817 to 1825. This was typical of other slaveholding presidents. [ 164 ] Monroe sold his small Virginia plantation in 1783 to enter law and politics. Although he owned multiple properties over the course of his lifetime, his plantations were never profitable. Although he owned much more land and many more slaves, and speculated in property, he was rarely on site to oversee the operations. Overseers treated the slaves harshly to force production, but the plantations barely broke even. Monroe incurred debts by his lavish and expensive lifestyle and often sold property (including slaves) to pay them off. [ 165 ] The labor of Monroe's many slaves was also used to support his daughter and son-in-law, along with a ne'er-do-well brother, Andrew, and his son, James. [ 166 ] When Monroe was Governor of Virginia in 1800, hundreds of slaves from Virginia planned to kidnap him, take Richmond , and negotiate for their freedom. Gabriel's slave conspiracy was discovered. [ 167 ] Monroe called out the militia; the slave patrols soon captured some slaves accused of involvement. Sidbury says some trials had a few measures to prevent abuses, such as an appointed attorney, but they were "hardly 'fair'". Slave codes prevented slaves from being treated like whites, and they were given quick trials without a jury. [ 168 ] Monroe influenced the Executive Council to pardon and sell some slaves instead of hanging them. [ 169 ] Historians say the Virginia courts executed between 26 and 35 slaves. None of the executed slaves had killed any whites because the uprising had been foiled before it began. [ 170 ] An additional 50 slaves charged for their role in the planned rebellion were spared, as a result of pardons, acquittals, and commutations. One reason for this was influence of a letter Monroe received from Thomas Jefferson urging mercy, telling him "The other states & the world at large will for ever condemn us if we indulge a principle of revenge, or go one step beyond absolute necessity. They cannot lose sight of the rights of the two parties, & the object of the unsuccessful one." Only seven of the executions carried out against the rebels occurred after Monroe received Jefferson's letter. [ 171 ] During Monroe's Ministry to the United Kingdom, William Wilberforce , an ardent abolitionist and British MP, sent a letter to Monroe asking him to confirm or deny a rumor he had heard regarding Congress reviving the slave trade (to which Monroe's reply is now lost, but is understood to have denied any such thing happening). [ 172 ] Following this, Monroe and Wilberforce maintained a "sporadic correspondence," with Wilberforce asking Monroe about the conditions of southern slaves and Monroe appreciating Wilberforce's writings on abolition. [ 172 ] During the course of his presidency, Monroe remained convinced that slavery was wrong and supported private manumission, but at the same time he insisted that any attempt to promote emancipation would cause more problems. Monroe believed that slavery had become a permanent part of southern life, and that it could only be removed on providential terms. Like so many other Upper South slaveholders, Monroe believed that a central purpose of government was to ensure "domestic tranquility" for all. Like so many other Upper South planters, he also believed that the central purpose of government was to empower planters like himself. He feared for public safety in the United States during the era of violent revolution on two fronts. First, from potential class warfare of the French Revolution in which those of the propertied classes were summarily purged in mob violence and then preemptive trials, and second, from possible racial warfare similar to that of the Haitian Revolution in which blacks, whites, then mixed-race inhabitants were indiscriminately slaughtered as events there unfolded. [ citation needed ] As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. "What was the origin of our slave population?" he rhetorically asked. "The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown." To the dismay of states' rights proponents, he was willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance to emancipate and transport freed slaves to other countries. At the convention, Monroe made his final public statement on slavery, proposing that Virginia emancipate and deport its bondsmen with "the aid of the Union". [ 173 ] Monroe was active in the American Colonization Society , which supported the establishment of colonies outside of the United States for free African Americans. The society helped send several thousand freed slaves to the new colony of Liberia in Africa from 1820 to 1840. Slave owners like Monroe and Andrew Jackson wanted to prevent free blacks from encouraging slaves in the South to rebel. Liberia's capital, Monrovia , was named after President Monroe. [ 174 ] Legacy Historical reputation Polls of historians and political scientists tend to rank Monroe as an above average president. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] Monroe presided over a period in which the United States began to turn away from European affairs and towards domestic issues. His presidency saw the United States settle many of its longstanding boundary issues through an accommodation with Britain and the acquisition of Florida. Monroe also helped resolve sectional tensions through his support of the Missouri Compromise and by seeking support from all regions of the country. [ 177 ] Political scientist Fred Greenstein argues that Monroe was a more effective executive than some of his better-known predecessors, including Madison and John Adams. [ 178 ] Memorials The capital of Liberia is named Monrovia after Monroe; it is the only national capital other than Washington, D.C. , named after a U.S. president. Monroe is the namesake of seventeen Monroe counties . [ 179 ] Monroe, Maine , Monroe, Michigan , Monroe, Georgia , Monroe, Connecticut , both Monroe Townships in New Jersey , and Fort Monroe are all named for him. Monroe has been depicted on U.S. currency and stamps, including a 1954 United States Postal Service 5¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp . [ 180 ] Monroe was the last U.S. president to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue , a tricorne hat and knee-breeches according to the style of the late 18th century . [ 181 ] [ 182 ] That earned him the nickname "The Last Cocked Hat". He was also the last president who was not photographed. [ 183 ] Monroe's participation in three historical events was memorialized. His participation in George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River in 1776 was memorialized in Emanuel Leutze 's 1851 painting Washington Crossing the Delaware and his participation in the Battle of Trenton in 1776 as well as in George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1783 was memorialized in John Trumbull 's paintings The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 and General George Washington Resigning His Commission respectively. [ 184 ] Notes ^ Maine is one of 3 states that were set off from already existing states (Kentucky and West Virginia are the others). The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819, separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819, by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood. References ^ a b Unger 2009 , pp. 9–12 ^ a b Ammon 1971 , p. 577. ^ a b c Ammon 1971 , pp. 3–8. ^ a b c d Unger 2009 , pp. 12–19 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 20–27 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 27–36 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 30–31 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 6–8 ^ a b Unger 2009 , pp. 37–40 ^ Hart 2005 , p. 80 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Schuyler, John (1886). Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati: formed by the officers of the American Army of the Revolution, 1783, with extracts, from the proceedings of its general meetings and from the transactions of the New York State Society . Retrieved March 10, 2020 . ^ "Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati" . The American Revolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati . Retrieved March 19, 2021 . ^ Holmes, David R. (2006). The Faiths of the Founding Fathers . Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 104. ^ a b Pessen, Edward (1984). The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of the Presidents . Yale University Press. p. 79 . ISBN 978-0-300-03166-9 . ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 12–13. ^ Morgan, George (1921). The Life of James Monroe . Small, Maynard, and Co. p. 94 . ISBN 9780404005948 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 45–47 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 12–14 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 13–16. ^ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe" . Archived from the original on May 9, 2012 . Retrieved September 23, 2012 . ^ a b Hart 2005 , pp. 17–18 ^ a b Unger 2009 , pp. 138–141 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 147–149 ^ Holmes, David L. (2003). "The Religion of James Monroe" . The Virginia Quarterly Review . 79 (4): 589– 606. ISSN 0042-675X . JSTOR 26440827 . ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 63–64, 84 ^ Bell, William Gardner (1992). Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army: Portraits and Biographical Sketches . Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 34. ISBN 9780000033031 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 74–75 ^ Kukla, Jon (1988). "A Spectrum of Sentiments: Virginia's Federalists, Antifederalists, and 'Federalists Who Are for Amendments". Virginia Magazine of Reality History and Biography . 96 (3): 276– 296. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 72–73 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 81–82 ^ Gawalt, Gerard W. (1993). "James Monroe, Presidential Planter" . The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography . 101 (2): 251– 272. ISSN 0042-6636 . JSTOR 4249353 . ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 82–86 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 83–84 ^ ( Ammon 1971 , p. 83) ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 3–5. ^ Stello, Heidi (September 3, 2015). "The Near-Duel Between James Monroe and Alexander Hamilton" . Academics | Papers of James Monroe . Retrieved January 28, 2024 . ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 21–22 ^ a b Hart 2005 , pp. 26–30 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 94–104 ^ Hart 2005 , p. 31 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 135–137 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 29–34. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 151–153 ^ Herbert E. Klingelhofer, "George Washington Discharges Monroe for Incompetence." Manuscripts (1965) 17#1 pp 26–34. ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 136–137 ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 6–7. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 165–167. ^ Daniel C. Gilman, James Monroe (1883) p 70. ^ Cunningham 1996 , p. 7. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 198–199 ^ Scherr, Arthur (2002). "James Monroe on the Presidency and 'Foreign Influence;: from the Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788) to Jefferson's Election 1801". Mid-America . 84 ( 1– 3): 145– 206. ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 7–8. ^ Ammon 1971 , p. 193. ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 144–146 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 152–154, 158 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 163–169, 181–183 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 170–176, 193 ^ Axelrod, Alan (2008). Profiles in Folly: History's Worst Decisions and Why They Went Wrong . Sterling Publishing. p. 154 . ISBN 9781402747687 . ^ a b c Leibiger, Stuart (July 31, 2012). A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 489– 491. ISBN 978-1-118-28143-7 . Archived from the original on July 4, 2016 . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 195–197 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 191–192 ^ a b Unger 2009 , pp. 200–201 ^ David A. Carson, "Quiddism and the Reluctant Candidacy of James Monroe in the Election of 1808", Mid-America 1988 70(2): 79–89 ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Hart 2005 , pp. 47–49 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 280–281 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 200–202 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 210–211 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 215–218 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 220–222 ^ Unger 2009 , p. 228 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 227–228 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 231–232 ^ Cunningham 1996 , p. 12. ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 65–67 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 237–238 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 52–53 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 52–53. ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 53–54. ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 247–250 ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 252–255 ^ Ammon 1971 , p. 346 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 55–56 ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 15–16. ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 258–260 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 68–70 ^ Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier, ed. (1973). History of U.S. political parties (Vol. 1) . Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 24– 25, 267. ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 28–29. ^ a b Cunningham 1996 , pp. 21–23. ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 118–119. ^ Weeks, William Earl (February 2013). "4" . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Vol. 1: Dimensions of the Early American Empire, 1754– 1865. Cambridge University Press . pp. 88– 120. ISBN 978-1-139-03039-7 . ^ a b "Milestones: 1801–1829: Rush-Bagot Pact, 1817 and Convention of 1818" . Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs United States Department of State . Retrieved February 25, 2017 . ^ Uphaus-Conner, Adele (April 20, 2012). "Today in History: Rush-Bagot Treaty Signed" . James Monroe Museum, Univ. of Mary Washington. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2017 . ^ a b c "James Monroe: Foreign Affairs" . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2017 . ^ a b Hart 2005 , pp. 97–99 ^ McDougall, Allan K.; Philips, Lisa (2016) [1st pub. 2012]. "Chapter 10: The State, Hegemony and the Historical British-US Border" . In Wilson, Thomas M.; Donnan, Hastings (eds.). A Companion to Border Studies . Wiley Blackwell Companions to Anthropology Series. Wiley. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-1191-1167-2 . Retrieved February 25, 2017 . ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 87–89 ^ Weeks 1992 , p. 118. ^ a b "The Seminole Wars – Seminole Nation Museum" . www.seminolenationmuseum.org . Archived from the original on November 23, 2021 . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 288–294 ^ "Seminole Wars" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 73–74 ^ Johnson 1915 , pp. 262–264. ^ a b Unger 2009 , pp. 312–313 ^ a b c Ammon 1971 , pp. 476–492. ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 105–106. ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 100–102 ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 112–114 ^ "Milestones: 1801–1829: Monroe Doctrine, 1823" . Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs United States Department of State. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2017 . ^ "James Monroe - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" . HISTORY.com . October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017 . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . ^ "Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission" . Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017 . Retrieved February 16, 2017 . ^ a b "Alabama History Timeline: 1800–1860" . alabama.gov . Archived from the original on June 18, 2016 . Retrieved June 15, 2016 . ^ Öhman, Martin (2013). "A Convergence of Crises: The Expansion of Slavery, Geopolitical Realignment, and Economic Depression in the Post-Napoleonic World" . Diplomatic History . 37 (3): 419– 445. doi : 10.1093/dh/dht018 . ISSN 0145-2096 . JSTOR 44254303 . ^ Howe 2007 , p. 147. ^ Dangerfield 1965 , p. 111. ^ Wilentz 2004 , p. 380. ^ Wilentz 2004 , pp. 380, 386. ^ Dixon, 1899 pp. 58–59 ^ Greeley, Horace. (1856). A History of the Struggle for Slavery . Dix, Edwards & Co. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4290-1637-7 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Hammond 2019 . ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 93–94 ^ a b "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A Brief History Improving Transportation" . United States Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved February 26, 2017 . ^ a b c "James Monroe: Domestic Affairs" . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 . Retrieved February 22, 2017 . ^ a b Cunningham 1996 , pp. 165–166. ^ Johnson 1915 , pp. 309–310. ^ Cunningham 1996 , p. 81. ^ Ammon 1971 , p. 462. ^ Wilentz 2004 , pp. 208, 215. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1962). The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies (PDF) . New York: Columbia University Press. p. 12. ^ Dangerfield 1965 , pp. 82, 84, 86. ^ Wilentz 2004 , p. 206. ^ Dangerfield 1965 , p. 87. ^ Unger 2009 , pp. 296–297 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 470–471 ^ a b Hart 2005 , pp. 76–78 ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 83–84. ^ Cunningham 1996 , pp. 84–86. ^ Cunningham 1996 , p. 167. ^ Dangerfield 1965 , pp. 82, 84, 85. ^ Dangerfield 1965 , pp. 89–90. ^ Hammond, Bray (1957). Banks and Politics in America, from the Revolution to the Civil War . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 60–61 ^ Trigger, Bruce G.; Washburn, Wilcomb E.; Adams, Richard E. W. (October 13, 1996). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57392-4 . ^ a b "America President: James Monroe: Campaigns and Elections" . Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010 . Retrieved January 8, 2010 . ^ "Presidential Elections" . A+E Networks. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017 . Retrieved February 18, 2017 . ^ a b Levasseur, Auguste. Hoffman, Alan R. (ed.). Lafayette in America . p. 549. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 561–562 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 561–562 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 556–557 ^ "Highland–James Monroe" . Ashlawnhighland.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2017 . ^ "Central College" . Monticello . Retrieved February 1, 2024 . ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 551–553 ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 563–566 ^ Pulliam 1901, p. 68, 80 ^ Johnson, Monroe (1929). "James Monroe, Soldier" . The William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine . 9 (2): 110– 117. doi : 10.2307/1921208 . ISSN 1936-9530 . JSTOR 1921208 . ^ Hart 2005 , p. 147 ^ "Daytonian in Manhattan: The Lost James Monroe House – Prince and Lafayette Streets" . May 2, 2016. ^ Meacham, Jon (2009). American Lion, Andrew Jackson in the White House . Random House. p. 181. ^ "James Monroe Tomb" . National Park Service. April 16, 2003. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009 . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . ^ lcrawfor (January 16, 2025). "Freemasonry & Monroe" . James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library . Retrieved January 23, 2025 . ^ Bliss, Isely (2006). The Presidents: Men of Faith . pp. 99– 107. ^ Holmes, David L. (Autumn 2003). "The Religion of James Monroe" . Virginia Quarterly Review . 79 (4): 589– 606. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011 . Retrieved October 27, 2011 . ^ "Prince Messiah's Claims to Dominion Over All Governments" . Covenanter.org. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010 . Retrieved April 20, 2010 . ^ Kranish, Michael. "At Capitol, slavery's story turns full circle" Archived November 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , The Boston Globe , Boston, December 28, 2008. ^ Gawalt, Gerard W. (1993). "James Monroe, Presidential Planter". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography . 101 (2): 251– 272. ^ Gawalt, pp. 259-260. ^ Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-85109-544-5 . ^ Sidbury, James (1997). Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia, 1730–1810 . Cambridge. pp. 127 –28. ISBN 978-0-521-59860-6 . ^ Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 . Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 272 . ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3 . ^ Aptheker, Herbert (1993). American Negro Slave Revolts (6th ed.). New York: International Publishers. pp. 219– 25. ISBN 978-0-7178-0605-8 . Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. ^ Merkel, William G. (2003). "To See Oneself as a Target of a Justified Revolution: Thomas Jefferson and Gabriel's Uprising". SSRN 959676 . ^ a b McGrath 2021 , pp. 248–269. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 563–566. ^ Ammon 1971 , pp. 522–523. ^ Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?" . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14, 2018 . ^ "Presidential Historians Survey 2017" . C-Span . Retrieved May 14, 2018 . ^ Preston, Daniel (October 4, 2016). "JAMES MONROE: IMPACT AND LEGACY" . Miller Center . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . ^ Greenstein 2009 , p. 275. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 212 . ^ "Liberty Issue (1954-1968)" . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved June 1, 2024 . ^ History, Digital; Mintz, Steven. "Digital History" . Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010 . Retrieved April 20, 2010 . ^ Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire (May 3, 2002). Real life at the White House: 200 years of daily life at America's most famous residence (1st Routledge pbk. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93951-5 . Retrieved April 20, 2010 . ^ "President James Monroe, The Last Cocked Hat, 5th President of the United States of America" . listoy.com . Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. ^ "Homes Of Virginia – Jame's Monroe's Law Office" . Oldandsold.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010 . Retrieved April 20, 2010 . Bibliography Secondary sources Ammon, Harry (1971). James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity . McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070015821 . 706 pp. standard scholarly biography Ammon, Harry. "James Monroe" in Henry F. Graff ed., The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) online Cresson, William P. James Monroe (1946). 577 pp. good scholarly biography Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. (1996). The Presidency of James Monroe . . 246 pp. standard scholarly survey Dangerfield, George (1965). The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815–1828 . Harper and Rowe. ISBN 978-0-88133-823-2 . Greenstein, Fred I. (2009). "The Political Professionalism of James Monroe". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 39 (2): 275– 282. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03675.x . ISSN 0360-4918 . JSTOR 41427360 . Hammond, John Craig (2019). "President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery" (PDF) . Journal of American History . 105 (3): 843– 67. doi : 10.1093/jahist/jaz002 . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2020 . Retrieved July 29, 2020 . Hart, Gary (2005). James Monroe . Henry Holy and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-6960-0 . superficial, short, popular biography Haworth, Peter Daniel. "James Madison and James Monroe Historiography: A Tale of Two Divergent Bodies of Scholarship." in A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe (2013): 521–539. Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 . Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7 . Pulitzer Prize; a sweeping interpretation of the era Holmes, David L. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers , May 2006, online version Archived October 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Johnson, Allen (1915). Union and Democracy . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Leibiger, Stuart, ed. A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe (2012) excerpt ; emphasis on historiography May, Ernest R. The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (1975). McGrath, Tim (2021). James Monroe: A Life . Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780451477279 . Perkins, Dexter. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826 (1927). Poston, Brook. James Monroe: A Republican Champion. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2019. Pulliam, David Loyd (1901). The Constitutional Conventions of Virginia from the foundation of the Commonwealth to the present time . John T. West, Richmond. ISBN 978-1-2879-2059-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Renehan Edward J., Jr. The Monroe Doctrine: The Cornerstone of American Foreign Policy (2007) Scherr, Arthur. "James Monroe and John Adams: An Unlikely 'Friendship'". The Historian 67#3 (2005) pp 405+. online edition Archived June 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Scherr, Arthur. "James Monroe on the Presidency and 'Foreign Influence: from the Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788) to Jefferson's Election (1801)." Mid-America 2002 84(1–3): 145–206. ISSN 0026-2927 . Scherr, Arthur. "Governor James Monroe and the Southampton Slave Resistance of 1799." Historian 1999 61(3): 557–578. ISSN 0018-2370 Fulltext online in SwetsWise and Ebsco. Unger, Harlow G. (2009). The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation's Call to Greatness . Da Capo Press. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016 . Retrieved March 7, 2015 . , scholarly biography. Weeks, William Earl (1992). John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire . Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-1779-9 . Wilentz, Sean (2004). "Jeffersonian Democracy and the Origins of Political Antislavery in the United States: The Missouri Crisis Revisited". The Journal of the Historical Society . 4 (3): 375– 401. doi : 10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00105.x . Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A history of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (2009) Primary sources Preston, Daniel, ed. The Papers of James Monroe: Selected Correspondence and Papers (6 vol, 2006 to 2017), the major scholarly edition; in progress, with coverage to 1814. Writings of James Monroe, edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., 7 vols. (1898–1903) online edition at Internet Archive External links United States Congress. "James Monroe (id: m000858)" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . James Monroe: A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress American President: James Monroe (1758–1831) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia A Guide to the Papers of James Monroe 1778–1831 at the University of Virginia Library Monroe Doctrine; December 2, 1823 at the Avalon Project Elections for candidate James Monroe from "A New Nation Votes" at Tufts University Ash Lawn-Highland , home of President James Monroe The James Monroe Memorial Foundation The James Monroe Birthplace The James Monroe Birthplace James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library "Life Portrait of James Monroe" , from C-SPAN 's American Presidents: Life Portraits , April 12, 1999 Works by James Monroe at Project Gutenberg Works by or about James Monroe at the Internet Archive Works by James Monroe at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e James Monroe v t e 5th President of the United States (1817–1825) 5th United States Secretary of State (1811–1817) United States Secretary of War (1814–1815) 12th and 16th Governor of Virginia (1799–1802, 1811) U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom (1803–1808) U.S. Minister to France (1794–1796) U.S. Senator from Virginia (1790–1794) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1783–1786) 5th President of the United States (1817–1825) 5th United States Secretary of State (1811–1817) United States Secretary of War (1814–1815) 12th and 16th Governor of Virginia (1799–1802, 1811) U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom (1803–1808) U.S. Minister to France (1794–1796) U.S. Senator from Virginia (1790–1794) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1783–1786) Founding events Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Treaty of Tuscaloosa Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address, 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Treaty of Tuscaloosa Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address, 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe–Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe–Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Life Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office, Museum, and Memorial Library Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office, Museum, and Memorial Library Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Elections 1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election 1790 and 1791 U.S. Senate elections 1792 Governor of Virginia election, 1799 U.S. presidential election, 1808 1816 1820 1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election 1790 and 1791 U.S. Senate elections 1792 Governor of Virginia election, 1799 U.S. presidential election, 1808 1816 1820 Legacy and popular culture Bibliography Memorials Monrovia, capital of Liberia Fort Monroe Monroe, Michigan Monroe, New York Monroe, Georgia Monroe County, Kentucky Monroe County, New York Monroe Township, (Northern) New Jersey Monroe Township, (Southern) New Jersey Mount Monroe Monroe Park The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 (painting) Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) Monroe Hill (2015 film) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar USS President Monroe USS James Monroe Bibliography Memorials Monrovia, capital of Liberia Fort Monroe Monroe, Michigan Monroe, New York Monroe, Georgia Monroe County, Kentucky Monroe County, New York Monroe Township, (Northern) New Jersey Monroe Township, (Southern) New Jersey Mount Monroe Monroe Park The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 (painting) Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) Monroe Hill (2015 film) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar USS President Monroe USS James Monroe Related Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society Virginia dynasty Limestone plantation Rhea letter Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society American Colonization Society Virginia dynasty Limestone plantation Rhea letter Family Elizabeth Kortright (wife) George Hay (son-in-law) Samuel L. Gouverneur (son-in-law) Elizabeth Kortright (wife) George Hay (son-in-law) Samuel L. Gouverneur (son-in-law) ← James Madison John Quincy Adams → Category ← James Madison John Quincy Adams → Category v t e History of slavery in Virginia v t e Slavery in the colonial history of the United States History of Virginia Slavery in the colonial history of the United States History of Virginia Enslaved people Angela (fl. 1619–1625) Henry Box Brown (c. 1815–1897) Anthony Burns (1834–1862) John Casor (living 1655) Emanuel Driggus (c. 1620s-d. 1673) Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–1797) Isabella Gibbons (c. 1836–1890) William D. Gibbons (1825–1886) John Graweere (living 1641) Elizabeth Key Grinstead (Greenstead) (1630–1665) Left, husband of Jane Webb (fl. 1704–1727) Mary and Anthony Johnson (1600–1670) Philip Lee (c. 1785–?) Dangerfield Newby (c. 1820–1859) John Punch (fl. 1630s, living 1640) Gabriel Prosser (1776–1800) William Tucker (born 1624) Nat Turner (1800–1831) Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) Angela (fl. 1619–1625) Henry Box Brown (c. 1815–1897) Anthony Burns (1834–1862) John Casor (living 1655) Emanuel Driggus (c. 1620s-d. 1673) Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–1797) Isabella Gibbons (c. 1836–1890) William D. Gibbons (1825–1886) John Graweere (living 1641) Elizabeth Key Grinstead (Greenstead) (1630–1665) Left, husband of Jane Webb (fl. 1704–1727) Mary and Anthony Johnson (1600–1670) Philip Lee (c. 1785–?) Dangerfield Newby (c. 1820–1859) John Punch (fl. 1630s, living 1640) Gabriel Prosser (1776–1800) William Tucker (born 1624) Nat Turner (1800–1831) Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) Slave owners Presidents of the United States Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe Tyler John Armfield (1797–1871) Carter Braxton (1736–1797) Landon Carter (1710–1778) Robert "King" Carter (1663–1732) Robert Carter III (1728–1804) Thomas Roderick Dew (1802–1846) Andrew Hunter (1804–1888) Robert M. T. Hunter (1809–1887) Eppa Hunton (1822–1908) Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827) William Mahone (1826–1895) George Mason (1725–1792) James M. Mason (1798–1871) John Page (1628–1692) Thomas Prosser (died 1798) Randolph family of Virginia William Barton Rogers (1804–1882) George Henry Thomas (1816–1870) William Tucker (died 1642) John Wayles (1715–1773) Henry A. Wise (1806–1876) Seth Woodroof (1805–1875) Presidents of the United States Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe Tyler Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe Tyler John Armfield (1797–1871) Carter Braxton (1736–1797) Landon Carter (1710–1778) Robert "King" Carter (1663–1732) Robert Carter III (1728–1804) Thomas Roderick Dew (1802–1846) Andrew Hunter (1804–1888) Robert M. T. Hunter (1809–1887) Eppa Hunton (1822–1908) Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827) William Mahone (1826–1895) George Mason (1725–1792) James M. Mason (1798–1871) John Page (1628–1692) Thomas Prosser (died 1798) Randolph family of Virginia William Barton Rogers (1804–1882) George Henry Thomas (1816–1870) William Tucker (died 1642) John Wayles (1715–1773) Henry A. Wise (1806–1876) Seth Woodroof (1805–1875) Plantations Beall-Air Berry Hill Brookfield Kenmore Monticello Montpelier Mount Airy Mount Vernon ( enslaved people ) Oatlands Poplar Forest Shirley Stratford Hall Tuckahoe Westover Woodlawn List of plantations in Virginia Beall-Air Berry Hill Brookfield Kenmore Monticello Montpelier Mount Airy Mount Vernon ( enslaved people ) Oatlands Poplar Forest Shirley Stratford Hall Tuckahoe Westover Woodlawn List of plantations in Virginia Slave pens Bruin's Slave Jail The Cage Franklin and Armfield Office Lumpkin's Jail Bruin's Slave Jail The Cage Franklin and Armfield Office Lumpkin's Jail Other sites African American Burial Ground Bremo Slave Chapel Memorial to Enslaved Laborers White House of the Confederacy African American Burial Ground Bremo Slave Chapel Memorial to Enslaved Laborers White House of the Confederacy Legal history Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 Virginia v. John Brown Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 Virginia v. John Brown Revolts Gabriel's Rebellion Nat Turner's Rebellion John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Gabriel's Rebellion Nat Turner's Rebellion John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Related articles The 1619 Project Atlantic Creole Coastwise slave trade First Africans in Virginia Indentured servitude in Virginia District of Columbia retrocession Great Dismal Swamp maroons Human trafficking in Virginia Liberation and Freedom Day Richmond slave market Virginia in the American Civil War Winchester Medical College The 1619 Project Atlantic Creole Coastwise slave trade First Africans in Virginia Indentured servitude in Virginia District of Columbia retrocession Great Dismal Swamp maroons Human trafficking in Virginia Liberation and Freedom Day Richmond slave market Virginia in the American Civil War Winchester Medical College Offices and distinctions U.S. Senate Preceded by John Walker United States Senator (Class 1) from Virginia 1790–1794 Served alongside: Richard Lee , John Taylor Succeeded by Stevens T. Mason Honorary titles Preceded by Rufus King Baby of the Senate 1790–1791 Succeeded by John Rutherfurd Diplomatic posts Preceded by Gouverneur Morris United States Minister to France 1794–1796 Succeeded by Charles Pinckney Preceded by Rufus King United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1803–1807 Succeeded by William Pinkney Party political offices Preceded by James Wood Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia 1799 Succeeded by William H. Cabell Preceded by John Tyler Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia 1811 Succeeded by James Barbour Preceded by James Madison Democratic-Republican nominee for President of the United States 1816 , 1820 Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William H. Crawford Andrew Jackson ¹ Political offices Preceded by James Wood Governor of Virginia 1799–1802 Succeeded by John Page Preceded by George Smith Acting Governor of Virginia 1811 Succeeded by George Smith Preceded by Robert Smith United States Secretary of State 1811–1817 Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Preceded by John Armstrong Jr. United States Secretary of War 1814–1815 Succeeded by Alexander Dallas Acting Preceded by James Madison President of the United States 1817–1825 Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Notes and references 1. The Democratic-Republican Party split in the 1824 election , fielding four separate candidates. U.S. Senate Preceded by John Walker United States Senator (Class 1) from Virginia 1790–1794 Served alongside: Richard Lee , John Taylor Succeeded by Stevens T. Mason Honorary titles Preceded by Rufus King Baby of the Senate 1790–1791 Succeeded by John Rutherfurd Diplomatic posts Preceded by Gouverneur Morris United States Minister to France 1794–1796 Succeeded by Charles Pinckney Preceded by Rufus King United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1803–1807 Succeeded by William Pinkney Party political offices Preceded by James Wood Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia 1799 Succeeded by William H. Cabell Preceded by John Tyler Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia 1811 Succeeded by James Barbour Preceded by James Madison Democratic-Republican nominee for President of the United States 1816 , 1820 Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William H. Crawford Andrew Jackson ¹ Political offices Preceded by James Wood Governor of Virginia 1799–1802 Succeeded by John Page Preceded by George Smith Acting Governor of Virginia 1811 Succeeded by George Smith Preceded by Robert Smith United States Secretary of State 1811–1817 Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Preceded by John Armstrong Jr. United States Secretary of War 1814–1815 Succeeded by Alexander Dallas Acting Preceded by James Madison President of the United States 1817–1825 Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Notes and references 1. The Democratic-Republican Party split in the 1824 election , fielding four separate candidates. Articles related to James Monroe .mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} v t e Presidents of the United States Presidents and presidencies George Washington ( 1789–1797 ) John Adams ( 1797–1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801–1809 ) James Madison ( 1809–1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817–1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825–1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829–1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837–1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841–1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845–1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849–1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850–1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853–1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857–1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861–1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865–1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869–1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877–1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881–1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889–1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893–1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897–1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901–1909 ) William Howard Taft ( 1909–1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913–1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921–1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923–1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929–1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933–1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945–1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953–1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961–1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963–1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969–1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974–1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977–1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981–1989 ) George H. W. Bush ( 1989–1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993–2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001–2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009–2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017–2021 ) Joe Biden ( 2021–2025 ) Donald Trump ( 2025–present ) Presidency timelines Washington J. Adams McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden Category List v t e Democratic-Republican Party Anti-Administration Party Anti-Federalists First Party System Jeffersonian democracy Era of Good Feelings Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Presidency of James Madison Presidency of James Monroe Tertium quids Presidential tickets 1796 : Jefferson / Burr 1800 : Jefferson / Burr 1804 : Jefferson / Clinton 1808 : Madison / Clinton 1812 : Madison / Gerry 1816 : Monroe / Tompkins 1820 : Monroe / Tompkins 1824 : Adams / Calhoun Jackson / Calhoun Crawford / Macon Clay / Sanford U.S. House speakers Frederick Muhlenberg (1793–1795) Nathaniel Macon (1801–1807) Joseph Bradley Varnum (1807–1811) Henry Clay (1811–1814) Langdon Cheves (1814–1815) Henry Clay (1815–1820) John W. Taylor (1820–1821) Philip P. Barbour (1821–1823) Henry Clay (1823–1825) U.S. Cabinet State Thomas Jefferson (1790–1794) Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801) James Madison (1801–1809) Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) John Graham (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Treasury Albert Gallatin (1801–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William Jones (1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1825) War Henry Dearborn (1801–1809) William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) Alexander J. Dallas (1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) George Graham (1816–1817) John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) William Wirt (1817–1825) Navy Robert Smith (1801–1809) Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1815–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) v t e United States secretaries of war and the army Department of War (1789–1947) Secretaries B. Lincoln Knox Pickering McHenry Dexter Dearborn Eustis Armstrong Monroe W. Crawford Calhoun Barbour P. Porter Eaton Cass Poinsett Bell Spencer J. Porter Wilkins Marcy G. Crawford Conrad J. Davis Floyd Holt S. Cameron Stanton Schofield Rawlins Belknap A. Taft J. Cameron McCrary Ramsey R. Lincoln Endicott Proctor Elkins Lamont Alger Root W. Taft Wright Dickinson Stimson Garrison Baker Weeks D. Davis Good Hurley Dern Woodring Stimson Patterson Royall Assistant secretaries Scott Watson Tucker Wolcott Dana Eckert Grant Doe Meiklejohn Sanger Oliver Breckinridge Ingraham Crowell Williams Wainwright D. Davis MacNider Robbins Hurley Payne Woodring L. Johnson Patterson McCloy Petersen Under secretaries Patterson Royall Draper Department of the Army (1947–present) Secretaries Royall Gray Pace Stevens Brucker Stahr Vance Ailes Resor Froehlke Callaway Hoffmann C. Alexander Marsh Stone West Caldera White Harvey Geren McHugh Fanning Esper McCarthy Wormuth Driscoll Under secretaries Draper Gray Voorhees A. Alexander Bendetsen E. Johnson Slezak Finucane Milton Ailes Ignatius Resor McGiffert Beal BeLieu Staudt Augustine LaBerge Ambrose Stone Shannon Reeder Walker Rostker Dahlberg Brownlee Geren Ford Westphal Carson Murphy McCarthy McPherson Camarillo Obadal v t e United States secretaries of state Foreign affairs 1781–1789 R. Livingston Jay State 1789–present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher trips Albright trips Powell trips Rice tenure trips Clinton tenure trips Kerry trips Tillerson trips Pompeo trips Blinken trips Rubio trips List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States • Air Force Three v t e United States senators from Virginia Class 1 Grayson Walker Monroe S. Mason Taylor Venable Giles Moore Brent J. Barbour Randolph Tyler Rives Pennybacker J. Mason Willey Bowden Lewis Withers Mahone Daniel Swanson Byrd Sr. Byrd Jr. Trible Robb Allen Webb Kaine Class 2 Lee Taylor H. Tazewell Nicholas Moore Giles A. Mason Eppes Pleasants Taylor L. Tazewell Rives Leigh Parker Roane Archer Hunter Carlile Johnston Riddleberger J. S. Barbour Hunton Martin Glass Burch Robertson Spong Scott J. Warner M. Warner v t e Governors of Virginia Virginia Governor's Council Colony of Virginia Colony of Virginia Virginia Company proprietary colony Wingfield Ratcliffe Scrivener (acting) Smith Percy Gates T. West (De La Warr) Deputies: Dale Yeardley Argall Powell (acting Wyatt F. West Pott Crown colony Harvey J. West Reade (acting) Berkeley Jeffreys (acting) Kemp (acting) Bennett Digges Mathews Colepeper Chicheley (acting) Howard of Effingham Andros Nicholson Nott Jenings Hunter Orkney (absentee) Spotswood Drysdale "King" Carter Gooch Albemarle (absentee) Gooch Lee Burwell (acting) Dinwiddie Loudoun Fauquier Amherst (absentee) Fauquier Botetourt W. Nelson Dunmore Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Henry Jefferson Fleming T. Nelson B. Harrison Henry E. Randolph B. Randolph H. Lee Brooke Wood Monroe Page Cabell Tyler Sr. G. Smith Monroe G. Smith P. Randolph Barbour Nicholas Preston T. Randolph Pleasants Tyler Jr. Giles J. Floyd Tazewell Robertson Campbell Gilmer Patton Rutherfoord Gregory McDowell W. "EB" Smith J. B. Floyd Johnson Wise Letcher W. "EB" Smith Pierpont Wells Walker Kemper Holliday Cameron F. Lee McKinney O'Ferrall J. H. Tyler Montague Swanson Mann Stuart Davis Trinkle Byrd Pollard Peery Price Darden Tuck Battle Stanley Almond A. Harrison Godwin Holton Godwin Dalton Robb Baliles Wilder Allen Gilmore Warner Kaine McDonnell McAuliffe Northam Youngkin Spanberger (elect) v t e Cabinet of President James Madison (1809–1817) Secretary of State Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (1809–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1817) Secretary of War William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) Attorney General Caesar Augustus Rodney (1809–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) Richard Rush (1814–1817) Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1814–1817) v t e ( ← 1804 ) 1808 United States presidential election ( 1812 → ) Democratic-Republican Party Nominees President: James Madison Vice President: George Clinton (incumbent) Other candidates President: James Monroe George Clinton Vice President: Henry Dearborn John Quincy Adams Federalist Party Nominees President: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Vice President: Rufus King Other 1808 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1812 ) 1816 United States presidential election ( 1820 → ) Democratic-Republican Party Nominees President: James Monroe Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins Other candidates Simon Snyder Federalist Party Nominees President: Rufus King Vice President: John Eager Howard Other 1816 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1816 ) 1820 United States presidential election ( 1824 → ) Democratic-Republican Party Nominees President: James Monroe (incumbent) Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (incumbent) Federalist Party Nominees No nominees Other 1820 elections : House Senate v t e Cabinet of President James Monroe (1817–1825) Secretary of State Richard Rush (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford (1817–1825) Secretary of War John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Attorney General Richard Rush (1817) William Wirt (1817–1825) Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1817–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) v t e Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's (1785–1811) J. Adams Pickney King Monroe Pinkney Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's (1815–1893) J. Q. Adams Rush King Gallatin Lawrence ( chargé d'affaires ) Barbour McLane Van Buren Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) Stevenson Everett McLane Bancroft Lawrence Ingersoll Buchanan Dallas C. Adams R. Johnson Motley Schenck Pierrepont Welsh Lowell Phelps Lincoln Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's (1893–present) Bayard Hay Choate Reid Page Davis Harvey Kellogg Houghton Dawes Mellon Bingham Kennedy Winant Harriman Douglas Gifford Aldrich Whitney Bruce Annenberg Richardson Armstrong Brewster Louis Price Catto Seitz Crowe Lader Farish Tuttle Susman Barzun W. Johnson Hartley Stephens v t e United States ambassadors to France Envoys to France (1776–1779) Franklin , Lee & Deane / Adams Ministers Plenipotentiary to France (1778–1815) Franklin Jefferson Short Morris Monroe Pinckney Livingston Armstrong Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) Barlow Crawford Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France (1816–1893) Gallatin Brown Rives Harris ( chargé d'affaires ) Livingston Barton ( chargé d'affaires ) Cass King Rush Rives Mason Faulkner Dayton Bigelow Dix Washburne Noyes Morton McLane Reid Coolidge Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to France (1893–present) Eustis Porter McCormick White Bacon Herrick Sharp Wallace Herrick Edge Straus Bullitt Leahy Tuck ( chargé d'affaires ) Caffery Bruce Dunn Dillon Houghton Gavin Bohlen Shriver Watson Irwin Rush Hartman Galbraith Rodgers Curley Harriman Rohatyn Leach Stapleton Rivkin Hartley McCourt Bauer Kushner v t e Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. Anthony John James Audubon George Bancroft Clara Barton Henry Ward Beecher Alexander Graham Bell Daniel Boone Edwin Booth Louis Brandeis Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie George Washington Carver William Ellery Channing Rufus Choate Henry Clay Grover Cleveland James Fenimore Cooper Peter Cooper Charlotte Cushman James Buchanan Eads Thomas Alva Edison Jonathan Edwards Ralph Waldo Emerson David Farragut Stephen Foster Benjamin Franklin Robert Fulton Josiah W. Gibbs William C. Gorgas Ulysses S. Grant Asa Gray Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Henry Patrick Henry Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Mark Hopkins Elias Howe Washington Irving Andrew Jackson Thomas J. Jackson Thomas Jefferson John Paul Jones James Kent Sidney Lanier Robert E. Lee Abraham Lincoln Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon Edward MacDowell James Madison Horace Mann John Marshall Matthew Fontaine Maury Albert A. Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F. B. Morse William T. G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint-Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright v t e Presidents of the United States v t e Presidents and presidencies George Washington ( 1789–1797 ) John Adams ( 1797–1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801–1809 ) James Madison ( 1809–1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817–1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825–1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829–1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837–1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841–1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845–1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849–1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850–1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853–1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857–1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861–1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865–1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869–1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877–1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881–1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889–1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893–1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897–1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901–1909 ) William Howard Taft ( 1909–1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913–1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921–1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923–1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929–1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933–1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945–1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953–1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961–1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963–1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969–1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974–1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977–1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981–1989 ) George H. W. Bush ( 1989–1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993–2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001–2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009–2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017–2021 ) Joe Biden ( 2021–2025 ) Donald Trump ( 2025–present ) George Washington ( 1789–1797 ) John Adams ( 1797–1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801–1809 ) James Madison ( 1809–1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817–1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825–1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829–1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837–1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841–1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845–1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849–1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850–1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853–1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857–1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861–1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865–1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869–1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877–1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881–1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889–1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893–1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897–1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901–1909 ) William Howard Taft ( 1909–1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913–1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921–1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923–1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929–1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933–1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945–1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953–1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961–1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963–1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969–1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974–1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977–1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981–1989 ) George H. W. Bush ( 1989–1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993–2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001–2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009–2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017–2021 ) Joe Biden ( 2021–2025 ) Donald Trump ( 2025–present ) Presidency timelines Washington J. Adams McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden Washington J. Adams McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden Category List Category List v t e Democratic-Republican Party v t e Anti-Administration Party Anti-Federalists First Party System Jeffersonian democracy Era of Good Feelings Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Presidency of James Madison Presidency of James Monroe Tertium quids Anti-Administration Party Anti-Federalists First Party System Jeffersonian democracy Era of Good Feelings Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Presidency of James Madison Presidency of James Monroe Tertium quids Presidential tickets 1796 : Jefferson / Burr 1800 : Jefferson / Burr 1804 : Jefferson / Clinton 1808 : Madison / Clinton 1812 : Madison / Gerry 1816 : Monroe / Tompkins 1820 : Monroe / Tompkins 1824 : Adams / Calhoun Jackson / Calhoun Crawford / Macon Clay / Sanford 1796 : Jefferson / Burr 1800 : Jefferson / Burr 1804 : Jefferson / Clinton 1808 : Madison / Clinton 1812 : Madison / Gerry 1816 : Monroe / Tompkins 1820 : Monroe / Tompkins 1824 : Adams / Calhoun Jackson / Calhoun Crawford / Macon Clay / Sanford U.S. House speakers Frederick Muhlenberg (1793–1795) Nathaniel Macon (1801–1807) Joseph Bradley Varnum (1807–1811) Henry Clay (1811–1814) Langdon Cheves (1814–1815) Henry Clay (1815–1820) John W. Taylor (1820–1821) Philip P. Barbour (1821–1823) Henry Clay (1823–1825) Frederick Muhlenberg (1793–1795) Nathaniel Macon (1801–1807) Joseph Bradley Varnum (1807–1811) Henry Clay (1811–1814) Langdon Cheves (1814–1815) Henry Clay (1815–1820) John W. Taylor (1820–1821) Philip P. Barbour (1821–1823) Henry Clay (1823–1825) U.S. Cabinet State Thomas Jefferson (1790–1794) Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801) James Madison (1801–1809) Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) John Graham (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Treasury Albert Gallatin (1801–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William Jones (1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1825) War Henry Dearborn (1801–1809) William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) Alexander J. Dallas (1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) George Graham (1816–1817) John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) William Wirt (1817–1825) Navy Robert Smith (1801–1809) Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1815–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) State Thomas Jefferson (1790–1794) Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801) James Madison (1801–1809) Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) John Graham (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Thomas Jefferson (1790–1794) Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801) James Madison (1801–1809) Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) John Graham (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Treasury Albert Gallatin (1801–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William Jones (1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1825) Albert Gallatin (1801–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William Jones (1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1825) War Henry Dearborn (1801–1809) William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) Alexander J. Dallas (1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) George Graham (1816–1817) John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Henry Dearborn (1801–1809) William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) Alexander J. Dallas (1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) George Graham (1816–1817) John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) William Wirt (1817–1825) Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) William Wirt (1817–1825) Navy Robert Smith (1801–1809) Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1815–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) Robert Smith (1801–1809) Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1815–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) v t e United States secretaries of war and the army v t e Department of War (1789–1947) Secretaries B. Lincoln Knox Pickering McHenry Dexter Dearborn Eustis Armstrong Monroe W. Crawford Calhoun Barbour P. Porter Eaton Cass Poinsett Bell Spencer J. Porter Wilkins Marcy G. Crawford Conrad J. Davis Floyd Holt S. Cameron Stanton Schofield Rawlins Belknap A. Taft J. Cameron McCrary Ramsey R. Lincoln Endicott Proctor Elkins Lamont Alger Root W. Taft Wright Dickinson Stimson Garrison Baker Weeks D. Davis Good Hurley Dern Woodring Stimson Patterson Royall Assistant secretaries Scott Watson Tucker Wolcott Dana Eckert Grant Doe Meiklejohn Sanger Oliver Breckinridge Ingraham Crowell Williams Wainwright D. Davis MacNider Robbins Hurley Payne Woodring L. Johnson Patterson McCloy Petersen Under secretaries Patterson Royall Draper Secretaries B. Lincoln Knox Pickering McHenry Dexter Dearborn Eustis Armstrong Monroe W. Crawford Calhoun Barbour P. Porter Eaton Cass Poinsett Bell Spencer J. Porter Wilkins Marcy G. Crawford Conrad J. Davis Floyd Holt S. Cameron Stanton Schofield Rawlins Belknap A. Taft J. Cameron McCrary Ramsey R. Lincoln Endicott Proctor Elkins Lamont Alger Root W. Taft Wright Dickinson Stimson Garrison Baker Weeks D. Davis Good Hurley Dern Woodring Stimson Patterson Royall B. Lincoln Knox Pickering McHenry Dexter Dearborn Eustis Armstrong Monroe W. Crawford Calhoun Barbour P. Porter Eaton Cass Poinsett Bell Spencer J. Porter Wilkins Marcy G. Crawford Conrad J. Davis Floyd Holt S. Cameron Stanton Schofield Rawlins Belknap A. Taft J. Cameron McCrary Ramsey R. Lincoln Endicott Proctor Elkins Lamont Alger Root W. Taft Wright Dickinson Stimson Garrison Baker Weeks D. Davis Good Hurley Dern Woodring Stimson Patterson Royall Assistant secretaries Scott Watson Tucker Wolcott Dana Eckert Grant Doe Meiklejohn Sanger Oliver Breckinridge Ingraham Crowell Williams Wainwright D. Davis MacNider Robbins Hurley Payne Woodring L. Johnson Patterson McCloy Petersen Scott Watson Tucker Wolcott Dana Eckert Grant Doe Meiklejohn Sanger Oliver Breckinridge Ingraham Crowell Williams Wainwright D. Davis MacNider Robbins Hurley Payne Woodring L. Johnson Patterson McCloy Petersen Under secretaries Patterson Royall Draper Patterson Royall Draper Department of the Army (1947–present) Secretaries Royall Gray Pace Stevens Brucker Stahr Vance Ailes Resor Froehlke Callaway Hoffmann C. Alexander Marsh Stone West Caldera White Harvey Geren McHugh Fanning Esper McCarthy Wormuth Driscoll Under secretaries Draper Gray Voorhees A. Alexander Bendetsen E. Johnson Slezak Finucane Milton Ailes Ignatius Resor McGiffert Beal BeLieu Staudt Augustine LaBerge Ambrose Stone Shannon Reeder Walker Rostker Dahlberg Brownlee Geren Ford Westphal Carson Murphy McCarthy McPherson Camarillo Obadal Secretaries Royall Gray Pace Stevens Brucker Stahr Vance Ailes Resor Froehlke Callaway Hoffmann C. Alexander Marsh Stone West Caldera White Harvey Geren McHugh Fanning Esper McCarthy Wormuth Driscoll Royall Gray Pace Stevens Brucker Stahr Vance Ailes Resor Froehlke Callaway Hoffmann C. Alexander Marsh Stone West Caldera White Harvey Geren McHugh Fanning Esper McCarthy Wormuth Driscoll Under secretaries Draper Gray Voorhees A. Alexander Bendetsen E. Johnson Slezak Finucane Milton Ailes Ignatius Resor McGiffert Beal BeLieu Staudt Augustine LaBerge Ambrose Stone Shannon Reeder Walker Rostker Dahlberg Brownlee Geren Ford Westphal Carson Murphy McCarthy McPherson Camarillo Obadal Draper Gray Voorhees A. Alexander Bendetsen E. Johnson Slezak Finucane Milton Ailes Ignatius Resor McGiffert Beal BeLieu Staudt Augustine LaBerge Ambrose Stone Shannon Reeder Walker Rostker Dahlberg Brownlee Geren Ford Westphal Carson Murphy McCarthy McPherson Camarillo Obadal v t e United States secretaries of state v t e Foreign affairs 1781–1789 R. Livingston Jay R. Livingston Jay State 1789–present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher trips Albright trips Powell trips Rice tenure trips Clinton tenure trips Kerry trips Tillerson trips Pompeo trips Blinken trips Rubio trips Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher trips trips Albright trips trips Powell trips trips Rice tenure trips tenure trips Clinton tenure trips tenure trips Kerry trips trips Tillerson trips trips Pompeo trips trips Blinken trips trips Rubio trips trips List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States • Air Force Three v t e United States senators from Virginia v t e Class 1 Grayson Walker Monroe S. Mason Taylor Venable Giles Moore Brent J. Barbour Randolph Tyler Rives Pennybacker J. Mason Willey Bowden Lewis Withers Mahone Daniel Swanson Byrd Sr. Byrd Jr. Trible Robb Allen Webb Kaine Grayson Walker Monroe S. Mason Taylor Venable Giles Moore Brent J. Barbour Randolph Tyler Rives Pennybacker J. Mason Willey Bowden Lewis Withers Mahone Daniel Swanson Byrd Sr. Byrd Jr. Trible Robb Allen Webb Kaine Class 2 Lee Taylor H. Tazewell Nicholas Moore Giles A. Mason Eppes Pleasants Taylor L. Tazewell Rives Leigh Parker Roane Archer Hunter Carlile Johnston Riddleberger J. S. Barbour Hunton Martin Glass Burch Robertson Spong Scott J. Warner M. Warner Lee Taylor H. Tazewell Nicholas Moore Giles A. Mason Eppes Pleasants Taylor L. Tazewell Rives Leigh Parker Roane Archer Hunter Carlile Johnston Riddleberger J. S. Barbour Hunton Martin Glass Burch Robertson Spong Scott J. Warner M. Warner v t e Governors of Virginia v t e Virginia Governor's Council Colony of Virginia Colony of Virginia Virginia Company proprietary colony Wingfield Ratcliffe Scrivener (acting) Smith Percy Gates T. West (De La Warr) Deputies: Dale Yeardley Argall Powell (acting Wyatt F. West Pott Crown colony Harvey J. West Reade (acting) Berkeley Jeffreys (acting) Kemp (acting) Bennett Digges Mathews Colepeper Chicheley (acting) Howard of Effingham Andros Nicholson Nott Jenings Hunter Orkney (absentee) Spotswood Drysdale "King" Carter Gooch Albemarle (absentee) Gooch Lee Burwell (acting) Dinwiddie Loudoun Fauquier Amherst (absentee) Fauquier Botetourt W. Nelson Dunmore Virginia Company proprietary colony Wingfield Ratcliffe Scrivener (acting) Smith Percy Gates T. West (De La Warr) Deputies: Dale Yeardley Argall Powell (acting Wyatt F. West Pott Wingfield Ratcliffe Scrivener (acting) Smith Percy Gates T. West (De La Warr) Deputies: Dale Yeardley Argall Powell (acting Deputies: Dale Yeardley Argall Powell (acting Wyatt F. West Pott Crown colony Harvey J. West Reade (acting) Berkeley Jeffreys (acting) Kemp (acting) Bennett Digges Mathews Colepeper Chicheley (acting) Howard of Effingham Andros Nicholson Nott Jenings Hunter Orkney (absentee) Spotswood Drysdale "King" Carter Gooch Albemarle (absentee) Gooch Lee Burwell (acting) Dinwiddie Loudoun Fauquier Amherst (absentee) Fauquier Botetourt W. Nelson Dunmore Harvey J. West Reade (acting) Berkeley Jeffreys (acting) Kemp (acting) Bennett Digges Mathews Colepeper Chicheley (acting) Howard of Effingham Andros Nicholson Nott Jenings Hunter Orkney (absentee) Spotswood Drysdale "King" Carter Gooch Albemarle (absentee) Gooch Lee Burwell (acting) Dinwiddie Loudoun Fauquier Amherst (absentee) Fauquier Botetourt W. Nelson Dunmore Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Henry Jefferson Fleming T. Nelson B. Harrison Henry E. Randolph B. Randolph H. Lee Brooke Wood Monroe Page Cabell Tyler Sr. G. Smith Monroe G. Smith P. Randolph Barbour Nicholas Preston T. Randolph Pleasants Tyler Jr. Giles J. Floyd Tazewell Robertson Campbell Gilmer Patton Rutherfoord Gregory McDowell W. "EB" Smith J. B. Floyd Johnson Wise Letcher W. "EB" Smith Pierpont Wells Walker Kemper Holliday Cameron F. Lee McKinney O'Ferrall J. H. Tyler Montague Swanson Mann Stuart Davis Trinkle Byrd Pollard Peery Price Darden Tuck Battle Stanley Almond A. Harrison Godwin Holton Godwin Dalton Robb Baliles Wilder Allen Gilmore Warner Kaine McDonnell McAuliffe Northam Youngkin Spanberger (elect) Henry Jefferson Fleming T. Nelson B. Harrison Henry E. Randolph B. Randolph H. Lee Brooke Wood Monroe Page Cabell Tyler Sr. G. Smith Monroe G. Smith P. Randolph Barbour Nicholas Preston T. Randolph Pleasants Tyler Jr. Giles J. Floyd Tazewell Robertson Campbell Gilmer Patton Rutherfoord Gregory McDowell W. "EB" Smith J. B. Floyd Johnson Wise Letcher W. "EB" Smith Pierpont Wells Walker Kemper Holliday Cameron F. Lee McKinney O'Ferrall J. H. Tyler Montague Swanson Mann Stuart Davis Trinkle Byrd Pollard Peery Price Darden Tuck Battle Stanley Almond A. Harrison Godwin Holton Godwin Dalton Robb Baliles Wilder Allen Gilmore Warner Kaine McDonnell McAuliffe Northam Youngkin Spanberger (elect) v t e Cabinet of President James Madison (1809–1817) v t e Secretary of State Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817) Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (1809–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1817) Albert Gallatin (1809–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1817) Secretary of War William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816) Attorney General Caesar Augustus Rodney (1809–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) Richard Rush (1814–1817) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1809–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) Richard Rush (1814–1817) Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1814–1817) Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1814–1817) v t e ( ← 1804 ) 1808 United States presidential election ( 1812 → ) v t e Democratic-Republican Party Nominees President: James Madison Vice President: George Clinton (incumbent) Other candidates President: James Monroe George Clinton Vice President: Henry Dearborn John Quincy Adams Nominees President: James Madison Vice President: George Clinton (incumbent) President: James Madison Vice President: George Clinton (incumbent) Other candidates President: James Monroe George Clinton Vice President: Henry Dearborn John Quincy Adams President: James Monroe George Clinton Vice President: Henry Dearborn John Quincy Adams Federalist Party Nominees President: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Vice President: Rufus King Nominees President: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Vice President: Rufus King President: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Vice President: Rufus King Other 1808 elections : House Senate Other 1808 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1812 ) 1816 United States presidential election ( 1820 → ) v t e Democratic-Republican Party Nominees President: James Monroe Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins Other candidates Simon Snyder Nominees President: James Monroe Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins President: James Monroe Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins Other candidates Simon Snyder Simon Snyder Federalist Party Nominees President: Rufus King Vice President: John Eager Howard Nominees President: Rufus King Vice President: John Eager Howard President: Rufus King Vice President: John Eager Howard Other 1816 elections : House Senate Other 1816 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1816 ) 1820 United States presidential election ( 1824 → ) v t e Democratic-Republican Party Nominees President: James Monroe (incumbent) Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (incumbent) Nominees President: James Monroe (incumbent) Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (incumbent) President: James Monroe (incumbent) Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (incumbent) Federalist Party Nominees No nominees Nominees No nominees No nominees Other 1820 elections : House Senate Other 1820 elections : House Senate v t e Cabinet of President James Monroe (1817–1825) v t e Secretary of State Richard Rush (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Richard Rush (1817) John Quincy Adams (1817–1825) Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford (1817–1825) William H. Crawford (1817–1825) Secretary of War John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1817–1825) Attorney General Richard Rush (1817) William Wirt (1817–1825) Richard Rush (1817) William Wirt (1817–1825) Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1817–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1817–1818) Smith Thompson (1819–1823) Samuel L. Southard (1823–1825) v t e Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's v t e Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's (1785–1811) J. Adams Pickney King Monroe Pinkney Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) J. Adams Pickney King Monroe Pinkney Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's (1815–1893) J. Q. Adams Rush King Gallatin Lawrence ( chargé d'affaires ) Barbour McLane Van Buren Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) Stevenson Everett McLane Bancroft Lawrence Ingersoll Buchanan Dallas C. Adams R. Johnson Motley Schenck Pierrepont Welsh Lowell Phelps Lincoln J. Q. Adams Rush King Gallatin Lawrence ( chargé d'affaires ) Barbour McLane Van Buren Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) Stevenson Everett McLane Bancroft Lawrence Ingersoll Buchanan Dallas C. Adams R. Johnson Motley Schenck Pierrepont Welsh Lowell Phelps Lincoln Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's (1893–present) Bayard Hay Choate Reid Page Davis Harvey Kellogg Houghton Dawes Mellon Bingham Kennedy Winant Harriman Douglas Gifford Aldrich Whitney Bruce Annenberg Richardson Armstrong Brewster Louis Price Catto Seitz Crowe Lader Farish Tuttle Susman Barzun W. Johnson Hartley Stephens Bayard Hay Choate Reid Page Davis Harvey Kellogg Houghton Dawes Mellon Bingham Kennedy Winant Harriman Douglas Gifford Aldrich Whitney Bruce Annenberg Richardson Armstrong Brewster Louis Price Catto Seitz Crowe Lader Farish Tuttle Susman Barzun W. Johnson Hartley Stephens v t e United States ambassadors to France v t e Envoys to France (1776–1779) Franklin , Lee & Deane / Adams Franklin , Lee & Deane / Adams Ministers Plenipotentiary to France (1778–1815) Franklin Jefferson Short Morris Monroe Pinckney Livingston Armstrong Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) Barlow Crawford Franklin Jefferson Short Morris Monroe Pinckney Livingston Armstrong Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) Barlow Crawford Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France (1816–1893) Gallatin Brown Rives Harris ( chargé d'affaires ) Livingston Barton ( chargé d'affaires ) Cass King Rush Rives Mason Faulkner Dayton Bigelow Dix Washburne Noyes Morton McLane Reid Coolidge Gallatin Brown Rives Harris ( chargé d'affaires ) Livingston Barton ( chargé d'affaires ) Cass King Rush Rives Mason Faulkner Dayton Bigelow Dix Washburne Noyes Morton McLane Reid Coolidge Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to France (1893–present) Eustis Porter McCormick White Bacon Herrick Sharp Wallace Herrick Edge Straus Bullitt Leahy Tuck ( chargé d'affaires ) Caffery Bruce Dunn Dillon Houghton Gavin Bohlen Shriver Watson Irwin Rush Hartman Galbraith Rodgers Curley Harriman Rohatyn Leach Stapleton Rivkin Hartley McCourt Bauer Kushner Eustis Porter McCormick White Bacon Herrick Sharp Wallace Herrick Edge Straus Bullitt Leahy Tuck ( chargé d'affaires ) Caffery Bruce Dunn Dillon Houghton Gavin Bohlen Shriver Watson Irwin Rush Hartman Galbraith Rodgers Curley Harriman Rohatyn Leach Stapleton Rivkin Hartley McCourt Bauer Kushner v t e Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees v t e John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. Anthony John James Audubon George Bancroft Clara Barton Henry Ward Beecher Alexander Graham Bell Daniel Boone Edwin Booth Louis Brandeis Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie George Washington Carver William Ellery Channing Rufus Choate Henry Clay Grover Cleveland James Fenimore Cooper Peter Cooper Charlotte Cushman James Buchanan Eads Thomas Alva Edison Jonathan Edwards Ralph Waldo Emerson David Farragut Stephen Foster Benjamin Franklin Robert Fulton Josiah W. Gibbs William C. Gorgas Ulysses S. Grant Asa Gray Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Henry Patrick Henry Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Mark Hopkins Elias Howe Washington Irving Andrew Jackson Thomas J. Jackson Thomas Jefferson John Paul Jones James Kent Sidney Lanier Robert E. Lee Abraham Lincoln Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon Edward MacDowell James Madison Horace Mann John Marshall Matthew Fontaine Maury Albert A. Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F. B. Morse William T. G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint-Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. Anthony John James Audubon George Bancroft Clara Barton Henry Ward Beecher Alexander Graham Bell Daniel Boone Edwin Booth Louis Brandeis Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie George Washington Carver William Ellery Channing Rufus Choate Henry Clay Grover Cleveland James Fenimore Cooper Peter Cooper Charlotte Cushman James Buchanan Eads Thomas Alva Edison Jonathan Edwards Ralph Waldo Emerson David Farragut Stephen Foster Benjamin Franklin Robert Fulton Josiah W. Gibbs William C. Gorgas Ulysses S. Grant Asa Gray Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Henry Patrick Henry Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Mark Hopkins Elias Howe Washington Irving Andrew Jackson Thomas J. Jackson Thomas Jefferson John Paul Jones James Kent Sidney Lanier Robert E. Lee Abraham Lincoln Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon Edward MacDowell James Madison Horace Mann John Marshall Matthew Fontaine Maury Albert A. Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F. B. Morse William T. G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint-Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Biography Politics Law Virginia United States Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Croatia Chile Korea Poland Vatican Israel Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Croatia Chile Korea Poland Vatican Israel Belgium Academics CiNii CiNii People US Congress Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB US Congress Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX James Monroe Founding Fathers of the United States 1758 births 1831 deaths 18th-century American Episcopalians 18th-century American diplomats 19th-century American diplomats 19th-century Virginia politicians 19th-century American Episcopalians 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis 19th-century presidents of the United States Ambassadors of the United States to France Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom People of the American colonization movement American people of the War of 1812 18th-century American planters American people of Scottish descent Anti-Federalists Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia) Candidates in the 1808 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1816 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1820 United States presidential election College of William & Mary alumni Continental Army officers from Virginia Continental Congressmen from Virginia Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention Democratic-Republican Party presidents of the United States Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States Governors of Virginia Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 1810s in the United States 1820s in the United States Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state) Madison administration cabinet members Members of the Virginia House of Delegates Monroe family People from Aldie, Virginia People from Westmoreland County, Virginia Presidents of the United States United States secretaries of state United States secretaries of war United States senators from Virginia University of Virginia people Virginia Democratic-Republicans Virginia lawyers United States senators who owned slaves 18th-century United States senators Candidates in the 1788–1789 United States elections Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons Presidents of the United States who owned slaves Owners of plantations in Virginia State governors of the United States who owned slaves CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1: long volume value Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use American English from June 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from December 2025 Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024 Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 23:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Early development 3.2 Phase II and restart 3.3 Design 3.4 Props and models 3.5 Costumes and makeup 3.6 Technical consulting 3.7 Filming 3.8 Post-production 3.9 Music 3.10 Sound effects 3.1 Early development 3.2 Phase II and restart 3.3 Design 3.4 Props and models 3.5 Costumes and makeup 3.6 Technical consulting 3.7 Filming 3.8 Post-production 3.9 Music 3.10 Sound effects 4 Themes 5 Release Toggle Release subsection 5.1 Theatrical release 5.2 Home media 5.1 Theatrical release 5.2 Home media 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Star Trek: The Motion Picture العربية Aragonés Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Star Trek: The Motion Picture Theatrical release poster by Bob Peak Directed by Robert Wise Screenplay by Harold Livingston Story by Alan Dean Foster [ 1 ] Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Produced by Gene Roddenberry Starring .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} William Shatner Leonard Nimoy DeForest Kelley James Doohan George Takei Majel Barrett Walter Koenig Nichelle Nichols Persis Khambatta Stephen Collins William Shatner Leonard Nimoy DeForest Kelley James Doohan George Takei Majel Barrett Walter Koenig Nichelle Nichols Persis Khambatta Stephen Collins Cinematography Richard H. Kline Edited by Todd C. Ramsay Music by Jerry Goldsmith Production company Paramount Pictures Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 7, 1979 ( 1979-12-07 ) December 7, 1979 ( 1979-12-07 ) Running time 132 minutes [ 2 ] Country United States Language English Budget $44 million [ 3 ] Box office $139 million [ 4 ] Star Trek: The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film directed by Robert Wise . The Motion Picture is based on and stars the cast of the 1966–1969 television series Star Trek created by Gene Roddenberry , who serves as producer. In the film, set in the 2270s, a mysterious and powerful alien cloud known as V'Ger approaches Earth, destroying everything in its path. Admiral James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) assumes command of the recently refitted Starship Enterprise to lead it on a mission to determine V ' Ger ' s origins and save the planet. When Star Trek was cancelled in 1969, Roddenberry lobbied Paramount Pictures to continue the franchise through a feature film. The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to begin work on the film in 1975. A series of writers and scripts did not satisfy Paramount, and they scrapped the film project. Instead, Paramount planned on returning the franchise to its roots, with a new television series titled Star Trek: Phase II . The box office success of Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind convinced Paramount to change course, cancelling production of Phase II and resuming work on a film. In March 1978, Paramount announced Wise would direct a $15 million film adaptation of the original television series. Filming began that August and concluded the following January. With the cancellation of Phase II , writers rushed to adapt its planned pilot episode, "In Thy Image", into a film script. Constant revisions to the story and the shooting script continued to the extent of hourly script updates on shooting dates. The Enterprise was modified inside and out, costume designer Robert Fletcher provided new uniforms, and production designer Harold Michelson fabricated new sets. Jerry Goldsmith composed the film's score, beginning an association with Star Trek that would continue until 2002. When the original contractors for the optical effects proved unable to complete their tasks in time, effects supervisor Douglas Trumbull was asked to meet the film's December 1979 release date. Wise took the just-completed film to its Washington, D.C., opening, but always felt that the final theatrical version was a rough cut of the film he wanted to make. Released in North America on December 7, 1979, Star Trek: The Motion Picture received mixed reviews, many of which faulted it for a lack of action scenes and over-reliance on special effects. Its final production cost ballooned to approximately $44 million, and it earned $139 million worldwide, short of studio expectations but enough for Paramount to propose a less expensive sequel. Roddenberry was forced out of creative control for the sequel, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982). In 2001, Wise oversaw a director's cut for a special DVD release of the film, with remastered audio, tightened and added scenes, and new computer-generated effects . Plot In the 23rd century, a Starfleet monitoring station, Epsilon Nine , detects an alien entity hidden in a massive energy cloud, moving through space toward Earth. The cloud easily destroys three Klingon warships and Epsilon Nine on its course. At Earth, the starship Enterprise is undergoing a major refit ; its former commanding officer, James T. Kirk , has been promoted to admiral. Starfleet Command assigns Enterprise to intercept the cloud entity, as the ship is the only one within range, requiring its new systems to be tested in transit. Citing his experience, Kirk uses his authority to take command of the ship, angering Captain Willard Decker , who has been overseeing the refit as its new commanding officer. Testing of Enterprise 's new systems goes poorly; two officers, including the ship's Vulcan science officer Sonak , are killed by a malfunctioning transporter , and improperly calibrated engines nearly destroy the ship. Kirk's unfamiliarity with the ship's new systems increases the tension between him and Decker, who has been temporarily demoted to commander and first officer. Commander Spock arrives as a replacement science officer, explaining that while on his home world, undergoing a ritual to purge himself of emotion, he felt a consciousness that he believes emanates from the cloud, making him unable to complete the ritual because his human half felt an emotional connection to it. Enterprise intercepts the energy cloud and is attacked by an alien vessel. A probe appears on the bridge, attacks Spock, and abducts the navigator, Ilia . She is replaced by a robotic replica , sent by the entity, which calls itself "V'Ger", to study the "carbon units" on the ship. Decker is distraught over the loss of Ilia, with whom he had a romantic history, and becomes troubled as he attempts to extract information from the doppelgänger, which has Ilia's memories and feelings buried inside. Spock takes an unauthorized spacewalk to the vessel's interior and attempts a telepathic mind meld with it. In doing so, he learns that the entire vessel is V'Ger, a non-biological living machine. At the center of the massive ship, V'Ger is revealed to be Voyager 6 , a 20th-century NASA space probe from the Voyager program . It was believed lost in a black hole. The damaged probe was found by an alien race of living machines that interpreted its programming as instructions to learn all that can be learned and return that information to its creator. The machines upgraded the probe to fulfill its mission, and on its journey, the probe gathered so much knowledge that it achieved sentience. Spock discovers that V'Ger cannot give itself a purpose other than its original mission; having learned everything it could on its journey home, it finds its existence meaningless. Before transmitting all its information, V'Ger insists that the "Creator" come in person to finish the sequence. The Enterprise crew realizes humans are the Creator. Decker offers himself to V'Ger; he merges with the Ilia probe and V'Ger, creating a new life form that disappears into space. With Earth saved, Kirk directs Enterprise to space for future missions. Cast William Shatner as James T. Kirk , the former captain of the USS Enterprise and an admiral at Starfleet headquarters. When asked during a March 1978 press conference about what it would be like to reprise the role, Shatner said, "An actor brings to a role not only the concept of a character but his own basic personality, things that he is, and both [Leonard Nimoy] and myself have changed over the years, to a degree at any rate, and we will bring that degree of change inadvertently to the role we recreate." [ 6 ] : 66–71 Leonard Nimoy as Spock , the Enterprise ' s half- Vulcan , half-human science officer. Nimoy had been dissatisfied with unpaid royalties from Star Trek and did not intend to reprise the role, so Spock was left out of the screenplay. Director Robert Wise , having been informed by his daughter and son-in-law that the film "would not be Star Trek " without Nimoy, sent Jeffrey Katzenberg to New York City to meet Nimoy. Describing Star Trek without Nimoy as buying a car without wheels, Katzenberg gave Nimoy a check to make up for his lost royalties, later recalling himself "on my knees begging" the actor during their meeting at a restaurant to join the film; Nimoy attended the March 1978 press conference with the rest of the returning cast. Nimoy was dissatisfied with the script, and his meeting with Katzenberg led to an agreement that the final script would need Nimoy's approval. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Financial issues notwithstanding, Nimoy said he was comfortable with being identified as Spock because it had a positive impact on his fame. [ 6 ] : 66–71 DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy , the chief medical officer aboard the Enterprise . Kelley had reservations about the script, feeling that the characters and relationships from the series were not in place. Along with Shatner and Nimoy, Kelley lobbied for greater characterization, but their opinions were largely ignored. [ 9 ] : 230 James Doohan as Montgomery Scott , the Enterprise ' s chief engineer. Doohan created the distinctive Klingon vocabulary heard in the film. [ 10 ] Linguist Marc Okrand later developed a fully realized Klingon language based on the actor's made-up words. [ 11 ] Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov , the Enterprise ' s weapons officer. Koenig noted that the expected sense of camaraderie and euphoria at being assembled for screen tests at the start of the picture was nonexistent. "This may be Star Trek ," he wrote, "but it isn't the old Star Trek ." The actor was hopeful for the film, but admitted he was disappointed by his character's bit part. [ 5 ] : 24 Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , the communications officer aboard the Enterprise . Nichols noted in her autobiography that she was one of the actors most opposed to the new uniforms added for the film because the drab, unisex look "wasn't Uhura". [ 12 ] : 239 George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , the Enterprise ' s helmsman. In his autobiography , Takei described the film's shooting schedule as "astonishingly luxurious", but noted that frequent script rewrites during production "usually favored Bill" [Shatner]. [ 13 ] Persis Khambatta as Ilia , the Deltan navigator of the Enterprise . Khambatta was originally cast in the role when The Motion Picture was a television pilot. [ 6 ] : 66–71 She took the role despite Roddenberry warning her that she would have to shave her head completely for filming. [ 14 ] : 4 Stephen Collins as Willard Decker , the new captain of the Enterprise . He is temporarily demoted to commander and first officer when Kirk takes command of the Enterprise . He was the only actor that Robert Wise cast; Collins recalled that although "every young actor in Hollywood" auditioned he benefited by being completely unfamiliar with the franchise, more interested in meeting the legendary director than in the role. Others advised him after being cast that Star Trek "is going to be in your life your whole life". [ 8 ] Kelley's dressing room was next to Collins', and the older actor became his mentor for the production. [ 9 ] : 231 Collins described filming as akin to "playing with somebody else's bat, ball, and glove" because he was not a part of the franchise's history. He used the feeling of being an "invader" to portray Decker, who is "an outsider who they had to have along". [ 8 ] Other actors from the television series who returned included Majel Barrett as Christine Chapel , a doctor aboard the Enterprise , [ 15 ] [ 16 ] and Grace Lee Whitney as Janice Rand , formerly one of Kirk's yeomen. David Gautreaux , who had been cast as Xon in the aborted second television series, appears as Branch, the commander of the Epsilon 9 communications station. [ 6 ] : 66–71 Mark Lenard portrays the Klingon commander in the film's opening sequence; the actor also played Spock's father, Sarek , in the television series and in later feature films. [ 17 ] Production Early development The original Star Trek television series ran for three seasons from 1966 to 1969 on NBC. The show was cancelled due to low Nielsen ratings after the third season. After the show's cancellation, owner Paramount Pictures sold the syndication rights. The series went into reruns in late 1969, and by the late 1970s had been sold in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets. The show developed a cult following , and talks of reviving the franchise began. [ 18 ] [ 14 ] : 15 The series’ creator Gene Roddenberry first proposed a Star Trek feature at the 1968 World Science Fiction Convention . The movie was to have been set before the television series, showing how the Enterprise crew met. [ 19 ] : 155–158 The popularity of syndicated Star Trek prompted Paramount and Roddenberry to begin developing the film in May 1975. By June 30, he had produced what he considered an acceptable script, but studio executives disagreed. [ 20 ] This first draft, The God Thing , [ 6 ] : 62 featured a grounded Admiral Kirk assembling the old crew on the refitted Enterprise to clash with a godlike entity many miles across, hurtling towards Earth. The object turns out to be a super-advanced computer, the remains of a scheming race who were cast out of their dimension. Kirk wins out, the entity returns to its dimension, and the Enterprise crew resumes their voyages. The basic premise and scenes such as a transporter accident and Spock's Vulcan ritual were discarded, but later returned to the final product. [ 7 ] [ 14 ] : 24 Paramount fielded new scripts for Star Trek II (the working title) from acclaimed writers such as Ray Bradbury , Theodore Sturgeon , and Harlan Ellison . Ellison's story had an alien race tampering with Earth's history to create a kindred reptilian race; Kirk and the crew are faced with the dilemma of killing off the reptilian race in Earth's prehistory just to maintain humanity's dominance. When Ellison presented his idea, an executive suggested that Ellison read Chariots of the Gods? and include the Maya civilization into his story, which enraged the writer because he knew Maya did not exist at the dawn of time. By October 1976, Robert Silverberg and John D. F. Black were assigned to the screenplay; their treatment featured a black hole that threatened to consume all of existence. [ 20 ] Roddenberry teamed up with Jon Povill to write a new story that featured the Enterprise crew setting an altered universe right by time travel; like Black's idea, Paramount did not consider it epic enough. [ 7 ] [ 14 ] : 25 The film was the first major Hollywood adaptation of a television series that had been off the air for nearly a decade to retain its original principal cast. [ 21 ] The actors grew anxious about the constant delays and pragmatically accepted other acting offers while Roddenberry worked with Paramount. [ 20 ] The studio decided to turn the project over to the television division, reasoning that since the roots of the franchise lay in television, the writers would be able to develop the right script, but the new ideas they developed were also rejected. As Paramount executives' interest in the film waned, Roddenberry, backed by fan letters, applied pressure to the studio. [ 14 ] : 25 In June 1976, Paramount assigned Jerry Isenberg, a young and active producer, to be executive producer of the project, with the budget expanded to $8 million. Povill was tasked with finding more writers to develop a script. His list included Edward Anhalt , James Goldman , Francis Ford Coppola , George Lucas , Ernest Lehman , and Robert Bloch . Povill put as his last recommendation "Jon Povill—almost credit: Star Trek II story (with Roddenberry). Will be a big shot some day. Should be hired now while he is cheap and humble." None of the listed 34 names was chosen. [ 14 ] : 26–8 Finally, British screenwriters Chris Bryant and Allan Scott , who had penned the Donald Sutherland thriller Don't Look Now , were hired to write a script. Bryant believed he earned the screenwriting assignment because his view of Kirk resembled what Roddenberry modeled him on: "one of Horatio Nelson 's captains in the South Pacific, six months away from home and three months away by communication". [ 14 ] : 28 Povill also wrote up a list of possible directors, including Coppola, Steven Spielberg , Lucas, and Robert Wise, but all were busy at the time or unwilling to work on the small budget. [ 14 ] : 29 Philip Kaufman signed on to direct and was given an introductory course in the series, with Roddenberry screening ten episodes of the television series for him. By the fall of 1976, the project was building momentum. During this time, fans organized a mail campaign that flooded the White House with letters, influencing Gerald Ford to rechristen the Space Shuttle Constitution the Enterprise , [ 14 ] : 30 and Roddenberry and most of the Star Trek cast were present for its rollout. On October 8, 1976, Bryant and Scott delivered a 20-page treatment, Planet of the Titans , which executives Barry Diller , Jeffrey Katzenberg and Michael Eisner liked. In it, Kirk and his crew encounter beings they believe to be the mythical Titans and travel back millions of years in time, accidentally teaching early man to make fire. Planet of the Titans also explored the concept of the third eye . [ 7 ] With the studio finally moving forward with a treatment, Roddenberry stopped work on other projects to refocus on Star Trek , and the screenwriters and Isenberg were deluged with grateful fan mail. Isenberg began scouting filming locations and hired designers and illustrators. Key among these were production designer Ken Adam , who in turn hired artist Ralph McQuarrie , fresh off the yet to be released Star Wars . They worked on designs for planets, planetary and asteroid bases, a black hole "shroud", a crystalline "super brain", and new concepts for the Enterprise , including interiors that Adam later revisited for the film Moonraker and a flat-hulled starship design (frequently credited to McQuarrie, but which McQuarrie's own book identifies as an Adam design [ 22 ] ). McQuarrie wrote that "there was no script" and that much of the work was "winging it". [ 22 ] When that film folded after three months for Adam and "a month and a half" for McQuarrie, [ 23 ] their concepts were shelved, although a handful of them were revisited in later productions. [ 24 ] The first draft of the completed script was not finished until March 1, 1977, and it was described as "a script by committee" and rejected by the studio a few weeks later. [ 14 ] : 33 Bryant and Scott had been caught between Roddenberry and Kaufman's conflicting ideas of what the film should be and Paramount's indecision. Feeling it was "physically impossible" to produce a script that satisfied all parties, they left the project by mutual consent on March 18, 1977. "We begged to be fired." Kaufman reconceived the story with Spock as the captain of his own ship and featuring Toshiro Mifune as Spock's Klingon nemesis, but on May 8 Katzenberg informed the director that the film was cancelled, less than three weeks before Star Wars was released. [ 7 ] [ 25 ] Phase II and restart Barry Diller had grown concerned by the direction Star Trek had taken in Planet of the Titans , and suggested to Roddenberry that it was time to take the franchise back to its roots as a television series. Diller planned on a new Star Trek series forming the cornerstone for a new television network . Though Paramount was reluctant to abandon its work on the film, Roddenberry wanted to bring many of the production staff from the original series to work on the new show, titled Star Trek: Phase II . [ 19 ] : 55 Producer Harold Livingston was assigned to find writers for new episodes, while Roddenberry prepared a writers' guide briefing the uninitiated on the franchise canon. Of the original cast, only Leonard Nimoy stated he would not return. Roddenberry created a Vulcan prodigy character named Xon to replace Spock, and since Xon was too young to fill the role of first officer, Roddenberry subsequently developed the characters of Decker and Ilia. [ 14 ] : 40–2 The new series' pilot episode "In Thy Image" was based on a two-page outline by Roddenberry about a NASA probe returning to Earth, having gained sentience. Alan Dean Foster wrote a treatment for the pilot, which Livingston turned into a teleplay. [ 26 ] When the script was presented to Michael Eisner, he declared it worthy of a feature film. At the same time, the success of Close Encounters of the Third Kind showed Paramount that the box office success of Star Wars could be repeated. [ 19 ] : 155–158 On November 11, just two and a half weeks before production on Phase II was due to start, the studio announced that the television series had been canceled in favor of a new feature film. Cast and crew who had been hired that Monday were laid off by Friday, and construction came to a halt. Production was moved to April 1978 so that the necessary scripts, sets, and wardrobe could be upgraded. [ 14 ] : 47 On March 28, 1978, Paramount assembled the largest press conference held at the studio since Cecil B. DeMille announced he was making The Ten Commandments . Eisner announced that Robert Wise would direct a film adaptation of the television series titled Star Trek—The Motion Picture . [ 14 ] : 51 Wise had seen only a few Star Trek episodes, so Paramount gave him about a dozen to watch. [ 27 ] The budget was projected at $15 million. [ 7 ] The writers began to adapt "In Thy Image" into a film script, but it was not completed until four months after production commenced. [ 14 ] : 57 Wise felt that the story was sound, but the action and visuals could be made more exciting. As the planned start of photography in late spring 1978 approached, it was clear production would not be ready. Time was of the essence now that every major studio had such a film in the works, because Paramount was worried that their science fiction film would appear at the tail end of a cycle. [ 14 ] : 64 Livingston described the writers' issue with the story thus: We had a marvelous antagonist, so omnipotent that for us to defeat it or even communicate with it, or have any kind of relationship with it, made the initial concept of the story false. Here's this gigantic machine that's a million years further advanced than we are. Now, how the hell can we possibly deal with this? On what level? As the story developed, everything worked until the very end. How do you resolve this thing? If humans can defeat this marvelous machine, it's really not so great, is it? Or if it really is great, will we like those humans who do defeat it? Should they defeat it? Who is the story's hero anyway? That was the problem. We experimented with all kinds of approaches...we didn't know what to do with the ending. We always ended up against a blank wall. [ 14 ] : 66 We had a marvelous antagonist, so omnipotent that for us to defeat it or even communicate with it, or have any kind of relationship with it, made the initial concept of the story false. Here's this gigantic machine that's a million years further advanced than we are. Now, how the hell can we possibly deal with this? On what level? As the story developed, everything worked until the very end. How do you resolve this thing? If humans can defeat this marvelous machine, it's really not so great, is it? Or if it really is great, will we like those humans who do defeat it? Should they defeat it? Who is the story's hero anyway? That was the problem. We experimented with all kinds of approaches...we didn't know what to do with the ending. We always ended up against a blank wall. [ 14 ] : 66 Koenig described the state of the script at the start of filming as a three-act screenplay without a third act. [ 8 ] Because of likely changes, actors were at first told to not memorize the last third of the script, [ 28 ] which received constant input from actors and producers. Scenes were rewritten so often it became necessary to note on script pages the hour of the revision and dialogue was being rewritten for scenes that had already been shot. Povill credited Nimoy with suggesting the scene where Spock tears up, and the discussion of V'Ger's need to evolve. [ 8 ] A final draft of the third act was approved in late September 1978, but had it not been for a Penthouse interview where NASA scientist Robert Jastrow said that mechanical forms of life were likely, the ending might not have been approved by the studio. [ 14 ] : 67 By March 1979, fewer than 20 pages from the original 150 in the screenplay had been retained. [ 28 ] Design The first new sets (intended for Phase II ) were constructed beginning July 25, 1977. The fabrication was supervised by Joseph Jennings , an art director involved in the original television series, special effects expert Jim Rugg, and former Trek designer Matt Jefferies , on loan as consultant from Little House on the Prairie . [ 14 ] : 36 When the television series was canceled and plans for a film put into place, new sets were needed for the large 70 mm film format. [ 14 ] : 85 Wise asked Harold Michelson to be the film's production designer, and Michelson was put to work on finishing the incomplete Phase II sets. He began with the bridge, which had nearly been completed. Michelson first removed Chekov's new weapons station, a semicircular plastic bubble grafted onto one side of the bridge wall. The idea for Phase II was that Chekov would have looked out toward space while cross-hairs in the bubble tracked targets. Wise instead wanted Chekov's station to face the Enterprise ' s main viewer, a difficult request as the set was primarily circular. Production illustrator Michael Minor created a new look for the station using a flat edge in the corner of the set. [ 14 ] : 85 The bridge ceiling was redesigned, with Michelson taking structural inspiration from a jet engine fan. Minor built a central bubble for the ceiling to give the bridge a human touch. Ostensibly, the bubble functioned as a piece of sophisticated equipment designed to inform the captain of the ship's attitude. Most of the bridge consoles, designed by Lee Cole, remained from the scrapped television series. Cole remained on the motion picture production and was responsible for much of the visual artwork created. To inform actors and series writers, Lee prepared an Enterprise Flight Manual as a continuity guide to control functions. All the main cast needed to be familiar with control sequences at their stations as each panel was activated by touch via heat-sensitive plates. [ 14 ] : 85–6 The wattage of the light bulbs beneath the plastic console buttons was reduced from 25 watts to 6 watts after the generated heat began melting the controls. [ 14 ] : 160 The seats were covered in girdle material, used because of its stretching capacity and ability to be easily dyed. [ 14 ] : 88 For the science station, two consoles were rigged for hydraulic operation so that they could be rolled into the walls when not in use, but the system was disconnected when the crew discovered it would be easier to move them by hand. [ 14 ] : 160 Aside from control interfaces, the bridge set was populated with monitors looping animations. Each oval monitor was a rear-projection screen on which super 8 mm and 16 mm film sequences looped for each special effect. [ 14 ] : 86 The production acquired 42 films for this purpose from an Arlington, Virginia -based company, Stowmar Enterprises. Stowmar's footage was exhausted only a few weeks into filming, and it became clear that new monitor films would be needed faster than an outside supplier could deliver them. Cole, Minor, and another production designer, Rick Sternbach , worked together with Povill to devise faster ways of shooting new footage. Cole and Povill rented an oscilloscope for a day and filmed its distortions. Other loops came from Long Beach Hospital, the University of California at San Diego, and experimental computer labs in New Mexico. In all, over 200 pieces of monitor footage were created and cataloged into a seven-page listing. [ 14 ] : 87 The Enterprise engine room was redesigned while keeping consistent with the theory that the interior appearance had to match the corresponding area visible in exterior views of the starship. [ 14 ] : 87 Michelson wanted the engine room to seem vast, a difficult effect to achieve on a small sound stage. To create the illusion of depth and long visible distances, the art department staff worked on designs that would use forced perspective ; [ 8 ] [ 14 ] : 88 set designer Lewis Splittgerber considered the engine room the most difficult set to realize. On film the engine room appeared hundreds of feet long, but the set was actually only 40 feet (12 m) in length. To achieve the proper look, the floor slanted upward and narrowed, while small actors three, four, and five feet in height were used as extras to give the appearance of being far from the camera. For "down shots" of the engineering complex, floor paintings extended the length of the warp core several stories. J. C. Backings created these paintings; similar backings were used to extend the length of ship corridors and the Recreation room set. [ 8 ] [ 14 ] : 89 Redesigning the Enterprise corridors was also Michelson's responsibility. Originally, the corridors were of straight plywood construction, similar to those seen in the original series, which Roddenberry called "Des Moines Holiday Inn Style". To move away from that look, Michelson created a new angular design. Roddenberry and Wise agreed with Michelson that in 300 years, lighting did not need to be overhead, so lighting radiated upward from the floor. Different lighting schemes were used to simulate different decks of the ship with the same length of corridor. Aluminum panels on the walls outside Kirk's and Ilia's quarters were covered with an orange ultrasuede to represent the living area of the ship. [ 14 ] : 89–91 The transporter had originally been developed for the television series as a matter of convenience; it would have been prohibitively expensive to show the Enterprise land on every new planet. For the redesign, Michelson felt that the transporter should look and feel more powerful. [ 19 ] : 164–7 He added a sealed control room that would protect operators from the powerful forces at work. The space between the transporter platform and the operators was filled with complex machinery, and cinematographer Richard Kline added eerie lighting for atmosphere. [ 14 ] : 92 After the redesign of the Enterprise sets was complete, Michelson turned his attention to creating the original sets needed for the film. The recreation deck occupied an entire soundstage, dwarfing the room built for the planned television series; this was the largest interior in the film. The set was 24 feet (7.3 m) high, decorated with 107 pieces of custom-designed furniture, and packed with 300 people for filming. Below a large viewing screen on one end of the set was a series of art panels containing illustrations of previous ships bearing the name Enterprise . One of the ships was NASA's own Enterprise , added per Roddenberry's request: Some fans have suggested that our new Enterprise should carry a plaque somewhere which commemorates the fact it was named after the first space shuttle launched from Earth in 1970s. This is an intriguing idea. It also has publicity advantages if properly released at the right time. It won't hurt NASA 's feelings either. I'll leave it to you where you want it on the vessel. [ 14 ] : 93–4 Some fans have suggested that our new Enterprise should carry a plaque somewhere which commemorates the fact it was named after the first space shuttle launched from Earth in 1970s. This is an intriguing idea. It also has publicity advantages if properly released at the right time. It won't hurt NASA 's feelings either. I'll leave it to you where you want it on the vessel. [ 14 ] : 93–4 Another large construction task was the V ' ger set, referred to by the production staff as "the Coliseum" or "the microwave wok". The set was designed and fabricated in four and a half weeks, and was filmable from all angles; parts of the set were designed to pull away for better camera access at the center. During production, Star Trek used 11 of Paramount's 32 sound stages, more than any other film done there at the time. To save money, construction coordinator Gene Kelley struck sets with his own crew immediately after filming, lest Paramount charge the production to have the sets dismantled. The final cost for constructing the sets ran at approximately $1.99 million (equivalent to $8.62 million in 2024), not counting additional costs for Phase II fabrication. [ 14 ] : 93–5 Props and models The first Star Trek movie models constructed were small study models for Planet of the Titans based on designs by Adam and McQuarrie, but these flat-hulled Enterprise concepts were abandoned when that film was cancelled (although one was later used in the space-dock in the movie Star Trek III: The Search for Spock , and another later appeared in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode " The Best of Both Worlds "). [ 19 ] : 56 When the project became The Motion Picture , Robert Abel and Associates (RA&A) art director Richard Taylor wanted to completely redesign the ship, but Roddenberry insisted on the same shape as designed by Jefferies for Phase II . Taylor focused on the details, giving it a stylization he considered "almost Art Deco ". Concept artist Andrew Probert helped refine the redesign. [ 29 ] : 85 The general shape and proportions of the Phase II ship were retained, but the angles, curves and details refined. Taylor took on the nacelles, and Probert the rest of the ship. Changes included "radiator grill" nacelle caps, a glowing deflector dish, a new impulse engine, new shapes for the aft end and hangar doors of the secondary hull, more docking ports, rounder windows, hatches, and windows for an observation lounge, recreation deck, and arboretum. Probert also replaced the Phase II ship weapons tube with a twin launcher torpedo deck and added elements such as features for a separating saucer and landing pads that were never utilized on any film featuring the model. [ 19 ] : 155–158 Most of the models in The Motion Picture were designed by Magicam, a Paramount subsidiary. The main Enterprise model was eight feet long, to a scale of 1/120th scale size, or 1 inch (2.5 cm) to 10 feet (3.0 m). It took 14 months and $150,000 to build. Instead of standard fiberglass used for older models, the new Enterprise was constructed with lightweight plastics, weighing 85 pounds (39 kg). The biggest design issue was making sure that the connective dorsal neck and twin warp nacelle struts were strong enough so that no part of the ship model would sag, bend, or quiver when the model was being moved, which was accomplished via an arc-welded aluminum skeleton. The completed model could be supported at one of five possible points as each photographic angle required. A second, 20-inch (51 cm) model of the ship was used for long shots. [ 14 ] : 207 While the hull surface was kept smooth, it was treated with a special paint finish that made its surface appear iridescent in certain light. Transparencies of the film's sets were inserted behind some windows, and as jokes, some featured Probert, other production staff members, and Mickey Mouse . [ 29 ] : 87 Magicam also produced the orbital dry dock seen during the Enterprise ' s first appearance in the film. Measuring 4 ft × 10 ft × 6 ft (1.2 m × 3.0 m × 1.8 m), its 56 neon panels required 168,000 volts of electricity to operate, with a separate table to support the transformers. [ 14 ] : 210 The creation of V'Ger caused problems for the entire production. The crew was dissatisfied with the original four-foot clay model created by the Abel group, which looked like a modernized Nemo's Nautilus submarine. Industrial designer Syd Mead was hired to visualize a new version of the mammoth craft. Mead created a machine that contained organic elements based on input from Wise, Roddenberry, and the effects leads. The final model was 68 feet (21 m) long, built from the rear forward so that the camera crews could shoot footage while the next sections were still being fabricated. The model was built out of a plethora of materials—wood, foam, macramé, Styrofoam cups, incandescent, neon and strobe lights. [ 30 ] : 63–4 Dick Rubin handled the film's props and set up a makeshift office in the corner of stage 9 throughout production. Rubin's philosophy as property master was that nearly every actor or extra ought to have something in their hands. As such, Rubin devised and fabricated about 350 props for the film, 55 of which were used in the San Francisco tram scene alone. [ 14 ] : 145 Many of the props were updated designs of items previously seen in the television series, such as phasers and handheld communicators. The only prop that remained from the original television series was Uhura's wireless earpiece, which Nichols requested on the first day of shooting (and all the production crew save those who had worked on the television show had forgotten about). The new phaser was entirely self-contained, with its own circuitry, batteries, and four blinking lights. The prop came with a hefty $4000 price tag; to save money, the lights were dropped, reducing the size of the phaser by a third. A total of 15 of the devices were made for the film. The communicators were radically altered, as by the 1970s the micro-miniaturization of electronics convinced Roddenberry that the bulky handheld devices of the television series were no longer believable. A wrist-based design was decided upon, with the provision that it look far different from the watch Dick Tracy had been using since the 1930s. Two hundred communicators were fashioned, but only a few were the $3500 top models, used for close-ups of the device in action. Most of the props were made from plastic, as Rubin thought that in the future man-made materials would be used almost exclusively. [ 14 ] : 146–8 Costumes and makeup Roddenberry firmly believed that throwaway clothes were the future of the industry, and this idea was incorporated into the costumes of The Motion Picture . William Ware Theiss , the designer who created the original television series costumes, was too busy to work on the film. Instead, Robert Fletcher , considered one of American theater's most successful costume and scenic designers, was selected to design the new uniforms, suits, and robes for the production. Fletcher eschewed man-made synthetics for natural materials, finding that these fabrics sewed better and lasted longer. [ 14 ] : 129 As times had changed, the brightly multicolored Starfleet uniforms were revised: the miniskirts worn by women in the original series would now be considered sexist, and Wise and Fletcher deemed the colors garish and working against believability on the big screen. Fletcher's first task was to create new, less conspicuous uniforms. [ 14 ] : 123–5 In the original series, divisions in ship assignments were denoted by shirt color; for the movie, these color codes were moved to small patches on each person's uniform. The Starfleet delta symbol was standardized and superimposed over a circle of color indicating area of service. The blue color of previous uniforms was discarded, for fear they might interfere with the blue screens used for optical effects. Three types of uniforms were fabricated: dress uniforms used for special occasions, Class A uniforms for regular duty, and Class B uniforms as an alternative. The Class A designs were double-stitched in gabardine and featured gold braid designating rank. [ 14 ] : 123–6 Fletcher designed the Class B uniform as similar to evolved T-shirts, with shoulder boards used to indicate rank and service divisions. Each costume had the shoes built into the pant leg to further the futuristic look. An Italian shoemaker decorated by the Italian government for making Gucci shoes was tasked with creating the futuristic footwear. Combining the shoes and trousers was difficult, time-consuming, and expensive, as each shoe had to be sewn by hand after being fitted to each principal actor. There were difficulties in communication, as the shoemaker spoke limited English and occasionally confused shoe orders due to similar-sounding names. Jumpsuits, serving a more utilitarian function, were the only costumes to have pockets, and were made with a heavyweight spandex that required a special needle to puncture the thick material. A variety of field jackets, leisure wear, and spacesuits were also created; as these parts had to be designed and completed before most of the actors' parts had been cast, many roles were filled by considering how well the actors would fit into existing costumes. [ 14 ] : 127–8 For the civilians of San Francisco, Fletcher decided on a greater freedom in dress. Much of the materials for these casual clothes were found in the old storerooms at Paramount, where a large amount of unused or forgotten material lay in storage. One bolt of material had been handpicked by Cecil DeMille in 1939, and was in perfect condition. The red, black, and gold brocade was woven with real gold and silver wrapped around silk thread; the resulting costume was used for a background Betelgeusean ambassador and, at a price of $10,000 for the fabric alone, was the most expensive costume ever worn by a Hollywood extra. [ 14 ] : 129 [ 19 ] : 177–8 Fletcher also recycled suedes from The Ten Commandments for other costumes. [ 19 ] : 177–8 With the approval of Roddenberry, Fletcher fashioned complete backgrounds for the alien races seen in the Earth and recreation deck sequences, describing their appearances and the composition of their costumes. [ 14 ] : 130 Fred Phillips , the original designer of Spock's Vulcan ears, served as The Motion Picture ' s makeup artist. He and his staff were responsible for fifty masks and makeup for the aliens seen in the film. The designs were developed by Phillips or from his sketches. In his long association with Star Trek , Phillips produced his 2,000th Spock ear during the production of The Motion Picture . Each ear was made of latex and other ingredients blended together in a kitchen mixer, then baked for six hours. Though Phillips had saved the original television series casts used for making the appliances, Nimoy's ears had grown in the decade since and new molds had to be fabricated. While on the small screen the ears could be used up to four times, since nicks and tears did not show up on television, Phillips had to create around three pairs a day for Nimoy during filming. [ 19 ] : 178–9 [ 14 ] : 134–7 The upswept Vulcan eyebrows needed to be applied hair by hair for proper detail, and it took Nimoy more than two hours to prepare for filming—twice as long as it had for television. [ 14 ] : 138 Besides developing Vulcan ears and alien masks, Phillips and his assistant Charles Schram applied more routine makeup to the principal actors. Khambatta's head was freshly shaved each day, then given an application of makeup to reduce glare from the hot set lights. Khambatta had no qualms about shaving her head at first, but began worrying if her hair would grow back properly. Roddenberry proposed insuring Khambatta's hair after the actress voiced her concerns, believing it would be good publicity, [ 14 ] : 139 but legal teams determined such a scheme would be very costly. Instead, Khambatta visited the Georgette Klinger Skin Care Salon in Beverly Hills, where the studio footed the bill for the recommended six facials and scalp treatments during production, as well as a daily scalp treatment routine of cleansers and lotion. Collins described Khambatta as very patient and professional while her scalp was shaved and treated for up to two hours each day. Khambatta spent six months following the regimen; her hair eventually regrew without issue, though she kept her shaven locks after production had ended. [ 14 ] : 140 [ 8 ] Technical consulting In the decade between the end of the Star Trek television series and the film, many of the futuristic technologies that appeared on the show—electronic doors that open automatically, talking computers, weapons that stun rather than kill, and personal communication devices—had become a reality. Roddenberry had insisted that the technology aboard the Enterprise be grounded in established science and scientific theories. The Motion Picture likewise received technical consultation from NASA, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology , and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , as well as individuals such as former astronaut Rusty Schweickart and the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov . [ 14 ] : 149 The greatest amount of technical advice for the production came from NASA, who provided Trek fan Jesco von Puttkamer as advisor to the film. Roddenberry had known Puttkamer since 1975, when they had been introduced by a mutual friend, the assistant director of astronautics at the Smithsonian Institution . From 1976 until the completion of the film Puttkamer provided the writers, producer, and director with memos on everything technical in the script; [ 14 ] : 150–3 the scientist reviewed every line in the script, and was unpaid for his assistance. "Science fiction films, including those of the recent past, have been woefully short of good science advice", he said. " Star Wars [is] really not science fiction. I loved it, but it's a fairy tale of princes and knights in another galaxy. The technology was improbable, the science impossible." [ 31 ] During the rewrite of the final scenes, the studio executives clashed with Roddenberry about the script's ending, believing that the concept of a living machine was too far-fetched. The executives consulted Asimov: if the writer decided a sentient machine was plausible, the ending could stay. Asimov loved the ending, but made one small suggestion; he felt that the use of the word "wormhole" was incorrect, and that the anomaly that the Enterprise found itself in would be more accurately called a "temporal tunnel". [ 14 ] : 155–6 Filming Filming of The Motion Picture began on August 7, 1978. A few small ceremonies were performed before photography began; Roddenberry gave Wise his baseball cap, a gift from the captain of the nuclear carrier Enterprise . Wise and Roddenberry then cracked a breakaway bottle of champagne on the bridge set (with no champagne inside to avoid damaging the set). The scene of the busy crew on the Enterprise bridge just prior to Kirk's arrival was the first to be shot; Wise directed 15 takes into the late afternoon before he was satisfied with the scene. [ 14 ] : 1–3 The first day's shots used 1,650 feet (500 m) of film; 420 feet (130 m) were considered "good", 1,070 feet (330 m) were judged "no good", and 160 feet (49 m) were wasted; only one-and-one-eighth pages had been shot. [ 14 ] : 7 Alex Weldon was hired to be supervisor of special effects for the film. [ n 1 ] Weldon was planning on retiring after 42 years of effects work, but his wife urged him to take on Star Trek because she thought he did not have enough to do. [ 14 ] : 159 When Weldon was hired, many of the effects had already been started or completed by Rugg; it was up to Weldon to complete more complex and higher-budgeted effects for the motion picture. The first step of preparation involved analyzing the script in the number, duration, and type of effects. Before costs could be determined and Weldon could shop for necessary items, he and the other members of the special effects team worked out all possibilities for pulling off the effects in a convincing manner. [ 14 ] : 160 Richard H. Kline served as the film's cinematographer. Working from sketch artist Maurice Zuberano's concepts, Wise would judge if they were on the right track. Kline and Michelson would then discuss the look they wanted (along with Weldon, if effects were involved). Each sequence was then storyboarded and left to Kline to execute. The cinematographer called his function to "interpret [the] preplanning and make it indelible on film. It's a way of everybody being on the same wavelength." Kline recalled that there was not a single "easy" shot to produce for the picture, as each required special consideration. The bridge, for example, was lit with a low density of light to make the console monitors display better. It was hard to frame shots so that reflections of the crew in monitors or light spilling through floor grilles were not seen in the final print. [ 14 ] : 185–7 While Kline was concerned with lighting, print quality, and color, Bonnie Prendergast, the script supervisor, took notes that would be written up after the company had finished for the day. Prendergast's role was to ensure continuity in wardrobe, actor position, and prop placement. Any changes in dialogue or ad-libbed lines were similarly written down. Assistant director Danny McCauley was responsible for collaborating with unit production manager Phil Rawlins to finalize shooting orders and assigning extras. Rawlins, production manager Lindsley Parsons Jr., and Katzenberg were all tasked with keeping things moving as fast as possible and keeping the budget under control; every hour on stage cost the production $4000. [ 14 ] : 188–9 Despite tight security around production, in February 1978 the head of an Orange County, California Star Trek fan group reported to the FBI that a man offered to sell plans of the film set. The seller was convicted of stealing a trade secret , fined $750, and sentenced to two years' probation. [ 28 ] Visitor's badges were created to keep track of guests, and due to the limited number were constantly checked out. Visitors included the press, fan leaders, friends of the cast and crew, and actors such as Clint Eastwood , Tony Curtis , Robin Williams and Mel Brooks . [ 14 ] : 178–80 Security swept cars leaving the lots for stolen items; even the principal actors were not spared this inconvenience. [ 5 ] : 71 New West magazine in March 1979 nonetheless revealed most of the plot, including Spock's arrival on the Enterprise , V'Ger's identity, and its reason for coming to Earth. [ 28 ] By August 9, the production was already a full day behind schedule. Despite the delays, Wise refused to shoot more than twelve hours on set, feeling he lost his edge afterwards. [ 5 ] : 42 He was patient on set; betting pool organizers returned collected money when Wise never lost his cool throughout production. [ 6 ] : 66–71 Koenig described working with Wise as a highlight of his career. Katzenberg called Wise the film's savior, using his experience to (as Shatner recalled) subtly make filming "actor-proof". [ 8 ] Given his unfamiliarity with the source material Wise relied on the actors, especially Shatner, to ensure that dialogue and characterizations were consistent with the show. [ 27 ] Gautreaux was among the actors who had not worked with a chroma key before. Wise had to explain to actors where to look and how to react to things they could not see while filming. [ 8 ] While the bridge scenes were shot early, trouble with filming the transporter room scene delayed further work. Crew working on the transporter platform found their footwear melting on the lighted grid while shooting tests. [ 9 ] : 232 Issues with the wormhole sequences caused further delays. The footage for the scene was filmed two ways; first, at the standard 24 frames per second, and then at the faster 48 frames; the normal footage was a back-up if the slow-motion effect produced by the faster frame speed did not turn out as planned. [ 5 ] : 57 The shoot dragged on so long that it became a running joke for cast members to try and top each other with wormhole-related puns. The scene was finally completed on August 24, while the transporter scenes were being filmed at the same time on the same soundstage. [ 5 ] : 68–70 The planet Vulcan setting was created using a mixture of on-location photography at Minerva Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park and set recreation. [ 14 ] : 165 Yellowstone was selected after filming in Turkish ruins proved to be too expensive. Securing permission for filming the scenes was difficult in the middle of the summer tourist season, but the Parks Department acquiesced so long as the crew remained on the boardwalks to prevent damage to geological formations. Zuberano, who had helped select the site for the shoot, traveled to Yellowstone and returned with a number of photos. Minor also made a trip and returned to create a large painting depicting how the scene might look. In consultations with Michelson, the crew decided to use miniatures in the foreground to create the Vulcan temples, combined with the real hot springs in the background. In the film, the bottom third of the frames were composed of miniature stairs, rocks, bits of red glass and a Vulcan statue. The center of the frame contained Nimoy's shots and the park setting, while the final third of the frame was filled with a matte painting. On August 8, the day after production began at Paramount, an 11-person second unit left for Yellowstone. The sequence took three days to shoot. [ 14 ] : 172–6 On returning to Paramount, the art department had to recreate parts of Yellowstone in a large "B tank", 110 by 150 feet (34 by 46 m) long. The tank was designed to be flooded with millions of gallons of water to represent large bodies of water. Minor set up miniatures on the tank's floor before construction and made sure that the shadows that fell on Spock at Yellowstone could be properly recreated. A plywood base was built on metal platforms to create stone silhouettes, reinforced with chicken wire. Polyurethane foam was sprayed over the framework under the supervision of the Los Angeles Fire Department. The bottom part of the statue miniature was represented by a 16-foot-high (4.9 m) fiberglass foot. [ 14 ] : 172–6 Weldon matched the effects filmed at Yellowstone using dry ice and steam machines. To recreate the appearance of the swirling eddies of water in the real Yellowstone, a combination of evaporated milk, white poster paint, and water was poured into the set's pools. The pressure of the steam channeled into the pools through hidden tubing causes enough movement in the whirlpools to duplicate the location footage. [ 14 ] : 165 Due to the requirement that the sun be in a specific location for filming and that the environment be bright enough, production fell behind schedule when it was unseasonably cloudy for three days straight. Any further scenes to recreate Vulcan would be impossible, as the set was immediately torn down to serve as a parking lot for the remainder of the summer. [ 14 ] : 177 The computer console explosion that causes the transporter malfunction was simulated using Brillo Pads . Weldon hid steel wool inside the console and attached an arc welder to operate by remote control when the actor pulled a wire. The welder was designed to create a spark instead of actually welding, causing the steel wool to burn and make sparks; so effective was the setup that the cast members were continually startled by the flare-ups, resulting in additional takes. [ 14 ] : 161 Various canisters and cargo containers appear to be suspended by anti-gravity throughout the film. These effects were executed by several of Weldon's assistants. The crew built a circular track that had the same shape as the corridor and suspended the antigravity prop on four small wires that connected to the track. The wires were treated with a special acid that oxidized the metal; the reaction tarnished the wires to a dull gray that would not show up in the deep blue corridor lighting. Cargo boxes were made out of light balsa wood so that fine wires could be used as support. [ 14 ] : 165 "Captain, there is an object in the liver of the cloud." "You have the guts to tell me that?!" "Captain, there is an object in the liver of the cloud." "You have the guts to tell me that?!" As August ended, production continued to slip farther behind schedule. Koenig learned that rather than being released in 14 days after his scenes were completed, his last day would be on October 26—eight weeks later than expected. [ 5 ] : 84–5 The next bridge scenes to be filmed after the wormhole sequence, Enterprise ' s approach to V'Ger and the machine's resulting attack, were postponed for two weeks so that the special effects for the scene could be planned and implemented, and the engine room scenes could be shot. [ 5 ] : 87 Chekov's burns sustained in V'Ger's attack were difficult to film; though the incident took only minutes on film, Weldon spent hours preparing the effect. A piece of aluminum foil was placed around Koenig's arm, covered by a protective pad and then hidden by the uniform sleeve. Weldon prepared an ammonia and acetic acid solution that was touched to Koenig's sleeve, causing it to smoke. Difficulties resulted in the scene being shot ten times; it was especially uncomfortable for the actor, whose arm was slightly burned when some of the solution leaked through to his arm. [ 14 ] : 162 Khambatta also faced difficulties during filming. She refused to appear nude as called for in the script during the Ilia probe's appearance. The producers got her to agree to wear a thin skin-colored body stocking, but she caught a cold as a result of the shower mist, created by dropping dry ice into warm water and funneling the vapors into the shower by a hidden tube. Khambatta had to leave the location repeatedly to avoid hypercapnia . [ 14 ] : 162 One scene required the Ilia probe to slice through a steel door in the sickbay; doors made out of paper, corrugated cardboard covered in aluminum foil, and cork were tested before the proper effect was reached. The illuminated button in the hollow of the probe's throat was a 12-volt light bulb that Khambatta could turn on and off via hidden wires; the bulb's heat eventually caused a slight burn. [ 14 ] : 163 On January 26, 1979, the film finally wrapped after 125 days. Shatner, Nimoy, and Kelley delivered their final lines at 4:50 pm. Before the crew could go home, a final shot had to be filmed—the climactic fusing of Decker and V'Ger. The script prescribed a heavy emphasis on lighting, with spiraling and blinding white lights. Collins was covered in tiny dabs of cotton glued to his jacket; these highlights were designed to create a body halo. Helicopter lights, 4,000-watt lamps and wind machines were used to create the effect of Decker's fusion with the living machine. The first attempts at filming the scene became a nightmare for the crew. The extreme lighting caused normally invisible dust particles in the air to be illuminated, creating the appearance that the actors were caught in a blizzard. During the retakes throughout the week the crew mopped and dusted the set constantly, and it required later technical work to eliminate the dust in the final print. [ 14 ] : 190–2 Two weeks later, the entire cast and crew joined with studio executives for a traditional wrap party. [ n 2 ] Four hundred people attended the gathering, which spilled over into two restaurants in Beverly Hills. While much of the crew readied for post-production, Wise and Roddenberry were grateful for the opportunity to take a short vacation from the motion picture before returning to work. [ 14 ] : 193 Post-production I wanted it to be this beautiful, epic, spectacular sequence that had no dialogue, no story, no plot, everything stops, and let the audience just love the Enterprise . I wanted everybody to buy into the beauty of space, and the beauty of their mission, and the beauty of the Enterprise itself, and just have everybody get out of their way and let that happen, which is something I really learned with Kubrick and 2001 : Stop talking for a while, and let it all flow. I wanted it to be this beautiful, epic, spectacular sequence that had no dialogue, no story, no plot, everything stops, and let the audience just love the Enterprise . I wanted everybody to buy into the beauty of space, and the beauty of their mission, and the beauty of the Enterprise itself, and just have everybody get out of their way and let that happen, which is something I really learned with Kubrick and 2001 : Stop talking for a while, and let it all flow. — Douglas Trumbull, on the Kirk/Scott drydock scene [ 32 ] While the cast departed to work on other projects, the post-production team was tasked with finalizing the film in time for a Christmas release; [ 14 ] : 194 the resulting work would take twice as long as the filming process had taken. Editor Todd Ramsay and assistants spent principal photography syncing film and audio tracks. The resulting rough cuts were used to formulate plans for sound effects, music, and optical effects that would be added later. Roddenberry also provided a large amount of input, sending memos to Ramsay via Wise with ideas for editing. Ramsay tried to cut as much unnecessary footage as he could as long as the film's character and story development were not damaged. [ 14 ] : 178–9 One of Roddenberry's ideas was to have the Vulcans speak their own language. Because the original Vulcan scenes had been photographed with actors speaking English, the "language" needed to lip-sync with the actor's lines. [ 33 ] After the groundbreaking opticals of Star Wars , Star Trek ' s producers realized the film required similarly high-quality visuals. [ 14 ] : 202 Douglas Trumbull , a film director with an excellent reputation in Hollywood [ 34 ] who had collaborated on 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), was the first choice for director of special effects, but declined the offer. Trumbull was busy on Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1979), and was tired of being ignored as a director and having to churn out special effects for someone else's production; after completing the effects work, Trumbull planned on launching his own feature using a new film process. The next choice, John Dykstra , was similarly wrapped up in other projects. [ 30 ] : 4 Post-production supervisor Paul Rabwin suggested Robert Abel 's production company Robert Abel and Associates might be up to the task. The scope and size of the effects grew after the television movie became The Motion Picture . RA&A bid $4 million for doing the film's effects and Paramount accepted. As new effects were added, Abel increased their bid by $750,000, and Roddenberry suggested that the effects costs and schedules be reexamined. [ 14 ] : 202–3 Rumors surfaced about difficulties regarding the special effects. A year into the production, millions of dollars had been spent but almost no usable footage had been created; [ 30 ] : 4 RA&A was not experienced in motion picture production and the steep learning curve worried the producers. Effects artist Richard Yuricich acted as a liaison between Abel and Paramount. To speed up the work, Abel passed off miniature and matte painting tasks to Yuricich. Despite being relieved of nearly half the effects work, it became clear by early 1979 that RA&A would not be able to complete the remainder on time. [ 30 ] : 6 By then Trumbull was supervising effects, greatly reducing Abel's role. (Because of Trumbull's disinterest in only working on special effects, he reportedly received a six-figure salary and the chance to direct his own film.) [ 35 ] Creative differences grew between RA&A and the Paramount production team; [ 14 ] : 204 Wise reportedly became angry during a viewing of Abel's completed effects, of which the studio decided only one was usable. Paramount fired RA&A on February 22, 1979. [ 35 ] The studio had spent $5 million and a year's worth of time with RA&A, [ 7 ] although Abel reportedly gained a new production studio filled with equipment using Paramount's money, [ 34 ] and allegedly sold other Paramount-funded equipment. [ 35 ] Trumbull had completed Close Encounters but his plan for a full feature had been canceled by Paramount, possibly as punishment for passing on Star Trek . [ 30 ] : 4 With Trumbull now available, primary responsibility for The Motion Picture ' s optical effects passed on to him. [ 14 ] : 204–5 Offering what Trumbull described as "an almost unlimited budget", [ 32 ] in March the studio asked Trumbull if he could get the opticals work completed by December, the release date to which Paramount was financially committed (having accepted advances from exhibitors planning on a Christmas delivery). Trumbull was confident that he could get the work done without a loss of quality despite a reputation for missing deadlines because of his perfectionism. Paramount assigned a studio executive to Trumbull to make sure he would meet the release date, [ 34 ] and together with Yuricich the effects team rushed to finish. [ 7 ] The effects budget climbed to $10 million. [ 14 ] : 204–5 Trumbull recalled that Wise "trusted me implicitly" as a fellow director to complete the effects and "fix this for him". [ 32 ] Yuricich's previous work had been as Director of Photography for Photographic Effects on Close Encounters , and he and Trumbull reassembled the crew and equipment from the feature, adding more personnel and space. Time, not money, was the main issue; Trumbull had to deliver in nine months as many effects as in Star Wars or Close Encounters combined, which had taken years to complete. [ 32 ] [ 14 ] : 206 The Glencoe-based facilities the teams had used for Close Encounters were deemed insufficient, and a nearby facility was rented and outfitted with five more stages equipped with camera tracks and systems. [ 30 ] : 8 Dykstra and his 60-person production house Apogee Company were subcontracted to Trumbull. [ 14 ] : 211–2 Crews worked in three shifts a day, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. [ 32 ] Trumbull and Dykstra found the Magicam models problematic. The Klingon cruiser's lighting was so dim that there was no way to make them bright enough on film. As Trumbull also felt the Enterprise ' s lights were ill-suited for his needs, he rewired both models. He thought that Enterprise should self-illuminate when traveling years from any source of light. Instead of having the ship completely dark save for viewports, Trumbull devised a system of self-illumination; he pictured the ship as something like an oceanliner, "a grand lady of the seas at night". [ 14 ] : 210 [ 32 ] A similar method was used on the Klingon cruiser model, but he made it less well-lit to convey a different look than the clean visuals of the Federation—the cruiser was meant to evoke "an enemy submarine in World War II that's been out at sea for too long". [ 14 ] : 210 [ 19 ] : 170–173 Trumbull wished that the Enterprise model were larger; a special periscope lens system was needed for close-up film angles. [ 8 ] [ 32 ] The models were filmed in multiple passes and composited together in post-production; multiple passes with only the model's lighting running were added to the original pass for the final look. The Klingon cruiser sequence was developed to avoid an opening similar to Star Wars , with one model used for all three seen in the film. [ 30 ] : 52 While Dykstra's team handled the ships, the V'Ger cloud was developed by Trumbull. [ 30 ] : 55 Trumbull wanted the cloud to have a specific shape to it—"it couldn't just be a blob of cotton," he said, "it had to have some shape that you could get camera angles on." A special camera support track was built that could pan and focus over a 40-by-80-foot (12 by 24 m) piece of art, with the light strobed to provide depth. While the team planned on compositing multiple passes to provide physical movement to the cloud shots, Trumbull felt that it detracted from the sense of scale, and so small animations were subtly introduced in the final product. [ 30 ] : 11 The torpedo effects were simulated by shooting a laser through a piece of crystal mounted on a rotating rod after experiments with Tesla coils proved insufficient. The same effect was recolored and used for the Klingons and the Enterprise ; the aliens' torpedoes glowed red while the "good guys" had blue-colored weaponry. V'Ger's destruction of the ships was created using scanning lasers, with the multiple laser passes composited onto the moving model to create the final effect. [ 30 ] : 55–6 Trumbull wanted the scene of Kirk and Scott approaching the Enterprise in drydock without dialogue to "let the audience just love the Enterprise ". [ 32 ] Its two pages of script needed 45 different shots—averaging one a day—for the travel pod containing Kirk to make its flight from the space office complex to the docking ring. Double shifts around the clock were required to finish the effect on time. [ 14 ] : 210 For close shots of the pod traveling to the Enterprise , close-ups of Shatner and Doohan were composited into the model, while in long shots lookalike puppets were used. [ 19 ] : 170–73 Dykstra and Apogee created three models to stand in for the Epsilon 9 station. A 6-by-3.5-foot (1.8 by 1.1 m) model was used for distance shots, while an isolated 5-by-6-foot (1.5 by 1.8 m) panel was used for closer shots. The station control tower was replicated with rear-projection screens to add the people inside. A 2 ft model spaceman created for the shot was used in the drydock sequence and Spock's spacewalk. Unique destruction effects for the station had to be discarded due to time constraints. V'Ger itself was filmed in a hazy, smoky room, in part to convey depth and also to hide the parts of the ship still under construction. The multiple passes were largely based on guesswork, as every single available camera was in use and the effects had to be generated without the aid of a bluescreen. [ 30 ] : 59–64 Even after the change in effects companies, Yuricich continued to provide many of the matte paintings used in the film, having previously collaborated on The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), Ben-Hur (1959), North by Northwest (1959) and Logan's Run (1976). The paintings were combined with live-action after a selected area of the frame was matted out; the blue Earth sky over Yellowstone, for example was replaced with a red-hued Vulcan landscape. More than 100 such paintings were used. [ 14 ] : 211 Trumbull said that Wise and the studio gave him "a tremendous amount of creative freedom" [ 32 ] despite being hired after the completion of nearly all the principal photography. The Spock spacewalk sequence, for example, was radically changed from the Abel version. The original plan was for Kirk to follow Spock in a spacesuit and come under attack from a mass of sensor-type organisms. Spock would save his friend, and the two would proceed through V'ger. Wise, Kline, and Abel had been unable to agree on how to photograph the sequence, and the result was a poorly designed and ungainly effect that Trumbull was convinced was disruptive to the plot and would have cost millions to fix. Instead, he recommended a stripped-down sequence that omitted Kirk entirely and would be simple and easy to shoot; [ 30 ] : 8 Robert McCall, known for designing the original posters to 2001 , provided Trumbull with concept art to inform the new event. [ 14 ] : 211 Post-production was so late that Paramount obtained an entire MGM sound stage to store 3,000 large metal containers for each theater around the country. Each final film reel was taken while wet from the film studio and put into a container with other reels, then taken to airplanes waiting on tarmacs. [ 8 ] By the time The Motion Picture was finished, $26 million was spent on the film itself, while $18 million had been spent on sets for the undeveloped Phase II series, much of which were not used for the film itself, which brought the total cost of the movie to $44 million. [ 36 ] Music The score for Star Trek: The Motion Picture was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith , beginning a long association with scoring Star Trek film and television. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Gene Roddenberry had originally wanted Goldsmith to score Star Trek 's pilot episode, " The Cage ", but he was unavailable. [ 40 ] When Wise signed on to direct, Paramount asked if he had any objection to using Goldsmith. Wise, who had worked with Goldsmith on The Sand Pebbles , replied "Hell, no. He's great!" Wise later considered his work with Goldsmith one of the best relationships he ever had with a composer. [ 41 ] Goldsmith was influenced by the style of the romantic, sweeping music of Star Wars . "When you stop and think about it, space is a very romantic thought. It is, to me, like the Old West, we're up in the universe. It's about discovery and new life [...] it's really the basic premise of Star Trek ", he said. Goldsmith's initial bombastic main theme reminded Ramsay and Wise of sailing ships. Unable to articulate what he felt was wrong with the piece, Wise recommended writing an entirely different piece. Although irked by the rejection, Goldsmith consented to rework his initial ideas. [ 40 ] The rewriting of the theme required changes to several sequences Goldsmith had scored without writing a main title piece. The approach of Kirk and Scott to the drydocked Enterprise by shuttle lasted a ponderous five minutes due to the effect shots coming in late and unedited, requiring Goldsmith to maintain interest with a revised and developed cue. [ 37 ] : 88 Star Trek: The Motion Picture is the only Star Trek film to have a true overture , using "Ilia's Theme" (later re-recorded, as a lyrical version, by Shaun Cassidy as "A Star Beyond Time" with lyrics by Larry Kusik ) in this role, most noticeably in the "Director's Edition" DVD release. Star Trek and The Black Hole were the only feature films to use an overture from the end of 1979 until 2000 (with Lars von Trier 's Dancer in the Dark ). [ 42 ] Much of the recording equipment used to create the movie's intricately complicated sound effects was, at the time, extremely cutting-edge. Among these pieces of equipment was the ADS ( Advanced Digital Synthesizer ) 11, manufactured by Pasadena, California custom synthesizer manufacturer Con Brio, Inc. The movie provided major publicity and was used to advertise the synthesizer, though no price was given. [ 43 ] The film's soundtrack also provided a debut for the Blaster Beam , an electronic instrument 12 to 15 feet (3.7 to 4.6 m) long. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] It was created by musician Craig Huxley , who played a small role in an episode of the original television series. [ 37 ] : 89 The Blaster had steel wires connected to amplifiers fitted to the main piece of aluminum; the device was played with an artillery shell. Goldsmith heard it and immediately decided to use it for V'Ger's cues. [ 40 ] Several state-of-the-art synthesizers were used as musical instruments, notably the Yamaha CS-80 , ARP 2600 , Oberheim OB-X , and Serge synthesizer . [ 46 ] An enormous pipe organ first plays the V'Ger theme on the Enterprise ' s approach, a literal indication of the machine's power. [ 37 ] : 89 Goldsmith scored The Motion Picture over a period of three to four months, a relatively relaxed schedule compared to typical production, but time pressures resulted in Goldsmith bringing on colleagues to assist in the work. Alexander Courage , composer of the original Star Trek theme, provided arrangements to accompany Kirk's log entries, while Fred Steiner wrote 11 cues of additional music, notably the music to accompany the Enterprise achieving warp speed and first meeting V'Ger. [ 37 ] : 90 [ 47 ] The rush to finish the rest of the film impacted the score. [ 37 ] : 89 The final recording session finished at 2:00 am on December 1, [ 40 ] only five days before the film's release. [ 48 ] A soundtrack featuring the film's music was released by Columbia Records in 1979 together with the film debut, and was one of Goldsmith's best-selling scores. [ 37 ] : 90 Sony's Legacy Recordings released an expanded two-disc edition of the soundtrack on November 10, 1998. The album added an additional 21 minutes of music to supplement the original track list, and was resequenced to reflect the story line of the film. The first disc features as much of the score as can fit onto a 78-minute disc, while the second contains "Inside Star Trek", a spoken word documentary from the 1970s. [ 49 ] In 2012, the score was released yet again via La-La Land Records in association with Sony Music. This 3-CD set contains the complete score for the first time, plus unreleased alternate and unused cues, in addition to the remastered original 1979 album. [ 50 ] The score to Star Trek: The Motion Picture went on to garner Goldsmith nominations for the Oscars , Golden Globe and Saturn awards. [ 51 ] It is often regarded as one of the composer's greatest scores, [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and was also one of the American Film Institute 's 250 nominated scores for their top 25 American film scores . [ 54 ] Sound effects Sound designer Frank Serafine , a longtime Star Trek fan, was invited to create the sound effects for the picture. Given access to state-of-the-art audio equipment, Serafine saw the picture as the chance to modernize outdated motion picture sound techniques with digital technology. Owing to background noise such as camera operation, much of the ambient noise or dialogue captured on set was unusable; it was Serafine's job to create or recreate sounds to mix back into the scenes. [ 55 ] : 796 As all the sound elements such as dubbed lines or background noise came together, they were classified into three divisions: A Effects, B Effects, and C Effects. A Effects were synthesized or acoustic sounds that were important and integral to the picture—the sound of V'Ger's weapon (partly done with the blaster beam instrument) for example, or Spock's mind meld, as well as transporters, explosions, and the warp speed sound effect. B Effects consisted of minor sounds such as the clicks of switches, beeps or chimes. C Effects were subliminal sounds that set moods—crowd chatter and ambient noise. All the elements were mixed as "predubs" to speed integration into the final sound mix. [ 55 ] : 796–7 When The Motion Picture was announced, many synthesizer artists submitted demo tapes to Paramount. Ramsay and Wise consulted and decided that the film should have a unique audio style; they were particularly concerned to avoid sounds that had become pervasive and cliché from repetitive use in other science-fiction movies. Events such as Enterprise bridge viewscreen activation were kept silent to provide a more comfortable atmosphere. In contrast, almost every action on the Klingon bridge made noise to reflect the aliens' harsh aesthetic. [ 55 ] : 797 While much of the effects were created using digital synthesizers, acoustic recordings were used as well. The wormhole's sucking sounds were created by slowing down and reversing old Paramount stock footage of a cowboy fight, while the warp acceleration "stretch" sound was built on a slowed-down cymbal crash. [ 55 ] : 798–9 The crew encountered difficulty in transferring the quarter-inch (0.64 cm) tapes used for creating the sounds to the 35 mm film used for the final prints. While the film was to be released with Dolby Stereo Sound , Serafine found it was easier to mix the sounds without regard to format and add the specific format after, during the later transfer to 35 mm. [ 55 ] : 846 Themes According to Michele and Duncan Barrett , Roddenberry had a decidedly negative view of religion that was reflected in the Star Trek television series episodes; in the episode " Who Mourns for Adonais? ", for example, the god Apollo is revealed to be a fraud, an alien rather than a divine being from Earth's past. [ 56 ] : 142 When Apollo suggests that humans need a new pantheon of gods, Kirk dismisses the idea with the words, "We find the one quite sufficient." In comparison, religious scholar Ross Kraemer says that Roddenberry "pulled his punches" regarding religion and in the television show religion was not absent but highly private. [ 57 ] : 9 Barrett suggests that with the Star Trek feature films this attitude of not addressing religious issues shifted. [ 56 ] : 144 In the television series, little time was spent pondering the fate of the dead. In The Motion Picture , meanwhile, Decker is apparently killed in merging with V'Ger, but Kirk wonders if they have seen the creation of a new life form. Decker and Ilia are listed as "missing" rather than dead, and the lighting and effects created as a result of the merge have been described as "quasimystical" and "pseudo-religious". [ 56 ] : 144 [ 57 ] : 160 The discussion of a new birth is framed in a reverential way. [ 56 ] : 144 While V'Ger is a machine of near omnipotence, according to Robert Asa, the film (along with its successor, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier ) "implicitly protest[s] against classical theism ". [ 58 ] Tor.com reviewer Dan Persons noted the film features a number of characters on their own voyages of self discovery, with each defining their concept of fulfillment differently. Persons notes that the result of individual pursuits of fulfillment are damaging or pyrrhic; meaning is only satisfactorily found through interpersonal relationships. [ 59 ] Release Theatrical release To coincide with the film's release, Pocket Books published a paperback novelization written by Roddenberry [ 26 ] [ n 3 ] , the only Star Trek novel he was to write. The book adds back story and several elements that did not appear in the film; for example, the novelization confirms that Willard Decker is the son of Commodore Matt Decker from the original series episode " The Doomsday Machine "—a plot element intended for the Phase II television series and mentioned in early drafts of the film script. [ 14 ] : 41 The novel also has a different opening scene to introduce Vejur and Kirk, concentrates in sections on Kirk's struggle with confidence in commanding the Enterprise again and expands on the romantic relationship between Decker and Ilia. The Vejur spelling for the "intruder's" name was used exclusively in the novel Roddenberry authored, from its first appearance on page 179 of the first paperback edition of the novelization through to the account on the novel's page 241 of Kirk reading the legible "V-G-E-R" letters on the fictional "Voyager 6" space probe's damaged nameplate. [ 61 ] In addition to the novel, Star Trek printed media included a coloring book, ship blueprints, a starship "history book," a sticker book of graphics, a home costume how-to book and a comic book adaptation published by Marvel Comics as Marvel Super Special #15 (Dec. 1979). [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Toys included action figures, ship models, and a variety of watches, phaser mockups and communicators. McDonald's sold special Star Trek Happy Meals . [ 64 ] The marketing was part of a coordinated approach by Paramount and its parent conglomerate Gulf+Western to create a sustained Star Trek product line. [ 65 ] The Motion Picture novel launched Pocket Books' Star Trek book franchise , which produced 18 consecutive bestsellers within a decade. [ 66 ] Owing to the rush to complete the film before the scheduled release date, Star Trek: The Motion Picture was never screened before test audiences, which Wise later stated that he regretted. On December 6, 1979, the director arrived in Washington, D.C. with a fresh print of the film at the world premiere, [ 48 ] [ 8 ] held at the K-B MacArthur Theater. Roddenberry, Wise, and the principal cast attended the gala function, which also served as an invitational benefit for the scholarship and youth education fund of the National Space Club. [ 67 ] While thousands of fans were expected to attend, [ 67 ] rain that evening reduced fan turnout to around 300. [ 68 ] The premiere was followed by a black-tie reception at the National Air and Space Museum . More than 500 people—consisting of the cast and crew, working members of the space community, and "hardcore Trekkies" who could afford to pay $100 for admission—filled the museum. [ 69 ] Home media Paramount Home Entertainment released the film on VHS , Betamax , LaserDisc , and CED videodisc in 1980 in its original theatrical version. [ 70 ] In 1983, an extended cut premiered on the ABC television network. [ 71 ] It added around 12 minutes to the film. [ 48 ] The added footage was largely unfinished and cobbled together for the network premiere; Wise had cut some of the footage from the released version of the film. [ 72 ] This "Special Longer Version" was released on VHS, Betamax and LaserDisc by Paramount in 1983 in pan and scan format. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Two members of Wise's production company, David C. Fein and Michael Matessino, approached Wise and Paramount and persuaded them to release a revised version of the film on video; Paramount released the updated Director's Edition of the film on VHS and DVD on November 6, 2001. [ 75 ] Wise, who had always considered the original theatrical presentation of the film a "rough cut", was given the opportunity to re-edit the film to be more consistent with his original vision. The production team used the original script, surviving sequence storyboards, memos, and the director's recollections. In addition to cuts in some sequences, 90 new and redesigned computer-generated images were created. [ 76 ] Care was taken that the updated effects meshed seamlessly with the original footage. [ 48 ] The edition runs 136 minutes, about four minutes longer than the original release. [ 77 ] Included among the special features are the deleted scenes which had been part of the television cut. [ 72 ] Aside from the effects, the soundtrack was remixed. Ambient noise such as the sound of bridge controls were added to enhance certain scenes. [ 76 ] Goldsmith had always suspected that some overly long cues could be shortened, so he made the cues repetitive. [ 78 ] Although no new scenes were added, the MPAA rated the revised edition PG in contrast to the G rating of the original release. Fein attributed the rating change to the more "intense" sound mix that made scenes such as the central part of V'Ger "more menacing". [ 79 ] The Director's Edition was far better received by critics than the original 1979 release, with some considering the edit to have subsequently turned the film into one of the series' best. The DVD Journal's Mark Bourne said it showcased "a brisker, more attractive version of the movie" that was "as good as it might have been in 1979. Even better maybe." [ 80 ] Complaints included the edition's 2.17:1 aspect ratio , as opposed to the original 2.40:1 Panavision . [ 48 ] [ 81 ] Jeremy Conrad of IGN felt that despite the changes, the pacing might still be too slow for some viewers. [ 82 ] The film's original theatrical cut was released on Blu-ray Disc in May 2009 to coincide with the new Star Trek feature, [ 83 ] packaged with the five following features as the Star Trek: Original Motion Picture Collection . [ 84 ] The Motion Picture was remastered in 1080p high definition . All six films in the set have 7.1 Dolby TrueHD audio. The disc features a new commentary track by Star Trek authors and contributors Michael and Denise Okuda , Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens , and Daren Dochterman . [ 84 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray of the film was released in 2021 to commemorate the franchise's 55th anniversary. [ 85 ] A 4K version of the Director's Cut was released on the Paramount+ streaming service and to physical media in 2022. [ 86 ] Reception Box office Star Trek: The Motion Picture opened in the United States and Canada on December 7, 1979, in 857 theaters and set a box office record for the highest opening weekend gross, making $11,926,421 in its first weekend. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The film beat the 3-day weekend record set by Superman (1978) of $10.4 million [ 89 ] in its third weekend (but not its 4-day weekend gross of $13.1 million) and the opening weekend gross of the 1978 reissue of Star Wars of $10.1 million. [ 88 ] The Motion Picture earned $17 million within a week. [ 19 ] : 155–158 At its widest domestic distribution, the film was shown in 1,002 theaters; it grossed $82,258,456 in the United States, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1979 in that country. [ 87 ] Overall, the film grossed $139 million worldwide. [ 4 ] The Motion Picture was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Art Direction, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Score. [ 90 ] In the United States, the film sold the most tickets of any film in the franchise until Star Trek (2009), and it remains the highest-grossing film of the franchise worldwide adjusted for inflation, [ 91 ] [ 92 ] but Paramount considered its gross disappointing compared to expectations and marketing. The Motion Picture ' s budget of $44 million, [ 3 ] which included the costs incurred during Phase II production, [ 36 ] [ 93 ] was the largest for any film made within the United States up to that time. David Gerrold estimated before its release that the film would have to gross two to three times its budget to be profitable for Paramount. [ 34 ] Gautreaux believed that Roddenberry had not wanted Wise as director but Paramount wanted his experience, and that the two powerful men's differing visions hurt the film. [ 94 ] The studio faulted Roddenberry's script rewrites and creative direction for the plodding pace and disappointing gross. [ 9 ] : 240–1 While the performance of The Motion Picture convinced the studio to back a (cheaper) sequel, Roddenberry was forced out of its creative control. [ 95 ] : 99 Harve Bennett and Nicholas Meyer would produce and direct Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan , which received better reviews (becoming a fan favorite) and continued the franchise. [ 96 ] With the successful revival of the Star Trek brand on the big screen setting an example, Hollywood increasingly turned to 1960s television series for material. [ 21 ] Critical reception The Motion Picture was met with mixed reviews from critics; [ 97 ] a 2001 retrospective for the BBC described the film as a critical failure. [ 98 ] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 51% of 59 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.0/10. The website's consensus reads: "Featuring a patchwork script and a dialogue-heavy storyline whose biggest villain is a cloud, Star Trek: The Motion Picture is a less-than-auspicious debut for the franchise." [ 99 ] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 50 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. [ 100 ] Roger Ebert , reviewing the film on Sneak Previews , liked it, calling it "fun" and "a good time". [ 101 ] Judith Martin of The Washington Post felt that the plot was too thin to support the length of the film, although Martin felt that compared to such science-fiction films as 2001 , Star Wars , and Alien , The Motion Picture ' s premise was "slightly cleverer". [ 102 ] Time magazine's Richard Schickel wrote that the film consisted of spaceships that "take an unconscionable amount of time to get anywhere, and nothing of dramatic or human interest happens along the way". Schickel also lamented the lack of "boldly characterized" antagonists and battle scenes that made Star Wars fun; instead, viewers were presented with much talk, "much of it in impenetrable spaceflight jargon". [ 103 ] David Denby of New York magazine, wrote that the slow movement of ships through space was "no longer surprising and elegant" after films such as 2001 , and that much of the action consisted of the crew's reacting to things occurring on the viewscreen, which he considered to be "like watching someone else watch television". [ 104 ] Variety , disagreed, calling the film "a search-and-destroy thriller that includes all of the ingredients the TV show's fans thrive on: the philosophical dilemma wrapped in a scenario of mind control, troubles with the space ship, the dependable and understanding Kirk, the ever-logical Spock, and suspenseful take with twist ending". [ 105 ] Scott Bukatman reviewed the film in Ares magazine #1, and commented that "With Star Trek , Roddenberry's trick has been to wear the mask of the humanist as he plays with his Erector set . The scale of the television series arrested his vision at a comfortable and still interesting level, but the new film has finally removed the mask." [ 106 ] The characters and acting received a mixed reception. Stephen Godfrey of The Globe and Mail rated their performances highly: "time has cemented Leonard Nimoy's look of inscrutability as Mr. Spock [...] DeForest Kelley as Dr. McCoy is as feisty as ever, and James Doohan as Scotty still splutters about his engineering woes. At a basic level, their exchanges are those of an odd assortment of grumpy, middle-aged men bickering about office politics. They are a relief from the stars, and a delight." Godfrey's only concern was that the reunion of the old cast threatened to make casual viewers who had never seen Star Trek feel like uninvited guests. [ 107 ] Martin considered the characters more likable than those in comparable science fiction films. [ 102 ] Conversely, Arnold felt that the acting of the main cast (Shatner in particular) was poor; "Shatner portrays Kirk as such a supercilious old twit that one rather wishes he'd been left behind that desk", he wrote. "Shatner has perhaps the least impressive movie physique since Rod Steiger, and his acting style has begun to recall the worst of Richard Burton ." [ 108 ] Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the actors did not have much to do in the effects-driven film, and were "limited to the exchanging of meaningful glances or staring intently at television monitors, usually in disbelief". [ 109 ] Stephen Collins and Persis Khambatta were more favorably received. Gene Siskel felt the film "teeter[ed] towards being a crashing bore" whenever Khambatta was not on screen, [ 19 ] : 155–158 and Jack Kroll of Newsweek felt that she had the most memorable entrance in the film. [ 110 ] "[Khambatta] is sympathetic enough to make one hope she'll have a chance to show less skin and more hair in future films", Godfrey wrote. [ 107 ] Many critics felt that the special effects overshadowed other elements of the film. Canby wrote that the film "owes more to [Trumbull, Dykstra and Michelson] than it does to the director, the writers or even the producer". [ 109 ] Livingston felt that Trumbull and Dykstra's work on the film was not as impressive as on Star Wars and Close Encounters due to the limited amount of production time. [ 103 ] Godfrey called the effects "stunning", but conceded that they threatened to overpower the story two-thirds of the way into the film. [ 107 ] Kroll, Martin, and Arnold agreed that the effects were not able to carry the film or gloss over its other deficiencies: "I'm not sure that Trumbull & Co. have succeeded in pulling the philosophic chestnuts of Roddenberry and his co-writers out of the fire", Arnold wrote. [ 102 ] [ 108 ] [ 110 ] James Berardinelli , reviewing the film in 1996, felt that the pace dragged and the plot bore too close a resemblance to the original series episode " The Changeling ", but considered the start and end of the film to be strong. [ 111 ] Terry Lee Rioux, Kelley's biographer, noted that the film proved "that it was the character-driven play that made all the difference in Star Trek ". [ 9 ] : 234 The slow pacing, extended reaction shots, and lack of action scenes led fans and critics to give the film a variety of nicknames, including The Slow Motion Picture, [ 7 ] The Motion Sickness, [ 76 ] and Where Nomad [the probe in "The Changeling"] Has Gone Before . [ 111 ] Accolades Year Award Category Winners/Nominees Result 1980 Academy Awards Best Art Direction Harold Michelson , Joe Jennings , Leon Harris & John Vallone (Art Direction) , Linda DeScenna (Set Decoration) Nominated Best Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull , John Dykstra , Richard Yuricich , Robert Swarthe , Dave Stewart & Grant McCune Nominated Best Original Score Jerry Goldsmith Nominated 1980 Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score Nominated 1980 Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Gene Roddenberry Nominated Best Director Robert Wise Nominated Best Actor William Shatner Nominated Best Actress Persis Khambatta Nominated Best Supporting Actor Leonard Nimoy Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nichelle Nichols Nominated Best Music Jerry Goldsmith Nominated Best Costumes Robert Fletcher Nominated Best Make-up Fred Phillips , Janna Phillips & Ve Neill Nominated Best Special Effects John Dykstra , Douglas Trumbull & Richard Yuricich Won 1980 Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Robert Wise (director), Harold Livingston (screenplay), Alan Dean Foster (story) & Gene Roddenberry (story) Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains : James T. Kirk – Nominated Hero [ 112 ] James T. Kirk – Nominated Hero [ 112 ] 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 113 ] See also Science fiction portal Television portal Film portal United States portal List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations Star Trek (film franchise) Notes ^ Special effects in this context refers to live effects done during filming, while optical or visual effects are done in post-production after the completion of principal photography (Sackett, 159). ^ The largest part of production had been completed by this time, but three live-action scenes (the San Francisco tram sequence, the Klingon bridge sequence, and the Epsilon 9 scenes) were filmed after the party during post-production. ^ The authorship of the book was debated for a time, with incorrect rumors in the 1980s that it was actually ghost written by Alan Dean Foster . [ 60 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark A. (June 28, 2016). The Fifty-Year Mission: The Complete, Uncensored, Unauthorized Oral History of Star Trek: The First 25 Years . St. Martin's Press. pp. 372– 374. ISBN 978-1-4668-7285-1 . Archived from the original on July 25, 2020 . Retrieved January 31, 2018 . ^ " Star Trek - The Motion Picture (U)" . British Board of Film Classification . December 6, 1979. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015 . Retrieved February 26, 2013 . ^ a b Harmetz, Aljean (November 2, 1986). "New 'Star Trek' Plan Reflects Symbiosis of TV and Movies" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12, 2017 . Retrieved May 21, 2020 . ^ a b Eller, Claudia (December 11, 1998). "Lower Costs Energize 'Trek' Film Profits" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved May 21, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Koenig, Walter (1980). Chekov's Enterprise: A Personal Journal of the Making of Star Trek-the Motion Picture . Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-83286-7 . ^ a b c d e f Dillard, J.M. (1994). Star Trek: "Where No One Has Gone Before" — A History in Pictures . Pocket Books . ISBN 0-671-51149-1 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Hughes, David (2008). The Greatest Science Fiction Movies Never Made . London: Titan Books . pp. 21– 26. ISBN 978-1-84576-755-6 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m A Bold New Enterprise: The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture . ^ a b c d e Rioux, Terry Lee (2005). From Sawdust to Stardust: The Biography of DeForest Kelley . Pocket Books . ISBN 0-7434-5762-5 . ^ Roberts, Genevieve (July 21, 2005). "James Doohan, Scotty in Star Trek, dies" . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 24, 2009 . Retrieved January 11, 2009 . ^ Wloszczyna, Susan (May 24, 2001). "New movie trek for wordsmith" . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 14, 2009 . Retrieved January 13, 2009 . ^ Nichols, Nichelle (1994). Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories . United States of America: GP Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-13993-1 . ^ Takei, George (1994). To the Stars: The Autobiography of George Takei . New York: Pocket Books . pp. 323, 327. ISBN 0-671-89009-3 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg Roddenberry, Gene; Sackett, Susan (1980). The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture . New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-25181-3 . ^ McLellan, Dennis (December 19, 2008). "Majel B. Roddenberry, wife of 'Star Trek' creator, dies" . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved July 5, 2020 . ^ Associated Press (December 19, 2008). "Majel Roddenberry, 'Star Trek' Actress, Dies at 76" . The New York Times . New York City . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved July 5, 2020 . ^ Gussow, Mel (November 27, 1996). "Mark Lenard, 68, an Actor in Classics From Ibsen to 'Star Trek' " . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved May 4, 2009 . ^ Star Trek cast on Tom Snyder's Tomorrow, 1976 (Television production). Tomorrow . Retrieved March 15, 2024 – via YouTube. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Reeves-Stevens, Judith and Garfield (1995). The Art of Star Trek . Pocket Books . ISBN 0-671-89804-3 . ^ a b c Brown, Charles , ed. (October 1975). "Star Trek Movie". Locus . 1 (180). ^ a b Cartmell, Deborah; Imedla Whelehan (1999). Adaptations: from text to screen, screen to text . Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 0-415-16737-X . ^ a b McQuarrie, Ralph (2007). The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Dreams & Visions Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0979158001 . ^ "Mediascene Interview Ralph McQuarrie" . Mediascene (30). Supergraphics: 17. 1978. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. ^ Adam, Ken; Frayling, Christopher (November 27, 2008). Ken Adam Designs the Movies: James Bond and Beyond . London: Thames & Hudson. p. 189. ISBN 978-0500514146 . ^ "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved April 18, 2015 . ^ a b Ellison, Harlan (March 10, 2015). Harlan Ellison's Watching: Stories . Open Road Media. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4976-0411-7 . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved June 8, 2018 . ^ a b Houston, David (January 1980). "Director Robert Wise Talks about the Changes & Challenges of Star Trek The Motion Picture". Starlog . pp. 16– 21. ^ a b c d Kaye, Jeffrey (March 26, 1979). "Trekkie Alert" . New West . p. 60. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ a b Tobias, Tracey (December 2001). "Redesigning the USS Enterprise NCC-1701". Star Trek: The Magazine . 2 (8). Fabbri Publishing: 84– 87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Shay, Don (August 1980). "Into the V'Ger maw with Douglass Trumbull", "Star Trekking at Apogee with John Dykstra". Cinefex : 4–33, 50–72. ^ Maxa, Rudy (December 16, 1979). "Take It From a NASA Scientist: Star Trek's High Tech Isn't Child's Play". The Washington Post . p. 4; People. ^ a b c d e f g h i DOUGLAS TRUMBULL - Lighting the Enterprise - Star Trek (YouTube). Toronto International Film Festival. October 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. ^ Wise, Robert. Star Trek: The Motion Picture Directors Edition [Disc 1] . Special features: Commentary. ^ a b c d Gerrold, David (January 1980). "Rumblings: The Bottom Line". Starlog . pp. 37, 63. ^ a b c Kaye, Jeffrey (March 26, 1979). "Abel Neglex Trex Effex" . New West . pp. 58– 63. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ a b "The Trek Film Comparisons" . The Captain Kirk Page. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019 . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . By Paramount's bookkeeping, Star Trek: The Motion Picture cost $44 million to make. But that included the costs of development for the unfinished Phase II TV series. Much of the TV series elements were not used for the film. Only $26 million was spent for the itself film. ^ a b c d e f g Bond, Jeff (1999). The Music of Star Trek . Lone Eagle Publishing Company. ISBN 1-58065-012-0 . ^ "TV, Film Composer Jerry Goldsmith, 75" . The Washington Post . Associated Press. July 24, 2004. p. B4. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved March 1, 2009 . ^ King, Susan; John Thurber (July 23, 2004). "Jerry Goldsmith, 75, prolific film composer" . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved March 1, 2009 . ^ a b c d Goldsmith, Jerry. Star Trek: The Motion Picture Directors Edition [Disc 2]. Special features: Commentary. ^ Roberts, Jerry (September 8, 1995). "Tapping a rich vein of gold; Jerry Goldsmith's music is as varied as the films he's scored". Daily Variety . ^ Dochterman, Darren; David C. Fein; Michael Matessino. Star Trek: The Motion Picture - The Director's Edition: Audio Commentary . Paramount. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2009 . ^ Vail, Mark (2000). Keyboard Magazine Presents Vintage Synthesizers: Pioneering Designers, Groundbreaking Instruments, Collecting Tips, Mutants of Technology . Backbeat Books. p. 85. ISBN 0-87930-603-3 . ^ Staff (July 24, 2004). "Jerry Goldsmith, Composer for such films as Chinatown and The Omen". The Daily Telegraph . p. 27. ^ Morrison, Mairi (January 4, 1987). "Otherworldly Sounds". The Washington Post . p. G3. ^ Bill Wrobel, Star Trek: The Motion Picture Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , in Film Score Rundowns , page 7 ^ Bill Wrobel, Star Trek: The Motion Picture Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , in Film Score Rundowns , page 2 ^ a b c d e Elley, Derek (December 24, 2001). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture: The Directors' Edition". Variety . p. 21. ^ Olson, Cathrine (September 26, 1998). "Soundtrack and Filmscore News". Billboard . ^ "STAR TREK: THE MOTION PICTURE: LIMITED EDITION (3-CD SET)" . La-La Land Records. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012 . Retrieved June 16, 2012 . ^ "Goldsmit, Jerry" . Startrek.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010 . Retrieved November 3, 2010 . ^ Bruce Eder. "Star Trek: The Motion Picture [CBS]" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved April 20, 2020 . ^ "Filmtracks: Star Trek: The Motion Picture (Jerry Goldsmith)" . filmtracks.com . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved February 16, 2011 . ^ "The list of the 250 nominated film scores - 's 100 YEARS OF FILM" (PDF) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved November 3, 2010 . ^ a b c d e Serafine, Frank (August 1980). "The New Motion Picture Sound". American Cinematographer . 1 (61): 796– 799, 846. ^ a b c d Barrett, Duncan (2001). Star Trek: The Human Frontier . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92982-2 . ^ a b Kraemer, Ross; Cassidy, William; Schwartz, Susan (2009). The Religions Of Star Trek . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-5022-1 . ^ Asa, Robert (1999). "Classic Star Trek and the Death of God". In McLaren, Darcee; Jennifer Porter (eds.). Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture . SUNY Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-7914-4334-5 . ^ Dan Persons (April 19, 2022). " Star Trek: The Motion Picture Wonders If the Human Adventure Is at Heart a Solitary One" . Tor.com . ^ Ayers, Jeff (2006). Voyages of Imagination: The Star Trek Fiction Companion . Pocket Books. p. 65. ISBN 1-4165-0349-8 . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved September 20, 2020 . ^ Roddenberry, Gene (1979). Star Trek: The Motion Picture . New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 179–241 . ISBN 0-671-83088-0 . I am Captain James T. Kirk, commanding U.S.S. Enterprise ," Kirk replied, feeling somewhat foolish saying this to what looked like his own navigator. Was Ilia really this incredibly sensuous? "I have been programmed to observe and record normal functions of the carbon-based units infesting U.S.S. Enterprise ." "Programmed by whom?" asked Kirk. "It is important we communicate with them." The probe seemed puzzled. "If you require a designation, I was programmed by Vejur . ^ " Marvel Super Special #15" . Grand Comics Database . ^ Friedt, Stephan (July 2016). "Marvel at the Movies: The House of Ideas' Hollywood Adaptations of the 1970s and 1980s". Back Issue! (89). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing : 63. ^ Tenuto, John (February 3, 2008). "History of Trek Movie Merchandising" . TrekMovie. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009 . Retrieved June 1, 2009 . ^ Meehan, Eileen (2005). Why TV is Not Our Fault: Television Programming, Viewers, and Who's Really in Control . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2486-8 . ^ McDowell, Edwin (October 5, 1988). "Book Notes; A Chinese Penguin" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved April 3, 2009 . ^ a b Arnold, Gary (December 6, 1979). "Film Notes". The Washington Post . p. C12. ^ Piantadosi, Roger (December 7, 1979). "Beaming Up at the Stars". The Washington Post . p. C3. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth; Joseph McLellan (December 7, 1979). "The Party: Carbon Units & Cocktails". The Washington Post . p. C1. ^ Staff writer (August 18, 2003). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" . Star Trek: The LaserDisc Site . Blam Entertainment Group. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. ^ Carmody, John (February 1, 1983). "The TV Column". The Washington Post . p. D9. ^ a b Kirkland, Bruce (November 6, 2001). "Trek director Waxes Wise on new DVD". Toronto Sun . p. 46. ^ Turner, Winford, ed. (June 12, 1983). "Gift for his VCR" . TimesDaily . Vol. 114, no. 163. Florence, Alabama : The New York Times Company . p. 43. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved December 7, 2018 . ^ "Star Trek: The Motion Picture — Special Longer Version" . Star Trek: The LaserDisc Site . Blam Entertainment Group. September 27, 2003. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. ^ Rivero, Enrique (September 5, 2001). "Robert Wise Gets to Redo Rushed 'Star Trek: The Motion Picture' -- 22 Years Later" . hive4media.com . Archived from the original on December 1, 2001 . Retrieved September 7, 2019 . ^ a b c Vinciguerra, Thomas (February 10, 2002). "Video; What's New for Trekkies". The New York Times . p. 26. ^ McKay, John (November 6, 2001). "Star Trek, new and improved; Veteran filmmaker Robert Wise has finally been able to release his own retooled version of the first Trekkie flick, thanks to DVD". The Globe and Mail . p. R3. ^ "Jerry Goldsmith: A Personal Reminiscence" . StarTrek.com . Viacom . December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009 . Retrieved March 17, 2009 . ^ Hettrick, Scott (August 20, 2001). " 'Trek' voyages to special DVD". Daily Variety . p. 5. ^ Bourne, Mark (2001). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture: The Director's Edition" . The DVD Journal. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008 . Retrieved February 13, 2009 . ^ Hunt, Bill (2001). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture - The Directors Edition" . The Digital Bits. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008 . Retrieved April 20, 2009 . ^ Conrad, Jeremy (November 7, 2001). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture - The Director's Edition; The first Star Trek film gets an incredible facelift in this new director's edition" . IGN . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved April 19, 2009 . ^ Latchem, John (February 20, 2009). "Boldly going onto Blu-Ray". The Gazette . p. D4. ^ a b Pascale, Anthony (February 16, 2009). "TrekMovie: CBS & Paramount Announce First Star Trek Blu-ray sets - TOS S1 & All TOS movies coming April/May" . TrekMovie. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011 . Retrieved December 5, 2011 . ^ "Celebrate the 55th Anniversary with These New Star Trek Releases and More" . StarTrek.com . CBS Studios . July 7, 2021. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ Fallon, Sean (July 6, 2022). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture Director's Edition Hits 4K Blu-ray Along With a Six Film Set" . ComicBook.com . Retrieved July 7, 2022 . ^ a b "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved March 17, 2009 . ^ a b Murphy, A.D. (October 27, 1987). "Biggest North American Film Boxoffice Weekends In History". Daily Variety . p. 46. ^ "Briefly; Star Trek breaks record". The Globe and Mail . Associated Press; Reuters. December 11, 1979. ^ "NY Times: Star Trek: The Motion Picture" . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved December 31, 2008 . ^ Pascale, Anthony (July 29, 2009). "Viacom Chief Touts Star Trek As 'Unqualified Blockbuster' As Film Reaches $380M Globally" . TrekMovie. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012 . Retrieved March 18, 2012 . ^ The Economist online (July 11, 2011). "Pottering on, and on – Highest-grossing film in franchise" . The Economist . Archived from the original on March 3, 2017 . Retrieved March 17, 2012 . ^ Star Trek cast and crew (2002). Star Trek: The Motion Picture, The Directors Edition: Special Features (DVD; Disc 2/2). Paramount Pictures . ^ Gross, Edward (February 1989). "Casualty of the Lost Generation" . Starlog (139): 12– 14. ^ Shatner, William ; Kreski, Chris (1995). Star Trek Movie Memories . New York: HarperCollins Publishing. ISBN 0-06-109329-7 . ^ Bernardin, Mark (August 13, 2002). "Review; Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan – The Director's Edition" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 29, 2008 . Retrieved August 5, 2008 . ^ "Robert Wise, Film Director, Dies at 91" . The New York Times . September 15, 2005. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ Gallagher, William (September 4, 2001). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)" . British Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved December 28, 2006 . ^ " Star Trek: The Motion Picture " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 7, 2025 . ^ " Star Trek: The Motion Picture " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved February 3, 2024 . ^ Ebert, Roger (host); Siskel, Gene (host) (December 13, 1979). "Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) movie review" . Sneak Previews . Season 3. Episode 14. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020 . Retrieved November 15, 2021 – via YouTube . ^ a b c Martin, Judith (December 14, 1979). "Just a Pretty 'Trek' " . The Washington Post . p. 18. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. ^ a b Schickel, Richard (December 17, 1979). "Warp Speed to Nowhere" . Time . Archived from the original on May 21, 2019 . Retrieved March 7, 2009 . ^ Denby, David (December 24, 1979). "Voyage to the Bottom of the Barrel". New York . p. 75. ^ "Film Reviews: Star Trek" . Variety . December 12, 1979. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017 . Retrieved March 10, 2009 . ^ Bukatman, Scott (March 1980). "Film & Television". Ares Magazine (1). Simulations Publications, Inc.: 26. ^ a b c Godfrey, Stephen (December 8, 1979). "$50 million budget hasn't warped Star Trek's style". The Globe and Mail . p. 2. ^ a b Arnold, Gary (December 8, 1979). " 'Trek' or Treat: The Enterprise and Its Stalwart Crew; Star Bores; Heading 'Em Off at the Nebula" . The Washington Post . p. E1. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. ^ a b Canby, Vincent (December 8, 1979). "The Screen: 'Star Trek,' Based on TV" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020 . Retrieved December 5, 2011 . ^ a b Kroll, Jack (December 17, 1979). "Trek into Mysticism". Newsweek . p. 110. ^ a b Berardinelli, James (1996). "Review: Star Trek: The Motion Picture" . ReelViews . Archived from the original on October 25, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2006 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2018 . Retrieved August 6, 2016 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2014 . Retrieved August 6, 2016 . External links Official website Star Trek: The Motion Picture at IMDb Star Trek: The Motion Picture at Memory Alpha Star Trek: The Motion Picture at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Star Trek v t e Outline Timeline Canon Lists Outline Timeline Canon Lists Television series Broadcast The Original Series episodes The Animated Series The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Streaming Discovery Short Treks Picard Lower Decks Prodigy Strange New Worlds Starfleet Academy Broadcast The Original Series episodes The Animated Series The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes The Original Series episodes episodes The Animated Series The Next Generation episodes episodes Deep Space Nine episodes episodes Voyager episodes episodes Enterprise episodes episodes Streaming Discovery Short Treks Picard Lower Decks Prodigy Strange New Worlds Starfleet Academy Discovery Short Treks Picard Lower Decks Prodigy Strange New Worlds Starfleet Academy Films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot (Kelvin Timeline) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Television Section 31 The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot (Kelvin Timeline) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Television Section 31 Section 31 Setting Characters A–F G–M N–S T–Z Crossovers Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Stardate Locations Class M planet Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon High Council culture language grammar Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Cloaking device Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive Jefferies tube LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX-01 NCC-1701 D Klingon starships Spore drive Shuttlecraft Voyager Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Characters A–F G–M N–S T–Z Crossovers A–F G–M N–S T–Z A–F G–M N–S T–Z Crossovers Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Stardate Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Dilithium Sexuality Stardate Locations Class M planet Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Class M planet Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon High Council culture language grammar Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon High Council culture language grammar High Council culture language grammar Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Cloaking device Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive Jefferies tube LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX-01 NCC-1701 D Klingon starships Spore drive Shuttlecraft Voyager Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Cloaking device Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive Jefferies tube LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX-01 NCC-1701 D Klingon starships Spore drive Shuttlecraft Voyager Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX-01 NCC-1701 D NX-01 NCC-1701 D Klingon starships Spore drive Shuttlecraft Voyager Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme " Where no man has gone before " " Beam me up, Scotty " Redshirt Accolades (film franchise) List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme musical theme " Where no man has gone before " " Beam me up, Scotty " Redshirt Accolades (film franchise) Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Star Trek 4 The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Star Trek 4 Spin-off fiction Games Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Very Short Treks Khan audio drama Games Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Very Short Treks Khan audio drama Aftershows After Trek The Ready Room After Trek The Ready Room Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation For the Love of Spock What We Left Behind Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation For the Love of Spock What We Left Behind Cultural influence First Contact Day Star Trek Day Kirk and Uhura's kiss Comparison to Star Wars Fandom productions Kirk/Spock Memory Alpha Politics of Star Trek Shakespeare and Star Trek The Exhibition The Experience Roddenberry Archive " 765874 – Unification " " The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise " (1976 SNL sketch) Free Enterprise (1999 film) Galaxy Quest (1999 film) " Where No Fan Has Gone Before " (2002 Futurama episode) The Orville (2017 television series) Please Stand By (2017 film) " USS Callister " (2017 Black Mirror episode) " USS Callister : Into Infinity " (2025 Black Mirror episode) First Contact Day Star Trek Day Kirk and Uhura's kiss Comparison to Star Wars Fandom productions productions Kirk/Spock Memory Alpha Politics of Star Trek Shakespeare and Star Trek The Exhibition The Experience Roddenberry Archive " 765874 – Unification " " 765874 – Unification " " The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise " (1976 SNL sketch) Free Enterprise (1999 film) Galaxy Quest (1999 film) " Where No Fan Has Gone Before " (2002 Futurama episode) The Orville (2017 television series) Please Stand By (2017 film) " USS Callister " (2017 Black Mirror episode) " USS Callister : Into Infinity " (2025 Black Mirror episode) Category Category v t e Films directed by Robert Wise v t e The Curse of the Cat People (1944) Mademoiselle Fifi (1944) The Body Snatcher (1945) A Game of Death (1945) Criminal Court (1946) Born to Kill (1947) Mystery in Mexico (1948) Blood on the Moon (1948) The Set-Up (1949) Two Flags West (1950) Three Secrets (1950) The House on Telegraph Hill (1951) The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) The Captive City (1952) Something for the Birds (1952) Destination Gobi (1953) The Desert Rats (1953) So Big (1953) Executive Suite (1954) Helen of Troy (1956) Tribute to a Bad Man (1956) Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) This Could Be the Night (1957) Until They Sail (1957) Run Silent, Run Deep (1958) I Want to Live! (1958) Odds Against Tomorrow (1959) West Side Story (1961) Two for the Seesaw (1962) The Haunting (1963) The Sound of Music (1965) The Sand Pebbles (1966) Star! (1968) The Andromeda Strain (1971) Two People (1973) The Hindenburg (1975) Audrey Rose (1977) Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) Rooftops (1989) A Storm in Summer (2000, TV film) The Curse of the Cat People (1944) Mademoiselle Fifi (1944) The Body Snatcher (1945) A Game of Death (1945) Criminal Court (1946) Born to Kill (1947) Mystery in Mexico (1948) Blood on the Moon (1948) The Set-Up (1949) Two Flags West (1950) Three Secrets (1950) The House on Telegraph Hill (1951) The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) The Captive City (1952) Something for the Birds (1952) Destination Gobi (1953) The Desert Rats (1953) So Big (1953) Executive Suite (1954) Helen of Troy (1956) Tribute to a Bad Man (1956) Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) This Could Be the Night (1957) Until They Sail (1957) Run Silent, Run Deep (1958) I Want to Live! (1958) Odds Against Tomorrow (1959) West Side Story (1961) Two for the Seesaw (1962) The Haunting (1963) The Sound of Music (1965) The Sand Pebbles (1966) Star! (1968) The Andromeda Strain (1971) Two People (1973) The Hindenburg (1975) Audrey Rose (1977) Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) Rooftops (1989) A Storm in Summer (2000, TV film) v t e Star Trek: The Original Series v t e Episodes Season 1 2 3 Season 1 2 3 Films The Motion Picture II: The Wrath of Khan III: The Search for Spock IV: The Voyage Home V: The Final Frontier VI: The Undiscovered Country The Motion Picture II: The Wrath of Khan III: The Search for Spock IV: The Voyage Home V: The Final Frontier VI: The Undiscovered Country Characters Christine Chapel Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Joachim Khan Noonien Singh Leonard McCoy Christopher Pike Janice Rand Sarek Saavik Montgomery Scott Spock development Hikaru Sulu Surak Nyota Uhura Number One Christine Chapel Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Joachim Khan Noonien Singh Leonard McCoy Christopher Pike Janice Rand Sarek Saavik Montgomery Scott Spock development development Hikaru Sulu Surak Nyota Uhura Number One Video games Star Trek (1971) Trek73 Decwar Video Trek 88 Star Trek (1983) The Kobayashi Alternative The Promethean Prophecy First Contact The Rebel Universe V: The Final Frontier 25th Anniversary Computer NES Game Boy Judgment Rites Pinball Secret of Vulcan Fury Star Trek (1971) Trek73 Decwar Video Trek 88 Star Trek (1983) The Kobayashi Alternative The Promethean Prophecy First Contact The Rebel Universe V: The Final Frontier 25th Anniversary Computer NES Game Boy Computer NES Game Boy Judgment Rites Pinball Secret of Vulcan Fury Unrealized projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans The God Thing Planet of the Titans Enterprises USS Enterprise USS Enterprise Related topics Awards and nominations Theme song 1979 Bally pinball 1991 Data East pinball Awards and nominations Theme song 1979 Bally pinball 1991 Data East pinball v t e Gene Roddenberry v t e Early life and career Personal life Legacy Accolades Filmography Early life and career Personal life Legacy Accolades Filmography Television series created The Lieutenant Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek: The Animated Series Star Trek: The Next Generation Earth: Final Conflict Andromeda The Lieutenant Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek: The Animated Series Star Trek: The Next Generation Earth: Final Conflict Andromeda Star Trek episodes written The Original Series " The Cage " " Charlie X " " Mudd's Women " " The Menagerie " " The Return of the Archons " " A Private Little War " " The Omega Glory " " Bread and Circuses " " Assignment: Earth " " The Savage Curtain " " Turnabout Intruder " The Next Generation " Encounter at Farpoint " " Hide and Q " " Datalore " The Original Series " The Cage " " Charlie X " " Mudd's Women " " The Menagerie " " The Return of the Archons " " A Private Little War " " The Omega Glory " " Bread and Circuses " " Assignment: Earth " " The Savage Curtain " " Turnabout Intruder " " The Cage " " Charlie X " " Mudd's Women " " The Menagerie " " The Return of the Archons " " A Private Little War " " The Omega Glory " " Bread and Circuses " " Assignment: Earth " " The Savage Curtain " " Turnabout Intruder " The Next Generation " Encounter at Farpoint " " Hide and Q " " Datalore " " Encounter at Farpoint " " Hide and Q " " Datalore " Films written A.P.O. 923 (TV) Pretty Maids All in a Row Genesis II (TV) Planet Earth (TV) The Questor Tapes (TV) Spectre (TV) A.P.O. 923 (TV) Pretty Maids All in a Row Genesis II (TV) Planet Earth (TV) The Questor Tapes (TV) Spectre (TV) Films produced Star Trek: The Motion Picture Star Trek: The Motion Picture Novels Star Trek: The Motion Picture. A Novel Star Trek: The Motion Picture. A Novel Unproduced projects Star Trek: Phase II Star Trek: The God Thing Star Trek: Phase II Star Trek: The God Thing Related Strange New World Majel Barrett Rod Roddenberry Lincoln Enterprises Norway Corporation Pan Am Flight 121 Trek Nation Strange New World Majel Barrett Rod Roddenberry Lincoln Enterprises Norway Corporation Pan Am Flight 121 Trek Nation Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND FAST VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND FAST National United States Spain United States Spain Other IdRef IdRef 1979 films 1970s English-language films 1979 American films American science fiction films American space adventure films Films about artificial intelligence Films about wormholes Films based on Star Trek: The Original Series Films based on television series Films directed by Robert Wise Films produced by Gene Roddenberry Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith Films set in the future Films set in the 23rd century Films shot in Wyoming Films with screenplays by Harold Livingston Paramount Pictures films Sequel films to television series Star Trek: Phase II 1979 science fiction films English-language science fiction films Saturn Award–winning films Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2021 Template film date with 1 release date Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 5 January 2026, at 14:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Glossary Alemannisch Аԥсшәа العربية অসমীয়া Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego ГӀалгӀай 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Ladino Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Li Niha Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary HTML Shortcuts Templates Wikitext Directory Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary HTML Shortcuts Templates Wikitext Directory WP:G WP:G WP:TERM WP:TERM WP:WHATISTHIS WP:WHATISTHIS This is a glossary of terms commonly used on Wikipedia . !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} !$@ !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also 0–9 !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also A !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also B A standard message which can be added to an article using a template . For example, {{ stub }} is expanded to the following: !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also C !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also D A § reverted edit. An edit that is no longer listed in an editor's contributions because the page has subsequently been deleted. !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also E !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also F footnote marker – the bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word; like these dummy examples. .mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)} [1] [a] [Note 1] footnote label – the part between the brackets; following the above example: '1', 'a', or 'Note 1'. footnote – the full note or reference, displayed automatically in an ordered list in the Notes and references appendix of the page. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also G !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also H !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also I !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also J K !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also L !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also M short for the Wikipedia:Manual of style often found in compound forms such as "MOSNUM" ("Manual of Style/Dates and numbers") and "MOSCAPS" ("Manual of Style/Capital letters"). See also § NC . seen in § edit summaries to indicate that a change has been made to make an item comply with Wikipedia's Manual of Style !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also N !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also O !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also P !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also Q !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also R S The work itself (the article, book: "That book looks like a useful source for this article.") and works like it ("An obituary can be a useful biographical source", "A recent source is better than an old one") The creator of the work (the writer, journalist: "What do we know about that source's reputation?") and people like them ("A medical researcher is a better source than a journalist for.."). The publication (for example, the newspaper, journal, magazine: "That source covers the arts.") and publications like them ("A newspaper is not a reliable source for medical facts"). The publisher of the work (for example, Random House or Cambridge University Press: "That source publishes reference works.") and publishers like them ("An academic publisher is a good source of reference works"). !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also T A MediaWiki tag , brief message applied next to certain revisions by the software. An HTML element . See also Help:HTML in wikitext and Help:Table . A metadata item attached to an entity, such as File copyright tags like 'license' or 'source'. A § template call that marks a page as having some property, such as needing maintenance, or marks part of a page, or marks a place in a page, such as the beginning of a closed discussion A § category declaration (verb) To apply a tag to a page. #tag – a § magic word which allows you to evaluate a § subst or magic word inside a § ref or other tag; see Help:Magic words#mwtag . a § Hashtag The central feature in determining the § notability of a topic; the primary measure of whether there may be an article in Wikipedia about it. This is often used in § AFD debates to determine whether an article should be kept or deleted. Term used for article writers to stay focused on the main subject of an article. See WP:TOPIC Term used for editors to stay focused on the main subject in talk page discussions. (e.g ., "Stay on topic.") See WP:TALKOFFTOPIC !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also U !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also V !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also W !$@ 0–9 A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ See also XYZ See also Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations Wikipedia:WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Wikipedia:Edit summary legend a supplemental glossary of formulaic edit summaries Wikipedia:Guide to deletion § Shorthands Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines to cite in deletion debates Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Wikipedia:WikiSpeak Category:Wikipedia glossary items {{ Glossary term }} Notes ^ Wikipedia's definition of an anchor at Help:Link is in accordance with the definition of the W3C , which says : "A link has two ends -- called anchors -- and a direction. The link starts at the 'source' anchor and points to the 'destination' anchor." The anchor in Html is the text enclosed by an A tag, and the starting point is the location of the A tag that defines the link. This 'source anchor' sense is rarely used at Wikipedia, which is inconsistent in how it does refer to source anchors, using various terms such as " link text ", " link label ", or " display text " of a wikilink. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching v t e Wikipedia editor navigation ( Search ) v t e v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) Five pillars Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance Unregistered users Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Registered users New account Logging in Reset passwords Username policy Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Unified login or SUL Alternate account Account security Password strength requirements User account security Personal security practices Two-factor authentication 2FA for AWB Committed identity On privacy, confidentiality and discretion Compromised accounts How to not get outed Blocks, bans, sanctions, global actions Blocking policy FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock Appealing a block Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Blocking IP addresses Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Banning policy ArbCom appeals Sanctions Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Indef ≠ infinite Long-term abuse Standard offer Global actions Related to accounts Sockpuppetry Single-purpose account Sleeper account Spam-only account Vandalism-only account Wikibreak Enforcer Retiring Courtesy vanishing Clean start Quiet return Account deletion User groups and global user groups Requests for permissions Admin instructions Admin guide Account creator PERM (Auto) confirmed PERM Autopatrolled PERM AutoWikiBrowser PERM Bot Request Edit filter helper Request Event coordinator PERM Extended confirmed PERM File mover PERM IP block exempt Request Mass message sender PERM New page reviewer PERM Page mover PERM Pending changes reviewer PERM Rollback PERM Template editor PERM Temporary account IP viewer PERM Global rights policy Volunteer Response Team Advanced user groups Administrator RfA Bureaucrat RfB CheckUser and Oversight Request Edit filter manager Request Interface administrator Request Founder Importer Researcher Committees and related Arbitration Committee Bot approvals group Functionaries Clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks Governance Administration FAQ Formal organization Editorial oversight and control Quality control Wikimedia Foundation Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals WikiProjects Elections Policies and guidelines Petitions Noticeboards Consensus Dispute resolution Reforms v t e Wikipedia community For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Content dispute resolution Requests for comment Third opinion Dispute resolution noticeboard Biographies of living persons Conflict of interest External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view No original research Reliable sources Other noticeboards and assistance Regional notice boards Requests for help Category Asking questions Teahouse Help desk Reference desk Adopt-a-user Copyright assistance Copyright investigations Text problems Media questions Resource requests Mergers History mergers Moves Page importation Spam Blacklist Whitelist Bots Education General sanctions Editor sanctions Long-term abuse Deletion discussions Guide Admin Today Articles Templates Files Categories Redirects Miscellany Speedy Proposed BLP Review Undeletion Arguments to avoid Arguments to make Article Rescue Elections and voting Requests for comment ( meta ) Wikimedia Foundation elections WP Democracy Milestones Directories, indexes, and summaries Departments Edit summary legend Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Abbreviations Help Manual of Style Simplified Rules Five pillars Policies Guidelines Shortcuts Templates Citation templates Tips Today Tools Wiki markup Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) About Wikipedia (?) Administration Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Help for readers (?) FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media Contributing to Wikipedia (?) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Getting started (?) Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Dos and don'ts (?) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) How-to pages and information pages (?) Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Coding (?) Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Directories (?) Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Missing Manual Ask for help on your talk page (?) v t e Wikipedia referencing Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot v t e Wikipedia technical help Get personal technical help at the Teahouse , help desk , village pump (technical) , talk pages , or IRC . General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Wikitext Wikitext Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Links and diffs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Media files: images, videos and sounds Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Other graphics Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Templates and Lua modules Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Data structure Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Template User User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Automated editing AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners All namespaces Deletion Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Navboxes with templates Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Inline images Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Help pages Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Related topics WikiProject Templates Index Category Search Category v t e Awards, decorations, and medals of Wikipedia Awarded by co-founder Jimmy Wales Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country Awards by WikiProject WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious Barnstars and other personal awards Barnstar awards by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 Ribbons Awards by number of edits Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards See also WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Registered users New account Logging in Reset passwords Username policy Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Unified login or SUL Alternate account New account Logging in Reset passwords Reset passwords Username policy Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Unified login or SUL Alternate account Account security Password strength requirements User account security Personal security practices Two-factor authentication 2FA for AWB Committed identity On privacy, confidentiality and discretion Compromised accounts How to not get outed Password strength requirements User account security Personal security practices Two-factor authentication 2FA for AWB 2FA for AWB Committed identity On privacy, confidentiality and discretion Compromised accounts How to not get outed Blocks, bans, sanctions, global actions Blocking policy FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock Appealing a block Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Blocking IP addresses Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Banning policy ArbCom appeals Sanctions Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Indef ≠ infinite Long-term abuse Standard offer Global actions Blocking policy FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock Appealing a block Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Blocking IP addresses Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Banning policy ArbCom appeals ArbCom appeals Sanctions Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Indef ≠ infinite Long-term abuse Standard offer Global actions Related to accounts Sockpuppetry Single-purpose account Sleeper account Spam-only account Vandalism-only account Wikibreak Enforcer Retiring Courtesy vanishing Clean start Quiet return Account deletion Sockpuppetry Single-purpose account Sleeper account Spam-only account Vandalism-only account Wikibreak Enforcer Enforcer Retiring Courtesy vanishing Courtesy vanishing Clean start Quiet return Quiet return Account deletion User groups and global user groups Requests for permissions Admin instructions Admin guide Account creator PERM (Auto) confirmed PERM Autopatrolled PERM AutoWikiBrowser PERM Bot Request Edit filter helper Request Event coordinator PERM Extended confirmed PERM File mover PERM IP block exempt Request Mass message sender PERM New page reviewer PERM Page mover PERM Pending changes reviewer PERM Rollback PERM Template editor PERM Temporary account IP viewer PERM Global rights policy Volunteer Response Team Requests for permissions Admin instructions Admin guide Admin instructions Admin guide Account creator PERM PERM (Auto) confirmed PERM PERM Autopatrolled PERM PERM AutoWikiBrowser PERM PERM Bot Request Request Edit filter helper Request Request Event coordinator PERM PERM Extended confirmed PERM PERM File mover PERM PERM IP block exempt Request Request Mass message sender PERM PERM New page reviewer PERM PERM Page mover PERM PERM Pending changes reviewer PERM PERM Rollback PERM PERM Template editor PERM PERM Temporary account IP viewer PERM PERM Global rights policy Volunteer Response Team Volunteer Response Team Advanced user groups Administrator RfA Bureaucrat RfB CheckUser and Oversight Request Edit filter manager Request Interface administrator Request Founder Importer Researcher Administrator RfA RfA Bureaucrat RfB RfB CheckUser and Oversight Request Request Edit filter manager Request Request Interface administrator Request Request Founder Importer Researcher Committees and related Arbitration Committee Bot approvals group Functionaries Clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks Arbitration Committee Bot approvals group Functionaries Clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks Governance Administration FAQ Formal organization Editorial oversight and control Quality control Wikimedia Foundation Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals WikiProjects Elections Policies and guidelines Petitions Noticeboards Consensus Dispute resolution Reforms Administration FAQ FAQ Formal organization Editorial oversight and control Quality control Wikimedia Foundation Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals WikiProjects Elections Policies and guidelines Petitions Noticeboards Consensus Dispute resolution Reforms v t e Wikipedia community v t e For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Pages Main Page Errors Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Task Center Open tasks Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Category Admin category Edit requests Category Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Requests Enforcement Content dispute resolution Requests for comment Third opinion Dispute resolution noticeboard Biographies of living persons Conflict of interest External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view No original research Reliable sources Requests for comment Third opinion Dispute resolution noticeboard Biographies of living persons Conflict of interest External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view No original research Reliable sources Biographies of living persons Conflict of interest External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view No original research Reliable sources Other noticeboards and assistance Regional notice boards Requests for help Category Asking questions Teahouse Help desk Reference desk Adopt-a-user Copyright assistance Copyright investigations Text problems Media questions Resource requests Mergers History mergers Moves Page importation Spam Blacklist Whitelist Bots Education General sanctions Editor sanctions Long-term abuse Regional notice boards Requests for help Category Category Asking questions Teahouse Help desk Reference desk Adopt-a-user Teahouse Help desk Reference desk Adopt-a-user Copyright assistance Copyright investigations Text problems Media questions Copyright investigations Text problems Media questions Resource requests Mergers History mergers History mergers Moves Page importation Page importation Spam Blacklist Whitelist Blacklist Whitelist Bots Education General sanctions Editor sanctions Long-term abuse Deletion discussions Guide Admin Today Articles Templates Files Categories Redirects Miscellany Speedy Proposed BLP Review Undeletion Arguments to avoid Arguments to make Article Rescue Guide Admin Admin Today Articles Templates Files Categories Redirects Miscellany Speedy Proposed BLP BLP Review Undeletion Undeletion Arguments to avoid Arguments to make Article Rescue Elections and voting Requests for comment ( meta ) Wikimedia Foundation elections WP Democracy Milestones Requests for comment ( meta ) Wikimedia Foundation elections WP Democracy Milestones Milestones Directories, indexes, and summaries Departments Edit summary legend Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Abbreviations Help Manual of Style Simplified Rules Five pillars Policies Guidelines Shortcuts Templates Citation templates Tips Today Tools Wiki markup Departments Edit summary legend Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Abbreviations Abbreviations Help Manual of Style Simplified Simplified Rules Five pillars Policies Guidelines Five pillars Policies Guidelines Shortcuts Templates Citation templates Citation templates Tips Today Today Tools Wiki markup Media Category Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) About Wikipedia (?) Administration Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Administration Purpose Principles Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Help for readers (?) FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media Contributing to Wikipedia (?) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Getting started (?) Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Dos and don'ts (?) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) How-to pages and information pages (?) Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Coding (?) Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Directories (?) Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Missing Manual Ask for help on your talk page (?) v t e Wikipedia referencing v t e Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot v t e Wikipedia technical help v t e Get personal technical help at the Teahouse , help desk , village pump (technical) , talk pages , or IRC . General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Wikitext Wikitext Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Wikitext Cheatsheet Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Links and diffs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Media files: images, videos and sounds Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Other graphics Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Templates and Lua modules Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Data structure Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Template User User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Automated editing AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki igloo STiki See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners WikiProject banners All namespaces Deletion Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Deletion Speedy Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Navboxes with templates Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Inline images Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Help pages Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Related topics WikiProject Templates Index Category WikiProject Templates Index Category Category Search Category Category v t e Awards, decorations, and medals of Wikipedia v t e Awarded by co-founder Jimmy Wales Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country also by country Awards by WikiProject WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious Barnstars and other personal awards Barnstar awards by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 Ribbons Barnstar awards by topic by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 2.0 Ribbons Awards by number of edits Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards See also WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links v t e Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives Wikipedia directories Wikipedia editor help Wikipedia FAQs Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 06:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Reference বাংলা Español Bahasa Indonesia Українська Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Reference In comparison, a reference book or reference-only book in a library is one that may only be used in the library and not borrowed from the library. Many such books are reference works (in the first sense) which are usually used only briefly or photocopied from, and therefore do not need to be borrowed. Keeping them in the library assures that they will always be available for use on demand. Other reference-only books are ones that are too valuable to permit borrowers to take them out. Reference-only items may be shelved in a reference collection located separately from circulating items or individual reference-only items may be shelved among items available for borrowing. Overview Almanac Atlas Citation index Database Dictionary Encyclopedia Gazetteer Glossary Handbook Magazine Newsgroup Newspaper Scientific journal Thesaurus Web directory Wikipedia List of academic disciplines Archive Basic English Book College Curriculum Information Knowledge Library News agency Periodic table Quotation Research Study skills Table of contents University Web search engine Outlines Books – a book is a set of written, printed, illustrated sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books are used to convey knowledge and other information. Great books listed in How to Read a Book Great Books of the Western World Harvard Classics Great books listed in How to Read a Book Great Books of the Western World Harvard Classics General subject outlines (trees of knowledge) Taxonomies (trees) of knowledge included within larger works Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity Subject classification systems Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Taxonomies (trees) of knowledge included within larger works Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity Subject classification systems Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Knowledge – familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. Wikipedia – free-access, free content Internet encyclopedia, supported and hosted by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Anyone who can access the site can edit almost any of its articles. Wikipedia is the sixth-most visited website and constitutes the Internet's largest and most popular general reference work. Lists General reference lists: Abbreviations Collective nouns Common misconceptions Common misspellings Etymologies Lists Lists of lists List of lists of lists Pairs Postal codes Unusual articles Abbreviations Collective nouns Common misconceptions Common misspellings Etymologies Lists Lists of lists List of lists of lists Pairs Postal codes Unusual articles Reference of organizations Libraries : Types of libraries Digital library projects National libraries Libraries : Types of libraries Digital library projects National libraries Types of libraries Digital library projects National libraries Reference works : Almanacs Dictionaries Encyclopedias Free online journals Newsgroups Newspapers Web directories Almanacs Dictionaries Encyclopedias Free online journals Newsgroups Newspapers Web directories Research tools and resources: Free software programs IRC clients News clients Periodic table Search engines Respectable free online information sources Free software programs IRC clients News clients Periodic table Search engines Respectable free online information sources Standards : Common standards Numbering schemes International standards: List of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 639 language names ISO 3166 country codes Time zones Country calling codes Internet TLDs Plastic recycling codes United States standards: Federal Standard 1037C (Glossary of telecommunication terms) FIPS country codes U.S. postal abbreviations Size , measurement and conversions SI: SI base units SI derived units SI prefix Unit conversions : Unusual units of measurement Humorous units of measurement Orders of magnitude : Length Area Volume Mass Time Specific measures: Cooking Ancient Paper sizes Common standards Numbering schemes International standards: List of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 639 language names ISO 3166 country codes Time zones Country calling codes Internet TLDs Plastic recycling codes List of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 639 language names ISO 3166 country codes Time zones Country calling codes Internet TLDs Plastic recycling codes United States standards: Federal Standard 1037C (Glossary of telecommunication terms) FIPS country codes U.S. postal abbreviations Federal Standard 1037C (Glossary of telecommunication terms) FIPS country codes U.S. postal abbreviations Size , measurement and conversions SI: SI base units SI derived units SI prefix Unit conversions : Unusual units of measurement Humorous units of measurement Orders of magnitude : Length Area Volume Mass Time Specific measures: Cooking Ancient Paper sizes SI: SI base units SI derived units SI prefix SI base units SI derived units SI prefix Unit conversions : Unusual units of measurement Humorous units of measurement Unusual units of measurement Humorous units of measurement Orders of magnitude : Length Area Volume Mass Time Length Area Volume Mass Time Specific measures: Cooking Ancient Paper sizes Cooking Ancient Paper sizes Portals Glossaries "-graphies" (subjects ending in "graphy"). Library and information science Categories Quick links The topmost category List of all categories About Wikipedia's categories Category help Random category Category index ! 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Reference works Almanacs Atlases Biographical dictionaries Dictionaries online online Directories online online Encyclopedias online online Glossaries Handbooks and manuals Lists Medical manuals Reference book stubs Reference works in the public domain Style guides Trivia books Web sites Further research tools and topics Academic disciplines Archives Books Clients Curricula Databases online online Distance education Grammar Government agencies Indices Information Knowledge Letters Libraries digital digital Library cataloging and classification News agencies Periodic table Prefixes Reading Research Search engines Suffixes Universities and colleges Writing Indices Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Reference Wikipedia contents Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 18 April 2021, at 12:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Reference#Overviews
|
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–5 of 5 results for author: Vasiliuk, A Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10254 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI NoReGeo: Non-Reasoning Geometry Benchmark Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Anton Vasiliuk , Elizaveta Goncharova , Temurbek Rahmatullaev , Zagorulko Ivan , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode sp… ▽ More We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10254 [ pdf , ps , other ] NoReGeo: Non-Reasoning Geometry Benchmark Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Anton Vasiliuk , Elizaveta Goncharova , Temurbek Rahmatullaev , Zagorulko Ivan , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode sp… ▽ More We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.09149 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MindShift: Analyzing Language Models' Reactions to Psychological Prompts Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Irina Abdullaeva , Polina Druzhinina , Anton Razzhigaev , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of LLMs' prompts and psychological biases we created personality-oriented prompts, crafting a detailed set of personas that vary in trait intensity. This enables us to measure how well LLMs follow these roles. Our study introduces MindShift, a benchmark for evaluating LLMs' psychological adaptability. The results highlight a consistent improvement in LLMs' role perception, attributed to advancements in training datasets and alignment techniques. Additionally, we observe significant differences in responses to psychometric assessments across different model types and families, suggesting variability in their ability to emulate human-like personality traits. MindShift prompts and code for LLM evaluation will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.09149 [ pdf , ps , other ] MindShift: Analyzing Language Models' Reactions to Psychological Prompts Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Irina Abdullaeva , Polina Druzhinina , Anton Razzhigaev , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) hold the potential to absorb and reflect personality traits and attitudes specified by users. In our study, we investigated this potential using robust psychometric measures. We adapted the most studied test in psychological literature, namely Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and examined LLMs' behavior to identify traits. To asses the sensitivity of LLMs' prompts and psychological biases we created personality-oriented prompts, crafting a detailed set of personas that vary in trait intensity. This enables us to measure how well LLMs follow these roles. Our study introduces MindShift, a benchmark for evaluating LLMs' psychological adaptability. The results highlight a consistent improvement in LLMs' role perception, attributed to advancements in training datasets and alignment techniques. Additionally, we observe significant differences in responses to psychometric assessments across different model types and families, suggesting variability in their ability to emulate human-like personality traits. MindShift prompts and code for LLM evaluation will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2308.07324 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.LG Redesigning Out-of-Distribution Detection on 3D Medical Images Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Daria Frolova , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh Abstract : Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples for trusted medical image segmentation remains a significant challenge. The critical issue here is the lack of a strict definition of abnormal data, which often results in artificial problem settings without measurable clinical impact. In this paper, we redesign the OOD detection problem according to the specifics of volumetric medical imaging and relate… ▽ More Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples for trusted medical image segmentation remains a significant challenge. The critical issue here is the lack of a strict definition of abnormal data, which often results in artificial problem settings without measurable clinical impact. In this paper, we redesign the OOD detection problem according to the specifics of volumetric medical imaging and related downstream tasks (e.g., segmentation). We propose using the downstream model's performance as a pseudometric between images to define abnormal samples. This approach enables us to weigh different samples based on their performance impact without an explicit ID/OOD distinction. We incorporate this weighting in a new metric called Expected Performance Drop (EPD). EPD is our core contribution to the new problem design, allowing us to rank methods based on their clinical impact. We demonstrate the effectiveness of EPD-based evaluation in 11 CT and MRI OOD detection challenges. △ Less Submitted 7 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. arXiv:2308.07324 [ pdf , other ] Redesigning Out-of-Distribution Detection on 3D Medical Images Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Daria Frolova , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh Abstract : Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples for trusted medical image segmentation remains a significant challenge. The critical issue here is the lack of a strict definition of abnormal data, which often results in artificial problem settings without measurable clinical impact. In this paper, we redesign the OOD detection problem according to the specifics of volumetric medical imaging and relate… ▽ More Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples for trusted medical image segmentation remains a significant challenge. The critical issue here is the lack of a strict definition of abnormal data, which often results in artificial problem settings without measurable clinical impact. In this paper, we redesign the OOD detection problem according to the specifics of volumetric medical imaging and related downstream tasks (e.g., segmentation). We propose using the downstream model's performance as a pseudometric between images to define abnormal samples. This approach enables us to weigh different samples based on their performance impact without an explicit ID/OOD distinction. We incorporate this weighting in a new metric called Expected Performance Drop (EPD). EPD is our core contribution to the new problem design, allowing us to rank methods based on their clinical impact. We demonstrate the effectiveness of EPD-based evaluation in 11 CT and MRI OOD detection challenges. △ Less Submitted 7 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023. arXiv:2212.06506 eess.IV cs.CV Solving Sample-Level Out-of-Distribution Detection on 3D Medical Images Authors: Daria Frolova , Anton Vasiliuk , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh Abstract : Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data samples, increasing the model's reliability. Recent works have developed DL-based OOD detection that achieves promising results on 2D medical images. However, scali… ▽ More Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data samples, increasing the model's reliability. Recent works have developed DL-based OOD detection that achieves promising results on 2D medical images. However, scaling most of these approaches on 3D images is computationally intractable. Furthermore, the current 3D solutions struggle to achieve acceptable results in detecting even synthetic OOD samples. Such limited performance might indicate that DL often inefficiently embeds large volumetric images. We argue that using the intensity histogram of the original CT or MRI scan as embedding is descriptive enough to run OOD detection. Therefore, we propose a histogram-based method that requires no DL and achieves almost perfect results in this domain. Our proposal is supported two-fold. We evaluate the performance on the publicly available datasets, where our method scores 1.0 AUROC in most setups. And we score second in the Medical Out-of-Distribution challenge without fine-tuning and exploiting task-specific knowledge. Carefully discussing the limitations, we conclude that our method solves the sample-level OOD detection on 3D medical images in the current setting. △ Less Submitted 23 June, 2023; v1 submitted 13 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022. Comments: We had made a mistake in the proposed algorithm's code (IHF), which led to a biased evaluation -- the reported AUROC scores (Tab. 1) are higher than they should be. It led to a false conclusion and the primary paper's message arXiv:2212.06506 Solving Sample-Level Out-of-Distribution Detection on 3D Medical Images Authors: Daria Frolova , Anton Vasiliuk , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh Abstract : Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data samples, increasing the model's reliability. Recent works have developed DL-based OOD detection that achieves promising results on 2D medical images. However, scali… ▽ More Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data samples, increasing the model's reliability. Recent works have developed DL-based OOD detection that achieves promising results on 2D medical images. However, scaling most of these approaches on 3D images is computationally intractable. Furthermore, the current 3D solutions struggle to achieve acceptable results in detecting even synthetic OOD samples. Such limited performance might indicate that DL often inefficiently embeds large volumetric images. We argue that using the intensity histogram of the original CT or MRI scan as embedding is descriptive enough to run OOD detection. Therefore, we propose a histogram-based method that requires no DL and achieves almost perfect results in this domain. Our proposal is supported two-fold. We evaluate the performance on the publicly available datasets, where our method scores 1.0 AUROC in most setups. And we score second in the Medical Out-of-Distribution challenge without fine-tuning and exploiting task-specific knowledge. Carefully discussing the limitations, we conclude that our method solves the sample-level OOD detection on 3D medical images in the current setting. △ Less Submitted 23 June, 2023; v1 submitted 13 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022. Comments: We had made a mistake in the proposed algorithm's code (IHF), which led to a biased evaluation -- the reported AUROC scores (Tab. 1) are higher than they should be. It led to a false conclusion and the primary paper's message arXiv:2211.00303 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Exploring Structure-Wise Uncertainty for 3D Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Daria Frolova , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh Abstract : When applying a Deep Learning model to medical images, it is crucial to estimate the model uncertainty. Voxel-wise uncertainty is a useful visual marker for human experts and could be used to improve the model's voxel-wise output, such as segmentation. Moreover, uncertainty provides a solid foundation for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, improving the model performance on the image-wise level.… ▽ More When applying a Deep Learning model to medical images, it is crucial to estimate the model uncertainty. Voxel-wise uncertainty is a useful visual marker for human experts and could be used to improve the model's voxel-wise output, such as segmentation. Moreover, uncertainty provides a solid foundation for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, improving the model performance on the image-wise level. However, one of the frequent tasks in medical imaging is the segmentation of distinct, local structures such as tumors or lesions. Here, the structure-wise uncertainty allows more precise operations than image-wise and more semantic-aware than voxel-wise. The way to produce uncertainty for individual structures remains poorly explored. We propose a framework to measure the structure-wise uncertainty and evaluate the impact of OOD data on the model performance. Thus, we identify the best UE method to improve the segmentation quality. The proposed framework is tested on three datasets with the tumor segmentation task: LIDC-IDRI, LiTS, and a private one with multiple brain metastases cases. △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022. arXiv:2211.00303 [ pdf , other ] Exploring Structure-Wise Uncertainty for 3D Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Anton Vasiliuk , Daria Frolova , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh Abstract : When applying a Deep Learning model to medical images, it is crucial to estimate the model uncertainty. Voxel-wise uncertainty is a useful visual marker for human experts and could be used to improve the model's voxel-wise output, such as segmentation. Moreover, uncertainty provides a solid foundation for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, improving the model performance on the image-wise level.… ▽ More When applying a Deep Learning model to medical images, it is crucial to estimate the model uncertainty. Voxel-wise uncertainty is a useful visual marker for human experts and could be used to improve the model's voxel-wise output, such as segmentation. Moreover, uncertainty provides a solid foundation for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, improving the model performance on the image-wise level. However, one of the frequent tasks in medical imaging is the segmentation of distinct, local structures such as tumors or lesions. Here, the structure-wise uncertainty allows more precise operations than image-wise and more semantic-aware than voxel-wise. The way to produce uncertainty for individual structures remains poorly explored. We propose a framework to measure the structure-wise uncertainty and evaluate the impact of OOD data on the model performance. Thus, we identify the best UE method to improve the segmentation quality. The proposed framework is tested on three datasets with the tumor segmentation task: LIDC-IDRI, LiTS, and a private one with multiple brain metastases cases. △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
|
https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Vasiliuk,+A
|
Choose edition Search singapore asia world opinion life business sport Visual Podcasts SPH Rewards STClassifieds Paid press releases Advertise with us FAQs Contact us New book sheds light on Singapore’s secret negotiations for independence Sign up now: Get ST's newsletters delivered to your inbox Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Minister for Digital Development and Information Josephine Teo viewing an exhibit at the launch of the Albatross File book and exhibition at the National Library in Victoria Street on Dec 7. PHOTO: LIANHE ZAOBAO Chin Soo Fang Follow topic: 1965 Separation Summary Summary Singapore's separation from Malaysia was a "bloodless coup" orchestrated by Dr Goh Keng Swee and Tun Abdul Razak in 25 days, detailed in a new book, The Albatross File. Dr Goh's suggestion of separation on July 15, 1965, led to secret negotiations and the drafting of legal instruments by E.W. Barker for Singapore's independence. Despite Lee Kuan Yew's last-minute attempt for a looser confederation, the Tunku's firm decision led to Singapore's independence proclamation on August 9, 1965. AI generated Published Dec 07, 2025, 01:30 PM Updated Dec 13, 2025, 10:25 AM SINGAPORE – Singapore’s separation from Malaysia in August 1965 was the result of a “bloodless coup” orchestrated by then Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and then Malaysia’s Deputy Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, over just 25 days. A new book, The Albatross File: Inside Separation, shows how an off-the-cuff remark by Dr Goh on July 15, 1965, set off a chain of moves that led to the proclamation, at 10am on Aug 9, that “Singapore shall be forever a sovereign democratic and independent nation”. The book, edited by Ms Susan Sim and published by The Straits Times Press and the National Archives of Singapore, drew on papers that Dr Goh kept in a file he code-named “Albatross”, alongside extensive oral history interviews with Singapore’s founding leaders. Albatross, which contained Cabinet papers, memorandums and Dr Goh’s handwritten notes of his discussions with Malaysian leaders in the months before separation, had until now largely been kept classified. A subset of the documents were exhibited in 2015 to commemorate the Republic’s 50th year of independence. Dr Goh had considered Malaysia an “albatross round our necks” because the promise of shared prosperity and partnership through merger had quickly given way to fraught debates over race and clashing ideas about the country’s future. These tensions hardened following two major communal riots in 1964, which exposed how fragile the new federation was. The book was launched by Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong on Dec 7, alongside a new permanent exhibition at the National Library Building. Here are four of its key revelations: SM Lee Hsien Loong greeting Mr Ong Pang Boon, one of the 10 ministers who signed the Separation Agreement, at the launch of The Albatross File: Inside Separation book and exhibition. ST PHOTO: CHONG JUN LIANG Off-the-cuff trigger Following the race riots in July and September 1964, then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew concluded that extremist elements in Malaysia could use communal politics and riots as a weapon in Singapore, and that the island had to seek a rearrangement with Kuala Lumpur. Talks between Mr Lee, Dr Goh and Malaysia’s top leaders – including then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Razak – were held, and they swung between proposals for cooperation and constitutional rearrangements. As the Tunku began signalling that he wanted to “hive off” Singapore, quarrels over parliamentary seats, tax revenues, internal security and the PAP’s role in federal politics repeatedly derailed any deal. The British, which were defending Malaysia against Indonesia’s Konfrontasi, also worked to stymie any constitutional rearrangements within Malaysia. The PAP then launched a counter-offensive to bring political pressure to bear on Kuala Lumpur, so that Singapore could get good terms from the federal government. This included reaching out for a united front with all non-communal parties in Sabah, Sarawak and Malaya, which resulted in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention. Albatross, which contained Cabinet papers, memorandums and then Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee’s handwritten notes of his discussions with Malaysian leaders in the months before separation, had until now largely been kept classified. PHOTO: LIANHE ZAOBAO By May 1965, diplomatic cables to London were warning that Mr Lee could be arrested. This prompted the British to make clear that they would reassess support for Malaysia in that event, and that such a move would also result in international repercussions. By June, the Tunku decided it was better to let Singapore go, and in a July 1 letter told Tun Razak they may “have no choice but to cut out Singapore from Malaysia in order to save the rest of the body from gangrene”. The turning point came on July 15, 1965. Dr Goh, who was summoned to Tun Razak’s home in Kuala Lumpur, was asked for ideas to tackle the strained relationship. He said the best thing would be to call it quits, and that both sides should go their separate ways. Tun Razak then asked what he meant by going their separate ways. Dr Goh said: “Well, we leave Malaysia, become an independent state, and you’ll be relieved of all these troubles, and we would have also been relieved of troubles from you. All these tensions that built up, communal tensions, will all be over. We’re on our own, you’re on your own.” More on this topic Singapore’s independence was not inevitable; key leaders on both sides pushed for Separation: SM Lee 25 days to a ‘bloodless coup’: The most complete account yet of S’pore’s independence in The Albatross File Tun Razak asked Dr Goh to sound out Mr Lee. On July 20, in a follow-up meeting with Tun Razak and Malaysian Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman, Dr Goh confirmed that Mr Lee would accept secession if it was done swiftly, quietly and without leaks to the British or the public. The two sides agreed on an Aug 9 deadline, which was when the federal Parliament reconvened. To maintain absolute secrecy, they entrusted then Law Minister E.W. Barker to draft the legal instruments that would dismantle the federation for Singapore while preserving vital interests such as water and defence ties. Mr Barker produced three key texts: an Agreement to Separate, amendments to the Malaysian Constitution – which allowed states to join but not leave – and a Proclamation of Independence for Singapore. No to looser rearrangement One of the most striking revelations in the book was that Dr Goh never proposed a looser federation or confederation to Tun Razak. This was even as Mr Lee considered this as a way to reduce friction without a complete break. In his memoirs, The Singapore Story, Mr Lee said he realised this only in 1994, when he read Dr Goh’s oral history interview – recorded between 1980 and 1982 – and discovered that Dr Goh “never pressed Razak for a looser rearrangement as I had asked him to”. An emotional then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew during the press conference in 1965 to announce Singapore's separation from Malaysia. PHOTO: ST FILE Instead, Dr Goh had gone “along with their (the Malaysians’) desire to have us hived off”. In his oral history interview, Dr Goh said he was unsure at the time whether Mr Lee would go along with Separation, but that he had “had enough of Malaysia”. “I just wanted to get out. I could see no future in it, that the political cost was dreadful and the economic benefits, well, didn’t exist. So it was an exercise in futility.” “So (as) far as I’m concerned, you know, it’s a project that should be abandoned once you see that it’s worthless,” he added. “Taking into account that Malay leaders were (also) quite fed up with it and were seeking some relief from pain which they found unbearable, this looked to me as something which they would have accepted.” Dr Goh said that even if the Singaporean leaders had not proposed Separation, the Tunku would eventually have done so. But the Malaysian Prime Minister might have done it in a way that the British “would have smelt a rat... and then would have put a stop to it”. Before meeting Tun Razak again on July 26, 1965, Dr Goh asked Mr Lee for a written authorisation to continue the discussions, in case the Malaysian leader wanted proof of Mr Lee’s agreement to secession. But Dr Goh also had another more tactical reason for obtaining this letter: He wanted Mr Lee to commit himself to Separation. “For both these reasons, I felt it prudent to have this written undertaking,” he said. Throughout the negotiations, Dr Goh was decisive and refused to be baited into considering any other option. Every time Tun Razak wavered, he reminded him of all the pain that Mr Lee and the PAP could cause if they remained in Malaysia. More on this topic Separation shows Singapore was and still is a miracle ‘Nearest to a nervous breakdown’: Kwa Geok Choo on Lee Kuan Yew’s anguish after Malaysia separation Negotiated by the lieutenants While Mr Lee and the Tunku were the final decision-makers, both the negotiation and signing of the Separation Agreement were first carried out by Dr Goh and Tun Razak before the two prime ministers came into the picture on Aug 7. Events following Merger, such as the two race riots in Singapore in 1964, had led to mutual suspicion between leaders in Kuala Lumpur and Mr Lee, which added to the instinctive distrust that the Central Government had of a non-communally-aligned PAP. In his oral history interview, Mr Lee noted that on the negotiations, “the Tunku did not speak to me, I did not speak to him”. “He got Razak to speak to Goh, and it was settled between them,” he said. Fortunately, Dr Goh and Tun Razak were friendly, having known each other when they were both students in London. In 1949, both men had co-founded the Malayan Forum, a political discussion group for university students to discuss independence for British Malaya. Following the July 21, 1964, race riots, Dr Goh proposed going to Kuala Lumpur, and Tun Razak invited him to stay at his home for several days. The two men had a meeting on July 28. Mr Barker also knew Tun Razak and then Malaysian Attorney-General Abdul Kadir Yusof from their days studying in Raffles College before World War II . On Aug 6, Dr Goh, Mr Barker and senior Malaysian leaders waited at Tun Razak’s house while the Separation documents were being prepared. They eventually signed the documents in the wee hours of Aug 7. But Tun Razak had a nagging concern, and confided in Mr Barker: “Eddie, as an old friend, can you assure me that Harry will sign?” Mr Barker replied: “Of course, he will sign. I assure you that he will sign.” Last-ditch attempt at confederation On Aug 7, after the Separation Agreement was already signed by the negotiating ministers at Tun Razak’s home, Mr Lee drove to the Tunku’s residency at noon to explore whether some “looser” form of association might be acceptable. Mr Lee felt that if the Tunku was agreeable, the two sides could go through with Separation and immediately bring about a confederation, with a joint council for defence and external affairs. This could be done by adding a few paragraphs to the documents, Mr Lee said in his oral history. “I put it to him, ‘Look, we have spent years to bring about Malaysia. The best part of my adult life was to work towards Malaysia... Do you really want to break it up?’” recalled Mr Lee. “Don’t you think it’s wiser to go back to our original plan, which the British stopped?” But the Tunku replied: “No, I’m past that. There is no other way now. I’ve made up my mind. You go your own way, we go our own way. We can be friends again.” The finality conveyed by the Tunku was so conclusive that Mr Lee dropped the matter altogether. On Aug 8, Mr Lee and the Tunku met again to sign a document Mr Lee had prepared, summarising the points they had agreed. They also confirmed various matters, including the handling of the parliamentary timetable for Separation, and rapid deployment of multiracial troops to the island should trouble flare in Singapore. Mr Lee then flew home to secure the remaining signatures from his Cabinet. More on this topic Singapore deregisters 14 inactive political parties, including Barisan Sosialis Minor Issues: Remembering the pioneers who built Singapore On the morning of Aug 9, 1965, Singapore’s independence was proclaimed over radio, completing a process that had begun, less than a month earlier, as a suggestion by Dr Goh in Tun Razak’s living room. Mr Lee said: “We did something quite remarkable – a constitutional coup right under the noses of the British, the Australians and New Zealanders who were defending Malaysia with their blood and treasure. “I did not want to do it. The Tunku forced us into a position where we either acquiesced in his policies, or we took a stand. We took a stand.” Chin Soo Fang is senior correspondent at The Straits Times, covering a wide range of topics including community, politics, social issues, consumer, culture and heritage. See more on 1965 Separation Lee Kuan Yew Goh Keng Swee Singapore history Singapore books New book sheds light on Singapore’s secret negotiations for independence Sign up now: Get ST's newsletters delivered to your inbox Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Minister for Digital Development and Information Josephine Teo viewing an exhibit at the launch of the Albatross File book and exhibition at the National Library in Victoria Street on Dec 7. PHOTO: LIANHE ZAOBAO Chin Soo Fang Follow topic: Summary Singapore's separation from Malaysia was a "bloodless coup" orchestrated by Dr Goh Keng Swee and Tun Abdul Razak in 25 days, detailed in a new book, The Albatross File. Dr Goh's suggestion of separation on July 15, 1965, led to secret negotiations and the drafting of legal instruments by E.W. Barker for Singapore's independence. Despite Lee Kuan Yew's last-minute attempt for a looser confederation, the Tunku's firm decision led to Singapore's independence proclamation on August 9, 1965. AI generated Published Dec 07, 2025, 01:30 PM Updated Dec 13, 2025, 10:25 AM SINGAPORE – Singapore’s separation from Malaysia in August 1965 was the result of a “bloodless coup” orchestrated by then Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and then Malaysia’s Deputy Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, over just 25 days. A new book, The Albatross File: Inside Separation, shows how an off-the-cuff remark by Dr Goh on July 15, 1965, set off a chain of moves that led to the proclamation, at 10am on Aug 9, that “Singapore shall be forever a sovereign democratic and independent nation”. The book, edited by Ms Susan Sim and published by The Straits Times Press and the National Archives of Singapore, drew on papers that Dr Goh kept in a file he code-named “Albatross”, alongside extensive oral history interviews with Singapore’s founding leaders. Albatross, which contained Cabinet papers, memorandums and Dr Goh’s handwritten notes of his discussions with Malaysian leaders in the months before separation, had until now largely been kept classified. A subset of the documents were exhibited in 2015 to commemorate the Republic’s 50th year of independence. Dr Goh had considered Malaysia an “albatross round our necks” because the promise of shared prosperity and partnership through merger had quickly given way to fraught debates over race and clashing ideas about the country’s future. These tensions hardened following two major communal riots in 1964, which exposed how fragile the new federation was. The book was launched by Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong on Dec 7, alongside a new permanent exhibition at the National Library Building. Here are four of its key revelations: SM Lee Hsien Loong greeting Mr Ong Pang Boon, one of the 10 ministers who signed the Separation Agreement, at the launch of The Albatross File: Inside Separation book and exhibition. ST PHOTO: CHONG JUN LIANG Off-the-cuff trigger Following the race riots in July and September 1964, then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew concluded that extremist elements in Malaysia could use communal politics and riots as a weapon in Singapore, and that the island had to seek a rearrangement with Kuala Lumpur. Talks between Mr Lee, Dr Goh and Malaysia’s top leaders – including then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Razak – were held, and they swung between proposals for cooperation and constitutional rearrangements. As the Tunku began signalling that he wanted to “hive off” Singapore, quarrels over parliamentary seats, tax revenues, internal security and the PAP’s role in federal politics repeatedly derailed any deal. The British, which were defending Malaysia against Indonesia’s Konfrontasi, also worked to stymie any constitutional rearrangements within Malaysia. The PAP then launched a counter-offensive to bring political pressure to bear on Kuala Lumpur, so that Singapore could get good terms from the federal government. This included reaching out for a united front with all non-communal parties in Sabah, Sarawak and Malaya, which resulted in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention. Albatross, which contained Cabinet papers, memorandums and then Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee’s handwritten notes of his discussions with Malaysian leaders in the months before separation, had until now largely been kept classified. PHOTO: LIANHE ZAOBAO By May 1965, diplomatic cables to London were warning that Mr Lee could be arrested. This prompted the British to make clear that they would reassess support for Malaysia in that event, and that such a move would also result in international repercussions. By June, the Tunku decided it was better to let Singapore go, and in a July 1 letter told Tun Razak they may “have no choice but to cut out Singapore from Malaysia in order to save the rest of the body from gangrene”. The turning point came on July 15, 1965. Dr Goh, who was summoned to Tun Razak’s home in Kuala Lumpur, was asked for ideas to tackle the strained relationship. He said the best thing would be to call it quits, and that both sides should go their separate ways. Tun Razak then asked what he meant by going their separate ways. Dr Goh said: “Well, we leave Malaysia, become an independent state, and you’ll be relieved of all these troubles, and we would have also been relieved of troubles from you. All these tensions that built up, communal tensions, will all be over. We’re on our own, you’re on your own.” More on this topic Singapore’s independence was not inevitable; key leaders on both sides pushed for Separation: SM Lee 25 days to a ‘bloodless coup’: The most complete account yet of S’pore’s independence in The Albatross File Tun Razak asked Dr Goh to sound out Mr Lee. On July 20, in a follow-up meeting with Tun Razak and Malaysian Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman, Dr Goh confirmed that Mr Lee would accept secession if it was done swiftly, quietly and without leaks to the British or the public. The two sides agreed on an Aug 9 deadline, which was when the federal Parliament reconvened. To maintain absolute secrecy, they entrusted then Law Minister E.W. Barker to draft the legal instruments that would dismantle the federation for Singapore while preserving vital interests such as water and defence ties. Mr Barker produced three key texts: an Agreement to Separate, amendments to the Malaysian Constitution – which allowed states to join but not leave – and a Proclamation of Independence for Singapore. No to looser rearrangement One of the most striking revelations in the book was that Dr Goh never proposed a looser federation or confederation to Tun Razak. This was even as Mr Lee considered this as a way to reduce friction without a complete break. In his memoirs, The Singapore Story, Mr Lee said he realised this only in 1994, when he read Dr Goh’s oral history interview – recorded between 1980 and 1982 – and discovered that Dr Goh “never pressed Razak for a looser rearrangement as I had asked him to”. An emotional then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew during the press conference in 1965 to announce Singapore's separation from Malaysia. PHOTO: ST FILE Instead, Dr Goh had gone “along with their (the Malaysians’) desire to have us hived off”. In his oral history interview, Dr Goh said he was unsure at the time whether Mr Lee would go along with Separation, but that he had “had enough of Malaysia”. “I just wanted to get out. I could see no future in it, that the political cost was dreadful and the economic benefits, well, didn’t exist. So it was an exercise in futility.” “So (as) far as I’m concerned, you know, it’s a project that should be abandoned once you see that it’s worthless,” he added. “Taking into account that Malay leaders were (also) quite fed up with it and were seeking some relief from pain which they found unbearable, this looked to me as something which they would have accepted.” Dr Goh said that even if the Singaporean leaders had not proposed Separation, the Tunku would eventually have done so. But the Malaysian Prime Minister might have done it in a way that the British “would have smelt a rat... and then would have put a stop to it”. Before meeting Tun Razak again on July 26, 1965, Dr Goh asked Mr Lee for a written authorisation to continue the discussions, in case the Malaysian leader wanted proof of Mr Lee’s agreement to secession. But Dr Goh also had another more tactical reason for obtaining this letter: He wanted Mr Lee to commit himself to Separation. “For both these reasons, I felt it prudent to have this written undertaking,” he said. Throughout the negotiations, Dr Goh was decisive and refused to be baited into considering any other option. Every time Tun Razak wavered, he reminded him of all the pain that Mr Lee and the PAP could cause if they remained in Malaysia. More on this topic Separation shows Singapore was and still is a miracle ‘Nearest to a nervous breakdown’: Kwa Geok Choo on Lee Kuan Yew’s anguish after Malaysia separation Negotiated by the lieutenants While Mr Lee and the Tunku were the final decision-makers, both the negotiation and signing of the Separation Agreement were first carried out by Dr Goh and Tun Razak before the two prime ministers came into the picture on Aug 7. Events following Merger, such as the two race riots in Singapore in 1964, had led to mutual suspicion between leaders in Kuala Lumpur and Mr Lee, which added to the instinctive distrust that the Central Government had of a non-communally-aligned PAP. In his oral history interview, Mr Lee noted that on the negotiations, “the Tunku did not speak to me, I did not speak to him”. “He got Razak to speak to Goh, and it was settled between them,” he said. Fortunately, Dr Goh and Tun Razak were friendly, having known each other when they were both students in London. In 1949, both men had co-founded the Malayan Forum, a political discussion group for university students to discuss independence for British Malaya. Following the July 21, 1964, race riots, Dr Goh proposed going to Kuala Lumpur, and Tun Razak invited him to stay at his home for several days. The two men had a meeting on July 28. Mr Barker also knew Tun Razak and then Malaysian Attorney-General Abdul Kadir Yusof from their days studying in Raffles College before World War II . On Aug 6, Dr Goh, Mr Barker and senior Malaysian leaders waited at Tun Razak’s house while the Separation documents were being prepared. They eventually signed the documents in the wee hours of Aug 7. But Tun Razak had a nagging concern, and confided in Mr Barker: “Eddie, as an old friend, can you assure me that Harry will sign?” Mr Barker replied: “Of course, he will sign. I assure you that he will sign.” Last-ditch attempt at confederation On Aug 7, after the Separation Agreement was already signed by the negotiating ministers at Tun Razak’s home, Mr Lee drove to the Tunku’s residency at noon to explore whether some “looser” form of association might be acceptable. Mr Lee felt that if the Tunku was agreeable, the two sides could go through with Separation and immediately bring about a confederation, with a joint council for defence and external affairs. This could be done by adding a few paragraphs to the documents, Mr Lee said in his oral history. “I put it to him, ‘Look, we have spent years to bring about Malaysia. The best part of my adult life was to work towards Malaysia... Do you really want to break it up?’” recalled Mr Lee. “Don’t you think it’s wiser to go back to our original plan, which the British stopped?” But the Tunku replied: “No, I’m past that. There is no other way now. I’ve made up my mind. You go your own way, we go our own way. We can be friends again.” The finality conveyed by the Tunku was so conclusive that Mr Lee dropped the matter altogether. On Aug 8, Mr Lee and the Tunku met again to sign a document Mr Lee had prepared, summarising the points they had agreed. They also confirmed various matters, including the handling of the parliamentary timetable for Separation, and rapid deployment of multiracial troops to the island should trouble flare in Singapore. Mr Lee then flew home to secure the remaining signatures from his Cabinet. More on this topic Singapore deregisters 14 inactive political parties, including Barisan Sosialis Minor Issues: Remembering the pioneers who built Singapore On the morning of Aug 9, 1965, Singapore’s independence was proclaimed over radio, completing a process that had begun, less than a month earlier, as a suggestion by Dr Goh in Tun Razak’s living room. Mr Lee said: “We did something quite remarkable – a constitutional coup right under the noses of the British, the Australians and New Zealanders who were defending Malaysia with their blood and treasure. “I did not want to do it. The Tunku forced us into a position where we either acquiesced in his policies, or we took a stand. We took a stand.” Chin Soo Fang is senior correspondent at The Straits Times, covering a wide range of topics including community, politics, social issues, consumer, culture and heritage. See more on E-paper Newsletters Podcasts RSS Feed About Us Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Need help? Reach us here. Advertise with us
|
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/new-book-sheds-light-on-spores-secret-negotiations-for-independence
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 9th to 13th centuries 1.2 14th and 15th centuries 1.3 16th century 1.4 17th century 1.5 18th century 1.1 9th to 13th centuries 1.2 14th and 15th centuries 1.3 16th century 1.4 17th century 1.5 18th century 2 Types 3 Outplay games Toggle Outplay games subsection 3.1 Trick-taking games 3.1.1 Plain-trick games 3.1.2 Point-trick games 3.2 Beating games 3.3 Adding games 3.4 Fishing games 3.5 Matching games 3.6 War group 3.7 Climbing games 3.1 Trick-taking games 3.1.1 Plain-trick games 3.1.2 Point-trick games 3.1.1 Plain-trick games 3.1.2 Point-trick games 3.2 Beating games 3.3 Adding games 3.4 Fishing games 3.5 Matching games 3.6 War group 3.7 Climbing games 4 Card exchange games Toggle Card exchange games subsection 4.1 Draw and discard group 4.2 Commerce group 4.3 Cuckoo group 4.4 Quartet group 4.5 Card passing group 4.1 Draw and discard group 4.2 Commerce group 4.3 Cuckoo group 4.4 Quartet group 4.5 Card passing group 5 Layout games Toggle Layout games subsection 5.1 Patience or solitaire games 5.1.1 Single player patiences or solitaires 5.1.2 Competitive patiences 5.2 Connecting games 5.1 Patience or solitaire games 5.1.1 Single player patiences or solitaires 5.1.2 Competitive patiences 5.1.1 Single player patiences or solitaires 5.1.2 Competitive patiences 5.2 Connecting games 6 Hand comparison games Toggle Hand comparison games subsection 6.1 Vying games 6.1.1 Poker games 6.2 Banking games 6.1 Vying games 6.1.1 Poker games 6.1.1 Poker games 6.2 Banking games 7 Miscellaneous games Toggle Miscellaneous games subsection 7.1 Compendium games 7.2 Combat games 7.1 Compendium games 7.2 Combat games 8 Card games by objective Toggle Card games by objective subsection 8.1 Capturing games 8.2 Shedding games 8.3 Combination games 8.4 Comparing games 8.1 Capturing games 8.2 Shedding games 8.3 Combination games 8.4 Comparing games 9 Drinking games 10 Proprietary games Toggle Proprietary games subsection 10.1 Collectible card games (CCGs) 10.2 Living card games (LCGs) 10.3 Simulation card games 10.1 Collectible card games (CCGs) 10.2 Living card games (LCGs) 10.3 Simulation card games 11 Fictional card games 12 Typical structure of card games Toggle Typical structure of card games subsection 12.1 Number and association of players 12.2 Direction of play 12.3 Determining who deals 12.4 Hands, rounds and games 12.5 Shuffling 12.6 Dealing 12.1 Number and association of players 12.2 Direction of play 12.3 Determining who deals 12.4 Hands, rounds and games 12.5 Shuffling 12.6 Dealing 13 Signalling 14 Rules Toggle Rules subsection 14.1 Rule infractions 14.1 Rule infractions 15 Playing cards 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links Card game Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kriyòl gwiyannen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语 粵語 中文 Toki pona Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikisource Wikidata item A card game is any game that uses cards as the primary device with which the game is played, whether the cards are of a traditional design or specifically created for the game (proprietary). Countless card games exist, including families of related games (such as poker ). A small number of card games played with traditional decks have formally standardized rules with international tournaments being held, but most are folk games whose rules may vary by region, culture, location or from circle to circle. Traditional card games are played with a deck or pack of playing cards which are identical in size and shape. Each card has two sides, the face and the back . Normally the backs of the cards are indistinguishable. The faces of the cards may all be unique, or there can be duplicates. The composition of a deck is known to each player. In some cases several decks are shuffled together to form a single pack or shoe . Modern card games usually have bespoke decks, often with a vast amount of cards, and can include number or action cards. This type of game is colloquially regarded as part of the broader " board game " hobby. Games using playing cards exploit the fact that cards are individually identifiable from one side only, so that each player knows only the cards they hold and not those held by anyone else. For this reason card games are often characterized as games of "imperfect information"—as distinct from games of perfect information , where the current position is fully visible to all players throughout the game. [ 1 ] Many games that are not generally placed in the family of card games do in fact use cards for some aspect of their play. Some games that are placed in the card game genre involve a board. The distinction is that the play in a card game chiefly depends on the use of the cards by players (the board is a guide for scorekeeping or for card placement), while board games (the principal non-card game genre to use cards) generally focus on the players' positions on the board, and use the cards for some secondary purpose. History 9th to 13th centuries Playing cards were likely invented during the Tang dynasty around the 9th century due to the technological impact of woodblock printing . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] A 9th century text known as the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang ( Chinese : 杜阳杂编 ; pinyin : Dùyáng zábiān ) by Tang writer Su E references a leaf game that has been cited as a card game. However it is uncertain if it was actually a card game. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The reference describes Princess Tongchang, daughter of Emperor Yizong of Tang , playing the "leaf game" in 868 with her husband 's family. [ 4 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The first known book on the "leaf" game was called the Yezi Gexi and allegedly written by a Tang woman. It received commentary by writers of subsequent dynasties. [ 13 ] The Song dynasty (960–1279) scholar Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) asserts that the "leaf" game existed at least since the mid-Tang dynasty and associated its invention with the development of printed sheets as a writing medium. [ 4 ] [ 13 ] However, Ouyang also claims that the "leaves" were pages of a book used in a board game played with dice, and that the rules of the game were lost by 1067. [ 14 ] The earliest dated instance of a game involving cards occurred on 17 July 1294 when the Yuan dynasty Department of Punishments caught two gamblers, Yan Sengzhu and Zheng Zhugou, playing with paper cards. Wood blocks for printing the cards were impounded, together with nine of the actual cards. No description of the card game being played was provided. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Other games revolving around alcoholic drinking involved using playing cards of a sort from the Tang dynasty onward. However, these cards did not contain suits or numbers. Instead, they were printed with instructions or forfeits for whoever drew them. A playing card for a wine drinking game dating to the Yuan period (1271-1368) reads: Card #7: The man from Qi begs for leftovers Begging for leftovers is truly despicable, Not satisfied, he goes off elsewhere. His wife and concubine mock him in turn. But happily he comes home still wanting to brag. Instructions : He who gets this order receives an old cup of wine, drinks a little and then begs for wine and food from the guests. Then he brags. If there are courtesans in the party, they pretend to be his wife and concubine and scold him. If there are no courtesans, his two neighbours act as wife and concubine. [ 14 ] Card #7: The man from Qi begs for leftovers Begging for leftovers is truly despicable, Not satisfied, he goes off elsewhere. His wife and concubine mock him in turn. But happily he comes home still wanting to brag. Instructions : He who gets this order receives an old cup of wine, drinks a little and then begs for wine and food from the guests. Then he brags. If there are courtesans in the party, they pretend to be his wife and concubine and scold him. If there are no courtesans, his two neighbours act as wife and concubine. [ 14 ] — History of Liao 14th and 15th centuries The earliest European mention of playing cards appears in 1371 in a Catalan language rhyme dictionary. [ 16 ] This suggests that cards may have been "reasonably well known" in Catalonia (now part of Spain ) at that time, perhaps introduced as a result of maritime trade with the Mamluk rulers of Egypt . [ 17 ] It is not until 1408 that the first card game is described in a document about the exploits of two card sharps ; although it is evidently very simple, the game is not named. In fact the earliest game to be mentioned by name is Karnöffel , first mentioned in 1426 and which is still played in several forms today, including Bruus , Knüffeln , Kaiserspiel and Styrivolt . Ronfa and Condemnade are also recorded during the 15th century. [ 18 ] Since the arrival of trick-taking games in Europe in the late 14th century, there have only been two major innovations. The first was the introduction of trump cards with the power to beat all cards in other suits; the other being the idea of bidding . [ 19 ] Such cards were initially called trionfi and first appeared with the advent of Tarot cards in which there is a separate, permanent trump suit comprising a number of picture cards. [ 19 ] The first known example of such cards was ordered by the Duke of Milan around 1420 and included 16 trumps with images of Greek and Roman gods. [ 20 ] Thus games played with Tarot cards appeared very early on and spread to most parts of Europe with the notable exceptions of the British Isles , the Iberian Peninsula , and the Balkans . [ 21 ] However, we do not know the rules of the early Tarot games; the earliest detailed description in any language being those published by the Abbé de Marolles in Nevers in 1637. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The concept of trumps was sufficiently powerful that it was soon transferred to games played with far cheaper ordinary packs of cards, as opposed to expensive Tarot cards. The first of these was Triomphe , the name simply being the French equivalent of the Italian trionfi . Although not testified before 1538, its first rules were written by a Spaniard who left his native country for Milan in 1509 never to return; thus the game may date to the late 15th century. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Others games that may well date to the 15th century are Gleek , Pochen – the game of Bocken or Boeckels being attested in Strasbourg in 1441 [ 27 ] – and Thirty-One , which is first mentioned in a French translation of a 1440 sermon by the Italian, Saint Bernadine , the name actually referring to two different card games: one like Pontoon and one like Commerce . [ 28 ] 16th century In the 16th century printed documents replace handwritten sources and card games become a popular topic with preachers, autobiographists and writers in general. A key source of the games in vogue in France and Europe at that time is François Rabelais , whose fictional character Gargantua played no less than 30 card games, many of which are recognisable. They include: Aluette , Bête , Cent, Coquimbert , Coucou , Flush or Flux, Gé (Pairs), Gleek , Lansquenet , Piquet , Post and Pair , Primero , Ronfa , Triomphe , Sequence, Speculation , Tarot and Trente-et-Un ; possibly Rams , Mouche and Brandeln as well. [ 29 ] Girolamo Cardano also provides invaluable information including the earliest rules of Trappola . Among the most popular were the games of Flusso and Primiera, which originated in Italy and spread throughout Europe, becoming known in England as Flush and Primero . [ 23 ] In Britain the earliest known European fishing game was recorded in 1522. [ 30 ] Another first was Losing Loadum , noted by Florio in 1591, which is the earliest known English point-trick game . [ 31 ] In Scotland, the game of Mawe , testified in the 1550s, evolved from a country game into one played at the royal Scottish court, becoming a favorite of James VI . [ 32 ] The ancestor of Cribbage – a game called Noddy – is mentioned for the first time in 1589, "Noddy" being the Knave turned for trump at the start of play. [ 33 ] 17th century The 17th century saw an upsurge in the number of new games being reported as well as the first sets of rules, those for Piquet appearing in 1632 and Reversis in 1634. [ 23 ] The first French games compendium, La Maison Académique , appeared in 1654 and it was followed in 1674 by Charles Cotton 's The Compleat Gamester , although an earlier manuscript of games by Francis Willughby was written sometime between 1665 and 1670. [ 34 ] Cotton records the first rules for the classic English games of Cribbage , a descendant of Noddy , and Whist , a development of English Trump or Ruff ('ruff' then meaning 'rob') in which four players were dealt 12 cards each and the dealer 'robbed' from the remaining stock of 4 cards. [ 35 ] Piquet was a two-player, trick-taking game that originated in France, probably in the 16th century and was initially played with 36 cards before, around 1690, the pack reduced to the 32 cards that gives the Piquet pack its name. Reversis is a reverse game in which players avoid taking tricks and appears to be an Italian invention that came to France around 1600 and spread rapidly to other countries in Europe. [ 23 ] In the mid-17th century, a certain game named after Cardinal Mazarin , prime minister to King Louis XIV , became very popular at the French royal court. Called Hoc Mazarin , it had three phases, the final one of which evolved into a much simpler game called Manille that was renamed Comète on the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1682. [ 36 ] In Comète the aim is to be first to shed all one's hand cards to sequences laid out in rows on the table. However, there are certain cards known as ' stops ' or hocs : cards that end a sequence and give the one who played it the advantage of being able to start a new sequence. This concept spread to other 17th and 18th century games including Poque , Comete , Emprunt , Manille , Nain Jaune and Lindor , [ 37 ] [ 38 ] all except Emprunt being still played in some form today. It was the 17th century that saw the second of the two great innovations being introduced into trick-taking games: the concept of bidding. [ 19 ] This first emerged in the Spanish game of Ombre , an evolution of Triomphe that "in its time, was the most successful card game ever invented." [ 39 ] Ombre's origins are unclear and obfuscated by the existence of a game called Homme or Bête in France, ombre and homme being respectively Spanish and French for 'man'. In Ombre, the player who won the bidding became the "Man" and played alone against the other two. The game spread rapidly across Europe, spawning variants for different numbers of players and known as Quadrille , Quintille, Médiateur and Solo . Quadrille went on to become highly fashionable in England during the 18th century and is mentioned several times, for example, in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . The first rules of any game in the German language were those for Rümpffen published in 1608 and later expanded in several subsequent editions. In addition, the first German games compendium, Palamedes Redivivus appeared in 1678, containing the rules for Hoick ( Hoc ), Ombre, Picquet (sic), Rümpffen and Thurnspiel. 18th century The evolution of card games continued apace, with notable national games emerging like Briscola and Tressette (Italy), Schafkopf (Bavaria), Jass (Switzerland), Mariage , the ancestor of Austria's Schnapsen and Germany's Sixty-Six , and Tapp Tarock , the progenitor of most modern central European Tarot games . Whist spread to the continent becoming very popular in the north and west. In France, Comet appeared, a game that later evolved into Nain Jaune and the Victorian game of Pope Joan . Types Card games may be classified in different ways: by their objective, by the equipment used (e.g. number of cards and type of suits), by country of origin or by mechanism (how the game is played). Parlett and McLeod predominantly group cards games by mechanism of which there are five categories: outplay, card exchange, hand comparison, layout and a miscellaneous category that includes combat and compendium games. These are described in the following sections. [ 40 ] Outplay games Easily the largest category of games in which players have a hand of cards and must play them out to the table. Play ends when players have played all their cards. [ 40 ] Trick-taking games Trick-taking games are the largest category of outplay games. Players typically receive an equal number of cards and a trick involves each player playing a card face up to the table – the rules of play dictating what cards may be played and who wins the trick. [ 41 ] There are two main types of trick-taking game with different objectives. Both are based on the play of multiple tricks , in each of which each player plays a single card from their hand, and based on the values of played cards one player wins or "takes" the trick. In plain-trick games the aim is to win a number of tricks, a specific trick or as many tricks as possible, without regard to the actual cards. In point-trick games, the number of tricks is immaterial; what counts is the value, in points, of the cards captured. [ 41 ] Plain-trick games Many common Anglo-American games fall into the category of plain-trick games . The usual objective is to take the most tricks, but variations taking all tricks, making as few tricks (or penalty cards) as possible or taking an exact number of tricks. Bridge , Whist and Spades are popular examples. Hearts , Black Lady and Black Maria are examples of reverse games in which the aim is to avoid certain cards. Plain-trick games may be divided into the following 11 groups: [ 41 ] Whist group. A standard Whist pack is used with cards ranking in their natural order and four players playing in partnerships of two. Usually a trump suit is nominated through turning a card or bidding and the aim is to win as many tricks as possible. No trump games . As above but there is no trump suit. Put group . In Put , tricks are won by the highest card regardless of suit. Treys are usually highest. Last trick group . The player who makes the last trick wins (or loses) the hand. Trump group . Either trump games in which fewer cards are dealt (e.g. 5) or in which there are chosen suits . Ombre group . Ombre introduced one of the two most significant features in the history of card games: bidding. Other common characteristics of this family are 3 matadors and a talon of undealt cards. Boston group . Games of the Boston group are played like Whist, but players form alliances of two or three players depending on the outcome of bidding. Auction Whist group . Auction or Bid Whist games involved fixed partnerships and an auction to determine the contract to be played. Preference group . Games of the Préférence family are typically for three players who 10 cards each from a 32-card pack and bid to play alone against the other two. Exact bidding group . Players bid the exact number of tricks they expect to take and must achieve that to win. Multi-trick group . Mostly Oriental games in which several cards may be led to a trick at once. However, some European games of the trump group, such as Bruus , also include this feature. Point-trick games Point-trick games are all European or of European origin and include the Tarot card games . Individual cards have specific point values and the objective is usually to amass the majority of points by taking tricks, especially those with higher value cards. There are around nine main groups: [ 41 ] Tarot games . All Tarot games use Tarot cards for their original purpose of playing games and are either French- or Spanish-suited. The tarots form a special trump suit and the counting cards are the highest, second highest and lowest trumps along with the court cards . There are usually bonuses for certain feats or card combinations and most games have multiple contracts which the players may bid for. Notable examples include German Cego , Austrian Tarock , French Tarot and Italian Minchiate . Manille group. A small group of mainly French and Spanish games originating in "Malille" characterized by the top card being the 9 in Spanish games or the 10 in Belgian and French games. Additional counters are the AKQJ. Couillon group. A small group from the Benelux countries in which the counters and highest cards are the ace (4), king (3), queen (2) and jack (1). A typical member is Luxembourgisch Konter a Matt . Trappola group. This family is virtually extinct. Its progenitor, Trappola , was a Venetian game that emerged in the 1500s and was played with a special pack that is still available from Piatnik today. The counters are the ace (6), king (5), knight (4) and jack (3). There were bonuses for certain trick-winning feats. All fours group. Based on the old English game of all fours in which there were game points for High (highest trump), Low (lowest trump), Jack (of trumps) and Game (most card points). Surviving members of the group include American Pitch , British Phat and Irish Don . Ace–ten games . The ace–ten family includes most of the national games of Europe including German Skat , French Belote , Dutch Klaverjas , Austrian Schnapsen , Spanish Tute , Swiss Jass , Portuguese Sueca , Italian Briscola and Czech Mariáš . Pinochle is an American example of French or Swiss origin. Ace–ten games may be further subdivided into the Schafkopf group, marriage group (which includes the Jass group), the Sedma group and the German Tarok group (which includes American games like frog and six-bid solo . Tresette group. Tressette is an Italian game with the odd card ranking of 32AKQJ7654. Aces count 1 point, treys, deuces and courts are worth .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 1 ⁄ 3 point each. Most are Italian variants of Tressette, but Les Quatre Sept is played in Canada. Reverse games . Historically the most significant was Reversis , now rarely played. The best known reverse game today is Black Lady , often called Hearts although that name also refers to a simpler reverse game. Reverse games often feature in compendium games . Miscellaneous games . These include small families of Oriental games such as the King-Ten-Five group, in which the counters are the kings and tens (10 each) and fives (5), and Picture group, in which the AKQJT are worth 1 point each and in which Elfern is the only Western example. Of historical interest are Gleek and Penneech , while Cucco is one played with a special Cucco pack. Beating games In beating games the idea is to beat the card just played if possible, otherwise it must be picked up, either alone or together with other cards, and added to the hand. In many beating games the objective is to shed all one's cards, in which case they are also "shedding games". Well known examples include Crazy Eights , Mau Mau , Durak , and Skitgubbe . [ 42 ] Adding games This is a small group whose ancestor is Noddy , now extinct, but which generated the far more complex games of Costly Colours and Cribbage . Players play in turn and add the values of the cards as they go. The aim is to reach or avoid certain totals and also to score for certain combinations. [ 43 ] Fishing games In fishing games, cards from the hand are played against cards in a layout on the table, capturing table cards if they match. [ 44 ] Fishing games are popular in many nations, including China, where there are many diverse fishing games. Scopa is considered one of the national card games of Italy. Cassino is the only fishing game to be widely played in English-speaking countries. Zwicker has been described as a "simpler and jollier version of Cassino", played in Germany. [ 45 ] Tablanet (tablić) is a fishing-style game popular in Balkans . Matching games The object of a matching (or sometimes "melding") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy , this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles instead of cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the "fishing" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid . War group In games of the war group, [ 46 ] also called "catch and collect games" or "accumulating games", the object is to acquire all cards in the deck. Examples include most War type games, and games involving slapping a discard pile such as Slapjack . Egyptian Ratscrew has both of these features. Climbing games Climbing games are an Oriental family in which the idea is to play a higher card or combination of cards than the one just played. Alternatively a player must pass or may choose to pass even if able to beat. The sole Western example is the game of President , which is probably derived from an Asian game. [ 47 ] Card exchange games Card exchange games form another large category in which players exchange a card or cards from their hands with table cards or with other players with the aim, typically, of collecting specific cards or card combinations. Games of the rummy family are the best known. Draw and discard group In these games players draw a card from stock , make a move if possible or desired, and then discard a card to a discard pile . Almost all the games of this group are in the rummy family, but Golf is a non-rummy example. [ 48 ] Commerce group As the name might suggest, players exchange hand cards with a common pool of cards on the table. Examples include Schwimmen , Kemps , James Bond and Whisky Poker. They originated in the old European games of Thirty-One and Commerce . Cuckoo group A very old round game played in different forms in different countries. Players are dealt just one card and may try and swap it with a neighbor to avoid having the lowest card or, sometimes, certain penalty cards. The old French game is Coucou and its later English cousin is Ranter Go Round , also called Chase the Ace and Screw Your Neighbour. A family of such games played with special cards includes Italian Cucù , Scandinavian Gnav , Austrian Hexenspiel and German Vogelspiel . Quartet group Games involving collecting sets of cards, the best known of which is Happy Families . Highly successful is its German equivalent, Quartett, which may be played with a Skat pack , but is much more commonly played with proprietary packs. Card passing group Games involving passing cards to your neighbors. The classic game is Old Maid which may, however, be derived from German Black Peter and related to the French game of Vieux Garçon . Pig , with its variations of Donkey and Spoons , is also popular. Layout games Patience or solitaire games Most patience or card solitaire games are designed to be played by one player, but some are designed for two or more players to compete. [ 40 ] Single player patiences or solitaires Patience games originated in northern Europe and were designed for a single player, hence its subsequent North American name of solitaire. Most games begin with a specific layout of cards, called a tableau , and the object is then either to construct a more elaborate final layout, or to clear the tableau and/or the draw pile or stock by moving all cards to one or more discard or foundation piles . [ 40 ] Competitive patiences In competitive patiences, two or more players compete to be first to complete a patience or solitaire-like tableau. Some use a common layout; in others each player has a separate layout. [ 40 ] Popular examples include Spite and Malice , Racing Demon or Nerts , Spit , Speed and Russian Bank . [ 49 ] Connecting games The most common of these is Card Dominoes also known as Fan Tan or Parliament in which the idea is to build the four suits in sequence from a central card (the 7 in 52-card games or the Unter in 32-card packs). The winner is the first out and the loser the last left in holding cards. [ 40 ] Hand comparison games Hand comparison games, also called comparing card games, are mostly gambling games that use cards. Players lay their initial stakes, are dealt cards, may or may not be able to exchange or add to them, and may or may not be able to raise their stakes, and the outcome is decided by some form of comparison of card values or combinations. The main groups are vying and banking games. A smaller mainly Oriental group are partition games in which players divide their hands before comparing. Vying games Vying games, are those in which players bet or "vie" on who has the best hand. The player with the best combination of hand cards in a "showdown", or the player able to bluff the others into folding, wins the hand. Easily the best known of the group around the world is Poker , which itself is a family of games with over 100 variants. Other examples include English Brag and the old Basque game of Mus . Most may be classified as gambling games and, while they may involve skill in terms of bluffing and memorizing and assessing odds, they involve little or no card playing skill. [ 50 ] Poker games Poker is a family of gambling games in which players bet into a pool, called the pot, the value of which changes as the game progresses that the value of the hand they carry will beat all others according to the ranking system . Variants largely differ on how cards are dealt and the methods by which players can improve a hand. For many reasons, including its age and its popularity among Western militaries, it is one of the most universally known card games in existence. Banking games These are gambling games played for money or chips in which players compete, not against one another, but against a banker . They are commonly played in casinos, but many have become domesticized, played at home for sweets, matchsticks or points. In casino games , the banker will have a 'house advantage' that ensures a profit for the casino. Popular casino games include Blackjack and Baccarat , while Pontoon is a cousin of Blackjack that emerged from the trenches of the First World War to become a popular British family game. [ 51 ] Miscellaneous games These games do not fit into any of the foregoing categories. The only traditional games in this group are the compendium games, which date back at least 200 years, and Speculation , a 19th century trading game. Compendium games Compendium games consist of a sequence of different contracts played in succession. A common pattern is for a number of reverse deals to be played, in which the aim is to avoid certain cards, followed by a final contract which is a domino-type game. Examples include: Barbu , Herzeln , Lorum and Rosbiratschka . In other games, such as Quodlibet and Rumpel , there is a range of widely varying contracts. Combat games A new genre not recorded before 1970, most of which use proprietary cards of the collectible card game type (see below). The earliest example is Cuttle [ 52 ] and the best known is Magic: The Gathering . Pokemon is another famous example. It is a genre that has become popular in indie gameplay, with games like Yomi , Mage Knight , and Slay the Spire . Card games by objective Another broad way of classifying card games is by objective. There are four main types as well as a handful of games that have miscellaneous objectives. Capturing games In these games the objective is to capture cards or to avoid capturing them. These break down into the following: [ 53 ] Most cards . The aim is to capture as many cards as possible. Most plain trick games fall into this group. Fewest cards. Common in compendium games , otherwise rare. Often occurs as a contract within a game known as a Misère , Bettel , Null or Nolo. Exact number of cards . To win games of the exact bidding group a player must take the exact number of tricks bid. Most points . In point-trick games and most fishing games, the aim is to capture the most points in cards. Fewest points . Some or all cards incur penalty points and so the aim is to capture as few points as possible. Exact points . A small group in which players aim to score a specific number of points e.g. Differenzler Jass . Most or fewest points . In some Jass games e.g. Molotov , the aim is to secure either the most or fewest points, leaving the player in the middle as the loser. Win last trick . In games like Tuppen , the player who takes the last trick wins; all earlier tricks are irrelevant. Some games also have a bonus or extra points for winning the last trick or winning it with a specific card. Lose last trick . In a few games, e.g. Krypkille , the aim is to lose the last trick. Mixed objectives . Some games, e.g. Kaiser , have both positive and negative point cards. Shedding games In a shedding game, also called an accumulating game, players start with a hand of cards, and the object of the game is to be the first player to discard all cards from one's hand. Common shedding games include Crazy Eights (commercialized by Mattel as Uno ) and Daihinmin . Similar games are Switch , Mau Mau or Whot! . Some matching-type games are also shedding-type games; some variants of Rummy such as Paskahousu , Phase 10 , Rummikub , the bluffing game I Doubt It , and the children's games Musta Maija and Old Maid , fall into both categories. Combination games In many games, the aim is to form combinations of cards: by addition, by matching sets or forming sequences. All Rummy games are based on the last two principles, although in the basic variants, the end objective is to shed cards which makes them shedding games (see above). However, meld scoring variants such as Canasta or Rommé are true combination games. [ 54 ] Comparing games Comparing card games are those where hand values are compared to determine the winner, also known as "vying" or "showdown" games. Poker , blackjack , mus , and baccarat are examples of comparing card games. As seen, nearly all of these games are designed as gambling games. Drinking games Drinking card games are drinking games using cards, in which the object in playing the game is either to drink or to force others to drink. Many games are ordinary card games with the establishment of "drinking rules"; President , for instance, is virtually identical to Daihinmin but with additional rules governing drinking. Poker can also be played using a number of drinks as the wager. Another game often played as a drinking game is Toepen , quite popular in the Netherlands . Some card games are designed specifically to be played as drinking games. Proprietary games These are card games played with a dedicated deck. Many other card games have been designed and published on a commercial or amateur basis. In a few cases, the game uses the standard 52-card deck, but the object is unique. In Eleusis , for example, players play single cards, and are told whether the play was legal or illegal, in an attempt to discover the underlying rules made up by the dealer. Most of these games however typically use a specially made deck of cards designed specifically for the game (or variations of it). The decks are thus usually proprietary, but may be created by the game's players. Uno , Phase 10 , Set , and 1000 Blank White Cards are popular dedicated-deck card games; 1000 Blank White Cards is unique in that the cards for the game are designed by the players of the game while playing it; there is no commercially available deck advertised as such. Collectible card games (CCGs) Collectible card games (CCG) are proprietary playing card games. CCGs are games of strategy between two or more players. Each player has their own deck constructed from a very large pool of unique cards in the commercial market. The cards have different effects, costs, and art. New card sets are released periodically and sold as starter decks or booster packs . Obtaining the different cards makes the game a collectible card game, and cards are sold or traded on the secondary market . Magic: The Gathering , Pokémon , and Yu-Gi-Oh! are well-known collectible card games. Living card games (LCGs) Living card games (LCGs) are similar to collectible card games (CCGs), with their most distinguishing feature being a fixed distribution method, which breaks away from the traditional collectible card game format. While new cards for CCGs are usually sold in the form of starter decks or booster packs (the latter being often randomized), LCGs thrive on a model that requires players to acquire one core set in order to play the game, which players can further customize by acquiring extra sets or expansions featuring new content in the form of cards or scenarios. No randomization is involved in the process, thus players that get the same sets or expansions will get the exact same content. The term was popularized by Fantasy Flight Games (FFG) and mainly applies to its products, however some tabletop gaming companies can be seen using a very similar model. Simulation card games A deck of either customized dedicated cards or a standard deck of playing cards with assigned meanings is used to simulate the actions of another activity, for example card football. Fictional card games Many games, including card games, are fabricated by science fiction authors and screenwriters to distance a culture depicted in the story from present-day Western culture. They are commonly used as filler to depict background activities in an atmosphere like a bar or rec room, but sometimes the drama revolves around the play of the game. Some of these games become real card games as the holder of the intellectual property develops and markets a suitable deck and ruleset for the game, while others lack sufficient descriptions of rules, or depend on cards or other hardware that are infeasible or physically impossible. Typical structure of card games This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Card game" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Number and association of players Any specific card game imposes restrictions on the number of players. The most significant dividing lines run between one-player games and two-player games, and between two-player games and multi-player games. Card games for one player are known as solitaire or patience card games. (See List of solitaire card games .) Generally speaking, they are in many ways special and atypical, although some of them have given rise to two- or multi-player games such as Spite and Malice . In card games for two players, usually not all cards are distributed to the players, as they would otherwise have perfect information about the game state. Two-player games have always been immensely popular and include some of the most significant card games such as piquet , bezique , sixty-six , klaberjass , gin rummy and cribbage . Many multi-player games started as two-player games that were adapted to a greater number of players. For such adaptations a number of non-obvious choices must be made beginning with the choice of a game orientation. One way of extending a two-player game to more players is by building two teams of equal size. A common case is four players in two fixed partnerships, sitting crosswise as in whist and contract bridge . Partners sit opposite to each other and cannot see each other's hands. If communication between the partners is allowed at all, then it is usually restricted to a specific list of permitted signs and signals. 17th-century French partnership games such as triomphe were special in that partners sat next to each other and were allowed to communicate freely so long as they did not exchange cards or play out of order. Another way of extending a two-player game to more players is as a cut-throat or individual game, in which all players play for themselves, and win or lose alone. Most such card games are round games , i.e. they can be played by any number of players starting from two or three, so long as there are enough cards for all. For some of the most interesting games such as ombre , tarot and skat , the associations between players change from hand to hand. Ultimately players all play on their own, but for each hand, some game mechanism divides the players into two teams. Most typically these are solo games , i.e. games in which one player becomes the soloist and has to achieve some objective against the others, who form a team and win or lose all their points jointly. But in games for more than three players, there may also be a mechanism that selects two players who then have to play against the others. Direction of play The players of a card game normally form a circle around a table or other space that can hold cards. The game orientation or direction of play , which is only relevant for three or more players, can be either clockwise or counterclockwise . It is the direction in which various roles in the game proceed. (In real-time card games , there may be no need for a direction of play.) Most regions have a traditional direction of play, such as: Counterclockwise in most of Asia and in Latin America. Clockwise in North America and Australia. Europe is roughly divided into a clockwise area in the north and a counterclockwise area in the south. The boundary runs between England , Ireland , Netherlands , Germany , Austria (mostly), Slovakia , Ukraine and Russia ( clockwise ) and France , Switzerland , Spain , Italy , Slovenia , Balkans , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey (counterclockwise). [ specify ] [ citation needed ] Games that originate in a region with a strong preference are often initially played in the original direction, even in regions that prefer the opposite direction. For games that have official rules and are played in tournaments, the direction of play is often prescribed in those rules. Determining who deals Most games have some form of asymmetry between players. The roles of players are normally expressed in terms of the dealer , i.e. the player whose task it is to shuffle the cards and distribute them to the players. Being the dealer can be a (minor or major) advantage or disadvantage, depending on the game. Therefore, after each played hand, the deal normally passes to the next player according to the game orientation. As it can still be an advantage or disadvantage to be the first dealer, there are some standard methods for determining who is the first dealer. A common method is by cutting, which works as follows. One player shuffles the deck and places it on the table. Each player lifts a packet of cards from the top, reveals its bottom card, and returns it to the deck. The player who reveals the highest (or lowest) card becomes dealer. In the case of a tie, the process is repeated by the tied players. For some games such as whist this process of cutting is part of the official rules, and the hierarchy of cards for the purpose of cutting (which need not be the same as that used otherwise in the game) is also specified. But in general, any method can be used, such as tossing a coin in case of a two-player game, drawing cards until one player draws an ace, or rolling dice. Hands, rounds and games A hand , also called a deal , is a unit of the game that begins with the dealer shuffling and dealing the cards as described below, and ends with the players scoring and the next dealer being determined. The set of cards that each player receives and holds in his or her hands is also known as that player's hand. The hand is over when the players have finished playing their hands. Most often this occurs when one player (or all) has no cards left. The player who sits after the dealer in the direction of play is known as eldest hand (or in two-player games as elder hand ) or forehand . A game round consists of as many hands as there are players. After each hand, the deal is passed on in the direction of play, i.e. the previous eldest hand becomes the new dealer. Normally players score points after each hand. A game may consist of a fixed number of rounds. Alternatively it can be played for a fixed number of points. In this case it is over with the hand in which a player reaches the target score. Shuffling Shuffling is the process of bringing the cards of a pack into a random order. There are a large number of techniques with various advantages and disadvantages. Riffle shuffling is a method in which the deck is divided into two roughly equal-sized halves that are bent and then released, so that the cards interlace. [ 55 ] Repeating this process several times randomizes the deck well, but the method is harder to learn than some others and may damage the cards. The overhand shuffle and the Hindu shuffle are two techniques that work by taking batches of cards from the top of the deck and reassembling them in the opposite order. They are easier to learn but must be repeated more to sufficiently randomize the deck. A method suitable for small children consists in spreading the cards on a large surface and moving them around before picking up the deck again. This is also the most common method for shuffling tiles such as dominoes. For casino games that are played for large sums it is vital that the cards be properly randomized, but for many games this is less critical, and in fact player experience can suffer when the cards are shuffled too well. The official skat rules stipulate that the cards are shuffled well , but according to a decision of the German skat court, a one-handed player should ask another player to do the shuffling, rather than use a shuffling machine , as it would shuffle the cards too well. French belote rules go so far as to prescribe that the deck never be shuffled between hands. Dealing The dealer takes all of the cards in the pack, arranges them so that they are in a uniform stack, and shuffles them. In strict play, the dealer then offers the deck to the previous player (in the sense of the game direction) for cutting . If the deal is clockwise, this is the player to the dealer's right; if counterclockwise, it is the player to the dealer's left. The invitation to cut is made by placing the pack, face downward, on the table near the player who is to cut: who then lifts the upper portion of the pack clear of the lower portion and places it alongside. (Normally the two portions have about equal size. Strict rules often indicate that each portion must contain a certain minimum number of cards, such as three or five.) The formerly lower portion is then replaced on top of the formerly upper portion. Instead of cutting, one may also knock on the deck to indicate that one trusts the dealer to have shuffled fairly. The actual deal (distribution of cards) is done in the direction of play, beginning with eldest hand. The dealer holds the pack, face down, in one hand, and removes cards from the top of it with his or her other hand to distribute to the players, placing them face down on the table in front of the players to whom they are dealt. The cards may be dealt one at a time, or in batches of more than one card; and either the entire pack or a determined number of cards are dealt out. The undealt cards, if any, are left face down in the middle of the table, forming the stock (also called the talon, widow, skat or kitty depending on the game and region). Throughout the shuffle, cut, and deal, the dealer should prevent the players from seeing the faces of any of the cards. The players should not try to see any of the faces. Should a player accidentally see a card, other than one's own, proper etiquette would be to admit this. It is also dishonest to try to see cards as they are dealt, or to take advantage of having seen a card. Should a card accidentally become exposed, (visible to all), any player can demand a redeal (all the cards are gathered up, and the shuffle, cut, and deal are repeated) or that the card be replaced randomly into the deck ("burning" it) and a replacement dealt from the top to the player who was to receive the revealed card. When the deal is complete, all players pick up their cards, or "hand", and hold them in such a way that the faces can be seen by the holder of the cards but not the other players, or vice versa depending on the game. It is helpful to fan one's cards out so that if they have corner indices all their values can be seen at once. In most games, it is also useful to sort one's hand, rearranging the cards in a way appropriate to the game. For example, in a trick-taking game it may be easier to have all one's cards of the same suit together, whereas in a rummy game one might sort them by rank or by potential combinations. Signalling Normally communication between partners about tactics or the cards in their hands is forbidden. However, in a small number of games communication and/or signaling is permitted and very much part of the play. Most of these games are very old and, often, have rules of play that allow any card to be played at any time. Such games include: Karnöffel , the oldest card game in Europe still played in some form today, played with German-suited cards, and its surviving descendants: Knüffeln (north Germany) and Styrivolt ( Faroes ) played with 48 French-suited cards Kaiserspiel , Swiss game with a Swiss-suited pack of 48 cards Knüffeln (north Germany) and Styrivolt ( Faroes ) played with 48 French-suited cards Kaiserspiel , Swiss game with a Swiss-suited pack of 48 cards Mus , a Basque game known since the 18th century, played with a Spanish deck of forty cards; Brisca , a Spanish game adapted from the French Brisque , is played with a Spanish pack of forty cards; Watten , a Bavarian and Austrian game, is played with 36 German-suited cards; Perlaggen , a Tyrolean game played with 33 German-suited cards; Truc y Flou , a card game of Aragonese origin. Trut or Truc, reported in the west of France from the 16th century, [ 56 ] also known in Catalonia and South America (as Truco ). Rules This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A new card game starts in a small way, either as someone's invention, or as a modification of an existing game. Those playing it may agree to change the rules as they wish. The rules that they agree on become the "house rules" under which they play the game. A set of house rules may be accepted as valid by a group of players wherever they play, as it may also be accepted as governing all play within a particular house, café, or club. When a game becomes sufficiently popular, so that people often play it with strangers, there is a need for a generally accepted set of rules. This need is often met when a particular set of house rules becomes generally recognized. For example, when Whist became popular in 18th-century England , players in the Portland Club agreed on a set of house rules for use on its premises. Players in some other clubs then agreed to follow the "Portland Club" rules, rather than go to the trouble of codifying and printing their own sets of rules. The Portland Club rules eventually became generally accepted throughout England and Western cultures. There is nothing static or "official" about this process. For the majority of games, there is no one set of universal rules by which the game is played, and the most common ruleset is no more or less than that. Many widely played card games, such as Canasta and Pinochle , have no official regulating body. The most common ruleset is often determined by the most popular distribution of rulebooks for card games. Perhaps the original compilation of popular playing card games was collected by Edmund Hoyle , a self-made authority on many popular parlor games. The U.S. Playing Card Company now owns the eponymous Hoyle brand, and publishes a series of rulebooks for various families of card games that have largely standardized the games' rules in countries and languages where the rulebooks are widely distributed. However, players are free to, and often do, invent "house rules" to supplement or even largely replace the "standard" rules. If there is a sense in which a card game can have an official set of rules, it is when that card game has an "official" governing body. For example, the rules of tournament bridge are governed by the World Bridge Federation , and by local bodies in various countries such as the American Contract Bridge League in the U.S., and the English Bridge Union in England. The rules of skat are governed by The International Skat Players Association and, in Germany , by the Deutscher Skatverband which publishes the Skatordnung . The rules of French tarot are governed by the Fédération Française de Tarot. The rules of Schafkopf are laid down by the Schafkopfschule in Munich. Even in these cases, the rules must only be followed at games sanctioned by these governing bodies or where the tournament organisers specify them. Players in informal settings are free to implement agreed supplemental or substitute rules. For example, in Schafkopf there are numerous local variants sometimes known as "impure" Schafkopf and specified by assuming the official rules and describing the additions e.g. "with Geier and Bettel, tariff 5/10 cents". Rule infractions An infraction is any action which is against the rules of the game, such as playing a card when it is not one's turn to play or the accidental exposure of a card, informally known as "bleeding." In many official sets of rules for card games, the rules specifying the penalties for various infractions occupy more pages than the rules specifying how to play correctly. This is tedious but necessary for games that are played seriously. Players who intend to play a card game at a high level generally ensure before beginning that all agree on the penalties to be used. When playing privately, this will normally be a question of agreeing house rules. In a tournament, there will probably be a tournament director who will enforce the rules when required and arbitrate in cases of doubt. If a player breaks the rules of a game deliberately, this is cheating. The rest of this section is therefore about accidental infractions, caused by ignorance, clumsiness, inattention, etc. As the same game is played repeatedly among a group of players, precedents build up about how a particular infraction of the rules should be handled. For example, "Sheila just led a card when it wasn't her turn. Last week when Jo did that, we agreed ... etc." Sets of such precedents tend to become established among groups of players, and to be regarded as part of the house rules. Sets of house rules may become formalized, as described in the previous section. Therefore, for some games, there is a "proper" way of handling infractions of the rules. But for many games, without governing bodies, there is no standard way of handling infractions. In many circumstances, there is no need for special rules dealing with what happens after an infraction. As a general principle, the person who broke a rule should not benefit from it, and the other players should not lose by it. An exception to this may be made in games with fixed partnerships, in which it may be felt that the partner(s) of the person who broke a rule should also not benefit. The penalty for an accidental infraction should be as mild as reasonable, consistent with there being a possible benefit to the person responsible. Playing cards The oldest surviving reference to the card game in world history is from the 9th century China , when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang , written by Tang-dynasty writer Su E , described Princess Tongchang (daughter of Emperor Yizong of Tang ) playing the " leaf game " with members of the Wei clan (the family of the princess's husband ) in 868 . [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The Song dynasty statesman and historian Ouyang Xiu has noted that paper playing cards arose in connection to an earlier development in the book format from scrolls to pages. [ 57 ] Playing cards first appeared in Europe in the last quarter of the 14th century. [ 60 ] : 35 The earliest European references speak of a Saracen or Moorish game called naib , and in fact an almost complete Mamluk Egyptian deck of 52 cards in a distinct oriental design has survived from around the same time, with the four suits swords , polo sticks , cups and coins and the ranks king , governor , second governor , and ten to one . [ 60 ] : 40f [ 61 ] The 1430s in Italy saw the invention of the tarot deck , a full Latin-suited deck augmented by suitless cards with painted motifs that played a special role as trumps . Tarot card games are still played with (subsets of) these decks in parts of Central Europe. A full tarot deck contains 14 cards in each suit; low cards labeled 1–10, and court cards valet (jack), chevalier (cavalier/knight), dame (queen), and roi (king), plus the fool or excuse card, and 21 trump cards. In the 18th century the card images of the traditional Italian tarot decks became popular in cartomancy and evolved into "esoteric" decks used primarily for the purpose; today most tarot decks sold in North America are the occult type, and are closely associated with fortune telling. In Europe, "playing tarot" decks remain popular for games, and have evolved since the 18th century to use regional suits (spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs in France; leaves, hearts, bells and acorns in Germany) as well as other familiar aspects of the English-pattern pack such as corner card indices and "stamped" card symbols for non-court cards. Decks differ regionally based on the number of cards needed to play the games; the French tarot consists of the "full" 78 cards, while Germanic, Spanish and Italian Tarot variants remove certain values (usually low suited cards) from the deck, creating a deck with as few as 32 cards. The French suits were introduced around 1480 and, in France, mostly replaced the earlier Latin suits of swords , clubs , cups and coins . [ 60 ] : 43 (which are still common in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries as well as in some northern regions of Italy) [ 60 ] : 30f The suit symbols, being very simple and single-color, could be stamped onto the playing cards to create a deck, thus only requiring special full-color card art for the court cards. This drastically simplifies the production of a deck of cards versus the traditional Italian deck, which used unique full-color art for each card in the deck. The French suits became popular in English playing cards in the 16th century (despite historic animosity between France and England), and from there were introduced to British colonies including North America. The rise of Western culture has led to the near-universal popularity and availability of French-suited playing cards even in areas with their own regional card art. In Japan, a distinct 48-card hanafuda deck is popular. It is derived from 16th-century Portuguese decks, after undergoing a long evolution driven by laws enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate attempting to ban the use of playing cards The best-known deck internationally is the English pattern of the 52-card French deck, also called the International or Anglo-American pattern, used for such games as poker and contract bridge . It contains one card for each unique combination of thirteen ranks and the four French suits spades , hearts , diamonds , and clubs . The ranks (from highest to lowest in bridge and poker) are ace , king , queen , jack (or knave ), and the numbers from ten down to two (or deuce ). The trump cards and knight cards from the French playing tarot are not included. Originally the term knave was more common than "jack"; the card had been called a jack as part of the terminology of all-fours since the 17th century, but the word was considered vulgar. (Note the exclamation by Estella in Charles Dickens 's novel Great Expectations : "He calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy!") However, because the card abbreviation for knave ("Kn") was so close to that of the king, it was very easy to confuse them, especially after suits and rankings were moved to the corners of the card in order to enable people to fan them in one hand and still see all the values. (The earliest known deck to place suits and rankings in the corner of the card is from 1693, but these cards did not become common until after 1864 when Hart reintroduced them along with the knave-to-jack change.) However, books of card games published in the third quarter of the 19th century evidently still referred to the "knave", and the term with this definition is still recognized in the United Kingdom . In the 17th century, a French, five-trick, gambling game called Bête became popular and spread to Germany, where it was called La Bete and England where it was named Beast. It was a derivative of Triomphe and was the first card game in history to introduce the concept of bidding. [ 62 ] Chinese handmade mother-of-pearl gaming counters were used in scoring and bidding of card games in the West during the approximate period of 1700–1840. The gaming counters would bear an engraving such as a coat of arms or a monogram to identify a family or individual. Many of the gaming counters also depict Chinese scenes, flowers or animals. Queen Charlotte is one prominent British individual who is known to have played with the Chinese gaming counters. Card games such as Ombre , Quadrille and Pope Joan were popular at the time and required counters for scoring. The production of counters declined after Whist , with its different scoring method, became the most popular card game in the West. [ 63 ] Based on the association of card games and gambling, Pope Benedict XIV banned card games on October 17, 1750. [ 64 ] See also Games portal Game of chance Game of skill R. F. Foster (games) Henry Jones (writer) who wrote under the pseudonym "Cavendish" John Scarne Dice game List of card games by number of cards References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} David Parlett (September 30, 2013). "Card Game" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on September 13, 2018 . Retrieved September 13, 2018 . ^ Needham 1954 , pp. 131–132 . ^ Wilkinson, W.H. (1895). "Chinese Origin of Playing Cards" . American Anthropologist . VIII (1): 61– 78. doi : 10.1525/aa.1895.8.1.02a00070 . ^ a b c Lo, A. (2009). "The game of leaves: An inquiry into the origin of Chinese playing cards". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 63 (3): 389– 406. doi : 10.1017/S0041977X00008466 . S2CID 159872810 . ^ Needham 2004 , p. 328 "it is also now rather well-established that dominoes and playing-cards were originally Chinese developments from dice." ^ Needham 2004 , p. 332 "Numbered dice, anciently widespread, were on a related line of development which gave rise to dominoes and playing-cards (+9th-century China)." ^ "Works titled 杜陽雜編" . Chinese Text Project . Retrieved January 18, 2023 . ^ Theobald, Ulrich (September 30, 2012). "Duyang zabian" . ChinaKnowledge.de: An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art . Retrieved January 18, 2023 . ^ Lo, Andrew (2000). "The game of leaves: An inquiry into the origin of Chinese playing cards" . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 63 (3): 389– 406. doi : 10.1017/S0041977X00008466 . S2CID 159872810 – via Cambridge University Press. ^ Parlett, David. "Chinese Leaf Game: Did the Chinese really invent card games?" . Historic Card Games . Retrieved January 18, 2023 . ^ Zhou, Songfang (1997). "On the Story of Late Tang Poet Li He". Journal of the Graduates Sun Yat-sen University . 18 (3): 31– 35. ^ Needham & Tsien 1985 , p. 131. ^ a b Needham 2004 , p. 329. ^ a b c Parlett, David , " The Chinese "Leaf" Game ", March 2015. ^ Lo, Andrew. (2000). The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 63(3), 389–406. ^ Denning 1996 , p. 14. ^ Ferg, Wayland & Wayland (2007), p. 117. ^ Depaulis (1985), p. 75. ^ a b c Dummett (1980), p. 173. ^ Pratesi, Franco (1989). "Italian Cards - New Discoveries". The Playing-Card . 18 (1, 2): 28– 32, 33– 38. ^ David Parlett , Oxford Dictionary of Card Games , pg. 300 Oxford University Press (1996) ISBN 0-19-869173-4 ^ Regles dv Jev des Tarots at tarock.info. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ a b c d Depaulis (2002), pp. 313–316. ^ Vives, Juan Luis; Foster, Watson (1908). Tudor School-Boy Life . London: J.M. Dent & Company. pp. 185– 197. ^ Maldonado, Juan; Smith, Warren; Colahan, Clark (2009). Spanish Humanism on the Verge of the Picaresque . Leuven: Leuven University Press. pp. 23– 59. ^ Pratesi, Franco (1988). "Juan Maldonado: A Writer to be Remembered". The Playing-Card . 16 (4): 117– 121. ^ Depaulis (1990), pp. 52–67. ^ Parlett (1990), p. 80. ^ Rabelais (1534), Ch. XXII. ^ Skelton (1522). ^ Florio (1591), p. 67. ^ Maw at parlettgames.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ Noddy: Knavish ancestor of Cribbage at parlettgames.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ Willughby, Francis . A Volume of Plaies. (Manuscript in the Middleton collection, University of Nottingham, shelfmark Li 113.) c1665-70. ^ McLeod (2007), p. 257. ^ Parlett (1991), p. 118. ^ Parlett (1991), pp. 88/89 ^ Les jeux de hocs on the Academy of Forgotten Games website. ^ Dummett (1980), p. 264. ^ a b c d e f Classified Index of Card Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ a b c d Trick Taking Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ Beating games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ Adding Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Card Games: Fishing Games" . Pagat.com . March 6, 2011. Archived from the original on November 24, 2006 . Retrieved January 28, 2012 . ^ Parlett, David. The Penguin Book of Card Games . London: Penguin (2008), p. 405. ISBN 978-0-14-103787-5 . ^ War Group at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ Climbing Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ Draw and Discard Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ Competitive Patience at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ Vying Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ Banking Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Combat Games - card game classification" . www.pagat.com . Retrieved August 4, 2024 . ^ Capturing Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ Combination Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ "Why Do Math?" . www.whydomath.org . Archived from the original on December 27, 2019 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ "Ol ée la respondation de Talebot" in La Gente poitevinrie tout again racoutrie ou Tabelot bain, et bea (1572), cf. Jacques Pignon, éd., La Gente poitevinrie , a collection of texts in Poitevin patois of the 16th century, Paris, 1960, reprint. The Crèche, 2002, IV. Étienne Tabourot also mentions play in his "Amphibological Sonnet" (1570), cf. Bigarrures (1583), I, 6. ^ a b Temple, Robert K.G. (2007). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention (3rd edition). London: André Deutsch, pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-0-233-00202-6 . ^ Zhou, Songfang. "On the Story of Late Tang Poet Li He", Journal of the Graduates Sun Yat-sen University , 1997, Vol. 18, No. 3:31–35 ^ Needham, Joseph and Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin . (1985). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing . Cambridge University Press., reprinted Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.(1986), Page 131 ^ a b c d Parlett, David (1990). The Oxford Guide to Card Games . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-214165-1 . ^ Dummett, Michael; Abu-Deeb, Kamal (1973), "Some remarks on Mamluk playing cards", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes , 63 : 106– 128, doi : 10.2307/751160 , JSTOR 751160 , S2CID 192948205 ^ "Euchre: history of, by David Parlett" . www.parlettgames.uk . Archived from the original on May 4, 2019 . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . ^ "Collection: Chinese gaming counters - Archives at Yale" . archives.yale.edu . Archived from the original on April 23, 2019 . Retrieved April 23, 2019 . ^ Dublin Gazette (1750). The Dublin Gazette (Number 26). Dublin: Richard James and John Butler, 1750. Context: "In the Edict lately published against all Games on the Cards, it is enacted, that the Penalty on Delinquents shall be a Fine of 500 Crowns; but if any Persons of high Rank or Distinction are convicted of suffering or promoting Gaming of that Kind in their house, they shall incur the Pope's Indignation, and be liable to such arbitrary Punishment as to his'Holiness shall seem meet." Bibliography Denning, Trevor (1996). The Playing Cards of Spain . London: Cygnus Arts. ISBN 978-0838637470 . Depaulis, Thierry (1985). "Le Jeu de Cartes: Quelques Regles du Passe" in The Playing-Card . Vol. XIII (3). February 1985. ISSN 0305-2133 pp. 74–80. Depaulis, Thierry (1990). "Pochspiel: an 'International' Card Game of the 15th Century – Part I" in The Playing-Card , Vol. 19, No. 2 (November 1990), pp. 52–67. Florio, John (1591). Second Frutes . London: Woodcock. Needham, Joseph (1954), Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations , Cambridge University Press Needham, Joseph (2004) [1962], Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-05802-3 Needham, Joseph ; Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1985), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08690-6 Parlett, David (1990), The Oxford Guide to Card Games , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-214165-1 Parlett, David (2007). "The origins of Euchre" in The Playing-Card , 35 (4), Apr–June 2007. ISSN 1752-671X pp. 255–261. Parlett, David (1991). A History of Card Games , OUP, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-282905-X * Skelton (1522). Why not to Court . Cited in the OED. See David Parlett 's article: Laugh and Lie Down . External links International Playing Card Society Rules for historic card games Collection of rules to many card games .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Non trick-taking card games v t e Shuffling Cutting Glossary of card game terms Shuffling Cutting Glossary of card game terms Adding Cribbage Cuttle Costly colours Ninety-nine Noddy Cribbage Cuttle Costly colours Ninety-nine Noddy Collecting Beggar-my-neighbour Egyptian Ratscrew My ship sails Pig Quartets Schlafmütze War Beggar-my-neighbour Egyptian Ratscrew My ship sails Pig Quartets Schlafmütze War Commerce Brag Commerce James Bond Kemps Mus Schwimmen Stop the bus Brag Commerce James Bond Kemps Mus Schwimmen Stop the bus Comparing Chase the Ace Coucou Cuccù Gnav Höllfahren Hypp Kille Ranter-Go-Round Vogelspiel Chase the Ace Coucou Cuccù Gnav Höllfahren Hypp Kille Ranter-Go-Round Vogelspiel Compendium Barbu Bauernfangen Bonken Davoserjazz Dreeg Herzeln Kein Stich King Lorum Poch Quodlibet Rosbiratschka Trex Barbu Bauernfangen Bonken Davoserjazz Dreeg Herzeln Kein Stich King Lorum Poch Quodlibet Rosbiratschka Trex Draw and discard Bing rummy Buraco Canasta Carioca Chinchón Colonel Conquian Continental Rummy Contract rummy Dummy rummy German Rummy Golf Indian rummy Kalooki Liverpool rummy Militaire Penang rummy Robbers' rummy Rummy Gin rummy Rumino Thirty-one Three thirteen Tonk Treppenrommé Viennese Rummy Yaniv 500 rum Bing rummy Buraco Canasta Carioca Chinchón Colonel Conquian Continental Rummy Contract rummy Dummy rummy German Rummy Golf Indian rummy Kalooki Liverpool rummy Militaire Penang rummy Robbers' rummy Rummy Gin rummy Rumino Thirty-one Three thirteen Tonk Treppenrommé Viennese Rummy Yaniv 500 rum Fishing Bastra Byggkasino Cassino Cicera Cuarenta Escoba Escopa Pasur Go-Stop Mulle Scopa Skwitz Tablanette Zwicker Bastra Byggkasino Cassino Cicera Cuarenta Escoba Escopa Pasur Go-Stop Mulle Scopa Skwitz Tablanette Zwicker Matching Go Fish Lusti-Kartl'n Nain Jaune Newmarket Poch Sedma Sedmice Slapjack Snip-Snap-Snorum Go Fish Lusti-Kartl'n Nain Jaune Newmarket Poch Sedma Sedmice Slapjack Snip-Snap-Snorum Shedding Bartok Big two Black Peter Brede Mette Burro Comet Craits Crazy Eights Cheat Daifugō Dou dizhu Dupa biskupa Durak Hahndreier Hund Kings in the Corner Last Card Mao Mau-Mau Old maid One-card Paskahousu President Pusoy dos Quatorze Rabouge Red nines Ristiseiska Shithead Speed Spit Switch Tiến lên Vändtia Bartok Big two Black Peter Brede Mette Burro Comet Craits Crazy Eights Cheat Daifugō Dou dizhu Dupa biskupa Durak Hahndreier Hund Kings in the Corner Last Card Mao Mau-Mau Old maid One-card Paskahousu President Pusoy dos Quatorze Rabouge Red nines Ristiseiska Shithead Speed Spit Switch Tiến lên Vändtia {{ Historical card games }} {{ Patience }} {{ Trick-taking card games }} {{ Tarot and Tarock card games }} {{ Historical card games }} {{ Patience }} {{ Trick-taking card games }} {{ Tarot and Tarock card games }} v t e Trick-taking card games ( list ) v t e French packs 52 cards (except where stated) 3-2-5 (30) 3-5-8 400 500 (43) 1000 (24) 1001 (24) All fours Auction bridge Barbu Baśka (16) Bid whist Bisca (40) Black lady Black Maria Bluke Bonken Boston Bourré Bridge Call-ace whist Cinch Clabber (24) Clag Chlust (20) Court piece Cucumber Femkort Forty-fives French whist German whist Gong Zhu Hearts Hucklebuck Kachufool King Knock-out whist Konter a Matt (24) Kop (16) Köpknack Knüffeln (48) Lanterloo Mizerka Napoleon Ninety-nine Norseman's knock Oh hell Pedro Pinochle (2x24) Pitch Phat Polskpas (24) Priffe Put Ristikontra Rödskägg Shelem Sheng ji Sixty-three Sjavs (Danish) (20) Skærvindsel (28) Smear Spades Spoil Five Stýrivolt (48) Sueca (40) Tarneeb Thunee (24) Turkish King Twenty-five (Spoil Five) Two-ten-jack Vira Whist Zwikken (20) 3-2-5 (30) 3-5-8 400 500 (43) 1000 (24) 1001 (24) All fours Auction bridge Barbu Baśka (16) Bid whist Bisca (40) Black lady Black Maria Bluke Bonken Boston Bourré Bridge Call-ace whist Cinch Clabber (24) Clag Chlust (20) Court piece Cucumber Femkort Forty-fives French whist German whist Gong Zhu Hearts Hucklebuck Kachufool King Knock-out whist Konter a Matt (24) Kop (16) Köpknack Knüffeln (48) Lanterloo Mizerka Napoleon Ninety-nine Norseman's knock Oh hell Pedro Pinochle (2x24) Pitch Phat Polskpas (24) Priffe Put Ristikontra Rödskägg Shelem Sheng ji Sixty-three Sjavs (Danish) (20) Skærvindsel (28) Smear Spades Spoil Five Stýrivolt (48) Sueca (40) Tarneeb Thunee (24) Turkish King Twenty-five (Spoil Five) Two-ten-jack Vira Whist Zwikken (20) French packs 36 cards Agram Bête Bräus Brus Brús Bruus Bura Catch the ten Dapp Frog Hindersche Knack Marjapussi Rutersju Scharwenzel Six-bid solo Svängknack Tapp Tarabish Trekort Viersche Voormsi Agram Bête Bräus Brus Brús Bruus Bura Catch the ten Dapp Frog Hindersche Knack Marjapussi Rutersju Scharwenzel Six-bid solo Svängknack Tapp Tarabish Trekort Viersche Voormsi French packs 32 cards 304 Baloot Bassadewitz Bauerchen Bauernheinrich Belote Bezique Bierlachs Brandeln Bruus Chouine Coinche Écarté Enflé Euchre Fipsen Fünf dazu Herzblatt Kaiser Klaberjass/Bela Klammern Klaverjas Letzter Letzter Stich Manille Marjolet Mistigri Officers' Skat Oma Skat Pilotta Piquet Polignac Preferans Préférence Rams Schwimmen Sheepshead Siebenschräm Sjavs Skat Slobberhannes Solo 66 Tausendundeins Tippen Toepen Tuppen Twenty-eight Zwanzig ab Zwicken 304 Baloot Bassadewitz Bauerchen Bauernheinrich Belote Bezique Bierlachs Brandeln Bruus Chouine Coinche Écarté Enflé Euchre Fipsen Fünf dazu Herzblatt Kaiser Klaberjass/Bela Klammern Klaverjas Letzter Letzter Stich Manille Marjolet Mistigri Officers' Skat Oma Skat Pilotta Piquet Polignac Preferans Préférence Rams Schwimmen Sheepshead Siebenschräm Sjavs Skat Slobberhannes Solo 66 Tausendundeins Tippen Toepen Tuppen Twenty-eight Zwanzig ab Zwicken German packs 36 cards Bauerntarock Bavarian Tarock Bieten (33) Brusbart Dobbm Haferltarock Jaggln (33) Kratzen (33) Mulatschak Perlaggen (33) Schnalzen (33) Württemberg Tarock Bauerntarock Bavarian Tarock Bieten (33) Brusbart Dobbm Haferltarock Jaggln (33) Kratzen (33) Mulatschak Perlaggen (33) Schnalzen (33) Württemberg Tarock German packs 32 cards (except where stated) Bauernfangen (20) Bauernschnapsen (20) Bierkopf (20) Binokel (2x24) Blattla Bohemian Schneider Bohemian Watten Bolachen Doppelkopf (2x24) Dreeg (24) Dreierschnapsen (20) Elfern Gaigel (2x24) German Schafkopf German Solo Gilten Grasobern Herzeln Herzla Kein Stich Lampeln Lorum Lupfen (20) Lusti-Kartl'n Mariáš Matzlfangen Mauscheln Mucken Officers' Schafkopf Quodlibet Ramsch Ramscheln Ramsen Rosbiratschka Rumpel Russian Schnapsen (24) Schafkopf Schnapsen (20) Sedma Sedmice Sixty-six (24) Sticheln Trischettn Wallachen Watten Wendish Schafkopf Ulti Unteransetzen Zehnerlegen Bauernfangen (20) Bauernschnapsen (20) Bierkopf (20) Binokel (2x24) Blattla Bohemian Schneider Bohemian Watten Bolachen Doppelkopf (2x24) Dreeg (24) Dreierschnapsen (20) Elfern Gaigel (2x24) German Schafkopf German Solo Gilten Grasobern Herzeln Herzla Kein Stich Lampeln Lorum Lupfen (20) Lusti-Kartl'n Mariáš Matzlfangen Mauscheln Mucken Officers' Schafkopf Quodlibet Ramsch Ramscheln Ramsen Rosbiratschka Rumpel Russian Schnapsen (24) Schafkopf Schnapsen (20) Sedma Sedmice Sixty-six (24) Sticheln Trischettn Wallachen Watten Wendish Schafkopf Ulti Unteransetzen Zehnerlegen Italian or Spanish packs Aluette Bestia Botifarra Brisca Briscola Calabresella Gilé Julepe Tressette Truc Truc y Flou Truco Tute Aluette Bestia Botifarra Brisca Briscola Calabresella Gilé Julepe Tressette Truc Truc y Flou Truco Tute Swiss German packs Jass ( Chratze , Schieberjass , Hindersi-Jass ) Kaiserspiel Jass ( Chratze , Schieberjass , Hindersi-Jass ) Kaiserspiel Category Category v t e Tabletop games by type v t e Board game Abstract strategy game Connection game Tafl games Adventure board game Amerigame Constructible strategy game Cooperative board game Deduction board game Eurogame Race game Cross and circle game Legacy game Miniatures game Collectible miniatures game Running-fight game Tables game Train game 18XX Wargame Abstract strategy game Connection game Tafl games Connection game Tafl games Adventure board game Amerigame Constructible strategy game Cooperative board game Deduction board game Eurogame Race game Cross and circle game Cross and circle game Legacy game Miniatures game Collectible miniatures game Collectible miniatures game Running-fight game Tables game Train game 18XX 18XX Wargame Card game Collectible card game Deck-building game Dedicated deck card game Shedding-type games Patience Tarot card games Trick-taking game Collectible card game Deck-building game Dedicated deck card game Shedding-type games Patience Tarot card games Trick-taking game Other Dice game Matching game Megagame Icehouse pieces Piecepack Paper-and-pencil game Social deduction game Tabletop role-playing game Tile-based game Dominoes Games Chinese dominoes Dice game Matching game Megagame Icehouse pieces Piecepack Paper-and-pencil game Social deduction game Tabletop role-playing game Tile-based game Dominoes Games Chinese dominoes Dominoes Games Games Chinese dominoes Authority control databases International GND FAST 2 GND FAST 2 2 National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Latvia Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Latvia Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Card games Tabletop games Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from April 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2022 Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Articles needing additional references from June 2025 All articles needing additional references Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021 Articles needing additional references from June 2018 Articles containing French-language text Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 18:33 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 3.1 Yucatán Peninsula 3.2 United States 3.1 Yucatán Peninsula 3.2 United States 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hurricane Carmen العربية Esperanto Français Nederlands Simple English Suomi 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Carmen as a Category 4 storm on September 1 Meteorological history Formed August 29, 1974 Dissipated September 10, 1974 Category 4 major hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 150 mph (240 km/h) Lowest pressure 928 mbar ( hPa ); 27.40 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 8 Damage $162 million (1974 USD ) Areas affected Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , Hispaniola , Jamaica , Yucatán Peninsula , Belize , Louisiana , Texas IBTrACS Part of the 1974 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Carmen was the most intense tropical cyclone of the 1974 Atlantic hurricane season . A destructive storm with widespread impacts, Carmen developed from a tropical wave that emerged from Africa toward the end of August. The disturbance traveled westward, and organized as a tropical depression east of the Lesser Antilles on August 29. The storm moved through the Caribbean Sea , and in an environment conducive to intensification, it quickly strengthened to its initial peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale . Carmen moved ashore on the Yucatán Peninsula , where, despite striking a sparsely populated region, it caused significant crop damage and killed several people. Before the storm's arrival, officials had set up several evacuation centers, and many residents had moved to higher ground. Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico , Carmen turned northward and re-intensified as it approached the United States. Initially threatening the major city of New Orleans , it veered westward and made landfall on the marshland of southern Louisiana , eventually dissipating over eastern Texas on September 10. Tropical cyclone watches and warnings had been issued for the storm, and approximately 100,000 residents left their homes and sought shelter. Damage was lighter than first feared, but the sugar industry suffered substantial losses. Throughout its course, the hurricane killed 8 people and caused $162 million in damage. Due to the severity of the storm, the name Carmen was retired from the list of Atlantic tropical cyclone names . Meteorological history The origins of Hurricane Carmen can be traced to a weather disturbance over Africa during the middle of August 1974. The disturbance moved slowly westward with little convective activity initially, although upon entering the Atlantic Ocean , it spawned a tropical wave within the Intertropical Convergence Zone . The wave had intensified and broadened by August 25, and it eventually split into two components, the northernmost of which consolidated into an organized storm system. [ 1 ] Moving westward, the system developed into a tropical depression on August 29, more than 200 mi (320 km) east of Guadeloupe . [ 2 ] Due to favorable outflow from an anticyclone nearby, the depression gradually strengthened as it moved through the Lesser Antilles . [ 3 ] It attained tropical storm status on August 30, south of Puerto Rico , [ 2 ] and was named Carmen by the National Hurricane Center . [ 4 ] At first, the storm's proximity to Hispaniola prevented further strengthening, [ 5 ] but by August 31, it had managed to intensify into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale . [ 2 ] As Carmen passed south of Jamaica , an eye feature briefly appeared. [ 6 ] On September 1, the hurricane began to rapidly deepen over warm waters of the Caribbean Sea ; by 18:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), it had strengthened to Category 4 intensity. [ 2 ] Continuing westward, the storm passed north of Swan Island later that day. [ 3 ] Early on September 2, a double eyewall appeared on satellite imagery. [ 7 ] Carmen's forward movement gradually slowed as the storm took a west by north direction, [ 8 ] and it reached its initial peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), accompanied by a central barometric pressure of 928 mbar (hPa; 27.4 inHg ). [ 2 ] Atmospheric steering currents became increasingly weaker, and Carmen slowed to a drift. [ 9 ] Later on September 2, the hurricane made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula ; its northern jog spared Belize City from a direct hit. The storm's center passed a few miles north of Chetumal , Quintana Roo . [ 2 ] The cyclone drifted inland, deteriorating to a tropical storm on September 3. [ 2 ] About a day later, Carmen emerged into the Gulf of Mexico , where it nearly stalled. Turning northward, the storm regained hurricane strength on September 5. [ 2 ] Carmen continued to strengthen and accelerated northward towards the United States Gulf Coast , [ 3 ] reaching a forward speed of 12 mph (19 km/h); at 00:00 UTC on September 7, it once again became a Category 3 major hurricane. [ 2 ] The storm then became a Category 4 hurricane again and reached its second peak intensity while located south of Louisiana ; although the wind speeds were identical to that of its initial peak, the barometric pressure was slightly higher. Carmen weakened and veered westward before landfall, ultimately striking south-central Louisiana. After moving ashore, the hurricane quickly lost strength and late on September 9 degenerated into a tropical depression. The depression moved westward and soon dissipated over eastern Texas. [ 2 ] Preparations Initial reactions to the approaching hurricane in the Yucatán Peninsula were regarded as calm by the United States media. Mexican officials declared an emergency alert by September 2, although they did not advise any evacuations. Meteorologists in the United States urged those living near the coast to move inland immediately. [ 10 ] Fearing significant loss of life and property, the Red Cross began preparations for the approaching hurricane in Belize. [ 10 ] The following day, the Mexican Army rushed to set up emergency operation centers and shelters in five cities. Mobile communication units and relief teams were prepared for deployment following the storm's passage. [ 11 ] Many of the nearly 35,000 residents in and around the city of Chetumal evacuated to higher ground. [ 12 ] Although it initially threatened the United States city of New Orleans , the hurricane turned west prior to making landfall and spared the area from severe damage. [ 3 ] Contrary to its actual path, forecasters predicted the hurricane to execute an eastward swerve toward Florida. Had the cyclone instead continued northward and traveled over Lake Pontchartrain , low-lying areas could have suffered "catastrophic" flooding. [ 13 ] Over 100,000 residents of the Gulf Coast , mostly in Louisiana and Mississippi , evacuated in advance of the hurricane, [ 14 ] causing heavy congestion on highways. [ 13 ] About 60,000 people sought shelter in facilities across the New Orleans region, according to Red Cross officials. [ 15 ] Hurricane warnings were issued along the coast, while Coast Guard personnel went door-to-door on Grand Isle urging residents to leave the area. From there through the coast of southwestern Florida, small craft were advised to remain near shore due to rough seas. [ 16 ] Offshore, workers were removed from oil rigs. [ 17 ] Many Mississippi citizens, having experienced the destruction of Hurricane Camille just five years earlier, quickly left their coastal homes. [ 18 ] Impact As a tropical depression and storm, Carmen produced moderate rainfall across Puerto Rico and the northern Lesser Antilles, peaking at 5.91 in (150 mm) in Jájome Alto, Cayey, Puerto Rico . [ 19 ] The storm spawned a tornado on Puerto Rico and triggered flash flooding, which collectively left over $2 million in damage. [ 3 ] Winds approaching gale force affected several islands. [ 20 ] Heavy rain fell on Hispaniola as the storm progressed westward, [ 21 ] and on Jamaica , the storm caused three drownings. [ 22 ] High winds and heavy rainfall were reported there and in Cuba . [ 23 ] The hurricane damaged local reefs on the north shore of Jamaica during its passage. [ 24 ] In Louisiana , Carmen caused about $150 million damage, much of it was in crop damage. Also, there were five storm-related deaths in Louisiana. Freshwater and tidal flooding occurred there, and, to a lesser degree, in the other Gulf Coast states. On account of the hurricane's landfall intensities and the widespread damage it caused, the name Carmen was later retired from the rotating lists of Atlantic hurricane names. It will never again be used to name a tropical storm in the Atlantic basin. [ 25 ] Yucatán Peninsula Although Carmen made landfall as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, it caused significantly less damage than anticipated because it struck a sparsely populated region. However, torrential rainfall from the storm inundated farmland across the region, ruining rice crops. The fishing industry also sustained major losses. Communication with the hardest hit regions was lost following Carmen's passage; however, early reports stated that at least five people were injured. [ 11 ] Several days later, officials in Mexico confirmed that three people had been killed by the storm. Sustained winds of 136 mph (217 km/h) were reported in the city of Chetumal , [ 3 ] which was described as a "disaster". [ 26 ] More than 5,000 people in the city lost their homes and belongings as a result of the storm. Officials in the area estimated that damage in Chetumal alone reached $8 million (1974 USD). [ 27 ] Throughout the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Carmen claimed four lives and wrought $10 million (1974 USD) in damage. [ 28 ] Following Carmen's passage, officials feared the worst for an area of 1,000 mi 2 (2,590 km 2 ) where communication was lost in Belize. A reconnaissance task force was sent out from Belize City the day after Carmen made landfall to assist any residents stranded by the storm. [ 29 ] One person was killed off the coast of Belize after being washed off his boat by large swells produced by Carmen. Three other fishermen were listed as missing following similar incidents. Thousands of people moved from coastal areas inland to escape the storm. Crop damage in the country was reportedly severe. [ 30 ] United States Carmen dropped moderate rainfall along its path, though the heaviest rainfall occurred well to the east of the storm's center, in southern Alabama and the northern Florida Panhandle . Precipitation peaked at over 13 in (330 mm) in Atmore, Alabama . [ 19 ] Winds gusted up to 86 mph (138 km/h), and along the coast, tides ran as high as 6 ft (1.8 m) above normal. [ 3 ] Over northwestern Louisiana, winds ranged from 40 to 45 mph (64 to 72 km/h) and brought down several trees. [ 31 ] In New Orleans, despite wind gusts to 72 mph (116 km/h), minimal damage was reported. [ 32 ] The hurricane's effects in Baton Rouge were confined to strewn debris and a few downed trees. [ 33 ] Because Carmen moved ashore over uninhabited marshland, it caused far less damage than initially feared. [ 34 ] Nonetheless, tidal flooding from the Gulf of Mexico and coastal bodies of water was severe. Freshwater flooding was less extreme. In total, the storm inundated 2,380,500 acres (963,400 ha) of land in Louisiana, including 742,300 acres (300,400 ha) in Terrebonne Parish and 590,000 acres (240,000 ha) in Plaquemines Parish . [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A large oak tree was overturned by high winds in the town of Jeanerette in Iberia Parish. The storm's greatest impact was the loss of sugar cane crops in Louisiana. An estimated 308,000 acres (125,000 ha) of sugar cane in 16 parishes was damaged, and about 20 percent was completely ruined. [ 37 ] After a tour of the affected area, then- Governor Edwin Edwards estimated crop damage alone at $400 million, [ 38 ] although a more recent estimate placed total agricultural damage from the hurricane at $74 million. [ 35 ] The sugar cane crop was crucial to the country's sugar supplies, rendering the losses "doubly bad", [ 38 ] and sugar futures rose drastically after the storm. [ 39 ] Other crops damaged by Carmen included soybeans, rice, and cotton. [ 35 ] Tidal action along the coast affected the balance of salinity in coastal marshes and water bodies. The sudden intrusion of saltwater stressed delicate plants. Fish, shrimp and oysters also suffered the ecological effects of Hurricane Carmen. Flooding on land caused some wildlife to drown. Several parks in Louisiana sustained damage, either from flooding or high winds; losses to Grand Island State Park in particular totaled $114,600. The oil and gas industry was also affected, and its estimated $24.7 million in losses resulted mainly from damage to equipment and offshore facilities. The storm diminished oil production by 1.4 million barrels when it shut down operations for 24 to 48 hours at various locations. [ 35 ] Over 60,000 electric cooperative customers lost power. [ 40 ] The hurricane caused two fatalities in Louisiana: a utility repairman who was electrocuted while working on power lines damaged by strong winds, [ 38 ] and a motorist who was involved in a storm-related traffic accident. [ 41 ] Total monetary losses in the state was estimated at $150 million. [ 3 ] Overall, the hurricane spawned four confirmed tornadoes. [ 42 ] One touched down near Brandon, Mississippi , destroying a barn and causing other damage. [ 43 ] Another struck Kaplan, Louisiana , injuring one person. [ 44 ] The storm's effects in Mississippi were described as minimal and were mainly confined to minor traffic accidents during bouts of heavy precipitation. [ 45 ] Light to moderate rainfall from the storm extended as far east as Florida and Georgia and as far west as Oklahoma and Texas. [ 19 ] In popular culture Hurricane Carmen was depicted in the 1994 movie Forrest Gump , in which the hurricane plays a major part in the movie's plot. See also Tropical cyclones portal Other storms of the same name List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of wettest tropical cyclones in Alabama Hurricane Audrey (1957) – caused severe impacts in Louisiana and Mississippi Hurricane Laura (2020) – devastated Southwestern Louisiana Hurricane Delta (2020) and Hurricane Zeta (2020) – both also made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula and in Louisiana References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Owen E. Thompson; Miller, Joanna (May 1976). "Hurricane Carmen: August–September 1974 – Development of a Wave in the ITCZ" . Monthly Weather Review . 104 (5). American Meteorological Society : 656– 658. Bibcode : 1976MWRv..104..656T . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<0656:HCAOAW>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 1520-0493 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center . April 4, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . ^ a b c d e f g h John R. Hope (April 1975). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1974" . Monthly Weather Review . 103 (4). American Meteorological Society: 289– 290. Bibcode : 1975MWRv..103..285H . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0285:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 1520-0493 . ^ Neil Frank (August 30, 1974). "Tropical Storm Carmen Special Advisory Number 1" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ John R. Hope (August 31, 1974). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion Tropical Storm Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ "Tropical Cyclone Discussion Tropical Storm Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center. August 31, 1974 . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ John R. Hope (September 2, 1974). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ Joseph M. Pelissier (September 2, 1974). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ Neil Frank (September 2, 1974). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ a b "Hurricane Grows, Yucatan Target of Carmen" . The Victoria Advocate . Associated Press. September 2, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ a b United Press International (September 3, 1974). "Carmen Sweeps Across Yucatan" . Beaver County Times . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ United Press International (September 3, 1974). "Carmen Smashes Across Yucatan (Part One)" . Sarasota Herald-Tribune . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ a b "Hurricane Carmen batters Louisiana" . The Southeast Missourian . Associated Press. September 8, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "Carmen lashes coast" . The Chicago Tribune . September 8, 1974. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "Carmen sputters" . The Park City Daily News. Associated Press. September 9, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "Hurricane Carmen Rages North" . The Ottawa Citizen . Associated Press. September 7, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "Weather Service Warns Hurricane Carmen Will Strike Gulf Coast Area" . The Times-News . Associated Press. September 4, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "Gulf Residents Recall Camille" . The Herald-Journal. Associated Press. September 8, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ a b c David Roth. "Hurricane Carmen – August 29 – September 11, 1974" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ "New storm builds, Becky heads north" . The Bangor Daily News . Associated Press. August 30, 1974 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ "Hurricane No. 2" . La Nación . Associated Press. September 1, 1974 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ "Storm May Regain Hurricane Strength" . The Argus-Press . Associated Press. September 4, 1974 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ "Carmen Roars Toward Yucatan" . The Victoria Advocate . Associated Press. September 1, 1974 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ J.S. Levinton. "Coral Reefs: limiting factors, morphology, and nutrition of corals" . Prentice-Hall. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010 . Retrieved May 6, 2010 . ^ "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names" . Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved February 16, 2024 . ^ "Hurricane watch out along Gulf" . Bangor Daily News . Associated Press. September 6, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ United Press International (September 4, 1974). "Hurricane stalls, getting weaker" . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ United Press International (September 6, 1974). "Hurricane Gathers Strength In Gulf" . Beaver County Times . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ United Press International (September 3, 1974). "Carmen Smashes Across Yucatan (Part Two)" . Sarasota Herald-Tribune . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ United Press International (September 4, 1974). "Carmen stalls in Gulf, 2 other storms develop". The Bryan Times . ^ National Weather Service Shreveport (September 9, 1974). "Preliminary Post Storm Report: Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ National Weather Service New Orleans (September 9, 1974). "Preliminary Storm Report: Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ National Weather Service Baton Rouge (September 9, 1974). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "Hurricane Carmen dies out" . The Rome News-Tribune . Associated Press. September 9, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ a b c d "Inventory and Assessment of Existing Economic and Resource Conditions" (PDF) . Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. July 31, 1997 . Retrieved May 6, 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement: Mississippi River & Tributaries-Morganza, Louisiana To The Gulf Of Mexico Hurricane Protection" . United States Corps of Engineers. December 14, 2004. Archived from the original (DOC) on January 21, 2009 . Retrieved April 26, 2010 . ^ United Press International (September 9, 1974). "Hurricane Carmen hurts sugar crop" . The Lodi News-Sentinel . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ a b c United Press International (September 9, 1974). "Carmen Leaves Her Mark" . The Beaver County Times . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ Elizabeth M. Fowler (September 10, 1974). "Sugar Prices Soar Daily Limit On Effect of Hurricane Carmen; Cotton Declines November Delivery Up Cash Prices Open Interest" . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ "History" . Dixie Electric Membership Corporation . Retrieved May 6, 2010 . ^ "Hurricane Carmen Leaves Two Dead; Ravages Crops" . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Associated Press. September 10, 1974 . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ Grazulis, Tom; McCaul, Bill. "List of Known Tropical Cyclones Which Have Spawned Tornadoes" . Tornado Project . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ National Weather Service Jackson (September 9, 1974). "Preliminary Post Storm Report: Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ National Weather Service Lake Charles (September 8, 1974). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . ^ National Weather Service Jackson (September 11, 1974). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Carmen" (JPG) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 25, 2010 . External links 1974 Monthly Weather Review Carmen Rainfall Totals .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes v t e 1853–1949 1850s Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) 1860s "Great Nassau" (1866) 1870s Seven (1878) 1880s Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) 1890s "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) 1900s "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) 1910s "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) 1920s "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) 1930s "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) 1940s "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) 1853–1949 1850s Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) 1860s "Great Nassau" (1866) 1870s Seven (1878) 1880s Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) 1890s "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) 1900s "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) 1910s "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) 1920s "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) 1930s "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) 1940s "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) 1850s Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) 1860s "Great Nassau" (1866) "Great Nassau" (1866) 1870s Seven (1878) Seven (1878) 1880s Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) 1890s "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) 1900s "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) 1910s "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) 1920s "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) 1930s "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) 1940s "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) 1950–present 1950s Dog (1950) Fox (1950) King (1950) Charlie (1951) Easy (1951) Fox (1952) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Ione (1955) Carrie (1957) Cleo (1958) Daisy (1958) Helene (1958) Gracie (1959) 1960s Donna (1960) Betsy (1961) Carla (1961) Frances (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Gladys (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) 1970s Celia (1970) Carmen (1974) Gladys (1975) Greta (1978) Ella (1978) Frederic (1979) 1980s Harvey (1981) Debby (1982) Diana (1984) Gloria (1985) Helene (1988) Joan (1988) Gabrielle (1989) 1990s Claudette (1991) Felix (1995) Luis (1995) Opal (1995) Edouard (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Bret (1999) Cindy (1999) Floyd (1999) Gert (1999) Lenny (1999) 2000s Isaac (2000) Keith (2000) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Karl (2004) Dennis (2005) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Omar (2008) Paloma (2008) Bill (2009) 2010s Danielle (2010) Earl (2010) Igor (2010) Julia (2010) Katia (2011) Ophelia (2011) Gonzalo (2014) Joaquin (2015) Nicole (2016) Harvey (2017) Jose (2017) Florence (2018) 2020s Laura (2020) Teddy (2020) Delta (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Sam (2021) Fiona (2022) Franklin (2023) Idalia (2023) Helene (2024) Kirk (2024) Gabrielle (2025) 1950–present 1950s Dog (1950) Fox (1950) King (1950) Charlie (1951) Easy (1951) Fox (1952) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Ione (1955) Carrie (1957) Cleo (1958) Daisy (1958) Helene (1958) Gracie (1959) 1960s Donna (1960) Betsy (1961) Carla (1961) Frances (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Gladys (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) 1970s Celia (1970) Carmen (1974) Gladys (1975) Greta (1978) Ella (1978) Frederic (1979) 1980s Harvey (1981) Debby (1982) Diana (1984) Gloria (1985) Helene (1988) Joan (1988) Gabrielle (1989) 1990s Claudette (1991) Felix (1995) Luis (1995) Opal (1995) Edouard (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Bret (1999) Cindy (1999) Floyd (1999) Gert (1999) Lenny (1999) 2000s Isaac (2000) Keith (2000) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Karl (2004) Dennis (2005) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Omar (2008) Paloma (2008) Bill (2009) 2010s Danielle (2010) Earl (2010) Igor (2010) Julia (2010) Katia (2011) Ophelia (2011) Gonzalo (2014) Joaquin (2015) Nicole (2016) Harvey (2017) Jose (2017) Florence (2018) 2020s Laura (2020) Teddy (2020) Delta (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Sam (2021) Fiona (2022) Franklin (2023) Idalia (2023) Helene (2024) Kirk (2024) Gabrielle (2025) 1950s Dog (1950) Fox (1950) King (1950) Charlie (1951) Easy (1951) Fox (1952) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Ione (1955) Carrie (1957) Cleo (1958) Daisy (1958) Helene (1958) Gracie (1959) Dog (1950) Fox (1950) King (1950) Charlie (1951) Easy (1951) Fox (1952) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Ione (1955) Carrie (1957) Cleo (1958) Daisy (1958) Helene (1958) Gracie (1959) 1960s Donna (1960) Betsy (1961) Carla (1961) Frances (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Gladys (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) Donna (1960) Betsy (1961) Carla (1961) Frances (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Gladys (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) 1970s Celia (1970) Carmen (1974) Gladys (1975) Greta (1978) Ella (1978) Frederic (1979) Celia (1970) Carmen (1974) Gladys (1975) Greta (1978) Ella (1978) Frederic (1979) 1980s Harvey (1981) Debby (1982) Diana (1984) Gloria (1985) Helene (1988) Joan (1988) Gabrielle (1989) Harvey (1981) Debby (1982) Diana (1984) Gloria (1985) Helene (1988) Joan (1988) Gabrielle (1989) 1990s Claudette (1991) Felix (1995) Luis (1995) Opal (1995) Edouard (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Bret (1999) Cindy (1999) Floyd (1999) Gert (1999) Lenny (1999) Claudette (1991) Felix (1995) Luis (1995) Opal (1995) Edouard (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Bret (1999) Cindy (1999) Floyd (1999) Gert (1999) Lenny (1999) 2000s Isaac (2000) Keith (2000) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Karl (2004) Dennis (2005) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Omar (2008) Paloma (2008) Bill (2009) Isaac (2000) Keith (2000) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Karl (2004) Dennis (2005) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Omar (2008) Paloma (2008) Bill (2009) 2010s Danielle (2010) Earl (2010) Igor (2010) Julia (2010) Katia (2011) Ophelia (2011) Gonzalo (2014) Joaquin (2015) Nicole (2016) Harvey (2017) Jose (2017) Florence (2018) Danielle (2010) Earl (2010) Igor (2010) Julia (2010) Katia (2011) Ophelia (2011) Gonzalo (2014) Joaquin (2015) Nicole (2016) Harvey (2017) Jose (2017) Florence (2018) 2020s Laura (2020) Teddy (2020) Delta (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Sam (2021) Fiona (2022) Franklin (2023) Idalia (2023) Helene (2024) Kirk (2024) Gabrielle (2025) Laura (2020) Teddy (2020) Delta (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Sam (2021) Fiona (2022) Franklin (2023) Idalia (2023) Helene (2024) Kirk (2024) Gabrielle (2025) Category Tropical cyclones portal Category Tropical cyclones portal v t e Retired Atlantic hurricane names v t e 1950s Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Diane (1955) Ione (1955) Janet (1955) Audrey (1957) Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Diane (1955) Ione (1955) Janet (1955) Audrey (1957) 1960s Donna (1960) Carla (1961) Hattie (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) Inez (1966) Beulah (1967) Camille (1969) Donna (1960) Carla (1961) Hattie (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) Inez (1966) Beulah (1967) Camille (1969) 1970s Celia (1970) Agnes (1972) Carmen (1974) Fifi (1974) Eloise (1975) Anita (1977) Greta (1978) David (1979) Frederic (1979) Celia (1970) Agnes (1972) Carmen (1974) Fifi (1974) Eloise (1975) Anita (1977) Greta (1978) David (1979) Frederic (1979) 1980s Allen (1980) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Gloria (1985) Gilbert (1988) Joan (1988) Hugo (1989) Allen (1980) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Gloria (1985) Gilbert (1988) Joan (1988) Hugo (1989) 1990s Diana (1990) Klaus (1990) Bob (1991) Andrew (1992) Luis (1995) Marilyn (1995) Opal (1995) Roxanne (1995) Cesar (1996) Fran (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Mitch (1998) Floyd (1999) Lenny (1999) Diana (1990) Klaus (1990) Bob (1991) Andrew (1992) Luis (1995) Marilyn (1995) Opal (1995) Roxanne (1995) Cesar (1996) Fran (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Mitch (1998) Floyd (1999) Lenny (1999) 2000s Keith (2000) Allison (2001) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Isidore (2002) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Isabel (2003) Juan (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Dennis (2005) Katrina (2005) Rita (2005) Stan (2005) Wilma (2005) Dean (2007) Felix (2007) Noel (2007) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Paloma (2008) Keith (2000) Allison (2001) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Isidore (2002) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Isabel (2003) Juan (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Dennis (2005) Katrina (2005) Rita (2005) Stan (2005) Wilma (2005) Dean (2007) Felix (2007) Noel (2007) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Paloma (2008) 2010s Igor (2010) Tomas (2010) Irene (2011) Sandy (2012) Ingrid (2013) Erika (2015) Joaquin (2015) Matthew (2016) Otto (2016) Harvey (2017) Irma (2017) Maria (2017) Nate (2017) Florence (2018) Michael (2018) Dorian (2019) Igor (2010) Tomas (2010) Irene (2011) Sandy (2012) Ingrid (2013) Erika (2015) Joaquin (2015) Matthew (2016) Otto (2016) Harvey (2017) Irma (2017) Maria (2017) Nate (2017) Florence (2018) Michael (2018) Dorian (2019) 2020s Laura (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Fiona (2022) Ian (2022) Beryl (2024) Helene (2024) Milton (2024) Laura (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Fiona (2022) Ian (2022) Beryl (2024) Helene (2024) Milton (2024) Category Portal Category Portal v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1974 Atlantic hurricane season v t e SS One SS Two SS Three TS Alma 3 Becky 4 Carmen TS Dolly TS Elaine 2 Fifi 1 Gertrude SS Four Category Category 1974 Atlantic hurricane season 1974 in Mexico Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in Puerto Rico Atlantic hurricanes in Mexico Hurricanes in Louisiana Hurricanes in Alabama Retired Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in Mississippi 1974 in Alabama Hurricanes in Oklahoma 1974 natural disasters in the United States 1974 in Puerto Rico 1974 in Mississippi 1974 in Louisiana Source attribution All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Pages using obsolete storm path colors Commons category link from Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 30 June 2025, at 18:02 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Carmen
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Geography and geology Toggle Geography and geology subsection 2.1 Climate 2.2 Hydrodynamics 2.1 Climate 2.2 Hydrodynamics 3 Flora 4 Fauna Toggle Fauna subsection 4.1 Gallery 4.1 Gallery 5 Threats 6 Protected areas 7 Main cities 8 In fiction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Pantanal Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Pantanal Typical Pantanal scenery Map of the Pantanal ecoregion Ecology Realm Neotropical Biome Flooded grasslands and savannas Geography Area 195,000 km 2 (75,000 mi 2 ) Countries .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Brazil Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Bolivia Paraguay Conservation Global 200 Pantanal flooded savannas body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption} UNESCO World Heritage Site Location Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay Criteria Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) Reference 999 Inscription 2000 (24th Session ) Area 187,818 km 2 (72,517 sq mi) Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 17°24′S 57°30′W / 17.400°S 57.500°W / -17.400; -57.500 Ramsar Wetland Official name Pantanal Matogrossense Designated 24 May 1993 Reference no. 602 [ 1 ] Ramsar Wetland Official name El Pantanal Boliviano Designated 17 September 2001 Reference no. 1089 [ 2 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Pantanal Location of Pantanal in Brazil Show map of Brazil Pantanal Pantanal (South America) Show map of South America The Pantanal ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐ̃taˈnaw] , Spanish pronunciation: [pantaˈnal] ) is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area, and the world's largest flooded grasslands . It is located mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul , but it extends into Mato Grosso and portions of Bolivia and Paraguay . It sprawls over an area estimated at between 140,000 and 195,000 km 2 (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi). Various subregional ecosystems exist, each with distinct hydrological , geological , and ecological characteristics; up to 12 of them have been defined. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Roughly 80% of the Pantanal floodplains are submerged during the rainy seasons, nurturing a biologically diverse collection of aquatic plants and helping to support a dense array of animal species. Etymology The name "Pantanal" comes from the Portuguese word pântano and the Spanish word pantano that mean "swamp", "wetland", "bog", "quagmire", or "marsh" plus the suffix -al , that means "abundance, agglomeration, collection". [ citation needed ] Geography and geology The Pantanal covers about 140,000–160,000 km 2 (54,000–62,000 sq mi) [ 8 ] [ 9 ] of gently sloped basin that receives runoff from the upland areas (the Planalto highlands ) and slowly releases the water through the Paraguay River and tributaries . The formation is a result of the large, concave, pre-Andean depression of the Earth's crust, related to the Andean orogeny of the Tertiary . It constitutes an enormous internal river delta , in which several rivers flowing from the surrounding plateau merge, depositing their sediments and erosion residues, which have been filling the large depression area of the Pantanal. This area is also one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger Parana-Paraguay Plain area, which encompasses a total of 1.5 × 10 ^ 6 km 2 (580,000 sq mi). [ 10 ] The Pantanal is bounded by the Chiquitano dry forests to the west and northwest, by the Arid Chaco dry forests to the southwest, and the Humid Chaco to the south. The Cerrado savannas lie to the north, east, and southeast. Climate The Pantanal is a tropical wet and dry region with an average annual temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and rainfall between 1,000 and 1,250 millimetres (39 and 49 in) per year. Extreme temperatures can reach a high of 41 °C (106 °F) or drop to −1 °C (30 °F). [ 9 ] Throughout the year, temperature varies about 6.0 °C (10.8 °F) with the warmest month being November (with an average temperature of 26 °C or 79 °F) and the coldest month being June (with an average temperature of 20 °C or 68 °F). Its wettest month is January (with an average of 340 mm or 13 in) and its driest is June (with an average of 3 mm or 0.12 in). [ citation needed ] Hydrodynamics Floodplain ecosystems such as the Pantanal are defined by their seasonal inundation and desiccation . [ 3 ] They shift between phases of standing water and phases of dry soil, when the water table can be well below the root region. [ 3 ] Soils range from high levels of sand in higher areas to higher amounts of clay and silt in riverine areas. Elevation of the Pantanal ranges from 80 to 150 m (260 to 490 ft) above sea level. [ 3 ] Annual rainfall over the flood basin is between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39 and 59 in), with most rainfall occurring between November and March. [ 3 ] Annual average precipitation ranged from 920 to 1,540 mm in the years 1968–2000. [ 9 ] In the Paraguay River portion of the Pantanal, water levels rise between two meters to five meters seasonally; water fluctuations in other parts of the Pantanal are less than this. [ 3 ] Flood waters tend to flow slowly (2 to 10 cm (0.79 to 3.94 in) per second [ 3 ] ) due to the low gradients and high resistance offered by the dense vegetation. When rising river waters first contact previously dry soil, the waters become oxygen-depleted, rendering the water environs anoxic . [ 3 ] Many natural fish kills can occur if there are no oxygenated water refuges available. The reason for this remains speculative: it may be due to the growth of toxin -producing bacteria in the deoxygenated water rather than as a direct result of lack of oxygen. [ 3 ] Flora The vegetation of the Pantanal, often referred to as the "Pantanal complex ", is a mixture of plant communities typical of a variety of surrounding biome regions: these include moist tropical Amazonian rainforest plants, semiarid woodland plants typical of northeast Brazil, Brazilian cerrado savanna plants, and plants of the Chaco savannas of Bolivia and Paraguay. [ 3 ] Forests usually occur at higher altitudes of the region, while grasslands cover the seasonally inundated areas. The key limiting factors for growth are inundation and, even more importantly, water-stress during the dry season. [ 3 ] According to Embrapa , approximately 2,000 different plants have been identified in the Pantanal biome and classified according to their potential, with some presenting significant medicinal promise. [ 11 ] Fauna The Pantanal ecosystem is home to some 463 species of birds, [ 5 ] 269 species of fish, more than 236 species of mammals, [ 12 ] 141 species of reptiles and amphibians, and over 9,000 subspecies of invertebrates. The apple snail ( Pomacea lineata ) is a keystone species in Pantanal's ecosystem. When the wetlands are flooded once a year, the grass and other plants will eventually die and start to decay. During this process, decomposing microbes deplete the shallow water of all oxygen, suffocating larger decomposers. Unlike other decomposing animals, the apple snails have both gills and lungs, making it possible for them to thrive in anoxic waters where they recycle the nutrients. To get oxygen, they extend a long snorkel to the water surface, pumping air into their lungs. This ability allows them to consume all the dead plant matter and turn it into nutritious fertilizer available for the plants in the area. The snails themselves are also food for a variety of animals. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Among the rarest animals to inhabit the wetland of the Pantanal are the marsh deer ( Blastocerus dichotomus ) and the giant river otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ). Parts of the Pantanal are also home to the following endangered or threatened species: the hyacinth macaw ( Anodorhyncus hyacinthinus ) (a bird endangered due to smuggling), the crowned solitary eagle ( Buteogallus coronatus ), the maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ), the bush dog ( Speothos venaticus ), the South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ), and the giant anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ). Common species in the Pantanal include the capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) , and the yacare caiman ( Caiman yacare ). According to 1996 data, there were 10 million caimans in the Pantanal, making it the highest concentration of crocodilians in the world. [ 16 ] The Pantanal is home to one of the largest and healthiest jaguar ( Panthera onca ) populations on Earth. [ 17 ] There are thirteen species of herons and egrets , six species of ibises and spoonbills , and five species of kingfishers that use the Pantanal as a breeding and feeding ground. There are nineteen species of parrots documented in the Pantanal, including five species of macaws . Some migratory birds include the American golden plover , peregrine falcon , and the bobolink . [ 18 ] Most fish are detritivores , primarily ingesting fine particles from sediments and plant surfaces. [ 3 ] This is characteristic of fish living in South American flood-plains in general. Fish migration between river channels and flood-plain regions occurs seasonally. [ 3 ] These fish have many adaptations that allow them to survive in the oxygen-depleted flood-plain waters. [ 3 ] In addition to the caiman , some of the reptiles that inhabit the Pantanal are the yellow anaconda ( Eunectes notaeus ), the gold tegu ( Tupinambis teguixin ), the red-footed tortoise ( Geochelone carbonaria ), and the green iguana ( Iguana iguana ). Gallery South American tapir Hyacinth macaws Giant anteater Jaguar Capybaras Marsh deer Black howler monkeys Southern tamandua Crested caracara Lesser yellow-headed vulture Toco toucan Yacare caiman Threats The Pantanal region includes essential sanctuaries for migratory birds, critical nursery grounds for aquatic life, and refuges for such creatures as the yacare caiman, deer, and Pantanal jaguar . [ 19 ] Most species are not under threat due to the low deforestation rates (less than 17%) of native vegetation now in the area due to new regulations. [ 20 ] Some of the causes which threaten the Pantanal ecosystems are: Fishing Commercial fishing is focused on only a few species and is probably not sustainable. [ 21 ] National and international sport fishing in the Paraguay river and its tributaries are the main focus for fishing activities. [ 21 ] Local fishing communities have been under close watch by environmentalists as well. [ 20 ] Commercial fishing is focused on only a few species and is probably not sustainable. [ 21 ] National and international sport fishing in the Paraguay river and its tributaries are the main focus for fishing activities. [ 21 ] Local fishing communities have been under close watch by environmentalists as well. [ 20 ] Cattle-ranching: Approximately 99% of the land in the Pantanal is privately owned for the purpose of agriculture and ranching , even though there are some regulations on available land based on the extent of flooding during each wet season. [ 22 ] [ 9 ] There are 2500 fazendas in the region and up to eight million cattle . [ 23 ] Erosion and sedimentation caused by this activity alter the soil and hydrological characteristics of Pantanal flood-plain ecosystems; consequently, native species are threatened by the change in ecosystem variables. [ 22 ] Approximately 99% of the land in the Pantanal is privately owned for the purpose of agriculture and ranching , even though there are some regulations on available land based on the extent of flooding during each wet season. [ 22 ] [ 9 ] There are 2500 fazendas in the region and up to eight million cattle . [ 23 ] Erosion and sedimentation caused by this activity alter the soil and hydrological characteristics of Pantanal flood-plain ecosystems; consequently, native species are threatened by the change in ecosystem variables. [ 22 ] Hunting, poaching, and smuggling of endangered species : [ 24 ] Reptile, wildcat, and parrot species are particularly at risk from the smuggling industry due to their high value on the black market. Uncontrolled tourism and overuse of natural resources In some areas of the Pantanal, particularly popular jaguar-viewing sites, increasing wildlife tourism has raised concerns about disturbance to animals, with reports that frequent boat traffic may alter jaguar behaviour and increase habituation to humans. [ 25 ] In some areas of the Pantanal, particularly popular jaguar-viewing sites, increasing wildlife tourism has raised concerns about disturbance to animals, with reports that frequent boat traffic may alter jaguar behaviour and increase habituation to humans. [ 25 ] Deforestation Establishment of logging companies during political turmoils in the region resulted in peak deforestation rates between 1978 and 1989. Many livelihoods were dependent on harvesting rubber trees as new waves of migrants arrived, resulting in what is now there today. [ 20 ] Silt run-off from deforested highlands alters soil hydrology and is a significant threat to the Pantanal. [ 19 ] Establishment of logging companies during political turmoils in the region resulted in peak deforestation rates between 1978 and 1989. Many livelihoods were dependent on harvesting rubber trees as new waves of migrants arrived, resulting in what is now there today. [ 20 ] Silt run-off from deforested highlands alters soil hydrology and is a significant threat to the Pantanal. [ 19 ] Pollution from gold mining operations and agro-industry [ 22 ] The Pantanal is a natural water treatment system as it removes chemicals, including pollutants, from water. Pollution from industrial development (especially gold mining) can harm native flora and fauna. However, water quality in the Pantanal was not significantly degraded as of 2002. [ 21 ] The Pantanal is a natural water treatment system as it removes chemicals, including pollutants, from water. Pollution from industrial development (especially gold mining) can harm native flora and fauna. However, water quality in the Pantanal was not significantly degraded as of 2002. [ 21 ] Pollution from sewage systems and pesticides [ 24 ] Movement to large-scale agriculture of food crops, mainly soy-beans , has adopted the use of large quantities of chemical pesticides and fertilizers which leach into the soil or run-off to the flood plains of the Pantanal. [ 18 ] Movement to large-scale agriculture of food crops, mainly soy-beans , has adopted the use of large quantities of chemical pesticides and fertilizers which leach into the soil or run-off to the flood plains of the Pantanal. [ 18 ] Infrastructure development (shipping canals , raised roads, pipelines) [ 22 ] The proposed plan to dredge the Paraguay and Paraná Rivers to allow oceangoing ships to travel 3,442 km (2,139 mi) inland is of particular concern and could affect the hydrology (flooding and drainage cycles) of the region, and therefore impact the ecosystem. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] The proposed plan to dredge the Paraguay and Paraná Rivers to allow oceangoing ships to travel 3,442 km (2,139 mi) inland is of particular concern and could affect the hydrology (flooding and drainage cycles) of the region, and therefore impact the ecosystem. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] Forest fires In late 2020, a quarter of the wetland was destroyed by an unprecedented fire attributed to climate change. An area estimated of about 19,890 square kilometres (7,681 mi 2 ) was razed by the fire, killing millions of vertebrates . [ 27 ] Experts say 2020 was the most active year on record for wildfires. [ 28 ] Until November 2020, Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) had detected more than 21,200 fires in the Pantanal biome, a figure that is 69% higher than 2005, when the INPE recorded roughly 12,500 fires. There were 8,106 fires in September 2020 alone—more than four times the historic average for the month. [ 29 ] In late 2020, a quarter of the wetland was destroyed by an unprecedented fire attributed to climate change. An area estimated of about 19,890 square kilometres (7,681 mi 2 ) was razed by the fire, killing millions of vertebrates . [ 27 ] Experts say 2020 was the most active year on record for wildfires. [ 28 ] Until November 2020, Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) had detected more than 21,200 fires in the Pantanal biome, a figure that is 69% higher than 2005, when the INPE recorded roughly 12,500 fires. There were 8,106 fires in September 2020 alone—more than four times the historic average for the month. [ 29 ] Climate change Current predictive climate models indicate a progressive increase in the frequency of extreme events (for example, extreme rainfalls and extended droughts). These events could affect the Pantanal's ecosystem functioning, amplifying and worsening human modifications of hydrological and environmental conditions in the basin. [ 30 ] Current predictive climate models indicate a progressive increase in the frequency of extreme events (for example, extreme rainfalls and extended droughts). These events could affect the Pantanal's ecosystem functioning, amplifying and worsening human modifications of hydrological and environmental conditions in the basin. [ 30 ] Protected areas A portion of the Pantanal in Brazil has been protected as the Pantanal Matogrossense National Park . This 1,350 km 2 (520 sq mi) park, established in September 1981, is located in the municipality of Poconé in the State of Mato Grosso, between the mouths of the Baía de São Marcos and the Gurupi Rivers . The park was designated a Ramsar Site of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on May 24, 1993. Encontro das Águas State Park and Guirá State Park are state parks of Mato Grosso in the Pantanal. The SESC Pantanal Private Natural Heritage Reserve ( Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural SESC Pantanal ) is a privately owned reserve in Brazil, established in 1998 and 878.7 km 2 (339.3 sq mi) in size. It is located in the north-eastern portion, known as "Poconé" Pantanal, not far from the Pantanal National Park. It is a mix of permanent rivers, seasonal streams, permanent and seasonal floodplain freshwater lakes, shrub-dominated wetlands and seasonally flooded forests, all dedicated to nature preservation, and was designated a Ramsar Site of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention . Otuquis National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area and San Matías Integrated Management Natural Area are protected areas of Bolivia in the Pantanal. The entrance to Otuquis National Park is through the town of Puerto Suarez. Main cities Brazil: Miranda , Mato Grosso do Sul Aquidauana , Mato Grosso do Sul Barão de Melgaço , Mato Grosso Bodoquena , Mato Grosso do Sul Bonito , Mato Grosso do Sul Cáceres , Mato Grosso Corumbá , Mato Grosso do Sul Coxim , Mato Grosso do Sul Ladário , Mato Grosso do Sul Poconé , Mato Grosso Bolivia: Puerto Quijarro , Santa Cruz Puerto Suárez , Santa Cruz Paraguay: Bahía Negra , Alto Paraguay Fuerte Olimpo , Alto Paraguay In fiction John Grisham 's 1999 novel The Testament largely takes place in the Pantanal. Pantanal is the title of a Brazilian-produced telenovela whose setting is the Brazilian Pantanal. See also Wetlands portal Wildlife of Brazil Iberá Wetlands Great Black Swamp , a former wetland in Ohio, US References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Pantanal Matogrossense" . Ramsar Sites Information Service . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ "El Pantanal Boliviano" . Ramsar Sites Information Service . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n McClain, Michael E. (2002). The Ecohydrology of South American Rivers and Wetlands . International Association of Hydrological Sciences. ISBN 1-901502-02-3 . Retrieved 2008-08-31 . ^ Susan Mcgrath, photos by Joel Sartore (August 2005) "Brazil's Wild Wet", National Geographic Magazine . ^ a b Keddy, Paul; Fraser, Lauchlan (2005). The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2008-08-31 . ^ Butler, Rhett A. (January 10, 2006). "Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, disappearing finds new report" . mongabay.com . Retrieved 2006-01-10 . ^ "The World's largest wetland" . The Nature Conservancy . Archived from the original on 2008-01-23 . Retrieved 2008-01-21 . ^ Keddy, Paul A.; Fraser, Lauchlan H.; Solomeshch, Ayzik I.; Junk, Wolfgang J.; Campbell, Daniel R.; Arroyo, Mary T. K.; Alho, Cleber J. R. (January 2009). "Wet and Wonderful: The World's Largest Wetlands Are Conservation Priorities" . BioScience . 59 (1): 39– 51. doi : 10.1525/bio.2009.59.1.8 . ISSN 1525-3244 . S2CID 53536143 . ^ a b c d Marengo, Jose A.; Oliveira, Gilvan S.; Alves, Lincoln M. (2015), Bergier, Ivan; Assine, Mario Luis (eds.), "Climate Change Scenarios in the Pantanal", Dynamics of the Pantanal Wetland in South America , vol. 37, Springer International Publishing, pp. 227– 238, doi : 10.1007/698_2015_357 , ISBN 978-3-319-18734-1 ^ "AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ Ministério do Meio Ambiente. "Pantanal" . www.mma.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese) . Retrieved 2019-06-14 . ^ Junk, Wolfgang J.; Brown, Mark; Campbell, Ian C.; Finlayson, Max; Gopal, Brij; Ramberg, Lars; Warner, Barry G. (September 29, 2006). "The comparative biodiversity of seven globally important wetlands: a synthesis". Aquatic Sciences . 68 (3): 400– 414. Bibcode : 2006AqSci..68..400J . doi : 10.1007/s00027-006-0856-z . ISSN 1015-1621 . S2CID 24369809 . ^ Fellerhoff, C. (2002). "Feeding and growth of apple snail Pomacea lineata in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil--a stable isotope approach". Isotopes Environ Health Stud . 38 (4): 227– 43. Bibcode : 2002IEHS...38..227F . doi : 10.1080/10256010208033268 . PMID 12725426 . S2CID 204150084 . ^ "Apple Snail: Unlikely Hero of the Pantanal" . Nature Box . Archived from the original on 2016-06-01 . Retrieved 2016-09-09 . ^ "Secrets of our Living Planet, Waterworlds, Enter the apple snail" . BBC Two . July 1, 2012 . Retrieved 2016-09-09 . ^ Swarts, Frederick A. (2000). The Pantanal of Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia: Selected Discourses on the World's Largest Remaining Wetland System: Selected Papers and Addresses from the World Conference on Preservation and Sustainable Development in the Pantanal . Hudson MacArthur Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9675946-0-6 . ^ "Restoring the jaguar corridor" . World Wildlife Foundation . 2021 . Retrieved 2024-01-29 . ^ a b Alho, Cleber J. R.; Vieira, Luiz M. (1997). "Fish and wildlife resources in the Pantanal wetlands of Brazil and potential disturbances from the release of environmental contaminants" . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . 16 (1): 71– 74. Bibcode : 1997EnvTC..16...71A . doi : 10.1002/etc.5620160107 . ISSN 1552-8618 . ^ a b Willink, Philip W. (2000). A Biological Assessment of the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Pantanal . The University of Texas . ISBN 978-1-881173-35-9 . Retrieved 2008-08-31 . ^ a b c Chiaravalloti, Rafael Morais (2019). "The Displacement of Insufficiently 'Traditional' Communities: Local Fisheries in the Pantanal" . Conservation & Society . 17 (2): 173– 183. doi : 10.4103/cs.cs_18_58 . ISSN 0972-4923 . JSTOR 26611743 . ^ a b c McClain, Michael E. (2002). The Ecohydrology of South American Rivers and Wetlands . International Association of Hydrological Sciences. ISBN 1-901502-02-3 . Retrieved 2008-08-31 . ^ a b c d Brendle, Anna (January 10, 2003). "Behind Threats to World's Largest Freshwater Wetland" . National Geographic News. pp. 1– 2. Archived from the original on 2003-01-18 . Retrieved 2011-08-23 . ^ Araras Eco Lodge. "Pantanal - Brazil's undiscovered wilderness" . Ladatco Tours . Archived from the original on 2008-06-02 . Retrieved 2008-01-22 . ^ a b c "Pantanal" . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2011-08-23 . ^ Bartaburu, Xavier (September 8, 2025). "In Brazil's Pantanal, too many tourists may be the jaguar's new predator" . Conservation news . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ^ Gunther, Michel. "The Threats of Dams and Navigation Infrastructure on La Plata" . 10 Rivers most at Risk . WWF . Retrieved 2011-08-23 . ^ Tomas, Walfrido Moraes; Berlinck, Christian Niel; Chiaravalloti, Rafael Morais; Faggioni, Gabriel Paganini; Strüssmann, Christine; Libonati, Renata; Abrahão, Carlos Roberto; do Valle Alvarenga, Gabriela; de Faria Bacellar, Ana Elisa; de Queiroz Batista, Flávia Regina; Bornato, Thainan Silva (December 16, 2021). "Distance sampling surveys reveal 17 million vertebrates directly killed by the 2020's wildfires in the Pantanal, Brazil" . Scientific Reports . 11 (1): 23547. Bibcode : 2021NatSR..1123547T . doi : 10.1038/s41598-021-02844-5 . ISSN 2045-2322 . PMC 8677733 . PMID 34916541 . ^ Arréllaga, Maria Magdalena; Londoño, Ernesto; Casado, Letícia (September 4, 2020). "Brazil Fires Burn World's Largest Tropical Wetlands at 'Unprecedented' Scale" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-10-18 . ^ Ivana Kottasová, Henrik Pettersson and Krystina Shveda (November 13, 2020). "The world's largest wetlands are on fire. That's a disaster for all of us" . CNN . Retrieved 2020-11-19 . ^ Thielen, Dirk; Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig; Ramoni-Perazzi, Paolo; Marquez, Marco; Rojas, Wilmer; Quintero, Jose Isrrael; Marques, Marinêz Isaac (January 7, 2020). "Quo vadis Pantanal? Expected precipitation extremes and drought dynamics from changing sea surface temperature" . PLOS ONE . 15 (1) e0227437. Bibcode : 2020PLoSO..1527437T . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0227437 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 6946591 . PMID 31910441 . External links Pantanal maps and tourist information Pantanal Nature . Information on wildlife in Pantanal. Patanal bird checklist .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Physical geography v t e Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Soil science / Pedology / Edaphology Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Soil science / Pedology / Edaphology Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Category Portal Commons Region Category Portal Commons Region v t e Regions and states of Brazil v t e Subdivisions of Brazil Subdivisions of Brazil Federative units Center-West Distrito Federal Goiás Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Southeast Espírito Santo Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro São Paulo South Paraná Rio Grande do Sul Santa Catarina Northeast Alagoas Bahia Ceará Maranhão Paraíba Pernambuco Piauí Rio Grande do Norte Sergipe North Acre Amapá Amazonas Pará Rondônia Roraima Tocantins Center-West Distrito Federal Goiás Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Distrito Federal Goiás Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Southeast Espírito Santo Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro São Paulo Espírito Santo Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro São Paulo South Paraná Rio Grande do Sul Santa Catarina Paraná Rio Grande do Sul Santa Catarina Northeast Alagoas Bahia Ceará Maranhão Paraíba Pernambuco Piauí Rio Grande do Norte Sergipe Alagoas Bahia Ceará Maranhão Paraíba Pernambuco Piauí Rio Grande do Norte Sergipe North Acre Amapá Amazonas Pará Rondônia Roraima Tocantins Acre Amapá Amazonas Pará Rondônia Roraima Tocantins Notable archipelagos Fernando de Noronha ( PE ) Rocas Atoll ( RN ) Saint Peter and Saint Paul ( PE ) Trindade and Martim Vaz ( ES ) Fernando de Noronha ( PE ) Rocas Atoll ( RN ) Saint Peter and Saint Paul ( PE ) Trindade and Martim Vaz ( ES ) Socio-geographic divisions Amazônia Legal Centro-Sul Nordeste Amazônia Legal Centro-Sul Nordeste Proposed federative units Proposed federative units v t e World Heritage Sites in Brazil v t e North Region Central Amazon Conservation Complex Flag of Brasil Ruins of São Miguel das Missões Northeast Region Brazilian Atlantic Islands Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves 1 Historic Centre of São Luís Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda Lençóis Maranhenses National Park São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão Serra da Capivara National Park Central-West Region Brasília Cerrado Protected Areas Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás Pantanal Conservation Area Southeast Region Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves 1 Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves 1 Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Historic Town of Ouro Preto Pampulha Modern Ensemble , Minas Gerais Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos Sítio Roberto Burle Marx Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site South Region Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves 1 Iguaçu National Park Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis 2 Ruins of São Miguel das Missões 1 Shared with other region/s 2 Shared with Argentina Authority control databases International GND GND Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Pantanal Flooded grasslands and savannas Ecoregions of Bolivia Ecoregions of Brazil Ecoregions of Paraguay Ecoregions of South America La Plata basin Floodplains of South America Natural regions of South America Swamps of South America Grasslands of Bolivia Grasslands of Brazil Grasslands of Paraguay Geography of Mato Grosso do Sul Landforms of Mato Grosso do Sul Wetlands of Brazil Wetlands of Bolivia Wetlands of Paraguay Regions of Brazil Regions of South America Physiographic provinces Ramsar sites in Brazil Ramsar sites in Bolivia Ramsar sites in Paraguay Biosphere reserves of Brazil World Heritage Sites in Brazil Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from August 2023 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with Portuguese IPA Pages with Spanish IPA Articles containing Portuguese-language text Articles containing Spanish-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024 This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 21:15 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal
|
5. Constantine | The sign in the sky that changed history Constantine is drawn from Chapter Five, beginning on page 132, of Volume Three, By This Sign of the twelve-volume historical series The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years . If you would like to order this book please visit www.TheChristians.info . A wild horseback ride across Europe ushered in the era of Constantine, whose march to victory laid the foundations of the Christian empire Constantine – The sign in the sky that changed history What did Constantine see as he marched from Gaul to Rome for what was to be a decisive victory in battle? Was it a cross, or was it some other symbol? The accounts vary. Was the injunction “By this (sign) conquer” given to him in Greek or in Latin? Artist Greg Harlin provides one plausible option. In the end, however, what mattered was that a defining moment in world history had occurred. The future emperor was on his way to becoming a believer–a Christian. The tale is not only romantic, but probably true. The year is 306. A young man arises in the dead of a late spring night in the imperial palace at Nicomedia in Asia Minor. He slips down to the emperor’s stables and commandeers the palace horses. He is thirty-two years old, and by all reports quite handsome. He has been a hostage. Now he is making his escape and seeking to delay pursuit. His name is Constantine , and he is the son of Constantius Chlorus, the Roman emperor in the West. The man from whom he is escaping is Galerius, emperor in the East. As the guest of Galerius, but also his captive, Constantine’s life would be forfeited if his father became a little too ambitious and tried to seize the imperial crown of the East, in order to become sole ruler of the empire. Right now, however, Constantine’s captor Galerius is asleep, likely drunk and sated in the imperial bedchamber after a lavish banquet that Constantine had arranged to keep him well-sedated during the getaway. With good reason, Galerius was as suspicious of Constantine as he was of his father, and he had already planned to have the younger man arrested as soon as he got up the next day. If Galerius or anyone close to him had awakened that night and caught wind of what Constantine was doing in the stables, the young man’s fate would almost certainly have been instant death. Galerius’s thick shield of armed bodyguards seemed not to have been on high alert, however, for they neither saw the horses–their well-combed manes glistening under the moon–nor heard their hooves clack along the stones of the palace courtyard as Constantine led them to the gates. All very improbable of course. It’s far more likely that some of the guards had been paid off, or that they simply chose not to sound the alarm. For Constantine, who had already distinguished himself as one of Galerius’s top commanders, had a reputation for energy, courage, and initiative, and he was highly popular with the Roman army. Among the imperial guard he undoubtedly had friends and allies who were willing to look the other way. Thus Constantine and his carefully chosen accomplices were able to unlatch the mighty chains of the palace gates undetected, and to slide back the heavy crossbar–quietly, quietly–and open them–inch by inch–so as not to make a creak. Then they led the horses outside the palace gates and down the narrow cobbled streets until they reached the outskirts of Nicomedia. The open fields, white in the moonlight, lay before them. At last Constantine was free. He mounted one of the horses, already tacked for that purpose, loosened the reins, squeezed the beast’s flanks sharply with his thighs, and no doubt with a few trusted companions, charged off on the high road at full gallop, the rest of the riderless pack thundering after him. The horses were likely the empire’s finest: tall, graceful Iberian animals with manes as long as women’s hair, the breed from which Bucephalus, the legendary horse of Alexander the Great, was said to have sprung. Like Alexander, the young Constantine wore his hair long, and it must have flown in the night like the horses’ manes as they sped westward through the darkened villages, his soldier’s cloak billowing behind him. His escape would become the longest continuous ride on horseback ever recorded in the ancient world–more than sixteen hundred miles from Nicomedia, across the Straits of Bosporus, through the northern Balkans, the Danube frontier lands and the Alpine passes of Austria and Germany, all the way west to Boulogne on the northeast coast of France. Constantine’s dramatic journey with the palace horses, reported by one of his biographers, Lactantius, illustrated his intelligence, ambition and decisiveness. He fully understood that Galerius hated and feared him and was determined to keep him on a short leash indefinitely at the palace. Indeed, Constantine had been living at the court at Nicomedia for at least ten years, serving first under Galerius’s predecessor, Diocletian, who also held him as a hostage for his father’s good behavior. When Diocletian’s retirement in 305 catapulted Galerius to the top position in the East, Constantine’s father formally requested that his son be allowed to join him in his campaign against the Picts. According to Lactantius, Galerius outwardly consented, but connived to make it impossible for Constantine to leave. So Constantine engineered his flight, Lactantius reports, on the very night before he was to have been hauled into Galerius’s presence to become a more explicit kind of prisoner. When Galerius awoke at noon the next day and learned from his servants that Constantine was long gone, he burst into tears. Constantine had taken all the palace horses with him for a reason: so that his pursuers would not have mounts with which to follow him. What’s more, none of the individual horses that galloped boldly with Constantine in the moonlight along the high road out of Nicomedia made it even as far as the Bosporus, says Lactantius. That was because at each stable where Constantine stopped to change mounts, he ordered every horse on the premises except his party’s own fresh ones to be hamstrung, bloodily crippling the animal. Thus no one from Galerius’s court could pursue Constantine without first having to scare up second-rate horses from somewhere. Only when Constantine finally reached the Illyrian border, the dividing line between the Eastern and Western empires, could he relax his frantic pace. In the empire of the West, it was his father’s writ that ran, not Galerius’s. At the port of Boulogne (in Latin, Bononia), Constantine met up with his father. Constantius was waiting to cross the English Channel to Roman Britain in order to fight the Picts, the fierce Scottish barbarians who were harrying the empire from the North. Although Constantine probably did not know this, Constantius was already dying when he summoned his son to join him in Boulogne. Just two months later, the old man died in the north of Britain, at York, then called Eboracum. Before he expired, however, his last deed would change the history of Europe and the world. He declared Constantine his heir as augustus of the West. In the coming eighteen years Constantine would eventually become sole Roman emperor, overcoming six powerful rivals one by one, against what must have seemed impossible odds. When he burst out of Nicomedia in 306, Christianity was still a despised and mercilessly persecuted religious sect, at which most people of his high social standing looked down their noses. Within his lifetime and at his specific direction, Christianity would become the dominant cultural force in the Western world. Indeed, Constantine would inaugurate the process by which would arise “Christendom” (see sidebar page 178). For this, some Christians would go so far as to regard him as a saint. Others would see him as crippling Christianity for centuries by disastrously fusing it to the powers of what Christians call “this world.” Constantine could only assess things as they looked to him in the early fourth century, when the imperial system called for two emperors instead of one. His was not the old Rome of Augustus, which sixteen centuries later would endear itself to Hollywood–with helmeted legions marching on marble avenues toward the Capitoline Hill, shouting “Hail, Caesar!” in unison as they passed an emperor splendid in his purple toga, flanked by the vestal virgins in shimmering veils. That Rome was now three hundred years in the past. And even when it lived, the military might, the marble and the poetry of the Augustan Age had masked deep flaws that led to the city’s gradual decline as a center of power. The most glaring flaw was economic. Rome’s economy was essentially built on plunder. During the three centuries before Christ, and for a century or so afterwards, the city that had begun as a tiny village, perched on its seven hills above the swamplands of the Tiber, developed military commanders with a genius for organization and strategy, as well as civic leaders who gave it an elaborate system of laws. They built first a republic, then an empire that spread from the Atlantic to the Euphrates, and from Britain to the Sahara, its conquering armies carrying back shiploads of treasure and tens of thousands of slaves to enrich the imperial treasury, serve the gentry and adorn the city. But Rome created little wealth on its own, and behind its luxurious facade there lurked a deepening squalor. Much of its lower-class populace was unemployed, subsisting in crowded, filthy tenements on free bread handed out by the authorities. The world’s real wealth all lay in the bustling, thickly populated, Greek-speaking East, most of it territory long claimed by the ancient empire of Persia. By contrast, western Europe was always poor and thinly settled, harried by barbarian hordes that Rome could check but never control. So, with Persia blocking expansion in the East, and with little to loot in the West, Rome, cut off from its lifeblood of booty, began a long, slow decline. By Constantine’s time, the city of Rome was recognized as an inhospitable place, so noxiously hot and malarial during the summer that few Romans of means and cultivation wanted to stay there any longer than they had to. The administrative center of the western Roman Empire was not Rome, but Milan, strategically located on the main road through the relatively cool, agriculturally fertile plains of northern Italy. The emperor’s household, the courts, and the imperial bureaucracy were largely centered in Milan, not Rome. Then there was the problem of maintaining the huge standing army that the empire needed to protect its thousands of miles of frontiers, an army that could no longer be paid cheaply with conquered land and plunder. It had become a crushing liability, driving taxes to oppressive levels in a stagnant economy. While Constantine was growing to maturity, the whole empire was plagued by rocketing inflation, decreased agricultural production, abandoned farmland, crumbling buildings and monuments, and a seemingly inexorable decline in population. Diocletian’s attempts to stabilize the currency and the supply of skilled labor had been heroic, but they did not address the underlying causes of Rome’s economic and cultural spiral downward. Not surprisingly, the empire’s center of gravity had slowly shifted eastward. The climate was better and that’s where the money was. That was also why Diocletian preferred his palace at Nicomedia, on the sunny Sea of Marmara southwest of the Bosporus–the palace that Galerius was later to occupy and Constantine to flee. Constantine’s father, Constantius, was a career military man, born in Dardania, in what is southern Serbia today. Although Constantius was later said to have sprung from the Dardanian nobility, he was probably as lowborn as Diocletian and the twenty-eight other soldier emperors who preceded him had been. How Constantius acquired the nickname “Chlorus,” from the Greek word for “pale green,” is not known, but may derive from a sickly complexion. Early in life, he married a woman named Helena (see sidebar, page 247), a barmaid or innkeeper’s daughter from the town of Depranum in Bithynia, who in 274 or thereabouts gave birth, in Naissus (modern-day Nish, in Serbia, see map page 131, D3), to Constantine. Constantius rose quickly–he was made governor of Dalmatia, then probably prefect of the Praetorian Guard, then Diocletian’s caesar in the West, then finally augustus in the West. While he was caesar in the West he divorced Helena, at the behest of Diocletian, in order to marry Theodora. She was the daughter of his immediate superior Maximian, who was then the western augustus, and all this was part of Diocletian’s plan to end, through dynastic marriage and adoption, the mayhem of murder that had claimed the lives of twenty-two of Diocletian’s twenty-eight predecessors. Constantius proceeded to have six more children, Constantine’s half-siblings, by his new royal wife. When Diocletian retired in 305, Maximian reluctantly retired as well. Under Diocletian’s plan, Galerius and Constantius automatically became the augusti, and were each to name the caesars who would succeed them. But Galerius had a better idea. As the augustus of the much more powerful and prosperous East, he arbitrarily selected both new caesars himself, not only his own but also Constantius’s. Severus, an army officer from Pannonia and definitely a Galerian loyalist, was to serve as Constantius’s caesar; and the brutal Maximinus Daia, Galerius’s nephew, as Galerius’s caesar. About this whole arrangement, needless to say, Constantius was not consulted. The jurisdictions within the new tetrarchy were likewise mapped out by Galerius. Constantius’s territory included Gaul, Britain, and Spain; his caesar Severus got Italy, northern Africa and Pannonia. Galerius and Daia split the East between them, with Daia taking eastern Europe and Galerius retaining Asia Minor and points east, including Diocletian’s beloved palace at Nicomedia. There was little love lost between Constantius and Galerius, but the really odd man out was young Constantine. Both he and Maximian’s son, Maxentius, who was married to Galerius’s daughter, had been passed over for appointment as caesars. Furthermore, Constantine was being held as a veritable prisoner in Nicomedia, and it would be only a matter of time before Galerius–or Severus or Daia–solved the problem of his existence by executing him. Thus Constantine’s horseback escape. And when the dying Constantius named his firstborn son to succeed him instead of Severus, Constantine knew that this act doomed Diocletian’s plans for an orderly succession. The Diocletian tetrarchy was smashed and dead before Diocletian himself died. Diocletian was still puttering about in retirement at his estate at Split in his native Dalmatia. Furthermore, on the very day that Constantius died–July 25, 306–his soldiers proclaimed Constantine the new augustus. As Constantine well knew, this amounted to a declaration of war against the other three tetrarchs–against Severus, the western caesar whom Galerius had foisted on his father; against Daia, the caesar Galerius had appointed in the East and against Galerius himself. Severus, Daia and Galerius were for Constantine three powerful enemies whose domains spanned the Roman Empire. Constantine realized that he had no place to hide. He was alone and he had to act quickly. He had to seize it all–absolute power over the entire empire, East and West–or be killed ignominiously like the pathetic series of soldier emperors before Diocletian. Constantine was determined not to join them. But the competition grew even worse. Constantine soon had three other formidable enemies to take into account, each of them with ambitions to rule everything. One of these was Maximian, Diocletian’s fellow augustus who had been forced into retirement when Diocletian retired. Now, from his home at Lucania in southern Italy, Maximian had begun reasserting his claim to greater power. Leagued with him was a fifth foe, Maximian’s son Maxentius, who lived at Rome and had strong support in the Roman Senate. Finally, from up on the Danube, came a sixth military claimant: Licinius, an old friend of Galerius. Diocletian was persuaded to come briefly out of retirement, affirming by his presence at the ceremony the naming of Licinius as a third augustus. In other words, the old system of succession by civil war and murder was back. For all seven contenders, it was a case of everything or nothing. To survive at all, Constantine had to overcome the six most powerful men in the Roman world, most of whom commanded armies far more formidable than his. The immediate enemy was Severus, the man Galerius had named caesar of the West. Had the Diocletian formula been followed, Severus would have automatically become augustus of the West when Constantine’s father died, but Constantine now held that title instead. To avoid immediate civil war between Severus and Constantine, Galerius stepped in. He worked out a compromise with Constantine: Severus would remain the augustus and Constantine would be named the new caesar. Constantine saw a benefit for himself in this arrangement. He was already having trouble with his new territories, for although Britain and Gaul had accepted him as the augustus, Spain was balking. He therefore accepted Galerius’s offer–for the time being. Severus, meanwhile, had already made two missteps that would rapidly take him out of the contest. One of his first acts on becoming caesar had been to conduct a tax census, unheard of in the city of Rome, whose residents had lived tax-free for centuries and were infuriated by the idea. Worse yet, he tried to disband the Praetorian Guard. The outraged Guard promptly mutinied, and on October 28, 306, it proclaimed Maxentius, Maximian’s son, as the new emperor, although it did not give him the title augustus. Maximian, the father, bolted north, not only to aid his son’s cause but also to reclaim his old title; he was the true augustus of the West, he said. Father and son then united against Severus, first driving him from Rome, and then forcing him to surrender at Ravenna in the spring of 307. That was the end of Severus. Maximian either had him executed or forced him to commit suicide. For Constantine, one rival had been eliminated. But five still remained. Galerius, furious at old Maximian’s effort to return from retirement, marched his powerful army west against the father-and-son challengers at Rome. He declared Maximian’s comeback illegal, and said his son’s occupation of Rome amounted to usurpation. He knew that if he could crush the father and son, he could then turn his army’s attention on Constantine. Old Maximian made his move next. Since Galerius threatened everybody in the West, Maximian made his way to Constantine’s camp. If Constantine combined forces with him against Galerius, he said, he would share the title of augustus with him. As evidence of good faith, he offered Constantine the hand of his daughter, Fausta, in marriage. Constantine, like his father before him, had taken a commoner for his wife when he was offered a more profitable marriage. His first wife’s name was Minervina, and she was the mother of his son, Crispus. No matter–following his father’s example, he promptly divorced Minervina, and in September of 307, he married Fausta in a dazzling ceremony at Trier, on the Mosel River. After that, at least for a time, he was careful to accord his new father-in-law honor and a show of support, without allowing him to enjoy any real power. After all, Maximian, underneath his surface display of loving kinship, was still one of the five remaining contenders for the rule of the whole empire. Maximian’s son Maxentius proved harder to evict from Rome than Galerius had anticipated. Frustrated, Galerius retreated, and he tried to bestir the aged Diocletian to come out of retirement again and use his muscle to restore the tetrarchy. Diocletian declined. However, his deft skill at political connivance was far from lost. Still striving to sustain his tetrarchy model, even if he wouldn’t personally fight for it, Diocletian persuaded his old colleague Maximian to betray both his son and his new son-in-law, since they were the two who were disrupting the system. The plan called for Maximian to destroy Constantine, then to retire. His son Maxentius, still holding Rome, would be formally declared a public enemy, and a new augustus, Galerius’s old friend Licinius, would unseat Maxentius and become augustus of the West, while Galerius would return to the East. Maximian, the father, waited two years to make an overt move. In 310, while Constantine was on the Rhine frontier battling the barbarians, Maximian seized Constantine’s treasury at Arles in southern Gaul and proclaimed himself augustus once more. Constantine retaliated in a flash, sweeping southward through Gaul. Desperate, the old man tried to induce his daughter Fausta to betray the husband he had given her, but she refused. Instead, Constantine’s troops caught Maximian at Marseille, where he was forced to commit suicide. Now there were four rivals. The next year, 311, Galerius, chief persecutor of the Christians, died at Nicomedia after lengthy suffering from an excruciatingly painful disease, as described in the previous chapter. That left three. All three–Maxentius at Rome, Daia and Licinius in the East–called themselves augustus, and all three had armies to back up their claims. Constantine pondered his options. Licinius and Daia were potentially dangerous, but for now, with Galerius dead, they were locked in murderous rivalry with each other, each claiming the entire empire of the East. Constantine decided to forge a tactical alliance with Licinius, and he arranged in late 311, or early 312, for Licinius to be betrothed to his half-sister Constantia, one of the many children of his father’s second wife. So the remaining immediate problem was Maxentius, his brother-in-law at Rome. Maxentius moved first, ordering that all of Constantine’s statues in Italy be knocked down and destroyed. Even though relations between Maxentius and his father had been strained–the old man had lately called his own son a usurper and a public enemy–Maxentius vowed that he must avenge his father’s forced suicide at the hands of Constantine. Besides, this same Constantine had now joined up against him with Licinius. To Maxentius, these deeds were unconscionable. Constantine knew it was time to act. He mounted a preemptive strike against Maxentius, crossing the Alps into Italy in the summer of 312, with a force of at least forty thousand men. Marching south, Constantine stormed, persuaded to surrender, or made allies out of the major cities of northern Italy: Turin, Milan and Verona. Assaulting Rome itself, however, was a daunting operation. Constantine’s forces were outnumbered probably two-to-one by Maxentius’s standing troops and cavalry in Rome. Worse, the city was fortified by a twenty-foot-high, twelve-mile-long wall which had been built by the emperor Aurelian in 271 to ward off possible barbarian attacks. Neither Severus nor Galerius had been able to breach that wall, and inside, Maxentius and his huge army waited. It was by now late October. Constantine so far had only one thing in his favor, but it was considerable: the inhabitants of Rome were completely disenchanted with Maxentius, sick and tired of him. At a series of chariot races organized by Maxentius to celebrate the upcoming anniversary of his accession to power, the crowd taunted him, shouting that Constantine was invincible. Maxentius turned for help to the famous Sibylline Books, with their prophecies on the future of Rome, and there he was told that on his own anniversary date, October 28, the enemy of the Romans would perish. That, thought Maxentius, must surely mean Constantine. He resolved that on that very day he would lead his army out through the city gates and battle his outnumbered rival. Constantine prepared for battle as well. He was a master strategist whose method was to try to get inside his enemy’s mind and anticipate his next move, and it’s likely he guessed that Maxentius would try to leave the city and come at him. So his plans would have allowed for that contingency. But that was not his only insight. There was another that would crown his page in Christian history. At a point prior to the impending battle, something happened to Constantine, something so vital, so shattering, that it would change fundamentally both the course of his own life, and the course of the life of the world. There are two accounts of this extraordinary event, whatever it was. Eusebius, his biographer who knew Constantine well, tells it this way: Constantine called on God with earnest prayer and supplications that he would reveal to him who he was, and stretch forth his right hand to help him in his present difficulties. And while he was thus praying with fervent entreaty, a most marvelous sign appeared to him from heaven. . . . He said that about noon, when the day was already beginning to decline, he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and bearing the inscription, “Conquer by this.” At this sight, he himself was struck with amazement, and his whole army also, which followed him on this expedition, and witnessed the miracle. He said, moreover, that he doubted within himself what the import of this apparition could be. And while he continued to ponder and reason on its meaning, night suddenly came on; then in his sleep the Christ of God appeared to him with the same sign which he had seen in the heavens, and commanded him to make a likeness of that sign which he had seen in the heavens, and to use it as a safeguard in all engagements with his enemies. Lactantius, another contemporary, tells the story somewhat differently. Constantine was directed in a dream to cause the Heavenly Sign to be delineated on the shields of his soldiers, and so to proceed to battle. He did as he had been commanded, and he marked on their shields the letter X, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round . . . at the top, being the cipher of Christ. Having this sign, his troops stood to arms. Whether Eusebius was right, or Lactantius, or neither–and they could both have been right, since there could have been both a dream and a vision–one fact seems conclusive. The man who left Britain to fight for the crown and the man who advanced upon Rome on the morning of October 28, 312, were in certain substantial respects not the same person. From that point on two new terms figure prominently in the thought, language and policies of the emperor. One is God and the other is Jesus Christ. Perhaps even then he saw, however faintly, that such wars as men fought, wars that up until then he had spent most of his life waging, were but mere shadows of another war, the real war, the war between good and evil that rages unseen within the soul of each man. This was the war that the Christians had always understood, and that he would better understand himself in the violent personal struggles that lay ahead of him. But now the vision was over, and he must attend upon the task at hand. There were, then, on that fateful morning of October 28, tens of thousands of grizzled war veterans working over their shields at dawn, squinting at hastily scribbled drawings of the Chi-Rho that they passed from hand to hand as they tried to reconstruct the symbol with sticks or wire or paint. As they painted Xs on their shields, then put through the Xs vertical lines with rounded tops, they must have scratched their heads in puzzlement. The overwhelming majority of them were pagans who worshiped the bullfighting god Mithras, protector of Roman soldiers. Christians, after all, still constituted only about ten percent of the Western empire’s population at the beginning of the fourth century. And the resemblance to the cross? Even the Christians themselves shirked at using that shameful symbol in their religious art, although their Jesus had died on a cross. The cross was the slave’s punishment, grist for gallows humor, not for bearing proudly into battle. But orders were orders. It seems clear, from everything that followed, that Constantine knew he could defeat Maxentius only with divine help, and that somehow that help was available only from the God of the Christians, not from any pagan deity. Clearly grateful, he did not hesitate later to declare openly his trust in the God of the Christians. So wherever you looked among the ranks of Constantine’s army on October 28, 312, you saw among his soldiers the sign of Christ, painted brightly on shields or hoisted high on standards. As he had planned, Maxentius marched out of Rome with his army, confident the day was to be his. He crossed the Tiber over the Milvian Bridge and continued along the river on the Flaminian Way. About a mile up the narrow defile, he found his path blocked by a phalanx of men with crude, savage-looking markings painted on their shields. To his pagan eyes, the Chi-Rho sign was undoubtedly a fearful sight: a dancing stick-figure demon. Then he got word that Constantine’s forces, advancing to the Tiber on the other fork of the road, had attacked his men back in the lines, at the Milvian Bridge; Constantine seems, with his usual canniness, to have guessed correctly where his enemies would be. Maxentius was trapped. His troops, assaulted at both ends, were forced back in a pincer to the Tiber. There they were slaughtered like cattle. Panicked, a mob of them, including Maxentius himself, tried to push their way back across the bridge, but failed. Maxentius, along with thousands of others, was shoved over the edge of the bridge and drowned. So perished Constantine’s fourth adversary. Now there were just two. The next day, October 29, Constantine and his army marched triumphantly through the open gates into Rome. Someone had fished Maxentius’s body out of the river, and they carried his head into the city, waving it back and forth atop a spear. The Roman Senate declared Constantine to be augustus, emperor of the West, and senior to Licinius, although Constantine was the younger man. Licinius was certain to resent this demotion, but for now, he and Constantine had an uneasy truce, to be cemented by the planned marriage of Licinius and Constantine’s half-sister. Meanwhile, Daia, Constantine’s other remaining enemy, was not doing well in his sorties against Licinius and others. He had lost a battle with the king of Armenia, and his territories were ravaged by plague in the years 312 and 313. He began to fear that the God of the Christians might be behind his misfortunes, and he reluctantly relaxed his anti-Christian policies. Clearly, the Battle of the Milvian Bridge–and the perceived intervention of Christ, who had clearly granted Constantine his victory–changed the new emperor’s life. The Christian God had deigned to favor him personally; he considered that fact undeniable. So he took the Christians under his wing and became their aggressive protector. Even before the battle, writes Eusebius, Constantine had ordered a goldsmith to fashion a golden version of the army standard, which he called the Labarum, with a crossbar and a jewel-encrusted Chi-Rho. And over the next few years, he launched a massive construction and legislative program to further the Christian cause. Of far more immediate significance to Christians, however, was a proclamation, drafted by Constantine in 313, that was designed to put an end, once and for all, to official Roman persecution–not only of Christianity, but of all religious practice, and not only in the West but in the East as well. Constantine was able to persuade Licinius, emperor of the East, to sign the document when the two met in Milan in February 313 to celebrate Licinius’s wedding to Constantia. The Edict of Milan, as Constantine’s proclamation came to be called, pivotally changed the status of Christians. For the first time since the year 64, when the emperor Nero had declared war on the Christians of Rome and burned them as human torches in his garden, there were grounds for Christian optimism. Perhaps they need no longer fear official reprisals for holding to their faith. For more than two centuries, Christian spokesmen had pleaded for full religious toleration. Now it might be a reality–no more demands to offer the pinch of incense to the gods, no more tortures with the rack and the red-hot irons, no more burnings and crucifixions, no more lions in the arena, no more mutilations, or deportations to the imperial mines. High hopes had been crushed before, of course, but maybe Christians would finally be free to practice their faith on equal terms with the pagans. History has preserved the Edict of Milan in the form of a letter by Licinius to the governors of the provinces of the East, where Christians had suffered at Daia’s hands.1 The letter (as quoted by the historian Lactantius) declares: “No one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion, or that religion which he should think best for himself, so that the Supreme Deity, to whose worship we freely yield our hearts, may show in all things His usual favor and benevolence.” The letter continues: “Now any one of these who wishes to observe the Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation.” Of equal importance and more immediate practical consequence, the edict also required the Roman authorities to return to the Christians all property that had been confiscated from them, and all seized Christian churches were to be restored. The edict did not formally make Christianity the official religion of the empire; it merely offered to place Christianity on a par with the other religions that enjoyed freedom under Rome, in order “that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion.” Constantine had to be careful not to alienate the pagans who still formed the vast majority of the empire, especially those in the army, which adored him, but had no sympathy for the Christ he was promoting; and in the Roman aristocracy, on whose support the new emperor depended and who still expected sacrifices to be made to the pagan gods. Yet it became increasingly clear that Christianity enjoyed Constantine’s special favor. Gradually, the old pagan influences began to fade from Constantine’s administration. As time passed, he ceased paying the traditional homage to Jupiter on Rome’s Capitoline Hill, and ceased striking coins bearing the images of other pagan deities. The Edict of Milan marked the beginning of a new Roman Empire, that before the end of the fourth century would become Christian, not pagan. No wonder Eusebius called the edict the “perfect and thoroughly detailed law on behalf of the Christians.” That spring of 313, Licinius won a decisive victory against Daia at Adrianople in Thrace (in the southern Balkans), and marched eastward in triumph into Nicomedia. Daia fled and was captured at Tarsus, where he was forced to commit suicide. For Constantine, there was just one rival left, a big one: his new brother-in-law, Licinius, now sole emperor of the East, the empire’s larger and richer half. The showdown started about 314, when Constantine and Licinius began to quarrel over the appointment of new caesars, and Constantine had one of Licinius’s nominees executed for treachery. Licinius in turn ordered Constantine’s statues knocked down in the town of Emona in Pannonia–the equivalent of a declaration of war. Constantine, flushed with a victory in Gaul against the barbarian Franks, promptly marched his army eastward into Licinius’s territory. The invasion was hugely successful. At Cibalae, near Sirmium in Pannonia, he won a major battle against Licinius’s numerically superior troops, and when it was over he held control of all of Licinius’s eastern European holdings, including Pannonia, Dalmatia and Greece–except Thrace. Temporarily, the pair reconciled. But in 321, Constantine appointed his sons, Crispus by Minervina and Constantine Junior by Fausta, to be consuls, Rome’s supreme military and civil magistrates, without seeking Licinius’s consent. That heightened the tension, and soon Licinius turned against the Christians within his jurisdiction. Though he did not revoke the Edict of Milan, he began hounding the followers of Christ, forbidding Christians to assemble or worship within the cities. Bishops were arrested and executed, and some churches were demolished. The most memorable Christian victims of Licinius were a company of Roman soldiers stationed at Sebaste in Lesser Armenia (see map, page 131, F3) who had openly confessed their faith before the Roman prefect. They were ordered stripped naked and left to freeze to death on the surface of a frozen pond. Of the forty, only one yielded and made his way to the warm baths near the lake that the prefect had prepared for any who would apostatize. One of the guards set to watch over them is said to have seen a brilliant light over the dying men. Shedding his garments, he joined them, returning their total number to forty. At daybreak, any of the stiffened bodies that still showed signs of life were burned and the ashes cast into the river. The Christians collected the remains of the other men, and their relics were distributed far and wide to Christian churches. They are known to Christian history as “the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste.” Another victim was a Roman general, exposed as a Christian in Thrace in 319. He was brought before a military tribunal and reprieved as a good soldier who had made a mistake. Set free, he promptly burned down a pagan temple, was rearrested and ordered to recant his Christianity. When he refused, he was flailed, then burned to death. He is known as Theodore the General, sometimes called Theodore the Recruit or Theodore Tyro. To Constantine, such actions as these justified war, not a mere war of succession, as against Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, but a full-fledged holy war on behalf of the Christian God. Constantine summoned Christian bishops to aid him, had a tent equipped as his portable chapel, and awarded the gold-covered Labarum with its Chi-Rho the place of honor as the primary standard of his troops. Licinius, for his part, decided to represent the old gods, surrounding himself with pagan priests and soothsayers, and making traditional sacrifices. According to Eusebius, he swore that if he defeated Constantine, he would do his best to exterminate the “atheists,” as he called the Christians throughout the empire. The fate of Rome, whether it was to be Christian or pagan, thus lay in the balance. In 324, the two imperial armies assembled. Constantine was, as usual, outnumbered by Licinius’s infantry, cavalry, and vastly superior fleet. On July 3, Constantine, taking the initiative, engaged Licinius at Adrianople, and his seasoned and superbly disciplined veterans, bearing the Labarum in their midst, chased Licinius and his army out of the city. Licinius retreated to the seaside city of Byzantium, at the easternmost end of Thrace, and facing Asia Minor on the Straits of Bosporus, with his navy protecting the Dardanelles. There, Constantine’s son, Crispus, who had been placed in charge of his father’s fleet, dealt him a decisive blow, sinking nearly half of Licinius’s ships. Licinius and his remaining forces retreated again, crossing the Bosporus to the town of Chrysopolis. But it was already all over for him. On September 18, 324, Constantine’s army resoundingly defeated his troops once more. Licinius fled to Nicomedia and sent his wife, Constantia, to her half-brother, to plead for his life. Constantine would have none of this. He did not want another Maximian on his hands, scheming treacherously to get his old title back. Licinius, his final and most formidable rival, was executed. Constantine was now master of the Roman world. His life had come full circle. The last time he had seen Nicomedia, which lay only about one hundred miles east of Chrysopolis and Byzantium, had been when he galloped out of the city with Galerius’s riderless horses behind him, to save his life, some eighteen years earlier. Now all the empire was his. He would settle in Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople, rebuilding and adorning it with treasure as a new Rome, capital of the East. Historians, Christian and non-Christian, would argue from that time forward over the origins and depth of Constantine’s Christianity. Had it all begun with the vision before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge? Was he ever really Christian? Or had he been a believer all his life? Had he indeed been exposed to Christianity as a child? Some historians believe that he had been, among them the University of Toronto’s T. G. Elliott, who holds that both Constantius and Helena were Christians, keeping their faith secret while teaching it to their son. He cites significant evidence. For one thing, Constantius had largely declined to enforce Diocletian’s persecution edict in Britain and Gaul. He had knocked down a handful of churches, to be sure, so as not to call down the displeasure of Diocletian or of Maximian, another enthusiastic persecutor of Christians. But Constantius had refused to arrest, much less punish, any Christians at all. True, Constantine’s mother, Helena, was with her son when he married Fausta at Trier, and it was only then, or shortly thereafter that she openly professed the Christian faith. But she might have been a Christian all along. Constantine himself had given no previous indication that he knew very much about Christianity. It is far more probable that he, like most semi-educated pagans of his time, worshiped a panoply of gods, but regarded them all as manifestations of one supreme God. Along with many of his contemporaries, he would have identified that one God with the unconquered Sun–Sol Invictus–whose feast day was December 25 (a date the Christians later took over as Christmas) and whose shining image appeared on Constantine’s coins for many years. From Sol Invictus, it seemed only a short mental step to the God of the Christians and Jews. In any event, one thing makes the Milvian Bridge incident seem pivotal. After the battle, when he entered Rome in triumph, when the Senate and the whole populace greeted him exuberantly, he ordered a statue of himself placed in the busiest part of the city. He instructed that in his hand be placed a spear in the form of a cross, with an inscription declaring by this sign had the city been delivered. In persistently pagan Rome, this would not have been widely appreciated. Now the whole Roman Empire belonged to him. But as he saw it, it also belonged to the Christian God. So one of his first acts after his victory over Licinius was to proclaim the empire Christian–in fact, a vast Christian church of which he, Constantine, was protector and leader. “My kingdom is not of this world,” Jesus said, but for the moment anyway, it was. This is the end of the Constantine category article drawn from Chapter Five, beginning on page 132, of Volume Three, By This Sign . To continue reading more about Constantine from The Christians, Their First Two Thousand Years we suggest experiencing the rest of the book, complete with hundreds of magnificent illustrations, by ordering it at www.TheChristians.info All rights for this article on Constantine are owned by the Society to Record and Explore Christian History (SEARCH). In accessing this page on Constantine you agree to only download the content for your own personal non-commercial use. Volume One ● A.D. 30-70 The Veil is Torn Pentecost to the Destruction of Jerusalem Volume Two ● A.D. 70-250 A Pinch of Incense From the Fall of Jerusalem to the Decian Persecution Volume Three ● A.D. 250-350 By This Sign From the Decian Persecution to the Constantine Era Volume Four ● A.D. 350-565 Darkness Descends The Fall of the Western Roman Empire Volume Five ● A.D. 565-740 The Sword of Islam The Muslim Onslaught all but Destroys Christendom Volume Six ● A.D. 740-1100 The Quest for the City Pursuing the Next World, They Founded this One Volume Seven ● A.D. 1100-1300 A Glorious Disaster The Crusades: blood, valor, iniquity, reason, faith Volume Eight ● A.D. 1300-1500 The Renaissance: God in Man But amid its splendors, night falls on medieval Christianity Volume Nine ● A.D. 1500-1600 A Century of Giants In an age of spiritual genius, western Christendom shatters Volume Ten ● A.D. 1600-1800 We the People Democracy: Christendom’s unintended achievement Volume Eleven ● A.D. 1800-1914 Unto the Ends of the Earth Despite rising disbelief, the faith advances as never before 1. Decius | Give up the faith or die: the church Dionysius of Alexandria | The sage who escaped Decius Hosius | Birth of a great Christian nation Dionysius of Alexandria | The sage who escaped Decius Hosius | Birth of a great Christian nation 2. Cyprian | A disenchanted lawyer is drafted as a bishop Rome Catacombs | The amazing underground city St George | The mysterious St. George Baptism | Indoor baptism Saints | Role models for the ages Rome Catacombs | The amazing underground city St George | The mysterious St. George Baptism | Indoor baptism Saints | Role models for the ages 3. Catholic | The gradual evolution of the word New Testament | Countdown to the twenty-seven Coffins | History preserved on coffin lids Gloria in Excelsis Deo | Songs that fan a spark into a fire Catacombs | Coded artwork in the catacombs Relics | A natural and ancient instinct New Testament | Countdown to the twenty-seven Coffins | History preserved on coffin lids Gloria in Excelsis Deo | Songs that fan a spark into a fire Catacombs | Coded artwork in the catacombs Relics | A natural and ancient instinct 4. Diocletian | Diocletian: the worst persecutor of them all Theban Legion | The Christian invasion of the army Roman Slavery | Death by drudgery Theban Legion | The Christian invasion of the army Roman Slavery | Death by drudgery 5. Constantine | The sign in the sky that changed history St Alban | The birth of Christian Britain St Alban | The birth of Christian Britain 6. St Mark | It Torah | How Judaism survived Mosaic Art | On a vast floor, symbols of faith Donatist | Constantine learns a lesson Istanbul Monuments | Constantinople Christianity and Law | The birth of Christendom Holy Sepulchre | When paganism held the Holy Land Torah | How Judaism survived Mosaic Art | On a vast floor, symbols of faith Donatist | Constantine learns a lesson Istanbul Monuments | Constantinople Christianity and Law | The birth of Christendom Holy Sepulchre | When paganism held the Holy Land 7. Armenia | History St Nina | Triumph of a slave girl Armenian Church | Armenian church sets a style Armenian American | America St Nina | Triumph of a slave girl Armenian Church | Armenian church sets a style Armenian American | America 8. Arius | The Jesus question comes to a head Zenobia | Rise and fall of a desert queen Arianism | Does Arianism really matter? Zenobia | Rise and fall of a desert queen Arianism | Does Arianism really matter? 9. Nicea | Showdown at Nicea: the victory that failed Santa Claus | The real Santa Claus Easter Sunday | Why Easter falls on Sunday Constantine Helena | She endeared herself to the world Santa Claus | The real Santa Claus Easter Sunday | Why Easter falls on Sunday Constantine Helena | She endeared herself to the world 10. Barbarian Rome | Those hideous people from the dark forests Paganism | The days of paganism Paganism | The days of paganism
|
https://web.archive.org/web/20160119071854/http://www.christianhistoryproject.org/to-the-constantine-era/constantine/
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations and naming 3 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 3.1 New England and Atlantic Canada 3.2 Mid-Atlantic states 3.3 Farther south 3.1 New England and Atlantic Canada 3.2 Mid-Atlantic states 3.3 Farther south 4 In media 5 See also 6 References 1991 Perfect Storm Español Français Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The unnamed hurricane at peak intensity on November 1 Meteorological history Formed October 28, 1991 ( 1991-10-28 ) (Extratropical until October 31) Dissipated November 2, 1991 ( 1991-11-03 ) Category 1 hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 75 mph (120 km/h) Lowest pressure 980 mbar ( hPa ); 28.94 inHg (972 mbar (28.7 inHg) while extratropical ) Overall effects Fatalities 13 direct Damage >$200 million (1991 USD ) Areas affected Mid-Atlantic states , Northeastern United States , Eastern Canada IBTrACS Part of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season The 1991 Perfect Storm , also known as The No-Name Storm (especially in the years immediately after it took place) [ 1 ] and the Halloween Gale/Storm , was a damaging and deadly nor'easter (i.e., extratropical cyclone impacting the Atlantic Provinces of Canada) in October 1991. While initially an extratropical cyclone, it absorbed Hurricane Grace to its south, later evolving into a small, unnamed Category 1 hurricane . The storm lashed the East coast of the United States with high waves and coastal flooding during its extratropical cyclone phase. Damage from the storm totaled over $200 million (1991 USD) [ 2 ] and resulted in thirteen fatalities, six of them from the sinking of the Andrea Gail , a fishing boat. The nor'easter received its name, playing off the common expression , after a conversation between Boston National Weather Service forecaster Robert Case and author Sebastian Junger . The initial area of low pressure developed off the coast of Atlantic Canada on October 28. Forced southward by a ridge to its north, it reached its peak intensity as a large and powerful extratropical cyclone. Moving over warmer waters, the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone and subsequently into a tropical storm. It then executed a counter-clockwise loop off the Mid-Atlantic states and turned toward the Northeast. On November 1, the system evolved into a Category 1 hurricane, with peak sustained winds of 75 miles per hour (120 km/h). The National Hurricane Center left it unnamed in order to avoid public confusion, since the storm was already widely reported in its earlier, extratropical phase. The tropical system weakened, striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm before dissipating. The system was the twelfth and final tropical cyclone, the eighth tropical storm, and fourth hurricane in the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season . Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 feet (10 m) struck the coastline from Nova Scotia to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In portions of New England, the damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months earlier. Aside from tidal flooding along rivers, the storm's effects were primarily concentrated along the coast. A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, in Maine, more than 100 homes were affected, including the vacation home of then- President George H. W. Bush . More than 38,000 people were left without power and, along the coast, high waves inundated roads and buildings. Off the shore of New York's Long Island , an Air National Guard helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed; four members of its crew were rescued and one died. Two people died after their boat sank off Staten Island . High waves swept two people to their deaths, one in Rhode Island and one in Puerto Rico, and another person was blown off a bridge to his death. The tropical storm that formed late in the system's duration caused little impact, limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm. Meteorological history A volcanic winter is thought to have started with the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo . The large quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it released into the stratosphere formed an aerosol layer that blocked sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface and reflected solar radiation back into space. This caused global temperatures to drop by up to 0.5 - 0.6 °C (0.9 - 1.1 °F) from 1991 to 1993. Some meteorologists speculate that the altered jet stream and cooler sea surface temperatures, possibly influenced by Pinatubo's aerosols, may have contributed to the storm's unusual development and strength. The Perfect Storm originated from a cold front that exited the East coast of the United States. On October 28, the front spawned an extratropical low to the east of Nova Scotia. At the same time, a ridge extended from the Appalachian Mountains northeastward to Greenland , anchored by a strong high-pressure center over eastern Canada. The blocking ridge forced the developing extratropical low, which would normally have moved northeastward, to track southeastward and then westward in a rare retrograde motion, initiating a set of meteorological circumstances estimated to occur only once every 50 to 100 years [ 3 ] (most nor'easters track northeastward, but this storm instead turned southwestward [ 4 ] ). On October 29, Hurricane Grace , a tropical system that had developed separately in the western Atlantic and that was moving northward, was swept into the warm conveyor belt of the deepening cyclone. By the next day, October 30, Grace was completely absorbed. [ 5 ] The merger enhanced the intensity of the nor'easter, fueled by the sharp temperature contrast between cold air to the northwest and the warm, moist air from Grace's remnants. At approximately 12:00 UTC on October 30, while situated about 390 miles (630 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia , the nor'easter reached peak intensity, with a central pressure of 972 mbar and winds of up to 70 mph (110 km/h). [ 5 ] The strong pressure gradient between the storm and the blocking high to the north produced damaging winds and very large waves. [ 5 ] Between the southern New England coast and the center of the storm, the pressure differential was 70 mbar (2.1 inHg). [ 6 ] A buoy 264 miles (425 km) south of Halifax , Nova Scotia, recorded a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m), the highest ever measured on the Scotian Shelf , the oceanic shelf off the coast of Nova Scotia. [ 7 ] East of Cape Cod, at approximately 15:00 UTC on October 30, a NOAA buoy located at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 41°06′N 66°36′W / 41.1°N 66.6°W / 41.1; -66.6 recorded maximum sustained winds of 56 mph (90 km/h) with gusts to 75 mph (121 km/h), and a significant wave height (average height of the highest one-third of all waves) of 39 feet (12 m). Another buoy, located at 40°30′N 69°30′W / 40.5°N 69.5°W / 40.5; -69.5 , recorded maximum sustained winds of 61 mph (98 km/h) with gusts to 72 mph (116 km/h) and a significant wave height of 31 feet (9.4 m) at approximately 00:00 UTC on October 31. [ 5 ] Upon peaking in intensity, the nor'easter turned southward and gradually weakened. By November 1, its pressure had risen to 998 millibars (29.5 inHg). The low moved over warm waters of the Gulf Stream , where bands of convection around the center began to organize. [ 8 ] Around this time, the system attained subtropical characteristics . While the storm was moving in a counter-clockwise loop, a tropical cyclone had been identified at the center of the larger low [ 9 ] (these conditions, although rare, had been observed: during 1980, Hurricane Karl formed within a larger non-tropical weather system [ 10 ] ). By approximately 14:00 UTC on November 1, an eye feature was forming, and the tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h); [ 11 ] [ 12 ] these estimates, combined with reports from an Air Force Reserve Unit flight into the storm and confirmation that a warm-core center was present, indicated that the system had become a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale . The hurricane accelerated toward the northeast and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm. It made landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 14:00 UTC on November 2, with sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h). While the storm was approaching the coast, weather radars depicted curved rainbands on the western side of the system. [ 9 ] After crossing over Prince Edward Island , [ 7 ] the storm fully dissipated late on November 2. [ 9 ] Preparations and naming For several days, weather models forecast the development of a significant storm off New England. [ 6 ] However, the models were inadequate in forecasting coastal conditions, which in one instance failed to provide adequate warning. In addition, a post-storm assessment found an insufficient number of observation sites along the coast. [ 13 ] On October 27, the Ocean Prediction Center noted that a "dangerous storm" would form within 36 hours, with its wording emphasizing the unusual nature of the storm. [ 14 ] The National Weather Service likewise issued warnings for the potential storm, providing information to emergency service offices as well as the media. [ 13 ] The public, however, was skeptical and did not recognize the threat. [ 3 ] [ 13 ] The timely warnings ultimately lowered the death toll; [ 13 ] whereas the Perfect Storm caused 13 deaths, the blizzard of 1978 killed 99 people, and the 1938 New England hurricane killed 564 people. [ 6 ] From Massachusetts to Maine, thousands of people evacuated their homes and sought shelter. [ 15 ] A state of emergency was declared for nine counties in Massachusetts, including Suffolk County , as well as two in Maine. [ 4 ] [ 16 ] In North Carolina, the National Weather Service offices in Hatteras and Raleigh first issued a heavy surf advisory on October 27, more than eight hours before the first reports of high waves. That same day, a coastal flood watch and later a warning was issued, along with a gale warning. The Hatteras NWS office ultimately released 19 coastal flood statements, as well as media reports explaining the threat from the wind and waves, and a state of emergency was declared for Dare County, North Carolina . [ 15 ] The warnings and lead times in the region were described as "very good". [ 17 ] In Canada, the threat from the storm prompted the cancellation of ferry service from Bar Harbor, Maine , to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia , as well as from Nova Scotia to Prince Edward Island and between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. [ 7 ] In its tropical cyclone report on the hurricane, the National Hurricane Center only referred to the system as "Unnamed Hurricane". [ 8 ] The Natural Disaster Survey Report called the storm "The Halloween Nor'easter of 1991". [ 6 ] The " perfect storm " moniker was coined by author and journalist Sebastian Junger after a conversation with NWS Boston Deputy Meteorologist Robert Case in which Case described the convergence of weather conditions as being "perfect" for the formation of such a storm. [ 3 ] Other National Weather Service offices were tasked with issuing warnings for this storm in lieu of the typical NHC advisories. The OPC posted warnings on the unnamed hurricane in its High Seas Forecasts . [ 14 ] The National Weather Service State Forecast Office in Boston issued Offshore Marine Forecasts for the storm. Local NWS offices along the East coast covered the storm in their Coastal Waters Forecasts . [ 18 ] Beginning in 1950, the National Hurricane Center named officially recognized tropical storms and hurricanes. The unnamed hurricane was reported to have met all the criteria for a tropical cyclone, but it was purposefully left unnamed. This was done to avoid confusion among the media and the public, who were focusing on the damage from the initial nor'easter, as the hurricane itself was not expected to pose a major threat to land. It was the eighth nameable storm of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season . [ 9 ] [ 19 ] Had the system been named instead, it would have received the name Henri , which was the next name on the 1991 list after Grace. [ 20 ] Impact The Halloween Storm of 1991 left significant damage along the east coast of the United States, primarily in Massachusetts and southern New Jersey . Across seven states, damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD). [ 2 ] Over a three-day period, the storm lashed the northeastern United States with high waves, [ 6 ] causing damage to beachfront properties from North Carolina to Maine. [ 13 ] The coastal flooding damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses and closed roads and airports. [ 5 ] In addition, high winds left about 38,000 people without power. The total without power was much less than for Hurricane Bob two months prior, and was fairly low due to little rainfall and the general lack of leaves on trees. [ 16 ] Overall there were thirteen confirmed deaths, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] including six on board Andrea Gail , a swordfishing boat. The vessel departed Gloucester, Massachusetts , for the waters off Nova Scotia. After encountering high seas in the middle of the storm, the vessel made its last radio contact late on October 28, about 180 miles (290 km) northeast of Sable Island . Andrea Gail sank while returning to Gloucester, her debris washing ashore over the subsequent weeks. The crew of six was presumed killed after a Coast Guard search was unable to find them. The storm and the boat's sinking became the center-piece for Sebastian Junger 's best-selling non-fiction book The Perfect Storm (1997), which was adapted to a major Hollywood film in 2000 as The Perfect Storm starring George Clooney . [ 5 ] [ 21 ] Despite the storm's severity, it was neither the costliest nor the strongest to affect the northeastern United States. It was weakening as it made its closest approach to land, and the highest tides occurred during the neap tide , which is the time when tide ranges are minimal. [ 6 ] The worst of the storm effects stayed offshore. A buoy 650 miles (1,050 km) northeast of Nantucket , which was 60 miles (97 km) west of Andrea Gail 's last known position, recorded a 73 ft (22 m) rise in wave height in 10 hours while the extratropical storm was still rapidly intensifying. Two buoys near the Massachusetts coast observed record wave heights, and one observed a record wind report. [ 6 ] The United States Coast Guard rescued 25 people at sea at the height of the storm, [ 22 ] including 13 people from Long Island Sound . [ 4 ] A New York Air National Guard Sikorsky HH-60G helicopter of the 106th Air Rescue Wing ditched during the storm, 90 miles (140 km) south of Montauk, New York , after it was unable to refuel in flight and ran out of fuel. After the helicopter had attempted a rescue in the midst of the storm, an 84-person crew on the Coast Guard Cutter Tamaroa arrived and rescued four members of the crew of five after six hours in hypothermic waters. The survivors were pilots, Major Christopher David Ruvola and Captain Graham Buschor, flight engineer Staff Sergeant James R. Mioli, and pararescue jumper Technical Sergeant John Spillane. The fifth member, pararescue jumper Technical Sergeant Arden Richard Smith, was never found. [ 23 ] They were all featured on the show I Shouldn't Be Alive . [ 4 ] [ 16 ] [ 24 ] Following the storm's damage, President George H. W. Bush declared five counties in Maine , seven counties in Massachusetts , and Rockingham County, New Hampshire to be disaster areas. [ 2 ] The declaration allowed for the affected residents to apply for low-interest repair loans. [ 25 ] New Jersey governor Jim Florio requested a declaration for portions of the coastline, but the request was denied because of the funding needs of other disasters, such as Hurricane Hugo , Hurricane Bob, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . [ 26 ] The American Red Cross opened service centers in four locations in Massachusetts to assist the storm victims by providing food, clothing, medicine, and shelter. The agency deployed five vehicles carrying cleanup units and food, and allocated $1.4 million to provide assistance to 3,000 families. [ 25 ] New England and Atlantic Canada Along the Massachusetts coastline, the storm produced 25 ft (7.6 m) wave heights on top of a 4 ft (1.2 m) high tide. [ 2 ] In Boston , the highest tide was 14.3 ft (4.4 m), [ 6 ] which was only 1 ft (30 cm) lower than the record from the blizzard of 1978. [ 2 ] High waves on top of the storm tide reached about 30 ft (9.1 m). The storm produced heavy rainfall in southeastern Massachusetts, peaking at 5.5 inches (140 mm). [ 6 ] Coastal floods closed several roads, forcing hundreds of people to evacuate. In addition to the high tides, the storm produced strong winds; Chatham recorded a gust of 78 mph (126 km/h). Damage was worst from Cape Ann in northeastern Massachusetts to Nantucket, with over 100 homes destroyed or severely damaged at Marshfield , Minot Beach in Scituate , and Brant Point . There were two injuries in the state, although there were no fatalities. Across Massachusetts, damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of dollars. [ 2 ] Elsewhere in New England, waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) reached as far north as Maine, [ 2 ] along with tides that were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal. [ 22 ] Significant flooding was reported in that state, along with high winds that left areas without power. A total of 49 houses were severely damaged, 2 were destroyed, [ 2 ] and overall more than 100 were affected. [ 27 ] In Kennebunkport , the storm blew out windows and flooded the vacation home of then-President George H. W. Bush . [ 5 ] The home sustained significant damage to its first floor. [ 28 ] In Portland , tides were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal, among the ten highest tides since record-keeping began in 1914. Along the coast, damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months prior. [ 27 ] Across Maine, the storm left $7.9 million (1991 USD) in damage, [ 2 ] mostly in York County . [ 27 ] More than half of the damage total was from property damage, with the remainder to transportation, seawalls, and public facilities. [ 27 ] Although there were no deaths, there were two injuries in the state. In neighboring New Hampshire, coastal flooding affected several towns, destroying two homes. The storm destroyed three boats and damaged a lighthouse. [ 2 ] High waves destroyed or swept away over 50,000 lobster traps, representing $2 million in losses (1991 USD). [ 29 ] Damage was estimated at $5.6 million (1991 USD). [ 2 ] Further west, high winds and coastal flooding lashed the Rhode Island and Connecticut coasts, killing a man in Narragansett, Rhode Island . Winds reached 63 miles per hour (101 km/h) in Newport, Rhode Island , causing power outages. [ 2 ] Off the coast of Atlantic Canada, the storm produced very high waves, flooding a ship near Sable Island and stranding another ship. Along the coast, the waves wrecked three small boats near Tiverton, Nova Scotia , as well as nine boats in Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador . In Nova Scotia, where the storm made landfall, precipitation reached 1.18 in (30 mm), and 20,000 people in Pictou County were left without power. The storm also caused widespread power outages in Newfoundland from its high winds, which reached 68 mph (110 km/h) near St. Lawrence . There were at least 35 traffic accidents, one fatal, in Grand Falls-Windsor due to slick roads. On October 28, prior to the nor'easter's development into a subtropical storm, a record 4.4 in (116 mm) of snowfall was recorded across Newfoundland. [ 7 ] The storm caused no significant damage in Canada, other than these traffic accidents. [ 30 ] Mid-Atlantic states In New York and northern New Jersey, the storm system left the most coastal damage since the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane . Numerous boats were damaged or destroyed, killing two people off Staten Island . High winds swept a man off a bridge, killing him. [ 2 ] High waves flooded the beach at Coney Island . In Sea Bright, New Jersey , waves washed over a seawall, forcing 200 people to evacuate. [ 4 ] Further inland, the Hudson , Passaic , and Hackensack rivers experienced tidal flooding. [ 5 ] Outside Massachusetts, damage was heaviest in southern New Jersey, where the cost was estimated at $75 million (1991 USD). Across the area, tide heights reached their highest since the 1944 hurricane, leaving severe coastal and back bay flooding and closing many roads. The storm caused significant beach erosion , [ 2 ] with 500,000 cubic yards (382,000 cubic meters) lost in Avalon , as well as $10 million damage to the beach in Cape May . The presence of a dune system mitigated the erosion in some areas. [ 26 ] There was damage to the Atlantic City Boardwalk. [ 4 ] Fire Island National Seashore was affected, washing away an entire row of waterfront houses in towns like Fair Harbor . Following the storm, there was a moratorium on clamming in the state's bays, due to contaminated waters. [ 26 ] Along the Delmarva Peninsula and Virginia Beach , there was widespread water damage to homes, including ten affected houses in the Sandbridge Beach area of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Tides in Ocean City, Maryland , reached a record height of 7.8 ft (2.4 m), while elsewhere the tides were similar to the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 . [ 2 ] Farther south In North Carolina along the Outer Banks , high waves were initially caused by Hurricane Grace and later its interaction with a high pressure system. This produced gale-force winds and 12 ft (3.7 m) waves in the town of Duck . Later, the extratropical predecessor to the unnamed hurricane produced additional high waves, causing oceanfront flooding from Cape Hatteras through the northern portions of Currituck County . Flooding was first reported on October 28, when the ocean covered a portion of North Carolina Highway 12 north of Rodanthe ; [ 17 ] the route is the primary thoroughfare in the Outer Banks. [ 22 ] Nags Head , Kitty Hawk , and Kill Devil Hills had large portions covered with water for several blocks away from the beach. The resultant flooding damaged 525 houses and 28 businesses and destroyed two motels and a few homes. [ 17 ] Damage was estimated at $6.7 million (1991 USD). [ 2 ] Farther south, the storm left 14 people injured in Florida. There was minor beach erosion and flooding, which damaged two houses and destroyed the pier at Lake Worth . [ 2 ] In some locations, beaches gained additional sand from the wave action. [ 31 ] Two people went missing off Daytona Beach after their boat lost power. [ 4 ] High waves destroyed a portion of State Road A1A . [ 32 ] Damage in the state was estimated at $3 million (1991 USD). [ 2 ] High waves also affected Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Dominican Republic. [ 5 ] In Puerto Rico, waves of 15 ft (4.6 m) affected the island's north coast, which prompted 32 people to seek shelter. The waves swept a person off a large rock to his death. [ 2 ] In media The storm was the basis of the book and movie The Perfect Storm . [ citation needed ] It was also the subject of an episode from the Discovery Channel program I Shouldn't Be Alive . [ citation needed ] See also Tropical cyclones portal United States portal Canada portal North Atlantic tropical cyclone List of unnamed tropical cyclones List of New England hurricanes List of Canada hurricanes List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes 1991 Halloween blizzard Hurricane Juan (2003) Hurricane Sandy (2012) Tropical Storm Melissa (2019) Hurricane Henri (2021) October 2021 nor'easter – A similar nor'easter that developed into Tropical Storm Wanda several days after striking the Northeastern U.S. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Beegel, Susan F. "Journal of the No-Name Storm" . Nantucket Historical Association . Retrieved January 18, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s McCown, Sam (August 20, 2008). " "Perfect Storm" Damage Summary" (PDF) . National Climatic Data Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2021 . Retrieved April 5, 2019 . ^ a b c "NOAA Meteorologist Bob Case, the Man Who Named the Perfect Storm" . National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration News. June 16, 2000. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved July 1, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g "East battered by storm born off Canada; 4 lost" . The Pittsburgh Press . Associated Press. October 31, 1991. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i National Climatic Data Center (August 20, 2008). "The Perfect Storm" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Drag, Walter (July 14, 2000). "A comparative retrospective on the Perfect Storm" . Boston National weather Service Office. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013 . Retrieved July 1, 2011 . ^ a b c d e Canadian Hurricane Centre (September 14, 2010). "1991-Unnamed "Perfect Storm" " . Environment Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013 . Retrieved June 17, 2011 . ^ a b Pasch, Richard. "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 1" . National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 . ^ a b c d National Climatic Data Center. "Unnamed Hurricane" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 . ^ Pasch, Richard; Avila, Lixion (March 26, 1992). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980" (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2686. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2010 . Retrieved September 13, 2009 . ^ Pasch, Richard. "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 2" . National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 . ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center . April 4, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . ^ a b c d e "Executive Summary" (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved July 1, 2011 . ^ a b Hoke, Jim (February 16, 2005). "The Ocean Prediction Center and "The Perfect Storm" " . Oceanic Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013 . Retrieved July 1, 2011 . ^ a b Rogers, John (October 31, 1991). "Atlantic Storm Wallops East Coast" . The Item . Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ a b c "Wind and water take toll along Connecticut Shore" . Record-Journal . Associated Press. October 31, 1991. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ a b c Pelissier, Joseph (1991). "North Carolina Coastal Flood" (GIF) . National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 16, 2011 . ^ Pasch, Richard (1991). "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 4" . National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012 . Retrieved June 16, 2011 . ^ "Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 1991" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. July 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 . ^ Writer (June 2, 1991). "Ana, Bob, Claudette first hurricane names" . Portsmouth Daily Times . Archived from the original on April 29, 2016 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ Park, Paula (November 11, 1991). "Search Ended for Lost Fishermen" . Sarasota Herald-Tribune . Archived from the original on April 27, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ a b c "Storms turn elements loose: waves, flood, snow, wind" . Star-News . September 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "Surviving The Perfect Storm - Air National Guard" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved October 1, 2013 . ^ Thiesen, William H. (November 4, 2010). "History – CGC Tamaroa and "The Perfect Storm" " . Coastguard Compass. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ a b "Red Cross Opens Assistance Shelters" . The Sunday Telegraph . Associated Press. November 2, 1991. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ a b c Buchholz, Margaret; Larry Savadove (1993). Great Storms of the Jersey Shore . Down the Shore Publishing. pp. 148– 150. ISBN 0-945582-51-X . ^ a b c d Hidlay, William C. (November 1, 1991). "Maine hit hard by storm" . Bangor Daily News . Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "Bush to assess damage to Kennebunkport home battered by sea" . The Pittsburgh Press . Associated Press. October 31, 1991. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "N.H. lobster industry says it was hit hard" . The Telegraph . Associated Press. November 2, 1991. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ Pasch, Richard. "Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report Page 3" . National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved September 14, 2009 . ^ Herzog, Carl (November 2, 1991). "Erosion is a sampling of hurricane's potential" . Boca Raton News . Archived from the original on April 25, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "Wintry blast sends snow into Texas" . The News-Journal . November 1, 1991. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TS Ana TD Two 3 Bob TD Four TD Five 4 Claudette TS Danny TS Erika TS Fabian TD Ten 2 Grace 1 "The Perfect Storm" Category Category Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1991 Perfect Storm Nor'easters Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in Canada Hurricanes in the United States Meteorological events in 1991 1991 natural disasters in the United States 1991 disasters in Canada Natural disasters in Canada Natural disasters in Nova Scotia October 1991 in North America November 1991 in North America Source attribution Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from October 2025 Pages using obsolete storm path colors Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2026 Commons category link is on Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 01:16 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Perfect_Storm
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . Dewan Rakyat . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2019 . ^ "Lee Chin Koon | Infopedia" . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . Archived from the original on 23 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Lee Kuan Yew, Singaporean (1923–2015)" (PDF) . The Peranakan . 2015. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2019 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ "Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew" . BBC . 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ Teo, Esther (23 March 2016). "Lee Kuan Yew: The pride of a tiny village in China" . Archived from the original on 26 June 2021 . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ K Datta-Ray, Sunanda (26 March 2015). "The leader who delivered – and made history" . The Business Times . Archived from the original on 26 June 2021 . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . ^ "Singapore's first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew dies aged 91" . Channel NewsAsia . 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . ^ "Remembering Lee Kuan Yew: Brother used his wits to help family" . The Straits Times . 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . ^ a b c Chan, Robin; Tan, Sumiko (24 March 2015). "Remembering Lee Kuan Yew: Devoted husband and caring father" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 22 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ Abdoolcarim, Zoher; Chowdhury, Neel (22 March 2015). " 'Father of Singapore' Lee Kuan Yew Dies at 91" . Time . Archived from the original on 11 December 2019 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ Plate, Tom (2013). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew – Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 40– 42. ISBN 978-981-439-861-9 . ^ "The Honoured Inductees To The Singapore Women's Hall Of Fame: Chua Jim Neo" . Singapore Women's Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ En, Siau Ming (24 March 2015). "Mr Lee Kuan Yew placed an emphasis on educating the young 'so they can have a future' " . Today . Archived from the original on 26 May 2021 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . ^ Koh, Jeremy (16 September 2016). "Lee Kuan Yew's old school marks 90th birthday" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 26 May 2021 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . ^ a b "Remembering Mr Lee Kuan Yew: Top performer with a playful streak" . Raffles Institution . Asiaone. 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . ^ a b Lee 1998 , p. 37. ^ "Former Raffles College (now NUS Campus at Bukit Timah)" . National Heritage Board . Archived from the original on 14 June 2020 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . ^ Lee 1998 , p. 56-58. ^ Chew, Cassandra (29 June 2014). "The Rickshaw puller who saved Lee Kuan Yew" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 June 2022 . ^ Lee 1998 , p. 62-63. ^ Twomey, Christina; Koh, Ernest (15 September 2014). The Pacific War – Aftermaths, Remembrance and Culture . Taylor & Francis. p. 162. ISBN 9781317807896 . ^ Compton, Robert (1998). Emerging Democratic Consolidation Patterns in East Asia - Political Elites and the Cultural and Economic Construction of Politics . State University of New York at Binghamton. p. 119. ^ Lee 1998 , p. 63. ^ Bowring, Philip (22 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew obituary" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ McCarthy, Terry (23 August 1999). "Lee Kuan Yew" . Time Asia . Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 15 August 2004 . Retrieved 14 August 2004 . ^ Lee 1998 , p. 68-70. ^ Toh, Elgin (24 March 2015). "First among equals: Mr Lee Kuan Yew led a tiny island nation from Third World to First" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 27 May 2021 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ Russon, Mary-Ann (26 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew death: 7 unusual facts about Singapore's founding father" . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2023 . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ "MR AND MRS LEE KUAN YEW CUTTING THEIR WEDDING CAKE AT A …" . www.nas.gov.sg . Archived from the original on 29 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 October 2023 . ^ Pike 2010 , p. 233. ^ Lee 2014 , p. 10. ^ Branigin, William (22 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew, who led Singapore into prosperity over 30-year rule, dies at 91" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . ^ Lee 1998 , p. 99. ^ Fernandez et al. 2015 , p. 12-13. ^ Lee 1998 , p. 103. ^ a b "Lee Kuan Yew, GCMG, CH" . Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge . 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021 . Retrieved 28 May 2021 . ^ Finkelstein, Daniel (26 January 2021). "Britain couldn't be Singapore even if we tried" . The Times . Archived from the original on 1 April 2021 . Retrieved 28 May 2021 . ^ Fernandez et al. 2015 , p. 14. ^ "David Widdicombe" . On The Hill. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Lee 1998 , p. 142. ^ a b McCarthy, Terry (23 August 1999). "Asians of the Century: A Tale of Titans" . Time . New York. Archived from the original on 15 August 2004 . Retrieved 14 August 2004 . ^ "Rivals At College —Now To Marry" . The Straits Times . 12 August 1950. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ Fernandez et al. 2015 , p. 17. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 351. ^ "The Lees make legal history" . The Straits Times . 8 August 1951. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2021 . ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 33. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 29. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 31. ^ "The law firm Mr Lee tapped for political talent" . The Straits Times . 17 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 32-33. ^ Poh, Tan & Koh 2010 , p. 123. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 34. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 35. ^ Poh, Tan & Koh 2010 , p. 141. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 35-37. ^ Turnbull 2009 , p. 252. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 17. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 15. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 13. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 19-20. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 352. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 38-39. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 43-50. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 55-56. ^ Jayakumar 2021 , p. 710. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 57. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 65. ^ " "Why I Chose Tanjong Pagar", Election Speech, March 1955" (PDF) . National Archives of Singapore . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 67. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 71-72. ^ Lee 1998 , p. 184. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 75. ^ "History of leader of Opposition in S'pore, from LKY to Chiam See Tong and Low Thia Khiang" . mothership.sg . 18 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020 . Retrieved 9 July 2020 . ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 369. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 358. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 79. ^ a b c "Emergency (Amendment No. 2) Regulations, 1955 (Re-Introduction Of Curfew)" . Singapore Parliament . Retrieved 11 June 2021 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 359-360. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 77-78. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 361. ^ Lee 1998 , p. 207. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 81. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 82. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 370. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 91. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 100. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 99. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 109. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 373. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 111. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 128. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 126-127. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 127. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 363. ^ Chan 1984 , p. 183. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 366. ^ Lee 2008 , p. 123-125. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 367. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 93. ^ "Constitutional Talks In London, 1957" . Singapore Parliament . Retrieved 11 June 2021 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Legislative Assembly By-Election 1957 Tanjong Pagar" . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . ^ Lee 1998 , p. 283. ^ Lee 2008 , p. 139. ^ Turnbull 2009 , p. 269. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 132. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 133. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 132-133. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 151. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 148. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 149. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 382. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 181. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 182. ^ a b c d Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 160. ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 384. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 385. ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 387. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 383. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 388. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 388-389. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 389. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 392-393. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 393. ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 394. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 188. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 395. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 189. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 189-190. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 190. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 205. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 196. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 210. ^ a b c Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 211. ^ a b Jones 2000 , p. 87. ^ a b c d e f g Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 396. ^ a b Jones 2000 , p. 88. ^ Jones 2000 , p. 89. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 397. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 398. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 400. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 399. ^ a b c Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 233. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 412. ^ a b Jones 2000 , p. 91. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 234-235. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 403. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 231. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 405. ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 406. ^ Jones 2000 , p. 91-92. ^ Jones 2000 , p. 96-97. ^ a b Jones 2000 , p. 92. ^ Jones 2000 , p. 97. ^ a b c Jones 2000 , p. 100. ^ a b c d e Jones 2000 , p. 101. ^ a b Jones 2000 , p. 102. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 248. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 249. ^ Jones 2000 , p. 107. ^ "LEE: WE ARE FREE!" . The Straits Times . 1 September 1963. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021 . Retrieved 16 July 2021 . ^ Jones 2000 , p. 103. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 408. ^ a b Jones 2000 , p. 104. ^ "UP GOES THE FLAG" . The Straits Times . 17 September 1963. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021 . Retrieved 16 July 2021 . ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 408-409. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 409. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 414. ^ a b c Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 415. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 270-271. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 272-273. ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 417. ^ a b c d e Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 418. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 416-417. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 285. ^ "Integrating New Sources, Voices, and Perspectives in Singapore's History" . The Diplomat . 13 August 2025. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 288. ^ a b c d Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 420. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 289. ^ a b c "A close but difficult relationship" . Today . 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 . Retrieved 12 April 2020 . ^ a b c d Pike 2010 , p. 238. ^ Pike 2010 , p. 241. ^ a b c d Pike 2010 , p. 242. ^ a b "The great persuader" . Today . Singapore. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ "Tengku Razaleigh: I read Tunku's letter on Kuan Yew" . New Straits Times . 23 May 2024. ^ a b "Commentary: What the release of Goh Keng Swee's Albatross File means for Singaporeans" . The Straits Times . 27 March 2023. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 296-297. ^ Pike 2010 , p. 243. ^ a b c "Separation 1965: The Tunku's "agonised decision" " . S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies . 21 August 2015. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 295. ^ a b Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 299. ^ Abisheganden, Felix (10 August 1965). "Singapore is out" . The Straits Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 25 July 2021 . ^ "Singapore's separation from Malaysia" . National Library Board . ^ a b Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 422. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 301. ^ Yap, Lim & Leong 2010 , p. 300. ^ Frost & Balasingamchow 2009 , p. 423. ^ "Transcript of a Press Conference Given by the Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, at Broadcasting House, Singapore, at 1200 Hours on Monday 9th August, 1965" (PDF) . National Archives of Singapore. pp. 21– 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Chew 2015 , p. 161. ^ "Prime Minister of Singapore Visits UN Headquarters" . United Nations . 21 October 1967 . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . ^ Yao 2007 , p. 2. ^ Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press . p. 4. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2023 . Retrieved 5 August 2022 . ^ Lee Hsien Loong (30 September 2017). "Race, multiracialism and Singapore's place in the world" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 April 2021 . ^ Ng, Kelly (8 August 2017). "The policies that shaped a multiracial nation" . Today . Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 April 2021 . ^ "Public-domain information from the US State Department Country Guide" . exploitz.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2005. ^ Lee 2000 , p. 14. ^ Lee 2000 , p. 41. ^ Wong, Qiqi (30 November 2016). "Background of Project Starlight" . Unscrambled . Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 22 August 2021 . ^ Lee 2000 , p. 80-81. ^ Lee 2000 , p. 66-68. ^ Lee 2000 , p. 89-102. ^ Koh Buck Song (1 August 1996) "The Route To Success: Keeping Singapore Green And Efficient" The Straits Times (Singapore) ^ Aza Wee Sile (27 March 2016). "Lee Kuan Yew was actually Singapore's chief gardener" . CNBC . Retrieved 5 July 2025 . ^ Lee 2000 , p. 159-163. ^ Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream?: An Impossible Dream? . Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. p. 461. ISBN 9780857248206 . ^ "Politicians | Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau" . www.cpib.gov.sg . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . ^ a b c d e Jacobson, Mark (January 2010). "The Singapore Solution" . National Geographic Magazine . Archived from the original on 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Lee 2000 , p. 136. ^ a b Lee 2000 , p. 140. ^ Lee 2000 , p. 138. ^ Wong, Theresa; Yeoh, Brenda S.A. (2003). "Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore" (PDF) . Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series (12). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2019 . ^ "Singapore: Population Control Policies" . Library of Congress Country Studies (1989) . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . ^ Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K.(2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City State Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , 9 May 2016. Routledge. p. 26. ^ Roman, David; Cheok, Melissa (13 June 2016). "Singapore Achieves Self Reliance in Water, Sees Demand Doubling" . bloomberg.com . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ Nature Contained Environmental Histories of Singapore . NUS Press. 2014. p. 276. ^ Auger, Timothy (2013). Living in a Garden The Greening of Singapore . Editions Didier Millet . p. 26. ^ Clean, Green and Blue Singapore's Journey Towards Environmental and Water Sustainability . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2009. p. 130. ^ Asia-Pacific Legal Development . UBC Press. p. 448. ^ Clean, Green and Blue Singapore's Journey Towards Environmental and Water Sustainability . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . 2009. p. 3. ^ de Konick, Rodolphe. Singapore's Permanent Territorial Revolution Fifty Years in Fifty Maps . Singapore University Press. p. 19. ^ Aljunied, Syed Mohammed Ad'ha (2019). Securitising Singapore State Power and Global Threats Management . Taylor & Francis. ^ Milard, Mike (2015). Jihad in Paradise Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia . Taylor & Francis. p. 12. ^ Southeast Asia and Environmental Sustainability in Context . Lexington Books. 2019. p. 38. ^ Imagining Singapore . Eastern Universities Press. 2004. p. 236. ^ 50 Years Of Urban Planning In Singapore . World Scientific Publishing Company. 2016. p. 181. ^ Wei Lim, Tai (2017). Cultural Heritage and Peripheral Spaces in Singapore . Springer. p. 66. ^ Roesler, Sascha (2022). City, Climate, and Architecture: A Theory of Collective Practice . Walter De Gruyter Incorporated. p. 220. ^ Green Asia: Ecocultures, Sustainable Lifestyles, and Ethical Consumption . Taylor & Francis. 2016. p. 2001. ^ Lin, Chang Li (2003). "SINGAPORE'S TROUBLED RELATIONS WITH MALAYSIA: A Singapore Perspective" . Southeast Asian Affairs : 259– 274. ISSN 0377-5437 . JSTOR 27913238 . Retrieved 29 April 2025 . ^ National Library Board, Singapore. "Singapore-Malaysia water agreements" . Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 . Retrieved 8 March 2021 . ^ "Kuan Yew and I" . chedet.cc . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . ^ "Indonesians Wreck Singapore Embassy" . The Glasgow Hearld (published 18 October 1968). 17 October 1968. p. 15 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 – via Google Books . ^ "Jakarta Angry at Hangings" . ^ a b Sebastian, Leonard C. (2024) [3 May 2024]. "10" . In Koh, Gillian (ed.). Commentary On Singapore . Vol. 1: Foreign Policy, Governance And Leadership. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company . Overview. ISBN 9789811264566 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 – via Google Books . ^ Konfrontasi: Why It Still Matters to Singapore , Daniel Wei Boon Chua, RSIS Commentary , No. 054 – 16 March 2015, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Nanyang Technological University ^ a b c d "Lee Kuan Yew and Suharto: Friends till the end" . The Straits Times . 8 April 2015. ^ "LEE SAID TO REGARD C.I.A. ISSUE AS ENDED" . The New York Times . 6 September 1965. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 29 August 2024 . ^ "CIA's failed attempt to bribe Lee Kuan Yew among newly released documents" . mothership.sg . Retrieved 29 August 2024 . ^ Yew, Lee Kuan (15 September 2012). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4561-76-1 . ^ Jeffries-Jones, Rhodri (2003). The CIA and American Democracy . Yale University Press . p. 150. ^ Paget, Karen M. (2015). Patriotic Betrayal The Inside Story of the CIA's Secret Campaign to Enroll American Students in the Crusade Against Communism . Yale University Press . p. 346. ^ Beyond Liberal Order States, Societies and Markets in the Global Indian Ocean . Oxford University Press . 2022. ^ Ngoei, Wen-Qing (28 March 2017). "Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore Bloomed in the Shadow of the Cold War" . The Diplomat . Washington DC. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ "Singapore Prime Minister Asserts U.S. Must Continue Vietnam War" . The Harvard Crimson . Cambridge, MA. 21 October 1967. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ a b Koh, Tommy (30 July 2016). "Dinner at the White House" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ Tan Weizhen (28 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew meant a lot to me: Kissinger" . Today . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ "Ex-US Secretary of State George Shultz: Mr Lee Kuan Yew 'one of the most intelligent people I have ever known' " . The Straits Times . Singapore. 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ Chng, Henedick (29 October 2017). "LKY told Richard Nixon in 1967 that U.S. should engage China despite ongoing Cold War" . mothership.sg . Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ "Lee's advice to Nixon in 1967" . www.ussc.edu.au . ^ Yaacob, Abdul Rahman (4 February 2023). "How relations with the West underpin Singapore's defence" . East Asia Forum . Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ^ a b Crossette, Barbara (8 May 1988). "Singapore Asks Removal of U.S. Envoy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . ^ American Ambassador to Azerbaijan Anne E. Derse , USAID, 6 July 2007, archived from the original on 17 May 2009 , retrieved 3 March 2010 ^ Bellows 1989 ^ "Hendrickson affair angers local leaders" . New Sunday Times . Kuala Lumpur. 10 May 1988. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Conboy 1989 ^ "What Lee said in 1964" . The Economist . London. 14 May 1988. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . ^ "Thousands Protest Expulsion" . The Register-Guard . Eugene, Oregon. 12 May 1988. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . ^ "Transcript of an interview with Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew by David Cox of London Weekend Television, recorded in Kingston, Jamaica, in May 1975" (PDF) . National Archives of Singapore. 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Koh, Tommy (15 March 2016). "Taking stock of Singapore-China ties – past, present and future" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Nahui, Chen; Li, Xue (5 December 2016). "Lee Kuan Yew's Legacy for China-Singapore Relations" . The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ "MFA, Singapore Press Release" . App.mfa.gov.sg. 29 December 2005. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . ^ Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000, Volume 2 ( HarperCollins : 2000), pp. 595–603 ^ Zheng, Yongnian; Lye, Liang Fook (6 November 2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. p. 11. ISBN 978-981-4713-56-6 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 26 April 2020 . ^ "Brief Introduction to Relations between China and Singapore" . Xinhua News Agency. 17 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Yeo, George (13 November 2018). "Deng Xiaoping visited S'pore in 1978. Here's the impact it left on Sino-S'pore relations 40 years on" . mothership.sg. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ a b " 'All I can say is, I did my best' " . Today . ^ "Chapter 3: Donning a Straitjacket" . madeofbold.sg . ^ "Investing Singapore's Foreign Reserves" . GIC . ^ a b c d "British withdrawal from Singapore" . National Library Board . ^ "For Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Europe's prospects were dim" . Today . ^ "Fifty Years of Singapore-Australian Relations: An Enduring Strategic Partnership" . S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew was Australia's sharp-tongued friend in Asia" . Australian Financial Review . ^ a b c d "Lee Kuan Yew and Oz" . Australian Strategic Policy Institute . 24 March 2015. ^ a b c "The poor white trash of Asia: a phrase that changed an economy" . Australian Financial Review . ^ Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press. ^ "LKY's account shows Singapore supported Khmer Rouge initially before dumping them" . The Online Citizen. 11 June 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ Richardson, Michael (29 September 2000). "Singaporean Tells of Khmer Rouge Aid" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ Lee 2000 , p. 672. ^ Erlanger, Steven (29 November 1990). "New Leader takes Singapore's Helm" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. pp. 114– 116. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . ^ Peck Ming, Chuang (4 December 1992). "PM replaces Lee as PAP secretary-general". Business Times . ^ "ASIANOW – Asiaweek" . CNN . Archived from the original on 24 June 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . ^ a b McDermott, Darren (22 May 1996). "Singapore's Lee Defends Purchase of Condo Units" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 20 September 2022 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Salaries Cut, Singapore Leaders Are Still Well-Paid" . The Wall Street Journal . 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ "Purchase Of Properties By Senior Minister And Deputy Prime Minister BG Lee Hsien Loong" . Parliament of Singapore . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Singapore leaders defend condo buys" . UPI . Archived from the original on 2 August 2023 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . ^ 华语 Cool! . Zaobao (in Chinese (Singapore)). 7 December 2004. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. ^ "Singapore's Lee Kwan Yew hospitalized". International Herald Tribune . Paris. 13 September 2008. ^ "MM treated for chest infection". The Straits Times . Singapore. 29 September 2010. ^ "Former Singapore PM on 'psychopathic' North Koreans" . The Guardian . London. 29 November 2010. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ "Insight: Grilling the Minister Mentor" . The Straits Times . Singapore. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . ^ "Sold-out Hard Truths back on the shelves" . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . ^ "SM Goh, MM Lee to leave Cabinet" . Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 14 May 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . ^ " 'Father of Singapore' Lee Kuan Yew Dies at 91" . Time . Archived from the original on 11 December 2019 . Retrieved 10 April 2020 . ^ "Reasons behind Aljunied swing" . asiaone.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . ^ "Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew admits nerve illness" . BBC News . 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . ^ "I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution" . AsiaOne . 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. ^ Au Yong, Jeremy (16 February 2013). "Lee Kuan Yew in hospital because of suspected Transient Ischaemic Attack" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew hospitalised" . Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Chua, Linus (16 February 2013). "Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew Ill After Stroke-Like Event" . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . New York. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first prime minister, hospitalised following brain-related blockage" . The Washington Post . 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ "Singapore's first PM Lee Kuan Yew not well" . Zee News . 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Ramesh, S. (15 February 2013). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew misses Lunar New Year dinner" . Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew discharged from SGH" . AsiaOne . 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ Shan, Hoe Pei (17 February 2013). "Lee Kuan Yew discharged from SGH and resting at home" . The Sunday Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first PM, discharged from hospital following brain-related blockage" . The Washington Post . 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ "Singapore's founding PM Lee Kuan Yew in hospital" . Yahoo! News. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Tan, Jeanette (24 April 2014). "Photo of a very thin Lee Kuan Yew sparks concern" . Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Lee, Wei Ling (2015). A Hakka Woman's Singapore (1st ed.). Straits Times Press . p. 314. ISBN 978-981-4642-47-7 . ^ Westcott, Ben (10 August 2015). "Singapore's first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew considered euthanasia in his final years, daughter reveals" . South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on 25 May 2023 . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Jaipragas, Bhavan (21 February 2015). "Singapore founding PM Lee Kuan Yew in ICU but 'stable' " . Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew in hospital with severe pneumonia, condition 'stabilised' " . Channel NewsAsia. 21 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. ^ "Doctors restart antibiotics for former PM Lee Kuan Yew" . Yahoo! News. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . ^ "Singapore's founder sedated, on life support" . Yahoo News . 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Abbugao, Martin (18 March 2015). "Singapore's founding leader Lee 'critically ill' " . Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ "Mr Lee Kuan Yew's condition remains critical: PMO" . Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ "Mr Lee Kuan Yew has weakened further: PMO" . Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Wong, Chun Han; Venkata, Perungulam Ramamurthy (20 March 2015). "Singapore Police Identify Suspect in False Web Post About Lee Kuan Yew" . The Wall Street Journal . New York. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Hanna, Jason (18 March 2015). "Singapore dismisses Lee Kuan Yew death report as hoax" . CNN. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Chan, Fiona; Sim, Walter (19 March 2015). "Police looking into hoax website that falsely announced death of Mr Lee Kuan Yew" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ a b "Passing of Mr Lee Kuan Yew, founding Prime Minister of Singapore" (Press release). Prime Minister's Office Singapore. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. ^ "Singapore's founding father Lee Kuan Yew dies at 91" . BBC News . London. 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew: A very Singaporean send-off" . BBC News . 29 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . ^ Hussain, Zakir (4 April 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew: Grief, gratitude and how a nation grew closer together" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ "Condolence Messages from Our Partners" . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Allison, Graham (28 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew: Lessons for leaders from Asia's 'Grand Master' " . CNN . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew: Singapore holds funeral procession" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . ^ "Family bids final farewell to Lee Kuan Yew in private ceremony at Mandai" . AsiaOne . Singapore. 29 March 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . ^ "Transcript of Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew's interview with Seth Mydans of New York Times & IHT on 1 September 2010" (PDF) . National Archives of Singapore . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ a b c Kohlmann, Thomas (22 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew: Singapore's founding father" . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 15 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Paleit, Andreas; Hughes, Jennifer (23 March 2015). " 'From third world to first': Lee Kuan Yew's legacy in charts" . Financial Times . London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Hussain, Zarina (24 March 2015). "How Lee Kuan Yew engineered Singapore's economic miracle" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 December 2019 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ "Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew" . BBC News . 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Chan, Fiona; Ching, Choon Hiong (29 March 2015). "The Singapore that LKY built" (PDF) . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2015. ^ a b Alam, Nafis (23 March 2015). "How Lee Kuan Yew transformed Singapore from small town into global financial hub" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ "NTUC IN TANDEM WITH PAP" . www.nas.gov.sg . Archived from the original on 15 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Yoon, Youngmo (2009). A comparative study on industrial relations and collective bargaining in East Asian countries . International Labour Office. Industrial and Employment Relations Department. Geneva: ILO. ISBN 978-92-2-122917-9 . OCLC 489637882 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew: Singapore must take advantage of globalization" . China Daily . Beijing. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Auerbach, Stuart (10 October 1985). "Singapore Leader Hits Protectionism" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 October 2021 . ^ Suryadinata, Leo (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent, Vol. 1: A Biographical Dictionary . Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 525. ISBN 978-981-4414-14-2 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ McDonald, Tim (29 October 2018). "The cost of keeping Singapore squeaky clean" . BBC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Chia, Joshua Yeong Jia (5 December 2008). "Keep Singapore Clean campaign" . Infopedia . Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Faulder, Dominic (26 March 2015). "How a "very good" autocrat influenced ASEAN" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ Blackwill, Robert Dean; Allison, Graham (13 February 2013). "Seek the wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew" . POLITICO . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ Kay, Vee (5 February 2018). "Kazakhstan President lauds Lee Kuan Yew's contribution in new book" . Inside Recent . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Yang, Kai; Ortmann, Stephan (2018). "From Sweden to Singapore: The Relevance of Foreign Models for China's Rise" . The China Quarterly . 236 : 946– 967. doi : 10.1017/S0305741018000486 . ISSN 0305-7410 . ^ Ortmann, Stephan; Thompson, Mark R. (27 May 2014). "China's obsession with Singapore: learning authoritarian modernity" . The Pacific Review . 27 (3): 433– 455. doi : 10.1080/09512748.2014.909522 . ISSN 0951-2748 . ^ "Opening Address by Mr Teo Chee Hean at the 7th Singapore‑China Forum on Leadership" . www.psd.gov.sg . Retrieved 22 August 2025 . ^ a b Buckley, Chris (23 March 2015). "In Lee Kuan Yew, China Saw a Leader to Emulate" . Sinosphere Blog . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ Judah, Ben (23 March 2015). "The Curse of Lee Kuan Yew" . POLITICO Magazine . Archived from the original on 28 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ "Stop suing journalists: RSF tells Singapore leaders" . Bangkok Post . Agence France-Presse. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . ^ Sleeper, Jim (2 April 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew's hard truths" . openDemocracy . Archived from the original on 15 November 2020 . Retrieved 8 April 2021 . ^ Lingle, Christopher (1 July 1996). "Singapore's Authoritarian Capitalism: Asian Values, Free Market Illusions, and Political Dependency" . Foreign Affairs . ISSN 0015-7120 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Bailey, Tom (16 July 2015). "How Singapore married dictatorship with a market economy" . World Finance . Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Sim, Soek-Fang (1 January 2001). "Asian Values, Authoritarianism and Capitalism in Singapore" . Javnost – the Public . 8 (2): 45– 66. doi : 10.1080/13183222.2001.11008771 . ISSN 1318-3222 . S2CID 145584895 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Mydans, Seth (22 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew, Founding Father and First Premier of Singapore, Dies at 91" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ "When the gloves came off" . Today . Singapore. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 April 2021 . ^ Winn, Patrick (30 July 2016). "Lee Kuan Yew is dead. Here are 7 of his most provocative quotes" . The World from PRX . Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 8 April 2021 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015)" . Australian Institute of International Affairs . Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ "Speech by Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew, at At The Dialogue Session with NTUC Leaders, 23 July 2003, 4.00pm, 23 July 2003, 4.00 pm" . www.nas.gov.sg . Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . ^ Sleeper, Jim (2 April 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew's hard truths" . openDemocracy . Archived from the original on 15 November 2020 . Retrieved 8 April 2021 . ^ Hyman, Gerald (30 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew's Enigma: Authoritarian Yet a Kind of Democrat" . Washington DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024 . Retrieved 3 April 2024 . ^ Tan, Carlton (23 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 16 September 2021 . ^ Hussain, Zarina (24 March 2015). "Singapore's economic transformation" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 December 2019 . Retrieved 16 March 2020 . ^ Mutalib, Hussin. "Illiberal Democracy and the Future of Opposition in Singapore." Third World Quarterly 21, no. 2 (2000): 313–42. ^ Christie, Kenneth. "Illiberal Democracy, Modernisation and Southeast Asia." Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory , no. 91 (1998): 102–18. ^ Case, William (August 2005). "Southeast Asia's Hybrid Regimes: When Do Voters Change Them?" . Journal of East Asian Studies . 5 (2): 215– 237. doi : 10.1017/S1598240800005750 . ISSN 1598-2408 . S2CID 150731305 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2022 . ^ Ho, Terence (21 February 2023). "Does Budget 2023 suggest that Singapore remains a 'nanny state'?" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 24 February 2024 . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ Piper, Hal (12 August 1995). "Guided Democracy" . Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on 6 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 April 2022 . ^ "Singapore Government press release" (PDF) . National Archives of Singapore . Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ The New Communications Landscape: Demystifying Media Globalization Archived 7 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Anura Goonasekera, Jan Servaes, Georgette Wang, Routledge, 2003, page 273 ^ Circulation Of Foreign Newspapers In Singapore Archived 26 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine , Ministry of Communications and Information , 3 August 2006 ^ a b "Editor 'defamed' Singapore leader Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . BBC News. 24 September 2008. ^ "Singapore backs Lee in media case" Archived 11 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . BBC News. 8 October 2009. ^ Lee v. Globe and Mail (2001), 6 C.P.C. (5th) 354 (Ont.S.C.J.). ^ "Singapore President Quits, Admits He's an Alcoholic" . Los Angeles Times . 28 March 1985. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 18 September 2020 . ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (25 March 2010). "Times Co. Settles Claim in Singapore" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . ^ "New York Times to pay damages to Singapore leaders" . Agence France-Presse. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . ^ "Stop suing journalists: RSF tells Singapore leaders" . Bangkok Post . 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . ^ "李光耀称马来西亚和印尼华人被边缘化引来批评_新闻中心_新浪网" . news.sina.com.cn . Archived from the original on 7 February 2021 . Retrieved 29 January 2021 . ^ "指"大马华人被边缘化" 首相要李光耀解释" . archive.kwongwah.com.my . Archived from the original on 7 February 2021 . Retrieved 8 January 2021 . ^ "批李光耀深陷旧种族主义框框安华：全民公正取代边缘论" . Malaysiakini (in Chinese). 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 29 January 2021 . ^ " "华人被边缘化"言论掀波李光耀已覆函阿都拉" . Malaysiakini (in Chinese). 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 8 January 2021 . ^ "阿都拉不满意李光耀解释巫统抨击把马哈迪拖下水" . Malaysiakini (in Chinese). 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 29 January 2021 . ^ "Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew replies to Malaysian PM The Star" . www.thestar.com.my . 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021 . Retrieved 29 January 2021 . ^ "华人边缘化:李光耀道歉但不收回" . 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 8 January 2021 . ^ 实习记者黄思颍 (3 October 2006). "分析家：李光耀根本没道歉！" . Malaysiakini (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 29 January 2021 . ^ Barr, Michael D. (January 1999). "Lee Kuan Yew: Race, culture and genes" . Journal of Contemporary Asia . 29 (2): 145– 166. doi : 10.1080/00472339980000291 . PMID 21980641 . Retrieved 20 August 2025 . ^ Chua, Mui Hoong; Chang, Rachel (23 March 2015). "Did Mr Lee Kuan Yew create a Singapore in his own image?" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ CoconutsSingapore (23 March 2015). "That's What He Said: A collection of Lee Kuan Yew's most incredible quotes | Coconuts Singapore" . Coconuts . Archived from the original on 29 July 2021 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ Hugo, Justin (22 October 2018). "SINGAPORE: Millionaire Ministers and Systemic Inequality" . The News Lens International Edition . Archived from the original on 12 September 2020 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (16 August 1984). "Between You and Your Genes" . The New York Review of Books . Archived from the original on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew's remarks on Malays" . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . ^ Allison, Graham (2013). Lee Kuan Yew – The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and the World . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 76. ^ Current Affairs, Mr Lee Kuan Yew's response to wikileaks' claim Archived 11 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine , The Online Citizen, 5 September 2011. ^ "Singapore's Lee backtracks on Muslim comments'" Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Channel NewsAsia, 28 January 2011. ^ Current Affairs, Politics, MM Lee speaks again on Malay-Muslim integration Archived 11 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine , The Online Citizen, 4 October 2011. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Lee Kuan Yew answers Loretta Chen's question on homosexuality - YouTube" . www.youtube.com . 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Straits Times asks Lee Kuan Yew about homosexuality - YouTube" . www.youtube.com . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ "Excerpts from an interview with Lee Kuan Yew" . The New York Times . 29 August 2007. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 December 2020 . ^ a b Lee 2000 , p. 213-214. ^ Yew, Lee Kuan (21 September 1998). "The Singapore Story" Archived 29 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Time Asia (Hong Kong). ^ "Judicial caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei" . Archived 15 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . World Corporal Punishment Research. ^ Singapore: Table of offences for which caning is available Archived 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine at World Corporal Punishment Research. ^ Singapore Human Rights Practices 1994 . Archived 11 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . United States State Department. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 Archived 5 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine . United States State Department. Retrieved 11 March 2008. ^ "Regulation No 88 under the Schools Regulation Act 1957" . Archived 8 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine (extract). ^ "Armed Forces Act, 1972" . Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Lee Kuan Yew – Charlie Rose Interview (18th October 2000) , 27 December 2020, archived from the original on 13 July 2023 , retrieved 14 July 2023 ^ Han, Fook Kwang (9 September 2012). "The real fear: Being pushed out of home". The Straits Times . ^ "Speech by Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Minister Mentor, at Speak Mandarin Campaign's 30th anniversary launch" (PDF) . Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 17 March 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ Lee Wei Ling (21 March 2010). "No need for a 'uneqqee' name". The Sunday Times . Singapore. ^ Tan, Sumiko; Fook Kwang Han; Fernadez, Warren (1998). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Singapore: Times Editions. ISBN 978-981-204-049-7 . ^ "The Cabinet – Mr Lee Kuan Yew" . Government of Singapore. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ a b Lee Kuan Yew (2011). Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going . Singapore: Straits Times Press. ^ "Board of Directors" . Temasek Holdings. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ a b c "Transcript of Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew's interview with Seth Mydans of New York Times & IHT" (Press release). Prime Minister's Office of Singapore. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ Lee 2013b , p. 302. ^ Varghese, Johnlee (23 March 2015). "Lee Kuan Yew: 6 Interesting Facts about Singapore's Founding Father; Memorable Quotes" . International Business Times, India Edition . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew on death: I want mine quickly, painlessly" . The Star . Kuala Lumpur. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Lee Kuan Yew in conversation with Laurence Freeman OSB" . Youtube . World Community for Christian Meditation. 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ "Lee admits dyslexia" . Australian Financial Review . 19 January 1996. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 30 October 2022 . ^ "Honor Committee" . Fondation Chirac . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . ^ Marsita, Omar. "Chua Mia Tee" . Infopedia . National Library Board. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ Vijayan, K.C. (8 April 2015). "2 artworks Mr Lee Kuan Yew agreed to in 1980s" . The Straits Times . Singapore Press Holdings . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Yusof, Helmi (19 June 2025). "Singapore at 60: Lee Kuan Yew's hidden sculpture and other artworks to know" . The Business Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ "Artist's Proof: Singapore at 60 (AP60) - The Culture Story" . theculturestory.co . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Lim Seng Tiong (2 May 1991). "A Tribute to Mr Lee". The Straits Times . Singapore. ^ Yusof, Helmi (25 June 2025). "The man who painted Lee Kuan Yew – and the wife whom history forgot" . The Business Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ "History Paintings" . Dr. Lai's Museum . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Yusof, Helmi (31 July 2025). "Lost Lee Kuan Yew painting, forgotten artworks and other rediscovered gems" . The Business Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ "OTHER: Exhibition @ Forth Gallery "Hero" by Ben Puah" . Adpost.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ "Singapore Guidance Angel by Richard Lim Han" . Forth Gallery . 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ "Lucky Plazas 2" . Sonny Liew's Secreter Robot Spy Factory . 5 September 2009. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Teoh, Hannah (24 March 2015). "Quirky artist takes pride in making Lee Kuan Yew figurines his life's work" . Yahoo Singapore . Yahoo News Network. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ Ang, Benson (27 October 2014). "Damaged portraits of Mr and Mrs Lee completed" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ Shetty, Deepika (21 February 2014). "Artist Boo Sze Yang sees Lee Kuan Yew as The Father" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Chia, Adeline (5 August 2010). "Portraits of a nation" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (8 September 2013). "8 Iconic Artworks Featuring Lee Kuan Yew" . BlouinArtInfo. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jaggi, Maya (2 October 2010). "A Different Sky by Meira Chand" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ "Mr Lee Kuan Yew's Eye Image, Eyes That Tell Stories" . East Coast Life blog . 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Lo, Samantha. "The Limpeh Series" . SKL0 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ "The Dictator's Eyebrow" . Ethos Books . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Chang, Rachel (25 September 2013). "Tamil poets honour Mr Lee with poetry book" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Yusof, Helmi (18 August 2013). "Kuan Yew gets the Warhol treatment" . The Business Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ "Trailblazer: Singapore" . Brad Blaze . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Yusof, Helmi (13 February 2015). "Pop Art iconography a hit with collectors" . The Business Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew bust unveiled at SUTD" . The Straits Times . Singapore. 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Bandial, Quratul-Ain (27 August 2014). "Bruneian painter lands first solo exhibition in S'pore" . Brunei Times . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Yee, Patrick (2014). A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew . Epigram Books. ISBN 978-981-4615-29-7 . ^ "Pop and Politics" . Ode to Art . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ "The Paintings of Mai Huy Dung" . UnArt . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Chong, Andrea. "Insight charity gala dinner" . Dreachong . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Chua, Morgan (2013). LKY: Political Cartoons . Epigram Books. ISBN 978-981-4615-29-7 . ^ Singh, Bryna (23 October 2014). "Wax figures of Lee Kuan Yew and his late wife unveiled at Madame Tussauds Singapore" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ "Kuan Yew & late wife immortalised in romantic tribute at Madame Tussauds" . Malaysia Chronicle . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Helmi, Yusof (13 February 2015). "LKY Mania" . The Business Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Yusof, Helmi (13 February 2015). " 'Papa' Pez dispenses sagely advice" . The Business Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ "Meet The Authors: Patrick Yee and Lawrence Koh" . National Library Board. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Nanda, Akshita (28 March 2015). "In their own way, they're all drawn to pay tribute" . The Straits Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ "News" Aranda Lee Kuan Yew (李光耀蜻蜓万代兰) . Archived from the original on 14 September 2018 . Retrieved 15 October 2018 . ^ Lee Min Kok (21 March 2015). "Aspiring artist writes Mr Lee Kuan Yew's name 18,000 times to create this amazing portrait" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ "Mr Lee Kuan Yew featured on Time Magazine cover" . The Straits Times . 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018 . Retrieved 15 October 2018 . ^ Wong, Tessa (12 May 2015). "Amos Yee: The boy who criticised Lee Kuan Yew" . BBC News . London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ "4 weeks jail for Amos Yee" . The Online Citizen . Singapore. 6 July 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Lim Yan Liang (15 April 2015). "Oil paintings of Mr Lee Kuan Yew go on display at exhibition at Suntec City" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ Grosse, Sara (15 April 2015). "About 300 oil paintings on Lee Kuan Yew and Singapore on show at Suntec" . Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ "Series" . Epigram . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Yip Wai Yee (29 July 2015). "Challenge playing Lee Kuan Yew" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Tan, Corrie (25 July 2015). "Theatre review: Adrian Pang turns in a stirring performance in The LKY Musical" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Leong Weng Kam (22 October 2015). "Sculpture inspired by Lee Kuan Yew" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . ^ Lee Min Kok (16 November 2015). "Monument of the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew unveiled in Spain" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ "Andre Tan Art works 2015" . ANDRE TAN . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Lee, Pearl (21 March 2016). "Youth pay tribute to Lee Kuan Yew with art" . The Straits Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Seet, Mingli. "Mandala Club now has two bronze sculptures of Mr. Lee Kuan Yew by New York-based artist Daniel Arsham" . Time Out Singapore . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ "Art What!: Now Is Not The Time – A Timeless Tribute to Lee Kuan Yew and Singapore, by X3D in collaboration with Daniel Arsham" . Bakchormeeboy . 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Seet, Mingli. "LKY100 at Art Porters Gallery" . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Hoo, Shawn (24 January 2024). "Art SG: Five artworks that drew crowds, including an LKY and Raffles double portrait" . The Straits Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ "(Now Showing) 10 Years: Remembering LKY 2025" . INSTINC . Retrieved 23 March 2025 . ^ "REMEMBERING Lee Kuan Yew 2015" . INSTINC . Retrieved 23 March 2025 . ^ Ong, Sor Fern (17 July 2025). "Arts Picks: Andreas Scholl concert, Cuturi's SG60 show and Singapore Ballet Festival" . The Straits Times . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Yeoh, Grace. "Cartoonist Sonny Liew reimagines Singapore founding fathers as vintage-style toy figurines" . CNA Lifestyle . Retrieved 4 August 2025 . ^ Yusof, Helmi (19 June 2025). "Singapore at 60: Lee Kuan Yew's hidden sculpture and other artworks to know" . The Business Times . Retrieved 18 August 2025 . ^ Yeo, Shu Hui (19 August 2025). "Jack Neo uses AI to create SG60 song and music video that includes Lee Kuan Yew" . AsiaOne . Retrieved 20 August 2025 . ^ Chia, Poteik (16 January 1974). "LEE: THE ASEAN PROMISE" . The Straits Times . p. 1. ISSN 0585-3923 . OCLC 8572659 . Retrieved 20 November 2025 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Bio of Lee Kuan Yew" . Government of Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2008 . ^ "Commemoration Daypride" . Reporter . Imperial College London. 13 November 2002. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2009 . ^ Skehan, Craig (28 March 2007). "Hostile welcome for Lee Kuan Yew" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 February 2020 . ^ "By the invitation of President Serzh Sargsyan, Lee Kuan Yew, Minister Mentor of Singapore, has arrived to Armenia on official visit" . The President of the Republic of Armenia . 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 10 August 2024 . ^ "Warm tributes from old friends" . whitehouse.gov (Press release). Washington, DC. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "Obama welcomes 'legendary' Lee Kuan Yew" . Agence France-Presse. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . ^ "Remarks by President Obama and Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore before Meeting" . whitehouse.gov (Press release). Washington, DC. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 – via National Archives . ^ Hoe Yeen Nie (16 November 2009). "Russia, S'pore move towards closer ties with new governmental body" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew – The 2010 TIME 100" . Time . New York. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ "S'pore must preserve meritocracy in govt schools, says MM Lee" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ^ Marks, Simon (19 October 2011). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew receives Lincoln Medal" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Chan, Joanne (21 February 2012). "Lee Kuan Yew conferred Order of Friendship by Kazakhstan" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Kumar, Chitra (6 January 2014). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew conferred Russia's Order of Honour" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . ^ "Moscow honours Lee Kuan Yew with doctorate" . The Straits Times . Singapore. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew to be conferred one of Japan's highest awards" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew#Anti-corruption_measures
|
Main page Community portal Project chat Create a new Item Recent changes Random Item Query Service Nearby Help Special pages Create a new Lexeme Recent changes Random Lexeme English Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in 1945 (Q5240) Item Discussion Read View history Read View history What links here Related changes Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Concept URI Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Language Label Description Also known as default for all languages No label defined – English 1945 year Statements Identifiers Sitelinks Wikipedia (202 entries) abwiki 1945 afwiki 1945 alswiki 1945 amwiki 1945 እ.ኤ.አ. anwiki 1945 arwiki 1945 arywiki 1945 arzwiki 1945 astwiki 1945 avkwiki 1945 avwiki 1945 aywiki 1945 azbwiki ۱۹۴۵ (میلادی) azwiki 1945 banwiki 1945 barwiki 1945 bat_smgwiki 1945 bawiki 1945 йыл bclwiki 1945 be_x_oldwiki 1945 bewiki 1945 bgwiki 1945 bhwiki 1945 bjnwiki 1945 bnwiki ১৯৪৫ bpywiki মারি ১৯৪৫ brwiki 1945 bswiki 1945. cawiki 1945 cdowiki 1945 nièng cebwiki 1945 cewiki 1945 шо ckbwiki ١٩٤٥ crhwiki 1945 csbwiki 1945 cswiki 1945 cvwiki 1945 cywiki 1945 dawiki 1945 dewiki 1945 diqwiki 1945 dsbwiki 1945 elwiki 1945 emlwiki 1945 enwiki 1945 eowiki 1945 eswiki 1945 etwiki 1945 euwiki 1945 extwiki 1945 fawiki ۱۹۴۵ fiu_vrowiki 1945 fiwiki 1945 fowiki 1945 frpwiki 1945 frrwiki 1945 frwiki 1945 furwiki 1945 fywiki 1945 gagwiki 1945 ganwiki 1945年 gawiki 1945 gcrwiki 1945 gdwiki 1945 glwiki 1945 gnwiki 1945 gorwiki 1945 gvwiki 1945 hakwiki 1945-ngièn hewiki 1945 hifwiki 1945 hiwiki १९४५ hrwiki 1945. hsbwiki 1945 htwiki 1945 (almanak gregoryen) huwiki 1945 hywiki 1945 hywwiki 1945 թուական iawiki 1945 idwiki 1945 ilowiki 1945 inhwiki 1945 шу iowiki 1945 iswiki 1945 itwiki 1945 jawiki 1945年 jbowiki 1945moi jvwiki 1945 kaawiki 1945 kawiki 1945 kbpwiki 1945 kkwiki 1945 жыл knwiki ೧೯೪೫ kowiki 1945년 krcwiki 1945 джыл kshwiki Joohr 1945 kuwiki 1945 kvwiki 1945-ӧд во kwwiki 1945 kywiki 1945-жыл lawiki 1945 lbwiki 1945 lezwiki 1945 йис lijwiki 1945 liwiki 1945 lmowiki 1945 lnwiki 1945 ltgwiki 1945 ltwiki 1945 m. lvwiki 1945. gads maiwiki १९४५ map_bmswiki 1945 mdfwiki 1945 mgwiki 1945 mhrwiki 1945 minwiki 1945 miwiki 1945 mkwiki 1945 mlwiki 1945 mnwiki 1945 он mrjwiki 1945 и mrwiki इ.स. १९४५ mswiki 1945 myvwiki 1945 ие mywiki ၁၉၄၅ mznwiki ۱۹۴۵ nahwiki 1945 napwiki 1945 nds_nlwiki 1945 ndswiki 1945 newwiki ई सं १९४५ nlwiki 1945 nnwiki 1945 nowiki 1945 nrmwiki 1945 nsowiki 1945 ocwiki 1945 olowiki 1945 orwiki ୧୯୪୫ oswiki 1945-æм аз pamwiki 1945 papwiki 1945 pawiki 1945 plwiki 1945 pnbwiki 1945 ptwiki 1945 quwiki 1945 roa_tarawiki 1945 rowiki 1945 ruewiki 1945 ruwiki 1945 год sahwiki 1945 сыл scnwiki 1945 scowiki 1945 scwiki 1945 sdwiki 1945ع sewiki 1945 shnwiki 1945 shwiki 1945. simplewiki 1945 siwiki 1945 skwiki 1945 slwiki 1945 smnwiki 1945 sqwiki 1945 srwiki 1945 stqwiki 1945 suwiki 1945 svwiki 1945 swwiki 1945 szlwiki 1945 tawiki 1945 tetwiki 1945 tewiki 1945 tgwiki Соли 1945 thwiki พ.ศ. 2488 tkwiki 1945 tlwiki 1945 tlywiki 1945 tpiwiki 1945 trwiki 1945 ttwiki 1945 ел tywiki 1945 udmwiki 1945 ар ugwiki 1945 - يىلى ukwiki 1945 urwiki 1945ء uzwiki 1945 vecwiki 1945 viwiki 1945 vlswiki 1945 vowiki 1945 warwiki 1945 wawiki 1945 xmfwiki 1945 yiwiki 1945 zawiki 1945 nienz zeawiki 1945 zh_classicalwiki 一九四五年 zh_min_nanwiki 1945 nî zh_yuewiki 1945年 zhwiki 1945年 Wikibooks (0 entries) Wikinews (2 entries) arwikinews تصنيف:1945 ruwikinews Категория:1945 Wikiquote (3 entries) enwikiquote 1945 nnwikiquote 1945 ptwikiquote 1945 Wikisource (0 entries) Wikiversity (0 entries) Wikivoyage (0 entries) Wiktionary (0 entries) Multilingual sites (1 entry) commonswiki 1945 This page was last edited on 1 December 2025, at 11:26. All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Privacy policy About Wikidata Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view Data access
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5240#identifiers
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Parliamentary history 2 Establishment Toggle Establishment subsection 2.1 Post-transition roadmap 2.2 Technical Selection Committee 2.3 Inauguration 2.4 10th Parliament (2016) 2.5 11th Parliament (2022) 2.1 Post-transition roadmap 2.2 Technical Selection Committee 2.3 Inauguration 2.4 10th Parliament (2016) 2.5 11th Parliament (2022) 3 Speaker of Parliament 4 Duties 5 Composition Toggle Composition subsection 5.1 Senate 5.2 House of the People 5.1 Senate 5.2 House of the People 6 Committees 7 List of Parliaments 8 Voting system 9 Tenure 10 Memberships 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links Federal Parliament of Somalia العربية Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Hrvatski Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English Soomaaliga ไทย 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Federal Parliament of Somalia Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya 11th Somali Parliament Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of the People History Founded 20 August 1956 ( 1956-08-20 ) Preceded by Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia Leadership Speaker of the Senate of Somalia Abdi Hashi Abdullahi [ 1 ] since 22 January 2017 Speaker of the House of the People of Somalia Aden Madobe since 28 April 2022 Seats 275 MPs and 54 senators Elections Voting system Indirect first-past-the-post Last election 2021–2022 Next election TBD Meeting place Mogadishu , Somalia Website www .parliament .gov .so Politics of Somalia Member State of the Arab League Member State of the Arab League Constitution Provisional Constitution Provisional Constitution Executive President ( List ) Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre Council of Ministers President ( List ) Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre Hamza Abdi Barre Council of Ministers Legislature Speaker Aden Madobe Members of the Federal Parliament Speaker Aden Madobe Aden Madobe Members of the Federal Parliament Judiciary Judiciary Judiciary Elections Recent elections Presidential: 2017 2022 Parliamentary: 2016 2021–2022 Referendum: 1979 (latest) Recent elections Presidential: 2017 2022 Parliamentary: 2016 2021–2022 Referendum: 1979 (latest) Presidential: 2017 2022 Presidential: 2017 2022 Parliamentary: 2016 2021–2022 Parliamentary: 2016 2021–2022 Referendum: 1979 (latest) Referendum: 1979 (latest) Administrative divisions States Galmudug Hirshabelle Jubaland North Eastern Puntland South West Somalia Claimed territory Somaliland ( de facto independent ) States Galmudug Hirshabelle Jubaland North Eastern Puntland South West Somalia Galmudug Hirshabelle Jubaland North Eastern Puntland South West Somalia Claimed territory Somaliland ( de facto independent ) Somaliland ( de facto independent ) Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Abdisalam Abdi Ali Diplomatic missions: of Somalia in Somalia Somali nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Abdisalam Abdi Ali Minister: Abdisalam Abdi Ali Diplomatic missions: of Somalia in Somalia Somali nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Other Political parties Human rights Political parties Human rights Somalia portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Federal Parliament of Somalia ( Somali : Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya ; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya ; Arabic : البرلمان الاتحادي في الصومال ) is the national parliament of Somalia . Formed in August 2012, it is based in the capital Mogadishu and is bicameral , consisting of an upper house (Senate) and a lower house (House of the People). Parliamentary history The first parliament in independent Somalia was the unicameral National Assembly (1960–1969). [ 2 ] It was followed by the unicameral House of the People (1969–2012) [ 2 ] which did not function during the Somali Civil War . The unicameral Federal Parliament was established in 2012, and in 2016 was reformulated as a bicameral body, when the Senate of Somalia was established. [ 2 ] Establishment Post-transition roadmap As part of the official "Roadmap for the End of Transition", a political process devised by former Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Gaas which provided benchmarks leading toward the establishment of permanent democratic institutions in Somalia by late August 2012, [ 3 ] members of Somalia's then ruling Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and other administrative officials met in the northeastern town of Garowe in February 2012 to discuss post-transition arrangements. After extensive deliberations attended by regional actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between TFG President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed , Prime Minister Abdiweli Gaas , Speaker of Parliament Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden , Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole , Galmudug President Mohamed Ahmed Alim and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor. The agreement stipulated a new 225-member bicameral parliament would be formed, consisting of an upper house seating 54 senators and a lower house, of which 30% of the National Constituent Assembly (NCA) would be earmarked for women, the president would be appointed via constitutional election, and the prime minister would be selected by the president, who would then name a council of ministers . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On 23 June, TFG and regional leaders approved a draft constitution after several days of deliberation. [ 6 ] The NCA, which consists of 30 elders drawn from each of the country's four major Somali clans ( Darod , Dir , Hawiye , Rahanweyn ) and 15 from a coalition of minority groups based on a power-sharing formula, [ 7 ] overwhelmingly passed the new constitution on 1 August. 96% of the 645 delegates present voted for it, 2% against it and 2% abstained. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] For the constitution to come into effect, it must be ratified by the new parliament. [ 10 ] Technical Selection Committee On 18 August 2012, a list of 202 new parliamentarians was released, [ 11 ] with a total of 215 legislators eventually sworn in on 20 August. A further 15 nominated lawmakers were approved by the Technical Selection Committee (TSC), [ 7 ] an independent body officially tasked with vetting the applicants. [ 11 ] However, verification of their paperwork was still pending before they could be officially sworn into parliament. [ 7 ] The remaining candidates that were submitted by the NCA's elders to the TSC were rejected for failing to meet specific criteria agreed upon by stakeholders that partook in earlier agreements, including the Galkayo and Garowe Principles accords. The minimal selection criteria required potential MPs to be Somali nationals possessing a "sound mind", to have at least a high school diploma, [ 11 ] to be capable of carrying out parliamentary duties, and to have no reported links with warlords, rebels, armed groups and other potential spoiler elements. [ 12 ] The TSC also based its screening procedure on detailed background information on the parliamentary candidates that was forwarded to it by the United Nations and the African Union . [ 12 ] Inauguration The inaugural session of parliament was held on 20 August 2012, at the Mogadishu airport since the main parliament building was undergoing renovations. The outgoing President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament all attended the ceremony in the capital, which witnessed the swearing in of most of the MPs and the selection of a new interim Speaker. [ 13 ] 10th Parliament (2016) The tenth Parliament of Somalia was inaugurated on 27 December 2016. [ 14 ] In a statement to the United Nations Security Council , Michael Keating , Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), noted that the Upper House of Parliament had come into existence, comprising 54 members chosen on the basis of the federal member state rather than on a clan basis; the electorate had expanded from 135 male elders in 2012, to more than 13,000, 30% of whom were women; and voting had taken place in six locations around the country, reflecting emerging state structures. [ 15 ] The constitutional mandate of the parliamentarians ended on 27 December 2020, and Somalia had no parliament until the swearing-in of the 11th Parliament in 2022. [ 16 ] 11th Parliament (2022) Members of the 11th Federal Parliament of Somalia were sworn-in in Mogadishu on 14 April 2022. [ 17 ] 250 out of 275 members of the House of the People and 40 out of 54 members of the Senate took their oaths of office. [ 18 ] Abdi Hashi Abdullahi was reelected as Speaker of the Senate , and Ali Shacban Ibrahim and Abdullahi Ali Hirsi were elected as First and Second Deputy Speakers on 26 April 2022. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Sheikh Aden Mohamed Nur Madobe was elected as Speaker of the House of the People on 27 April 2022, while Saadia Yasin Haji Samatar and Abdullahi Omar Abshirow were elected as First and Second Deputy Speakers the next day. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Speaker of Parliament On 20 August 2012, former Somali National Army (SNA) General Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle was appointed Interim Speaker and Acting President. [ 23 ] Voting for a new Speaker of Parliament was held on 28 August 2012, with former Minister of Transportation and Minister of Labor and Sports Mohamed Osman Jawari elected as Speaker. [ 24 ] Jaylaani Nur Ikar and Mahad Abdalle Awad were serving as First Deputy Speaker and Second Deputy Speaker, respectively. [ 25 ] Duties The Federal Parliament of Somalia constitutes the legislative branch of government, with the Federal Government of Somalia representing the executive division. The parliament elects the President , Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Speakers. It also has the authority to pass and veto laws. [ 7 ] In addition, the parliament is tasked with selecting the ultimate number and boundaries of the autonomous regional states (officially, Federal Member States ) within the Federal Republic of Somalia. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] On 2 April 2014, the parliamentary committee of interior and security announced that it would soon establish a committee to oversee the federalism process in Somalia 's constituent provinces. [ 28 ] Composition The Federal Parliament of Somalia is bicameral , consisting of an upper house (Senate) and a lower house (House of the People). [ 7 ] It includes many professionals and university graduates. [ 13 ] At least 30% of seats are legally reserved for women, a quota secured by Somali parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed and women political leaders. [ 29 ] Ahmed had also helped form the Somali Women Parliamentary Association in 2009 in the preceding Transitional Federal Parliament . [ 30 ] An official list of Members of the Federal Parliament was first published on 17 August 2012 by the Office of the Somali Parliament. [ 23 ] Senate The Senate, or upper house, was elected during Somali parliamentary election held on 2016 and it contains 54 Senators. [ 31 ] House of the People The House of the People, or lower house, is eventually expected to comprise 275 MPs. [ 7 ] Committees The Federal Parliament has a number of committees, which are tasked with carrying out its duties. They include: [ 32 ] Oversight, Review and Implementation Committee Rules of Procedure, Ethics, Discipline and Immunity Committee Judiciary, Religious Sites and Religious Affairs Committee Internal Affairs, Regional Administration and Security Committee Truth, Reconciliation and Restitution Committee Committee on Budget, Finance, Planning, International Cooperation and Financial Oversight of Public Institutions Foreign Affairs Committee Defence Committee Human Rights, Women and Humanitarian Affairs Committee Social Services Development Committee National Resource Committee Information & Media, Public Awareness, Culture Post and Telecommunication Committee Committee for Roads, Ports, Airports, Energy and Transport Committee for Economy, Trade and Industry In March 2015, the Council of Ministers agreed to establish a new commission tasked with overseeing the nationalization and integration of security forces in the country. [ 33 ] List of Parliaments 1st Somali Parliament (1956–1960) – majority party: Somali Youth League 2nd Somali Parliament (1960–1964) – majority party: Somali Youth League 3rd Somali Parliament (1964–1968) – majority party: Somali Youth League 4th Somali Parliament (1968–1970) – majority party: Supreme Revolutionary Council 5th Somali Parliament (1980–1986) – majority party: Supreme Revolutionary Council 6th Somali Parliament (1986–1990) – majority party: Supreme Revolutionary Council 7th Somali Parliament (2000–2004) – majority party: none 8th Somali Parliament (2004–2012) – majority party: none 9th Somali Parliament (2012–2016) – majority party: Peace and Development Party 10th Somali Parliament (2016–2020) – majority party: Tayo Political Party 11th Somali Parliament (2022–2026) – majority party: Union for Peace and Development Party Voting system Article 47 of the Provisional Constitution stipulates that "the regulations concerning[...] elections at the Federal Government level[...] shall be defined in special laws enacted by the House of the People of the Federal Parliament of Somalia." [ 34 ] Tenure According to the Office of the Somali Parliament, sitting legislators are mandated to serve from 2016 to 2020. [ 23 ] The Parliamentary term elapsed on 27 December 2020, without an announced election date. [ 35 ] Memberships The Federal Parliament of Somalia is a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), the international organization of parliaments. [ 36 ] See also Somalia portal Cabinet of Somalia Judiciary of Somalia List of speakers of the Parliament of Somalia Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Somalia" . Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform . 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022 . Retrieved 19 November 2022 . ^ a b c "Historical Background" . Senate of Somalia . ^ Ahmed, Muddassar (8 August 2012). "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest" . Al Arabiya . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Somalia Garowe conference comes to a close Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Second Garowe Conference Concludes Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution" . ANP/AFP . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ a b c d e f "Somalia swears in historic new parliament" . Al Jazeera . 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ "Somalia adopts a constitution, amidst insecurity" . Garowe Online . 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed" . Xinhua . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ "Somali leaders back new constitution" . BBC . 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ a b c "Somalia: List of new parliamentarians leaked" . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ a b "Somalia: Committee excludes warlords, rebels and armed groups from Federal Parliament" . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ a b "Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment' " . Forum on China-Africa Cooperation . 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ "Somalia swears in 283 members of parliament" . UNSOM . 27 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ "Election of New Parliament 'a Milestone' in Somalia's Post-conflict Transformation, Special Representative Tells Security Council" . ReliefWeb . 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ "Resignation of President Farmajo is the right option before Somalia falls apart" . Horn Observer. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021 . Retrieved 21 February 2021 . ^ "The swearing-in ceremony of the new parliamentarians today" . SONNA . 14 April 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Sheikh, Abdi (14 April 2022). "Somalia swears in lawmakers, paving way for presidential vote" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "The President and Prime Minister have congratulated the Chairpersons of the Upper House" . SONNA . 26 April 2022 . Retrieved 26 April 2022 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Senate speaker, Abdi Hashi re-elected in Somalia" . Africa News . 26 April 2022. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2022 . ^ "Somalia's parliament picks speaker in step towards presidential election" . The National . 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 April 2022 . ^ Abdulkadir, Khalif (29 April 2022). "Saadia Samatar makes history as Somalia's first female deputy speaker" . The East African . Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 29 April 2022 . ^ a b c "Office of the Somali Parliament" . Office of the Somali Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ "Somali Parliament Elects Speaker for New Gov't" . Voice of America . 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . ^ Mohamed, Mahmoud (29 August 2012). "Somalia successfully concludes first elections in over 20 years" . Sabahi . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . ^ "The Federal Republic of Somalia – Harmonized Draft Constitution" (PDF) . Federal Government of Somalia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ "Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution" . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ "Parliamentary interior committee" . Goobjoog . 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . ^ "April 12–13, 2013 – Preliminary Program" (PDF) . McDonough Leadership Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ "Hodan Ahmed" . National Democratic Institute. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ "Tenth Parliament of Somalia" . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ "Committees" . Federal Parliament of Somalia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ "Somali Cabinet Ministers agree financial management committee to work temporarily" . Goobjoog. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ "The Federal Republic of Somalia – Provisional Constitution" (PDF) . Federal Government of Somalia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ "Somali parliament's tenure elapses without clear future plan" . Garowe. 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021 . Retrieved 28 December 2020 . ^ "Somalia (House of the People)" . Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Parliament of Somalia at Wikimedia Commons Federal Parliament of Somalia – Official website Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments – Somalia Inter-Parliamentary Union – Somalia (House of the People) v t e Somalia articles v t e History Chronology Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) By topic Maritime Military Postal Chronology Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) By topic Maritime Military Postal Maritime Military Postal Geography Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List List Prime Minister List List Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Society Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Category Portal Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures v t e Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e Legislatures in Africa v t e Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Dependencies , autonomies , other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Puntland Somaliland (disputed) Zanzibar (Tanzania) Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Puntland Somaliland (disputed) Zanzibar (Tanzania) Italics indicate an unrecognised or partially recognised state . Authority control databases VIAF VIAF 2012 establishments in Somalia Bicameral legislatures Government of Somalia National legislatures Parliaments by country Politics of Somalia Political organisations based in Somalia Federalism in Somalia Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2025 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from February 2021 Articles containing Somali-language text Articles containing Arabic-language text Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 23 August 2025, at 05:37 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Demo 1.1 Demo 2 Recording 3 Music and lyrics Toggle Music and lyrics subsection 3.1 Songs 3.1 Songs 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Legacy 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Notes 10.2 Footnotes 10.3 Citations 10.1 Notes 10.2 Footnotes 10.3 Citations Pod (The Breeders album) Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Svenska Türkçe Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Pod Studio album by the Breeders Released May 29, 1990 Recorded January 1990 Studio Palladium, Edinburgh, Scotland Genre Alternative rock Length 30 : 35 Label 4AD , Elektra Producer Steve Albini ( credited as engineer ) The Breeders chronology Pod (1990) Safari (EP) (1992) Pod (1990) Safari (EP) (1992) Pod is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band the Breeders , released by 4AD records on May 29, 1990. Engineered by Steve Albini , the album features band leader Kim Deal on vocals and guitar, Josephine Wiggs on bass, Britt Walford on drums, and Tanya Donelly on guitar. Albini's production prioritized sound over technical accomplishment; the final takes favor the band's spontaneous live "in studio" performances. The Breeders formed in 1988 when Deal, bass player for Pixies , befriended Donelly of Throwing Muses during a European tour. They recorded a country -infused demo in 1989, leading to 4AD co-founder Ivo Watts-Russell funding an album, Pod , recorded that year at the Palladium studio in Edinburgh, Scotland. The cover art was designed by Vaughan Oliver and portrays a man performing a fertility dance while wearing a belt of eels. Due in part to Deal's work with the Pixies, the album was widely anticipated, particularly in Europe. It became a critical and popular success, reaching number 22 in the UK. Critics praised its dark, sexualized lyrics, and compared it favorably to the Pixies. Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain said it was one of his favorite records, and Pitchfork ranked it number 81 on its list of the best albums of the 1990s. Background In 1988, Kim Deal of the Pixies became friends with Tanya Donelly of Throwing Muses when their respective bands undertook a joint tour of Europe. [ 1 ] Deal and Donelly spent time together playing guitar, drinking beer, [ 2 ] and sharing musical ideas. [ 3 ] They often went clubbing together in the bands' hometown of Boston. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] While attending a Sugarcubes concert, the two drunkenly decided to write and record dance songs. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Their first attempt to work together was based around the idea of an "organic dance band" consisting of Deal on bass, Donelly on guitar, and two drummers. [ 2 ] They recorded Donelly's "Rise" with Throwing Muses' David Narcizo , [ 1 ] and planned more originals, as well as a cover of Rufus and Chaka Khan 's " Tell Me Something Good ". [ 2 ] A year and a half passed without the pair recording new material. [ 1 ] During this time, they decided their attempt at dance music was not working, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and resolved to repurpose their songs for a different genre. [ 3 ] Deal became more serious about her work with Donnelly when the Pixies' Black Francis announced he was undertaking a solo tour. She decided that if he could be active outside of the Pixies, then she could too. [ 7 ] Journalists have speculated that Deal felt motivated to start a new band because of her diminishing role and lack of creative input in the Pixies, which Deal has often denied. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] However, in one interview she complained angrily about Francis singing lead vocals in almost all of the band's songs and said that if she could not sing more in the Pixies, she would sing in another band instead. [ 12 ] Pixies' guitarist Joey Santiago later recalled that Deal had a strong desire to contribute songs to the group to express her creativity, but eventually resigned herself and begrudgingly accepted Francis as the band's sole singer and songwriter. [ 13 ] According to Francis, Deal had once offered several new songs to the group that were not accepted because they sounded too different from the band's repertoire; [ 14 ] in Santiago's view, Francis’ own rejection of the songs reflected his attitude that the group "made pizzas, not cookies". [ 13 ] Francis admitted in the mid-1990s to not especially liking Deal's non-Pixies music, due to "personal taste". [ 15 ] [ n 1 ] Because the Pixies and Throwing Muses were signed to different American record labels, [ n 2 ] Deal and Donelly could not both be principal songwriters for their joint project. [ 27 ] They focused on Deal's compositions for what would become Pod , intending to use Donelly's songs for a subsequent album. [ 8 ] [ 27 ] After Pod ' s release, Deal and Donelly recorded a demo of the latter's songs in preparation for the Breeders' second album. [ 27 ] Donelly left the group in 1991, and used her compositions for her new band, Belly . [ 28 ] Before parting, she contributed guitar and vocals to the Breeders' 1992 Safari EP, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] although none of her compositions appear on the record. [ 29 ] Demo In 1989 the pair recorded a country music -influenced demo with violinist Carrie Bradley and bassist Ray Holiday. [ 7 ] [ 30 ] Paul Kolderie engineered several of the songs, but Deal found his production "too clean" and employed Joe Harvard of Fort Apache Studios to remix. [ 31 ] Deal called the project "the Breeders", a name she and her sister Kelley had used when performing as teenagers. [ 5 ] The name comes from a slang term used in the LGBT community to refer to straight people, which Kim found amusing. [ 7 ] Ivo Watts-Russell , co-founder of the Pixies' and Throwing Muses' UK label 4AD , was enthusiastic about the demo and Deal's potential as a songwriter, and gave the band an advance of $11,000 to record an album. [ 7 ] [ 32 ] Although Deal played bass with the Pixies, she changed to guitar for the Breeders, finding it an easier instrument to manage while singing, [ 7 ] [ 33 ] and so recruited Josephine Wiggs of the Perfect Disaster on bass. [ 33 ] Deal asked Steve Albini , who had worked on the Pixies' Surfer Rosa , to engineer the album. [ 8 ] Deal thought it would be fun to form an all-female band, "[like] the Bangles from Hell". [ 10 ] She wanted Kelley to be the Breeders' drummer, but Kelley could not get time away from her job as a program analyst . [ 8 ] [ n 3 ] As an alternative, Albini suggested they try Slint 's Britt Walford , [ 8 ] [ 35 ] who used the pseudonym Shannon Doughton for Pod because he did not want his contribution to the album to overshadow his role in Slint. [ 36 ] Deal, Wiggs, and Walford rehearsed for a week at Wiggs' house in Bedfordshire , England, before joining Donelly in London for further rehearsals. [ 33 ] Recording Pod was recorded in January 1990 at Palladium studio, in Edinburgh, Scotland, [ 37 ] [ 38 ] which had recording equipment on the first floor and bedrooms upstairs. [ 33 ] During the sessions, the band sometimes wore pajamas, and more than once went to a local pub without changing. [ 39 ] Although 4AD booked the studio for two weeks, the band completed their recording in a single week. To use the remaining time, the label hired a television crew to film a music video, and the band recorded a session for John Peel 's show on BBC Radio 1 . [ 35 ] Albini—who worked on thousands of recordings including albums by Nirvana , Page and Plant , and PJ Harvey [ 40 ] —described his role as more technical than artistic, and preferred to be described as an engineer rather than producer. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] He had a preference for analogue recording techniques, and was noted for his careful placement of microphones in the studio to achieve a nuanced "roomy" sound. Further, in Albini's ethical approach to recording and to the mechanics of the music industry, he made a point of not attempting to influence the band's song arrangements. [ 40 ] [ 42 ] He was known for his vocal and dim view of the music industry, [ 40 ] and the press often depicted him as not easy to work with. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] He also sometimes had a reputation for being misogynist , in part from the name of his former band Rapeman . [ 43 ] Despite his reputation, Donelly recalls being especially comfortable working with Albini, [ 44 ] whom she found "sweet". [ 45 ] Wiggs and Donelly have both commented that although Albini often downplays his degree of influence on an album's quality, for Pod his contributions were considerable. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Donelly has praised Albini for the input that he gave the band prior to recording. [ 47 ] This included convincing the band to reduce the number of vocal harmonies and give more prominence to Deal's vocals. Donelly believes the removal of harmonies made the performances "more effective and sadder and ... focused". [ 45 ] Albini paid attention to capturing strong live performances in the studio. [ 8 ] His main concern was achieving the best sound, rather than seeking the best technical performances. [ 33 ] Albini had a policy of never doing more than two takes of each song. This led to confrontations with Donelly, who remembers: "For all the fights we had with him in the studio, for all the times I'd stomp upstairs in my pajamas screaming that I couldn't live with such-and-such a guitar part, the next morning I realized he was usually right." [ 44 ] Deal also often fought with Albini. Wiggs was struck with how quickly Albini and the other musicians resolved issues through short, intense arguments, an ability she attributed to their being American. [ 48 ] Albini saw Walford's drumming as an integral part of the band's sound. [ 35 ] Then 19 years old, Walford was a confident and hard-hitting drummer who typically played one of his drums behind the beat. [ 33 ] Song tempos were faster than Wiggs had expected, which arose in part because Deal lacked the breath control to sing her lines in a slower manner. [ 33 ] Music and lyrics Pod has sparse instrumentation. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Music critic Colin Larkin likened the album to the Pixies for its threatening melodies and loud, resounding guitars. [ 51 ] The New York Times ' Karen Schoemer also found similarities to the Pixies, citing Pod ' s "angular melodies, shattered tempos and screeching dynamics", but felt the album nonetheless had its own identity distinct from Deal's previous band. [ 52 ] Unlike the demo, the album does not have a country-influenced sound. [ 8 ] Other writers have noted the album's sinister, sexual [ 49 ] and youthful feel. [ 35 ] Matt LeMay of Pitchfork wrote that Deal's singing is spooky, and evokes a mythical siren or a young girl hiding a weapon. [ 53 ] Melody Maker ' s Ted Mico compared the tone of the songs to the innocent-looking girl in Poltergeist who dribbles blood. [ 38 ] Albini said that "there was a simultaneous charm to Kim's presentation to her music that's both childlike and giddy and also completely mature and kind of dirty ... [it had a] sort of girlish fascination with things that were pretty but it was also kind of horny. That was a juxtaposition that, at the time, was unusual. You didn't get a lot of knowing winks from female artists at the time." [ 35 ] Songs Deal has said that many of the songs are sexual in nature. [ 10 ] The slow-paced opening track "Glorious" [ 55 ] describes an adult who has vague but pleasant memories of being molested as a child by an aunt. [ 10 ] It and the next song, "Doe", were co-written by Ray Halliday. [ 37 ] "Doe" concerns a schizophrenic teenage couple losing their grip of reality after taking Thorazine ; in a delusional state they plan to burn down their town. [ 10 ] LeMay described this track as possessing a beautiful, gripping quality, [ 53 ] while NME ' s Steve Lamacq cited it as an example of using reduced instrumentation to good effect ("stripped down but punchy"). [ 50 ] Larkin believes that the band's cover of the Beatles ' " Happiness Is a Warm Gun " achieves a friction that the original only hints at, [ 51 ] and Lamacq commented on its tight sound and prominent drum part. [ 50 ] The Breeders recorded the song at the suggestion of Watts-Russell. [ 8 ] [ 56 ] "Oh!" has—according to writer Martin Aston—a slow tempo, restrained drumming, a sad violin performance by Carrie Bradley, and unexpectedly raw singing by Deal. [ 8 ] She had planned to use the title "The Insect Song" because its lyrics tell the story of one insect encouraging others, hoping they do not get stepped on. [ 10 ] Deal has said that "Hellbound" described a fetus that survives an abortion, and that the song is "kinda like a heavy metal hymnal, 'We're all hellbound. ' " [ 10 ] She cited the line "It lives, despite the knives internal" as containing the most embarrassing lyrics she has written. [ 57 ] Before recording, the other band members teased her about the line, but since she could not think of a better alternative, she kept the phrase but mumbled the line to make the words harder to understand. [ 58 ] For Sasha Alcott, writing for the Boston Herald , the song contains elements of "fierce head-banging sing-a-long " as well as gentle whimsy. [ 59 ] About "When I Was a Painter", the next track, Lamacq was struck by Deal's gruff vocals and praised its stop-start guitar riff. [ 50 ] Critic Rob Sheffield named the song as a highlight of the album in the Spin Alternative Record Guide , [ 60 ] and Piers Clifton interpreted it as being about strange or otherwise unsatisfying sex. [ 61 ] Side 2 of the LP version starts with "Fortunately Gone", which Lamacq described as an appealing pop-flavored opening for the album's second half. [ 50 ] Deal had originally practiced the song with Kelley several years previously. [ 10 ] The lyrics concern a woman who has died but continues to obsessively watch over her lover, not able to give him up, even after death. [ 10 ] "Iris" was interpreted by Larkin and critic Wif Stenger as being about menstruation. [ 51 ] [ 62 ] In a 1990 interview, Deal said the song related to something "like a pea pod flowering and then getting ripe and stinky", and connected it to the Surrealists ' "associat[ing] women with fish". [ 10 ] The writer Simon Reynolds described Deal's wolfish, staccato delivery of the repeated word "Oh!", as well as the "little gashes of gruelling, groiny feedback". [ 63 ] A recurring sexual dream of Walford's inspired the lyrics of "Opened". [ 10 ] The track features a buoyant rhythm [ 8 ] and was described by Stenger as exhilaratingly bringing the listener somewhere between reality and the supernatural. [ 62 ] "Only in 3s", which Deal wrote with Donelly, [ 37 ] is about a ménage à trois sexual relationship. [ 10 ] AllMusic 's Heather Phares characterized the recording as "sensual" and said that it was more benign and friendly-sounding than the Pixies' work. [ 54 ] "Lime House" was described in a Billboard review as feeling "avant-garage". [ 64 ] The song concerns Sherlock Holmes spending long and comfortable hours in an opium den . [ 10 ] Wiggs co-wrote and played Spanish guitar on the final track, "Metal Man". [ 37 ] The song contains harmonies between her and Deal; [ 50 ] Wiggs' spoken vocals were compared by Stenger to those of the group Wire [ 62 ] and by Reynolds to the vocal style of Sonic Youth 's Kim Gordon . [ 63 ] Aston likened the melody to the Pixies' " Cactus ". [ 8 ] Release Pod was released in the UK on May 29, 1990, by 4AD. [ 65 ] Watts-Russell planned the date to be not too close to the release of the Pixies' Bossanova two and a half months later, for more effective publicity of both albums. [ 25 ] Watts-Russell believed the album would be better suited to a US independent distribution label rather than the Pixies' American distributor Elektra, and licensed Pod to Rough Trade America . [ 25 ] When this division of Rough Trade went bankrupt, Elektra assumed distribution of Pod in the US. [ 24 ] [ 66 ] Deal has noted that the Breeders did not receive any royalties from initial US sales because of Rough Trade's bankruptcy. [ 66 ] The album was widely anticipated by the British music press due to the involvement of Deal and Donelly—known from their highly regarded work with the Pixies and Throwing Muses, respectively—and Albini, who likewise had a strong reputation for his previous engineering work. [ 50 ] [ 67 ] It reached number 22 in the UK, [ 68 ] where it was promoted by a full-page ad in Melody Maker , [ 69 ] and number 73 in the Netherlands. [ 70 ] Pod sold moderately well, [ 9 ] although Deal has noted it "never sold [anything]" compared to their next album, Last Splash (1993), [ 71 ] which was certified platinum in the US and silver in the UK. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Deal took the idea for the album's title from a painting that she saw in Boston; [ 25 ] for her, the word "pod" evoked a uterus, which Wiggs has noted relates to the theme of fertility and the group's name. [ 58 ] The cover art was designed by longtime 4AD album designer Vaughan Oliver and employs photography by Kevin Westenberg. [ 37 ] Oliver, in an attempt to seduce Deal, who he believed would appreciate the humor, attached a belt of dead eels over his underwear, which he intended as phallic symbols. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] He performed a fertility dance, while Westenberg took pictures of him using a long exposure to achieve blurring and other visual effects. [ 75 ] Reception Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 54 ] Blender [ 76 ] Encyclopedia of Popular Music [ 51 ] Entertainment Weekly B− [ 77 ] NME 9/10 [ 50 ] Pitchfork 9.0/10 [ 78 ] The Rolling Stone Album Guide [ 49 ] Select [ 79 ] Spin [ 80 ] Spin Alternative Record Guide 6/10 [ 60 ] The album was generally well received. Several music critics favorably compared the album to Deal's work with the Pixies, among which were William Van Meter, Rob Sheffield, and Steve Kandell of Spin . [ 60 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Kandell and Sheffield mentioned tracks including "Fortunately Gone" as superior to songs by that group. Kandell noted Pod appealed to fans of the Pixies' " Gigantic ", which was written and sung by Deal. [ 60 ] [ 80 ] In AllMusic, Heather Phares described Pod as a "vibrantly creative debut" that was better than the Pixies' 1990 album Bossanova , and argued that the Pixies should have recorded more of Deal's compositions. [ 54 ] The Rough Guide to Rock ' s Piers Clifton and Melody Maker ' s Simon Reynolds viewed Pod as lacking energy in comparison to the Pixies' work. To Clifton, it was "plodding", [ 61 ] while Reynolds felt it sounded "inhibited, moribund, stilted" and "never [let] it rip like the Pixies". Reynolds added that "Whenever a song gathers momentum or thrust, [the Breeders] throw in a weird bit, a gear change or an abrupt stop. They seem unhappy with the idea of simple rock exuberance." [ 63 ] Steve Taylor of The A to X of Alternative Music also found Pod inferior to music of the Pixies, but was impressed with Deal's ability to move from bass to guitar. [ 82 ] Some reviews found Pod under-developed or insubstantial. Jon Dolan in Blender likened it to a poorly constructed building. [ 76 ] Robert Christgau of The Village Voice described it unfavorably as more "art project" than the work of a band, [ 83 ] and Greg Sandow in Entertainment Weekly felt the lyrics were sometimes forced. [ 77 ] Wif Stenger of Trouser Press called the first side "a bit shaky" but considered side 2 to be "damn near perfect". [ 62 ] NME ' s Steve Lamacq described the album as "a tight-ish piece of tantalising rock", and said that listeners who found it too minimalist would soon warm to it. [ 50 ] Karen Schoemer of The New York Times praised Pod ' s intelligence and originality. [ 52 ] Legacy Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain often described Pod as one of his favorite albums. He listed it as his seventh and then third favorite album in his private journals , [ 85 ] and said it was his number-one favorite album in a 1992 Melody Maker article, in which he said: "The way they structure [the songs is] totally unique, very atmospheric." [ 84 ] Cobain had wished to work with Steve Albini since first listening to his band Big Black in the 1980s. [ 86 ] Cobain's special admiration of Pod and Surfer Rosa —as well as his desire for a similar drum sound, a "natural, powerful sound produced with canny microphone placement rather than phony sounding effects boxes", that he found reminiscent of Aerosmith 's Rocks —then led him to select Albini as the producer of Nirvana's third studio album, In Utero . [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Pod also influenced Courtney Love 's songwriting on Live Through This , the second album by her band Hole . [ 89 ] In 2018 critic Amanda Petrusich noted the enduring influence of Pod on contemporary indie rock musicians Courtney Barnett , Lucy Dacus , and Julien Baker . [ 90 ] In 2007, Albini said he felt Pod was among the best albums he had engineered; [ 91 ] a 2015 article in Stereogum ranked it as Albini's eighth best album. [ 92 ] Donelly described it as the "truest" of her albums and said that "it really feels exactly the way it was when we were doing it." [ 39 ] Wiggs has spoken of her ongoing fondness for Pod , and recalls that everyone in the making of the album was dedicated and attentive; [ 46 ] for Deal, the album is "just magic". [ 93 ] In 2003 Pitchfork placed the album as the 81st best of the 1990s. [ 53 ] It was ranked number 463 in NME ' s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list (2013) and included in The Guardian ' s 1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die (2007). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Separate articles in both publications have ranked the Breeders' version of "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" among the best cover versions of a Beatles song. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Track listing All tracks are written by Kim Deal, except where noted. No. Title Writer(s) Length 1. "Glorious" Deal, Ray Halliday 3:23 2. "Doe" Deal, Ray Halliday 2:06 3. " Happiness Is a Warm Gun " Lennon–McCartney 2:46 4. "Oh!" 2:27 5. "Hellbound" 2:21 6. "When I Was a Painter" 3:24 7. "Fortunately Gone" 1:44 8. "Iris" 3:29 9. "Opened" 2:28 10. "Only in 3's" Deal, Donelly 1:56 11. "Lime House" 1:45 12. "Metal Man" Deal, Wiggs 2:46 Personnel The Breeders Kim Deal – lead vocals, guitar Tanya Donelly – guitar, backing vocals Britt Walford (credited as Shannon Doughton) – drums, backing vocals Josephine Wiggs – bass, backing vocals, Spanish guitar and lead vocals on "Metal Man" Additional personnel Steve Albini – engineer, spoken vocals Carrie Bradley – violin Michael Allen – backing vocals on "Oh!" Vaughan Oliver /V23 [ n 4 ] – sleeve design Kevin Westenberg – photography Charts Chart (1990) Peak position Dutch Albums Chart [ 70 ] 73 UK Albums Chart [ 68 ] 22 References Notes ^ Francis said: "I honestly don't listen to female singers much. I'm very picky about the women I listen to. I think everybody enjoys listening to singers of their same sex more. It goes back to when you're a kid and dream of being that singer or being in that band." [ 15 ] ^ The Pixies and Throwing Muses were signed to UK-based 4AD, [ 16 ] which handled UK distribution of both bands, and mainland European distribution of the Pixies only; [ 17 ] for US distribution, 4AD licensed Pixies' albums to Elektra . [ 18 ] Throwing Muses were distributed by Sire in the US, [ 19 ] and by its parent company Warner Music in the rest of Europe. [ 17 ] As part of their 4AD contract, Deal and Francis signed a "leaving members" clause whereby if they left the Pixies they would still owe the remaining number of contracted albums to the label. [ 20 ] After the Pixies broke up in 1993, [ 4 ] the Breeders' albums Pod , Last Splash (1993) and Title TK (2002), as well as Pacer (1995) by Deal's side-project band the Amps , [ 21 ] were included in the albums she owed 4AD as part of the leaving members clause. [ 20 ] She later signed a one-off distribution deal with 4AD for the Breeders' Mountain Battles (2008), [ 22 ] then released their EP Fate to Fatal (2009) independently, [ 23 ] after which she returned to the label for All Nerve (2018). [ 24 ] In the US, Pod was first licensed to Rough Trade America , [ 25 ] and later to Elektra. [ 24 ] All of Deal's non-Pixies albums up to Title TK were likewise licensed to Elektra, while Mountain Battles and All Nerve were only released on 4AD. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] Deal has noted that by the time of Mountain Battles , 4AD was doing more worldwide distribution itself rather than licensing albums in countries outside the UK. [ 22 ] ^ Kelley later joined the Breeders, and played guitar on Safari . [ 29 ] [ 34 ] ^ V23 was a graphic design studio at which Oliver produced art for record companies. [ 98 ] Footnotes ^ a b c d e Aston 2013 , p. 318 ^ a b c Donelly, Tanya in Spitz 2004 , p. 72 ^ a b Deal, Kim in Frank 2005 , p. 132 ^ a b Erlewine ^ a b c Donelly, Tanya in Frank 2005 , p. 132 ^ a b Murphy, John in Frank 2005 , p. 131 ^ a b c d e Aston 2013 , p. 319 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aston 2013 , p. 320 ^ a b Taylor 1993 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Deal, Kim in Mico 1990 , pp. 29–30 ^ Deal, Kim in Spitz 2004 , p. 72 ^ Deal, Kim in Wilde 1990 ^ a b Santiago, Joey in Aston 1997 ^ Francis, Black in Greene 2013 ^ a b Francis, Black in Riemenschneider 1996 ^ Aston 2013 , pp. 208, 254 ^ a b Aston 2013 , p. 272 ^ Aston 2013 , p. 293 ^ Aston 2013 , p. 240 ^ a b Deal, Kelley in Power 2013 ^ Gettelman 1996 , p. 2 ^ a b Deal, Kim in Fortune 2009 ^ Aston 2013 , p. 601 ^ a b c d The Breeders: Discography ^ a b c d Aston 2013 , p. 321 ^ The Amps: Discography ^ a b c Donelly, Tanya in Frank 2005 , pp. 133–134 ^ a b Donelly, Tanya in Frank 2005 , p. 136 ^ a b c Safari CD cover ^ Murphy, John in Frank 2005 , p. 132 ^ Harvard, Joe in Frank 2005 , pp. x, 133 ^ Deal, Kim in Frank 2005 , p. 136 ^ a b c d e f g Wiggs 2008 ^ Wice 1992 ^ a b c d e Albini, Steve in Frank 2005 , p. 135 ^ Albini 2002 ^ a b c d e Pod CD booklet ^ a b Mico 1990 , p. 29 ^ a b Donelly, Tanya in Frank 2005 , p. 135 ^ a b c d e Tingen 2005 ^ a b Bush ^ Anthony 2018 ^ Mico 1990 , p. 30 ^ a b Donelly, Tanya in Mico 1990 , p. 30 ^ a b Donelly, Tanya in Frank 2005 , p. 134 ^ a b Wiggs, Josephine in Thiessen 2013 ^ a b Donelly, Tanya in Raible 2016 ^ Wiggs, Josephine in Mico 1990 , p. 30 ^ a b c Wolk 2004 , p. 104 ^ a b c d e f g h i Lamacq 1990 , p. 34 ^ a b c d Larkin 2011 , p. 822 ^ a b Schoemer 1990 ^ a b c d e LeMay 2003 , p. 2 ^ a b c d Phares ^ Strong 1999 , p. 102 ^ Murphy, John in Frank 2005 , p. 135 ^ Deal, Kim in Gordon 2015 ^ a b Wiggs, Josephine and Kim Deal in Mico 1990 , p. 30 ^ Alcott, Sasha in Gottlieb 2015 ^ a b c d Sheffield 1995 , p. 60 ^ a b Clifton 2003 , p. 136 ^ a b c d Stenger 1991 , p. 89 ^ a b c Reynolds 1990 , p. 35 ^ Album Reviews: The Breeders – Pod ^ The Breeders: Pod (4AD) ^ a b Aston 2013 , p. 346 ^ The Breeders Set Release Date for ‘Pod’ , p. 3 ^ a b Breeders: Singles/Albums (UK Charts) ^ Pod (advertisement) , p. 2 ^ a b Zoeken naar: Breeders (Dutch Charts) ^ Guzman 2002 ^ American certifications – Breeders, The ^ Certified Awards Search ^ Aston 2013 , p. 53 ^ a b Oliver, Vaughan in Manning 2013 ^ a b Dolan ^ a b Sandow 1990 ^ Berman 2020 . ^ Linehan 1990 , p. 84 ^ a b c Kandell 2008 , p. 74 ^ Van Meter 2002 , p. 84 ^ Taylor 2006 , p. 185 ^ Christgau 1993 ^ a b Cobain 1992 , p. 40 ^ Cobain 2002 , pp. 201, 257 ^ Azerrad 1994 , pp. 71–72, 312–313 ^ Azerrad 1994 , p. 313 ^ Gaar 2006 , pp. 34–35 ^ Hopper 2014 ^ Petrusich 2018 ^ Steve Albini Drops Anonymity, Answers Questions In Poker Forum ^ Breihan 2012 ^ Deal, Kim in Nicholson 2017 ^ Barker 2013 ^ 1000 albums to hear before you die ^ Chester 2009 ^ Parkinson 2014 ^ Interview with Graphic Designer Vaughan Oliver Citations .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Albini, Steve (2002). "The Breeders History" . Blues Interactions Inc. Archived from the original on October 27, 2002 . Retrieved October 10, 2016 . "Album Reviews: The Breeders – Pod". Billboard . June 30, 1990. "American certifications – Breeders, The" . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on October 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . "The Amps: Discography" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on June 29, 2017 . Retrieved January 12, 2019 . Anthony, David (September 7, 2018). "The Guide to Getting into Steve Albini, Studio Whiz and Noise-Rock Freak" . Noisey . Archived from the original on October 30, 2018 . Retrieved February 5, 2019 . Aston, Martin (2013). Facing the Other Way: The Story of 4AD . The Friday Project . ISBN 978-0-00-748961-9 . Aston, Martin (December 1997). "Hello Goodbye: Joey Santiago & The Pixies" . Mojo . Retrieved January 6, 2021 – via Rock's Backpages . (subscription required) Azerrad, Michael (1994). Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana . Doubleday . ISBN 978-0-385-47199-2 . Barker, Emily (October 21, 2013). "The 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time: 500–401" . NME . Archived from the original on August 6, 2018 . Retrieved February 2, 2019 . Berman, Judy (September 13, 2020). "The Breeders: Pod Album Review" . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 13, 2020 . "The Breeders: Discography" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on January 12, 2019 . Retrieved January 12, 2019 . "The Breeders: Pod" . 4AD . Archived from the original on June 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 5, 2017 . "The Breeders Set Release Date for 'Pod' ". Melody Maker . Vol. 66, no. 20. May 19, 1990. "Breeders: Singles/Albums" . Theofficialcharts.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015 . Retrieved April 28, 2016 . Breihan, Tom (January 26, 2012). "The Top 20 Steve Albini-Recorded Albums: 08. The Breeders – 'Pod' (1990)" . Stereogum . Archived from the original on May 15, 2015 . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . Bush, John. "Steve Albini: Biography" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on October 5, 2018 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 . "Certified Awards Search" (To access, enter the search parameter "Breeders") . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Chester, Tim (September 14, 2009). "What Are The Best Beatles Cover Versions? Plus: A Free Fab Four Cover MP3" . NME . Archived from the original on October 19, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Christgau, Robert (June 1, 1993). "Consumer Guide: June 1, 1993" . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on October 5, 2018 . Retrieved February 7, 2019 – via Consumer Guide. Clifton, Piers (2003). Peter Buckley (ed.). The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides . ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0 . Cobain, Kurt (2002). Journals (hardcover ed.). Riverhead Books . ISBN 978-1573222327 . Cobain, Kurt (August 29, 1992). "Rebellious: Kurt Cobain of Nirvana talks about the records that changed his life". Melody Maker . Vol. 68, no. 35. Dolan, Jon. "The Breeders: Pod" . Blender . Archived from the original on May 19, 2010 . Retrieved October 10, 2016 . Erlewine, Stephen Thomas . "Pixies Biography" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on May 22, 2016 . Retrieved January 8, 2017 . Fortune, Drew (August 5, 2009). "Feel It: An Interview With Kim Deal of the Pixies and the Breeders" . PopMatters . Archived from the original on January 12, 2019 . Retrieved January 12, 2019 . Frank, Josh and Caryn Ganz (2005). Fool the World: The Oral History of a Band Called Pixies . Virgin Books . ISBN 0-312-34007-9 . Gaar, Gillian G. (2006). In Utero . 33⅓ . Vol. 34. Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0-8264-1776-0 . Gettelman, Parry (April 12, 1996). "A Chat With Amps' Kim Deal: Eclectic, Electric And Fun" . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on May 5, 2019 . Retrieved May 5, 2019 . Gordon, Jeremy (July 1, 2015). "Kim Deal and Courtney Barnett Chat About Creative Process, Bad Lyrics, More on Talkhouse Podcast" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on July 3, 2015 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Gottlieb, Jed (July 31, 2015). "Boston 101: #36 • "Hellbound " • The Breeders" . The Boston Herald . Archived from the original on August 3, 2015 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Greene, Andy (October 3, 2013). "The Pixies Keep Rolling, Minus One" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 9, 2019 . Retrieved February 9, 2019 . Guzman, Isaac (May 26, 2002). "Ready for the 'New' Deals? At last, the Breeders return, indie principles intact". New York Daily News – via Westlaw . Hopper, Jessica (April 14, 2014). "You Will Ache Like I Ache: The Oral History of Hole's 'Live Through This' " . Spin . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018 . Retrieved January 29, 2019 . "Interview with Graphic Designer Vaughan Oliver" . Designboom . December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Kandell, Steve (April 1, 2008). "Discography: Kim Deal" . Spin . Retrieved October 16, 2016 . Lamacq, Steve (May 26, 1990). "Breeding Great!". NME . Larkin, Colin , ed. (2011). Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8 . LeMay, Matt (November 17, 2003). "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s: 081. The Breeders – Pod" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on April 5, 2016 . Retrieved October 17, 2016 . Manning, James (September 16, 2013). "Vaughan Oliver's favourite 4AD artwork" . Time Out London . Archived from the original on March 30, 2016 . Retrieved October 16, 2016 . Mico, Ted (May 26, 1990). "Let It Breed". Melody Maker . Vol. 66, no. 21. Nicholson, Rebecca (October 7, 2017). "The Breeders on kicking drugs, Kurt Cobain and life after Pixies" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 7, 2020 . Retrieved February 25, 2020 . "1000 albums to hear before you die: Artists beginning with B (part 2)" . The Guardian . November 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018 . Retrieved February 2, 2019 . Parkinson, Hannah Jane (May 19, 2014). "What are the best – and worst – Beatles cover versions?" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on May 19, 2014 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Petrusich, Amanda (March 9, 2018). "The Remarkable Persistence of the Breeders" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 5, 2018 . Retrieved January 29, 2019 . Phares, Heather. "The Breeders: Pod" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on June 2, 2012 . Retrieved October 12, 2016 . " Pod (advertisement)". Melody Maker . Vol. 66, no. 22. June 2, 1990. Pod (CD booklet). The Breeders. Canada: Vertigo Records . 1990. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) Power, Bobby (May 13, 2013). "The Breeders' 'Last Splash' at 20: An interview with Kelley Deal" . Creative Loafing . Archived from the original on July 4, 2013 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . Raible, Allan (May 19, 2016). "Tanya Donelly Discusses the Reunion of Belly, Her Work With the Breeders and Throwing Muses, and Her New Triple Album" . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 20, 2016 . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . Riemenschneider, Chris (February 20, 1996). "Ex-Pixie rejects "diary rock" " . Austin American-Statesman . Retrieved June 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com . (subscription required) Reynolds, Simon (May 26, 1990). "Stillborn". Melody Maker . Vol. 66, no. 21. Safari (CD cover). The Breeders. USA: Elektra. 1992. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) Sandow, Greg (June 8, 1990). "Notable music for the week of June 8, 1990" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 18, 2015 . Retrieved October 17, 2016 . Schoemer, Karen (July 8, 1990). "Home Entertainment/Recordings: Recent Releases" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 25, 2015 . Retrieved October 13, 2016 . Sheffield, Rob (1995). Eric Weisbard with Craig Marks (ed.). Spin Alternative Record Guide . Vintage Books . ISBN 978-0-679-75574-6 . Spitz, Marc (September 2004). "Life to the Pixies" . Spin . Archived from the original on January 29, 2020 . Retrieved September 26, 2020 . Stenger, Wif (1991). Ira A. Robbins (ed.). Trouser Press Record Guide . Collier Books . ISBN 978-0-02-036361-3 . "Steve Albini Drops Anonymity, Answers Questions In Poker Forum" . Stereogum. July 6, 2007. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014 . Retrieved October 22, 2016 . Strong, Martin C. (1999). The Great Alternative & Indie Discography . Canongate Books . ISBN 978-0-86241-913-4 . Taylor, Sam (September 12, 1993). "The Cusp of Fame: Living Rock Fuels the Breeders". Calgary Herald – via Westlaw. Taylor, Steve (2006). The A to X of Alternative Music . A&C Black . ISBN 978-0-8264-8217-4 . Archived from the original on October 18, 2016 . Retrieved October 18, 2016 . Thiessen, Jeffrey (May 13, 2013). " "Good Intentions Evaporate Under Hot Lights": An Interview with the Breeders" . PopMatters . Archived from the original on July 22, 2016 . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Tingen, Paul (September 2005). "Steve Albini: Sound Engineer Extraordinaire" . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on July 17, 2018 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 . Van Meter, William (June 2002). "Old Deal: Five Kim Classics" . Spin . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved January 9, 2017 . Wice, Nathaniel (April 1992). "The Breeders: A band of one's own for the Pixies' Kim Deal" . Spin . Archived from the original on October 16, 2016 . Retrieved October 16, 2016 . Wiggs, Josephine (2008). "The Breeders – Mountain Battles" (PDF) . Radio Max Music. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2016 . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . Wilde, Jon (August 10, 1990). "The Pixies: Tyranny And Mutation" . Melody Maker – via Rock's Backpages. (subscription required) Wolk, Douglas (2004). "The Breeders". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Fireside . ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8 . "Zoeken naar: Breeders" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016 . Retrieved October 10, 2016 . Linehan, Graham (July 1990). "Dig the new breed". Select . p. 84. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e The Breeders v t e Kim Deal Kelley Deal Josephine Wiggs Jim Macpherson Carrie Bradley Tanya Donelly José Medeles Britt Walford Kim Deal Kelley Deal Josephine Wiggs Jim Macpherson Carrie Bradley Tanya Donelly José Medeles Britt Walford Studio albums Pod Last Splash Title TK Mountain Battles All Nerve Pod Last Splash Title TK Mountain Battles All Nerve Live albums Live in Stockholm 1994 Live in Stockholm 1994 Extended plays Safari Head to Toe Fate to Fatal Safari Head to Toe Fate to Fatal Singles " Cannonball " " Divine Hammer " " Saints " " Off You " " Son of Three " " Wait in the Car " " Cannonball " " Divine Hammer " " Saints " " Off You " " Son of Three " " Wait in the Car " Tours Tour 2009 LSXX Tour Tour 2014 Tour 2017 Tour 2009 LSXX Tour Tour 2014 Tour 2017 Related articles Discography The Amps Pacer Belly The Kelley Deal 6000 The Last Hard Men Pixies Throwing Muses Discography The Amps Pacer Pacer Belly The Kelley Deal 6000 The Last Hard Men Pixies Throwing Muses Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 1990 debut albums 4AD albums The Breeders albums Albums produced by Steve Albini Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use American English from September 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2020 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) This page was last edited on 25 June 2025, at 14:15 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_(The_Breeders_album)
|
1 Introduction 2 GeneGPT 3 Reproducibility of GeneGPT 4 GenomAgent 5 Experiments 6 Final Remarks and Future Work LLM Large Language Model MCP Model Context Protocol QA Question Answering NL Natural Language 1 1 institutetext: University of Padua, Italy 2 2 institutetext: Aalto University, Finland From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Kimia Abedini Farzad Shami Gianmaria Silvello Abstract Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering ( QA ) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent , a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. 1 Introduction Large Language Models have shown remarkable potential in QA tasks and have recently gained traction in genomic QA applications [ 12 , 1 ] . A notable and widely cited example is GeneGPT [ 10 ] , which currently represents the state-of-the-art for genomic QA tasks by successfully augmenting LLMs with external domain-specific APIs through in-context learning [ 3 ] and tool integration [ 19 ] . GeneGPT operates as a single-agent architecture [ 15 ] where an LLM is guided through carefully constructed prompts containing API documentation and examples, with inference managed sequentially through a single forward loop of API calls and result processing. Despite its effectiveness in achieving high accuracy on genomic benchmarks, GeneGPT’s architecture exhibits several limiting characteristics that constrain its scalability and adaptability. The system’s rigid dependency on specific API formats makes it fragile when interfacing with evolving tools, while its reliance on extensive context windows can lead to attention dilution and reduced focus on the original query [ 13 , 9 ] . Furthermore, the sequential processing approach struggles with multi-turn conversations [ 11 ] where context drift becomes problematic, and the stop-token mechanisms for API call extraction lack the robustness needed for integration with newer LLMs . In response to these limitations and building upon recent advances in multi-agent LLM systems [ 4 ] , we propose a novel multi-agent architecture that addresses these efficiency bottlenecks through specialized agent coordination and dynamic task decomposition. We first conduct a GeneGPT reproducibility study and adapt the system to more recent LLMs to identify key limitations. Second, we introduce GenomAgent , a multi-agent framework that extends GeneGPT’s capabilities. Experimental results show GenomAgent achieves an average performance score of 0.93 (+12% over GeneGPT’s 0.83) while reducing computational costs by 79% ($2.11 vs. $10.06 total) across the GeneTuring benchmark [ 8 ] . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 1 reviews GeneGPT, Section 3 details GeneGPT replication, Section 3 describes GenomAgent , Section 5 presents the experiments, and Section 6 provides some final remarks. 2 GeneGPT GeneGPT [ 10 ] is a domain-specific system that enhances LLMs by integrating a tool-augmented architecture to connect Natural Language ( NL ) queries with structured genomics databases. It utilizes in-context learning , enabling the LLM to dynamically generate and execute API calls to external resources, thus allowing real-time data retrieval and synthesis. This approach overcomes the limitations of static knowledge repositories in pre-trained models and demonstrates the extended utility of LLMs in specialized fields by ensuring access to up-to-date, structured data, while retaining their NLP capabilities for scientific QA . GeneGPT employs a specialized prompting strategy that leverages the code completion capabilities of LLMs . It is based on OpenAI Codex [ 6 ] , and the prompt structure includes task instructions, relevant API documentation for E-utils and BLAST [ 17 , 2 , 7 ] , in-context learning examples, and the target question. GeneGPT uses the special symbol “ → \rightarrow ” as a stop token to identify API calls. When the LLM generates text containing this symbol, the system: (1) extracts the URL using a regex pattern; (2) executes the API call; and (3) appends the API result to the prompt. The model then continues generation, repeating steps 1-3 for any additional API calls, until the termination token “ \ n \ n \backslash\texttt{n}\backslash\texttt{n} ” is detected. Then, the LLM generates the final answer using the retrieved results and in-context understanding of the examples. GeneGPT was developed in four configurations: full, slim, turbo, and lang. In full settings, the system incorporates complete API documentation and four examples, while slim uses only two examples. The turbo configuration replaces Codex with GPT-3.5-turbo-16k , and lang implements the ReAct framework [ 22 ] . The system was evaluated on nine tasks in the GeneTuring benchmark. Based on the experimental results, GeneGPT achieves state-of-the-art performance with an average performance score of 0.83, which substantially outperforms baselines as Bing Chat (0.44), BioMedLM [ 14 ] (0.08), and GPT-3 (0.16). GeneGPT performance was assessed across multiple evaluation metrics designed for different tasks within the GeneTuring benchmark. These include exact match accuracy for nomenclature tasks, recall for association tasks, and task-specific scoring for alignment tasks. While individual task metrics employ different evaluation criteria and cannot be directly compared inter-task due to varying task complexity and requirements, all metrics are normalized in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] , enabling uniform interpretation. For comparative analysis, following an established approach in multi-task evaluation [ 20 , 21 ] , we report a macro-averaged performance score computed as the arithmetic mean across all task-specific metrics, providing a singular measure of overall system accuracy while acknowledging that this aggregate metric represents a simplified view of the system’s diverse capabilities across heterogeneous genomics QA tasks. 3 Reproducibility of GeneGPT To understand GeneGPT’s operational principles and identify improvement opportunities, we conducted a reproducibility study. The original system relied on code-davinci-002 and GPT-3.5-turbo-16k , which were deprecated in 2023 and 2024, respectively 1 1 1 . We selected GPT-4o-mini as the replacement model due to its performance, cost efficiency, and current stability . We implemented two compatible configurations: turbo and lang . The original paper for the lang setting mentions only LangChain as the orchestration framework without detailing its implementation. Due to substantial changes and deprecation in favor of LangGraph 2 2 2 , we opted for LangGraph for this configuration. We preserve GeneGPT’s core design based on the stop-token interaction mechanism. Table 1: Results of the reproducibility of GeneGPT on the GeneTuring Benchmark. Model Nomenclature GenomicLocation FunctionalAnalysis SequenceAlignment Gene Alias Name Conv. SNP Assoc. Gene Loc. SNP Loc. Disease Assoc. Protein Genes DNA to Human DNA to Species GeneGPT Turbo 0.64 1.00 0.96 0.54 0.98 0.63 0.96 0.42 0.88 Reproduced 0.68 0.98 0.90 0.54 0.92 0.56 0.80 0.07 0.62 Relative diff 6.25% -2.00% -6.25% 0.00% -6.12% -11.11% -16.67% -83.33% -29.55% GeneGPT Lang 0.76 0.02 0.90 0.54 0.74 0.39 0.90 0.06 0.54 Reproduced 0.76 0.92 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.76 1.00 0.31 0.54 Relative diff 0.00% 4500% 11.11% 33.33% 35.14% 94.87% 11.11% 416.67% 0.00% During the reproduction process, we encountered two main challenges. First, GPT-4o-mini did not consistently follow the URL generation format required by GeneGPT’s extraction pipeline. We addressed this by explicitly prompting the model to use the desired format. Second, the original implementation used context truncation to avoid exceeding length limits, which hindered HTML data extraction by discarding critical information. We removed this limit with GPT-4o-mini’s larger context window. Unlike the original system’s single-token outputs, the reproduced system often requires manual extraction from multi-sentence responses before automatic evaluation. For the reproducibility analysis, we employ the GeneTuring Benchmark, which encompasses 12 distinct tasks, each comprising 50 question-answer pairs. We approached 9 of these GeneTuring tasks, replicating the original GeneGPT paper. These selected tasks are grouped into four main subcategories: (1) nomenclature inquiries, focusing on gene aliases and name transformations; (2) genomic location inquiries, examining the positioning of genes and SNPs and their interrelations; (3) functional analysis inquiries, investigating aspects such as gene-disease associations and the genes responsible for protein coding; and (4) sequence alignment inquiries, which involve mapping DNA sequences to the human genome and comparing them across various species. Table 1 presents the reproduced results. Our reproduced system consistently shows improvements in the lang setting; these gains show that correct implementation of ReAct architecture with newer models can increase performance. However, in turbo settings, we observed high variation and degradation as a result of the non-compatibility of stop-token processing with general-purpose LLMs . We manually reviewed and categorized all the mistakes made by the system we replicated into three distinct types: E1: incomplete data coverage, where correct answers do not exist in NCBI; E2: stop-token parsing failures, where LLM does not generate API calls in the expected format; E3: context loss, where large API responses cause LLM to lose focus on the original question. Our results suggest that the reproduced turbo setting causes errors due to E2, where the system gets stuck in a loop, and ultimately, no results are achieved. In contrast, in lang mode, the most dominant errors are related to E1 and E3. 4 GenomAgent Figure 1: GenomAgent multi-agent architecture and workflow. We present GenomAgent , a multi-agent architecture (see Figure 1 ) that extends beyond single-agent approaches for biomedical QA . The system uses multiple specialized agents to handle questions through a coordinated workflow and enable flexible interaction with various biomedical APIs and DBs. GenomAgent implements a hierarchical multi-agent architecture comprising four core processing agents and three specialized utility agents. The Task Detection Agent serves as the initial query router, performing intent classification to determine appropriate processing workflows based on predefined configuration schemas. The Multi-source Coordination Protocol (MCP) Agent orchestrates parallel API interactions across heterogeneous biomedical databases (NCBI [ 7 ] , HGNC [ 18 ] , UCSC [ 16 ] ), implementing asynchronous query dispatch and response aggregation protocols. The Response Handler Agent processes heterogeneous API responses through dual processing pipelines: (1) JSON responses undergo threshold-based evaluation, triggering the Feature Extractor Agent for schema summarization when size limits are exceeded, and (2) HTML responses activate the Code Writer Agent to generate targeted extraction scripts executed by the Code Executor Agent . Generated extraction code is cached in a shared repository to enable reuse and reduce computational overhead. The Final Decision Agent performs multi-source response synthesis using consensus-based aggregation algorithms to generate coherent answers. Built on the Google Agent Development Kit, GenomAgent addresses three critical limitations identified in GeneGPT: (1) source diversity through multi-database querying to reduce information gaps, (2) modular processing via specialized agents to handle heterogeneous response formats, and (3) adaptive extraction through dynamic code generation for complex data structures. This architecture enables parallel processing, reduces context window constraints, and provides fault tolerance through distributed task execution. 5 Experiments GenomAgent evaluation follows the same experimental setup as our reproducibility study with enhanced precision improvements. Task specific evaluation metrics include: exact matching for nomenclature and genomic location tasks; recall calculation based on exact gene matches for gene-disease associations; vocabulary-mapped exact matching for cross-species DNA alignment (mapping Latin to common names, e.g., “Homo sapiens” to “human”); and partial scoring for human genome alignment, awarding 0.5 points for correct chromosome identification with incorrect positions (e.g., chr8:708–882 vs. chr8:120–121 ). Our experimental protocol differs from GeneGPT in two key aspects: (1) expanded vocabulary mappings to accommodate updated NCBI species annotations, and (2) enhanced partial scoring that calculates sequence-level similarity for both start and end positions in alignment tasks. We applied identical evaluation protocols to both GeneGPT and GenomAgent to ensure fair comparison. The expanded vocabulary mappings and partial scoring mechanisms were applied to both systems when evaluating on the GeneTuring benchmark. Table 2: Performance and cost ($) on GeneTuring. Best existing models are underlined; bottom row shows GenomAgent ’s improvement over best baseline. Model Nomenclature Genomic Location Functional Analysis Sequence Alignment Overall Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Avg ↑ \uparrow Total($) ↓ \downarrow GeneGPT Full 0.90 2.19 0.87 2.36 0.76 2.13 0.65 1.69 0.80 11.14 GeneGPT Slim 0.92 1.63 0.88 2.52 0.84 1.67 0.66 1.74 0.83 10.06 GeneGPT Turbo 0.82 4.39 0.82 4.73 0.80 4.25 0.65 3.39 0.78 16.76 GeneGPT Lang 0.39 n/a 0.73 n/a 0.65 n/a 0.30 n/a 0.54 n/a GenomAgent (Ours) 0.98 0.43 0.98 0.88 0.89 0.25 0.85 0.55 0.93 2.11 Improvement (%) 6.5% 73.6% 11.4% 62.7% 4.8% 85.0% 28.8% 68.4% 12.0% 79.0% Furthermore, we quantify the computational cost for each task. This is achieved by tracking the number of input and output tokens and applying real-model pricing to derive the total cost per task. Figure 2: Performance-cost tradeoff on GeneTuring. Bubble size shows normalized cost; High Value Region shows optimal performance at minimal cost. Table 2 reports the performance and cost of GenomAgent in GeneTuring tasks compared to GeneGPT’s main results. GenomAgent achieves substantial improvements in both performance and computational efficiency. Our model attains an average score of 0.93, exceeding the best-performing GeneGPT model (0.83). In simple tasks (nomenclature and genomic location), our system achieves near-perfect performance with a score of 0.98, surpassing GeneGPT-slim’s scores of 0.92 for nomenclature and 0.88 for genomic location. Most notably, in alignment tasks, which are the most challenging task for GeneGPT, we achieve a remarkable 28.8% improvement. Computational cost analysis reveals even more striking improvements. GenomAgent costs only $2.11 total in all tasks (79.0% reduction from best-performing GeneGPT ($10.06)). In addition, as shown in Figure 2 , GenomAgent is the optimal selection, as it achieves a high score at minimal computational expense. 6 Final Remarks and Future Work In this study, we reproduce GeneGPT [ 10 ] to pinpoint three critical bottlenecks: (i) limited data coverage, (ii) parsing failures, and (iii) context loss in multi-turn queries. We then introduce GenomAgent , a hierarchical multi-agent framework that orchestrates parallel API queries, dynamic data extraction, and consensus-based response synthesis. Evaluated on the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent achieves a 12% increase in average performance (0.93 vs. 0.83) and a 79% reduction in computational cost ($2.11 vs. $10.06). Sequence alignment tasks see the largest gains (28.8%), driven by multi-source retrieval and adaptive partial scoring. Unlike GeneGPT’s rigid single-agent design, GenomAgent ’s modular agents seamlessly adapt to new LLMs and evolving database schemas. These results demonstrate that coordinated multi-agent orchestration can deliver both superior accuracy and substantial resource efficiency for genomic question answering. Looking ahead, our results suggest several promising research directions: First, we acknowledge that the 12% average improvement cannot be cleanly attributed to specific architectural choices without systematic ablation analysis. Decomposing components through controlled experiments that isolate individual elements can demonstrate the contribution of each architectural component. Second, our evaluation is limited to the GeneTuring benchmark. This restricted scope prevents us from fully validating GenomAgent ’s generalizability across diverse genomic QA tasks. Third, investigating hybrid approaches that combine the efficiency of single-agent systems for simple queries with multi-agent coordination for complex tasks could optimize the performance-cost tradeoff. Fourth, the development of automated prompt optimization techniques for agent-specific instructions could further reduce the manual effort required for system configuration. Finally, extending our comparative analysis to include emerging state-of-the-art frameworks such as [ 5 ] will enable benchmarking of our system’s capabilities against the latest advances. We will investigate all these dimensions in the planned future work. Acknowledgments This work is partially supported by the HEREDITARY Project, as part of the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No GA 101137074. Disclosure of Interests The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. References [1] S. Ali, Y. A. Qadri, K. Ahmad, Z. Lin, M. Leung, S. W. Kim, A. V. Vasilakos, and T. Zhou (2025) Large language models in genomics—a perspective on personalized medicine . Bioengineering 12 ( 5 ), pp. 440 . Cited by: §1 . [2] S. F. Altschul, W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers, and D. J. Lipman (1990) Basic local alignment search tool . Journal of Molecular Biology 215 ( 3 ), pp. 403–410 . Cited by: §2 . [3] T. Brown, B. Mann, N. Ryder, M. Subbiah, J. D. Kaplan, P. Dhariwal, A. Neelakantan, P. Shyam, G. Sastry, A. Askell, et al. (2020) Language models are few-shot learners . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 , pp. 1877–1901 . Cited by: §1 . [4] M. Cemri, M. Z. Pan, S. Yang, L. A. Agrawal, B. Chopra, R. Tiwari, K. Keutzer, A. Parameswaran, D. Klein, K. Ramchandran, et al. (2025) Why do multi-agent LLM systems fail? . arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.13657 . Cited by: §1 . [5] H. Chen, G. Zuccon, and T. Leelanupab (2025) Beyond genegpt: a multi-agent architecture with open-source llms for enhanced genomic question answering . In Proceedings of the 2025 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region , pp. 143–152 . Cited by: §6 . [6] M. Chen, J. Tworek, H. Jun, Q. Yuan, H. P. D. O. Pinto, J. Kaplan, H. Edwards, Y. Burda, N. Joseph, G. Brockman, et al. (2021) Evaluating large language models trained on code . arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374 . Cited by: §2 . [7] N. R. Coordinators (2015) Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information . Nucleic Acids Research 43 ( D1 ), pp. D6–D17 . Cited by: §2 , §4 . [8] W. Hou and Z. Ji (2023) GeneTuring tests gpt models in genomics. . BioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology . Cited by: §1 . [9] C. Hsieh, Y. Chuang, C. Li, Z. Wang, L. Le, A. Kumar, J. Glass, A. Ratner, C. Lee, R. Krishna, et al. (2024) Found in the middle: calibrating positional attention bias improves long context utilization . In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024 , pp. 14982–14995 . Cited by: §1 . [10] Q. Jin, Y. Yang, Q. Chen, and Z. Lu (2024) Genegpt: augmenting large language models with domain tools for improved access to biomedical information . Bioinformatics 40 ( 2 ), pp. btae075 . Cited by: §1 , §2 , §6 . [11] P. Laban, H. Hayashi, Y. Zhou, and J. Neville (2025) Llms get lost in multi-turn conversation . arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.06120 . Cited by: §1 . [12] Q. Li, L. Li, and Y. Li (2024) Developing ChatGPT for biology and medicine: a complete review of biomedical question answering . Biophysics Reports 10 ( 3 ), pp. 152 . Cited by: §1 . [13] N. F. Liu, K. Lin, J. Hewitt, A. Paranjape, M. Bevilacqua, F. Petroni, and P. Liang (2024) Lost in the middle: how language models use long contexts . Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 12 , pp. 157–173 . Cited by: §1 . [14] R. Luo, L. Sun, Y. Xia, T. Qin, S. Zhang, H. Poon, and T. Liu (2022) BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining . Briefings in Bioinformatics 23 ( 6 ), pp. bbac409 . Cited by: §2 . [15] T. Masterman, S. Besen, M. Sawtell, and A. Chao (2024) The landscape of emerging AI agent architectures for reasoning, planning, and tool calling: a survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.11584 . Cited by: §1 . [16] G. Perez, G. P. Barber, A. Benet-Pages, J. Casper, H. Clawson, M. Diekhans, C. Fischer, J. N. Gonzalez, A. S. Hinrichs, C. M. Lee, et al. (2025) The UCSC genome browser database: 2025 update . Nucleic Acids Research 53 ( D1 ), pp. D1243–D1249 . Cited by: §4 . [17] G. D. Schuler, J. A. Epstein, H. Ohkawa, and J. A. Kans (1996) [10] entrez: molecular biology database and retrieval system . In Methods in Enzymology , Vol. 266 , pp. 141–162 . Cited by: §2 . [18] R. L. Seal, B. Braschi, K. Gray, T. E. Jones, S. Tweedie, L. Haim-Vilmovsky, and E. A. Bruford (2023) Genenames. org: the HGNC resources in 2023 . Nucleic Acids Research 51 ( D1 ), pp. D1003–D1009 . Cited by: §4 . [19] Z. Shen (2024) LLM with tools: a survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.18807 . Cited by: §1 . [20] A. Wang, Y. Pruksachatkun, N. Nangia, A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. Bowman (2019) Superglue: a stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 . Cited by: §2 . [21] A. Wang, A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. Bowman (2018) GLUE: a multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding . In Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and interpreting neural networks for NLP , pp. 353–355 . Cited by: §2 . [22] S. Yao, J. Zhao, D. Yu, N. Du, I. Shafran, K. R. Narasimhan, and Y. Cao (2023) React: synergizing reasoning and acting in language models . In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations , Cited by: §2 . LLM Large Language Model MCP Model Context Protocol QA Question Answering NL Natural Language From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Abstract Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering ( QA ) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent , a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. 1 Introduction Large Language Models have shown remarkable potential in QA tasks and have recently gained traction in genomic QA applications [ 12 , 1 ] . A notable and widely cited example is GeneGPT [ 10 ] , which currently represents the state-of-the-art for genomic QA tasks by successfully augmenting LLMs with external domain-specific APIs through in-context learning [ 3 ] and tool integration [ 19 ] . GeneGPT operates as a single-agent architecture [ 15 ] where an LLM is guided through carefully constructed prompts containing API documentation and examples, with inference managed sequentially through a single forward loop of API calls and result processing. Despite its effectiveness in achieving high accuracy on genomic benchmarks, GeneGPT’s architecture exhibits several limiting characteristics that constrain its scalability and adaptability. The system’s rigid dependency on specific API formats makes it fragile when interfacing with evolving tools, while its reliance on extensive context windows can lead to attention dilution and reduced focus on the original query [ 13 , 9 ] . Furthermore, the sequential processing approach struggles with multi-turn conversations [ 11 ] where context drift becomes problematic, and the stop-token mechanisms for API call extraction lack the robustness needed for integration with newer LLMs . In response to these limitations and building upon recent advances in multi-agent LLM systems [ 4 ] , we propose a novel multi-agent architecture that addresses these efficiency bottlenecks through specialized agent coordination and dynamic task decomposition. We first conduct a GeneGPT reproducibility study and adapt the system to more recent LLMs to identify key limitations. Second, we introduce GenomAgent , a multi-agent framework that extends GeneGPT’s capabilities. Experimental results show GenomAgent achieves an average performance score of 0.93 (+12% over GeneGPT’s 0.83) while reducing computational costs by 79% ($2.11 vs. $10.06 total) across the GeneTuring benchmark [ 8 ] . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 1 reviews GeneGPT, Section 3 details GeneGPT replication, Section 3 describes GenomAgent , Section 5 presents the experiments, and Section 6 provides some final remarks. 1 Introduction Large Language Models have shown remarkable potential in QA tasks and have recently gained traction in genomic QA applications [ 12 , 1 ] . A notable and widely cited example is GeneGPT [ 10 ] , which currently represents the state-of-the-art for genomic QA tasks by successfully augmenting LLMs with external domain-specific APIs through in-context learning [ 3 ] and tool integration [ 19 ] . GeneGPT operates as a single-agent architecture [ 15 ] where an LLM is guided through carefully constructed prompts containing API documentation and examples, with inference managed sequentially through a single forward loop of API calls and result processing. Despite its effectiveness in achieving high accuracy on genomic benchmarks, GeneGPT’s architecture exhibits several limiting characteristics that constrain its scalability and adaptability. The system’s rigid dependency on specific API formats makes it fragile when interfacing with evolving tools, while its reliance on extensive context windows can lead to attention dilution and reduced focus on the original query [ 13 , 9 ] . Furthermore, the sequential processing approach struggles with multi-turn conversations [ 11 ] where context drift becomes problematic, and the stop-token mechanisms for API call extraction lack the robustness needed for integration with newer LLMs . In response to these limitations and building upon recent advances in multi-agent LLM systems [ 4 ] , we propose a novel multi-agent architecture that addresses these efficiency bottlenecks through specialized agent coordination and dynamic task decomposition. We first conduct a GeneGPT reproducibility study and adapt the system to more recent LLMs to identify key limitations. Second, we introduce GenomAgent , a multi-agent framework that extends GeneGPT’s capabilities. Experimental results show GenomAgent achieves an average performance score of 0.93 (+12% over GeneGPT’s 0.83) while reducing computational costs by 79% ($2.11 vs. $10.06 total) across the GeneTuring benchmark [ 8 ] . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 1 reviews GeneGPT, Section 3 details GeneGPT replication, Section 3 describes GenomAgent , Section 5 presents the experiments, and Section 6 provides some final remarks. 2 GeneGPT GeneGPT [ 10 ] is a domain-specific system that enhances LLMs by integrating a tool-augmented architecture to connect Natural Language ( NL ) queries with structured genomics databases. It utilizes in-context learning , enabling the LLM to dynamically generate and execute API calls to external resources, thus allowing real-time data retrieval and synthesis. This approach overcomes the limitations of static knowledge repositories in pre-trained models and demonstrates the extended utility of LLMs in specialized fields by ensuring access to up-to-date, structured data, while retaining their NLP capabilities for scientific QA . GeneGPT employs a specialized prompting strategy that leverages the code completion capabilities of LLMs . It is based on OpenAI Codex [ 6 ] , and the prompt structure includes task instructions, relevant API documentation for E-utils and BLAST [ 17 , 2 , 7 ] , in-context learning examples, and the target question. GeneGPT uses the special symbol “ → \rightarrow ” as a stop token to identify API calls. When the LLM generates text containing this symbol, the system: (1) extracts the URL using a regex pattern; (2) executes the API call; and (3) appends the API result to the prompt. The model then continues generation, repeating steps 1-3 for any additional API calls, until the termination token “ \ n \ n \backslash\texttt{n}\backslash\texttt{n} ” is detected. Then, the LLM generates the final answer using the retrieved results and in-context understanding of the examples. GeneGPT was developed in four configurations: full, slim, turbo, and lang. In full settings, the system incorporates complete API documentation and four examples, while slim uses only two examples. The turbo configuration replaces Codex with GPT-3.5-turbo-16k , and lang implements the ReAct framework [ 22 ] . The system was evaluated on nine tasks in the GeneTuring benchmark. Based on the experimental results, GeneGPT achieves state-of-the-art performance with an average performance score of 0.83, which substantially outperforms baselines as Bing Chat (0.44), BioMedLM [ 14 ] (0.08), and GPT-3 (0.16). GeneGPT performance was assessed across multiple evaluation metrics designed for different tasks within the GeneTuring benchmark. These include exact match accuracy for nomenclature tasks, recall for association tasks, and task-specific scoring for alignment tasks. While individual task metrics employ different evaluation criteria and cannot be directly compared inter-task due to varying task complexity and requirements, all metrics are normalized in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] , enabling uniform interpretation. For comparative analysis, following an established approach in multi-task evaluation [ 20 , 21 ] , we report a macro-averaged performance score computed as the arithmetic mean across all task-specific metrics, providing a singular measure of overall system accuracy while acknowledging that this aggregate metric represents a simplified view of the system’s diverse capabilities across heterogeneous genomics QA tasks. 2 GeneGPT GeneGPT [ 10 ] is a domain-specific system that enhances LLMs by integrating a tool-augmented architecture to connect Natural Language ( NL ) queries with structured genomics databases. It utilizes in-context learning , enabling the LLM to dynamically generate and execute API calls to external resources, thus allowing real-time data retrieval and synthesis. This approach overcomes the limitations of static knowledge repositories in pre-trained models and demonstrates the extended utility of LLMs in specialized fields by ensuring access to up-to-date, structured data, while retaining their NLP capabilities for scientific QA . GeneGPT employs a specialized prompting strategy that leverages the code completion capabilities of LLMs . It is based on OpenAI Codex [ 6 ] , and the prompt structure includes task instructions, relevant API documentation for E-utils and BLAST [ 17 , 2 , 7 ] , in-context learning examples, and the target question. GeneGPT uses the special symbol “ → \rightarrow ” as a stop token to identify API calls. When the LLM generates text containing this symbol, the system: (1) extracts the URL using a regex pattern; (2) executes the API call; and (3) appends the API result to the prompt. The model then continues generation, repeating steps 1-3 for any additional API calls, until the termination token “ \ n \ n \backslash\texttt{n}\backslash\texttt{n} ” is detected. Then, the LLM generates the final answer using the retrieved results and in-context understanding of the examples. GeneGPT was developed in four configurations: full, slim, turbo, and lang. In full settings, the system incorporates complete API documentation and four examples, while slim uses only two examples. The turbo configuration replaces Codex with GPT-3.5-turbo-16k , and lang implements the ReAct framework [ 22 ] . The system was evaluated on nine tasks in the GeneTuring benchmark. Based on the experimental results, GeneGPT achieves state-of-the-art performance with an average performance score of 0.83, which substantially outperforms baselines as Bing Chat (0.44), BioMedLM [ 14 ] (0.08), and GPT-3 (0.16). GeneGPT performance was assessed across multiple evaluation metrics designed for different tasks within the GeneTuring benchmark. These include exact match accuracy for nomenclature tasks, recall for association tasks, and task-specific scoring for alignment tasks. While individual task metrics employ different evaluation criteria and cannot be directly compared inter-task due to varying task complexity and requirements, all metrics are normalized in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] , enabling uniform interpretation. For comparative analysis, following an established approach in multi-task evaluation [ 20 , 21 ] , we report a macro-averaged performance score computed as the arithmetic mean across all task-specific metrics, providing a singular measure of overall system accuracy while acknowledging that this aggregate metric represents a simplified view of the system’s diverse capabilities across heterogeneous genomics QA tasks. 3 Reproducibility of GeneGPT To understand GeneGPT’s operational principles and identify improvement opportunities, we conducted a reproducibility study. The original system relied on code-davinci-002 and GPT-3.5-turbo-16k , which were deprecated in 2023 and 2024, respectively 1 1 1 . We selected GPT-4o-mini as the replacement model due to its performance, cost efficiency, and current stability . We implemented two compatible configurations: turbo and lang . The original paper for the lang setting mentions only LangChain as the orchestration framework without detailing its implementation. Due to substantial changes and deprecation in favor of LangGraph 2 2 2 , we opted for LangGraph for this configuration. We preserve GeneGPT’s core design based on the stop-token interaction mechanism. Table 1: Results of the reproducibility of GeneGPT on the GeneTuring Benchmark. Model Nomenclature GenomicLocation FunctionalAnalysis SequenceAlignment Gene Alias Name Conv. SNP Assoc. Gene Loc. SNP Loc. Disease Assoc. Protein Genes DNA to Human DNA to Species GeneGPT Turbo 0.64 1.00 0.96 0.54 0.98 0.63 0.96 0.42 0.88 Reproduced 0.68 0.98 0.90 0.54 0.92 0.56 0.80 0.07 0.62 Relative diff 6.25% -2.00% -6.25% 0.00% -6.12% -11.11% -16.67% -83.33% -29.55% GeneGPT Lang 0.76 0.02 0.90 0.54 0.74 0.39 0.90 0.06 0.54 Reproduced 0.76 0.92 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.76 1.00 0.31 0.54 Relative diff 0.00% 4500% 11.11% 33.33% 35.14% 94.87% 11.11% 416.67% 0.00% During the reproduction process, we encountered two main challenges. First, GPT-4o-mini did not consistently follow the URL generation format required by GeneGPT’s extraction pipeline. We addressed this by explicitly prompting the model to use the desired format. Second, the original implementation used context truncation to avoid exceeding length limits, which hindered HTML data extraction by discarding critical information. We removed this limit with GPT-4o-mini’s larger context window. Unlike the original system’s single-token outputs, the reproduced system often requires manual extraction from multi-sentence responses before automatic evaluation. For the reproducibility analysis, we employ the GeneTuring Benchmark, which encompasses 12 distinct tasks, each comprising 50 question-answer pairs. We approached 9 of these GeneTuring tasks, replicating the original GeneGPT paper. These selected tasks are grouped into four main subcategories: (1) nomenclature inquiries, focusing on gene aliases and name transformations; (2) genomic location inquiries, examining the positioning of genes and SNPs and their interrelations; (3) functional analysis inquiries, investigating aspects such as gene-disease associations and the genes responsible for protein coding; and (4) sequence alignment inquiries, which involve mapping DNA sequences to the human genome and comparing them across various species. Table 1 presents the reproduced results. Our reproduced system consistently shows improvements in the lang setting; these gains show that correct implementation of ReAct architecture with newer models can increase performance. However, in turbo settings, we observed high variation and degradation as a result of the non-compatibility of stop-token processing with general-purpose LLMs . We manually reviewed and categorized all the mistakes made by the system we replicated into three distinct types: E1: incomplete data coverage, where correct answers do not exist in NCBI; E2: stop-token parsing failures, where LLM does not generate API calls in the expected format; E3: context loss, where large API responses cause LLM to lose focus on the original question. Our results suggest that the reproduced turbo setting causes errors due to E2, where the system gets stuck in a loop, and ultimately, no results are achieved. In contrast, in lang mode, the most dominant errors are related to E1 and E3. 3 Reproducibility of GeneGPT To understand GeneGPT’s operational principles and identify improvement opportunities, we conducted a reproducibility study. The original system relied on code-davinci-002 and GPT-3.5-turbo-16k , which were deprecated in 2023 and 2024, respectively 1 1 1 . We selected GPT-4o-mini as the replacement model due to its performance, cost efficiency, and current stability . We implemented two compatible configurations: turbo and lang . The original paper for the lang setting mentions only LangChain as the orchestration framework without detailing its implementation. Due to substantial changes and deprecation in favor of LangGraph 2 2 2 , we opted for LangGraph for this configuration. We preserve GeneGPT’s core design based on the stop-token interaction mechanism. Model Nomenclature GenomicLocation FunctionalAnalysis SequenceAlignment Gene Alias Name Conv. SNP Assoc. Gene Loc. SNP Loc. Disease Assoc. Protein Genes DNA to Human DNA to Species GeneGPT Turbo 0.64 1.00 0.96 0.54 0.98 0.63 0.96 0.42 0.88 Reproduced 0.68 0.98 0.90 0.54 0.92 0.56 0.80 0.07 0.62 Relative diff 6.25% -2.00% -6.25% 0.00% -6.12% -11.11% -16.67% -83.33% -29.55% GeneGPT Lang 0.76 0.02 0.90 0.54 0.74 0.39 0.90 0.06 0.54 Reproduced 0.76 0.92 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.76 1.00 0.31 0.54 Relative diff 0.00% 4500% 11.11% 33.33% 35.14% 94.87% 11.11% 416.67% 0.00% During the reproduction process, we encountered two main challenges. First, GPT-4o-mini did not consistently follow the URL generation format required by GeneGPT’s extraction pipeline. We addressed this by explicitly prompting the model to use the desired format. Second, the original implementation used context truncation to avoid exceeding length limits, which hindered HTML data extraction by discarding critical information. We removed this limit with GPT-4o-mini’s larger context window. Unlike the original system’s single-token outputs, the reproduced system often requires manual extraction from multi-sentence responses before automatic evaluation. For the reproducibility analysis, we employ the GeneTuring Benchmark, which encompasses 12 distinct tasks, each comprising 50 question-answer pairs. We approached 9 of these GeneTuring tasks, replicating the original GeneGPT paper. These selected tasks are grouped into four main subcategories: (1) nomenclature inquiries, focusing on gene aliases and name transformations; (2) genomic location inquiries, examining the positioning of genes and SNPs and their interrelations; (3) functional analysis inquiries, investigating aspects such as gene-disease associations and the genes responsible for protein coding; and (4) sequence alignment inquiries, which involve mapping DNA sequences to the human genome and comparing them across various species. Table 1 presents the reproduced results. Our reproduced system consistently shows improvements in the lang setting; these gains show that correct implementation of ReAct architecture with newer models can increase performance. However, in turbo settings, we observed high variation and degradation as a result of the non-compatibility of stop-token processing with general-purpose LLMs . We manually reviewed and categorized all the mistakes made by the system we replicated into three distinct types: E1: incomplete data coverage, where correct answers do not exist in NCBI; E2: stop-token parsing failures, where LLM does not generate API calls in the expected format; E3: context loss, where large API responses cause LLM to lose focus on the original question. Our results suggest that the reproduced turbo setting causes errors due to E2, where the system gets stuck in a loop, and ultimately, no results are achieved. In contrast, in lang mode, the most dominant errors are related to E1 and E3. 4 GenomAgent Figure 1: GenomAgent multi-agent architecture and workflow. We present GenomAgent , a multi-agent architecture (see Figure 1 ) that extends beyond single-agent approaches for biomedical QA . The system uses multiple specialized agents to handle questions through a coordinated workflow and enable flexible interaction with various biomedical APIs and DBs. GenomAgent implements a hierarchical multi-agent architecture comprising four core processing agents and three specialized utility agents. The Task Detection Agent serves as the initial query router, performing intent classification to determine appropriate processing workflows based on predefined configuration schemas. The Multi-source Coordination Protocol (MCP) Agent orchestrates parallel API interactions across heterogeneous biomedical databases (NCBI [ 7 ] , HGNC [ 18 ] , UCSC [ 16 ] ), implementing asynchronous query dispatch and response aggregation protocols. The Response Handler Agent processes heterogeneous API responses through dual processing pipelines: (1) JSON responses undergo threshold-based evaluation, triggering the Feature Extractor Agent for schema summarization when size limits are exceeded, and (2) HTML responses activate the Code Writer Agent to generate targeted extraction scripts executed by the Code Executor Agent . Generated extraction code is cached in a shared repository to enable reuse and reduce computational overhead. The Final Decision Agent performs multi-source response synthesis using consensus-based aggregation algorithms to generate coherent answers. Built on the Google Agent Development Kit, GenomAgent addresses three critical limitations identified in GeneGPT: (1) source diversity through multi-database querying to reduce information gaps, (2) modular processing via specialized agents to handle heterogeneous response formats, and (3) adaptive extraction through dynamic code generation for complex data structures. This architecture enables parallel processing, reduces context window constraints, and provides fault tolerance through distributed task execution. 4 GenomAgent We present GenomAgent , a multi-agent architecture (see Figure 1 ) that extends beyond single-agent approaches for biomedical QA . The system uses multiple specialized agents to handle questions through a coordinated workflow and enable flexible interaction with various biomedical APIs and DBs. GenomAgent implements a hierarchical multi-agent architecture comprising four core processing agents and three specialized utility agents. The Task Detection Agent serves as the initial query router, performing intent classification to determine appropriate processing workflows based on predefined configuration schemas. The Multi-source Coordination Protocol (MCP) Agent orchestrates parallel API interactions across heterogeneous biomedical databases (NCBI [ 7 ] , HGNC [ 18 ] , UCSC [ 16 ] ), implementing asynchronous query dispatch and response aggregation protocols. The Response Handler Agent processes heterogeneous API responses through dual processing pipelines: (1) JSON responses undergo threshold-based evaluation, triggering the Feature Extractor Agent for schema summarization when size limits are exceeded, and (2) HTML responses activate the Code Writer Agent to generate targeted extraction scripts executed by the Code Executor Agent . Generated extraction code is cached in a shared repository to enable reuse and reduce computational overhead. The Final Decision Agent performs multi-source response synthesis using consensus-based aggregation algorithms to generate coherent answers. Built on the Google Agent Development Kit, GenomAgent addresses three critical limitations identified in GeneGPT: (1) source diversity through multi-database querying to reduce information gaps, (2) modular processing via specialized agents to handle heterogeneous response formats, and (3) adaptive extraction through dynamic code generation for complex data structures. This architecture enables parallel processing, reduces context window constraints, and provides fault tolerance through distributed task execution. 5 Experiments GenomAgent evaluation follows the same experimental setup as our reproducibility study with enhanced precision improvements. Task specific evaluation metrics include: exact matching for nomenclature and genomic location tasks; recall calculation based on exact gene matches for gene-disease associations; vocabulary-mapped exact matching for cross-species DNA alignment (mapping Latin to common names, e.g., “Homo sapiens” to “human”); and partial scoring for human genome alignment, awarding 0.5 points for correct chromosome identification with incorrect positions (e.g., chr8:708–882 vs. chr8:120–121 ). Our experimental protocol differs from GeneGPT in two key aspects: (1) expanded vocabulary mappings to accommodate updated NCBI species annotations, and (2) enhanced partial scoring that calculates sequence-level similarity for both start and end positions in alignment tasks. We applied identical evaluation protocols to both GeneGPT and GenomAgent to ensure fair comparison. The expanded vocabulary mappings and partial scoring mechanisms were applied to both systems when evaluating on the GeneTuring benchmark. Table 2: Performance and cost ($) on GeneTuring. Best existing models are underlined; bottom row shows GenomAgent ’s improvement over best baseline. Model Nomenclature Genomic Location Functional Analysis Sequence Alignment Overall Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Avg ↑ \uparrow Total($) ↓ \downarrow GeneGPT Full 0.90 2.19 0.87 2.36 0.76 2.13 0.65 1.69 0.80 11.14 GeneGPT Slim 0.92 1.63 0.88 2.52 0.84 1.67 0.66 1.74 0.83 10.06 GeneGPT Turbo 0.82 4.39 0.82 4.73 0.80 4.25 0.65 3.39 0.78 16.76 GeneGPT Lang 0.39 n/a 0.73 n/a 0.65 n/a 0.30 n/a 0.54 n/a GenomAgent (Ours) 0.98 0.43 0.98 0.88 0.89 0.25 0.85 0.55 0.93 2.11 Improvement (%) 6.5% 73.6% 11.4% 62.7% 4.8% 85.0% 28.8% 68.4% 12.0% 79.0% Furthermore, we quantify the computational cost for each task. This is achieved by tracking the number of input and output tokens and applying real-model pricing to derive the total cost per task. Figure 2: Performance-cost tradeoff on GeneTuring. Bubble size shows normalized cost; High Value Region shows optimal performance at minimal cost. Table 2 reports the performance and cost of GenomAgent in GeneTuring tasks compared to GeneGPT’s main results. GenomAgent achieves substantial improvements in both performance and computational efficiency. Our model attains an average score of 0.93, exceeding the best-performing GeneGPT model (0.83). In simple tasks (nomenclature and genomic location), our system achieves near-perfect performance with a score of 0.98, surpassing GeneGPT-slim’s scores of 0.92 for nomenclature and 0.88 for genomic location. Most notably, in alignment tasks, which are the most challenging task for GeneGPT, we achieve a remarkable 28.8% improvement. Computational cost analysis reveals even more striking improvements. GenomAgent costs only $2.11 total in all tasks (79.0% reduction from best-performing GeneGPT ($10.06)). In addition, as shown in Figure 2 , GenomAgent is the optimal selection, as it achieves a high score at minimal computational expense. 5 Experiments GenomAgent evaluation follows the same experimental setup as our reproducibility study with enhanced precision improvements. Task specific evaluation metrics include: exact matching for nomenclature and genomic location tasks; recall calculation based on exact gene matches for gene-disease associations; vocabulary-mapped exact matching for cross-species DNA alignment (mapping Latin to common names, e.g., “Homo sapiens” to “human”); and partial scoring for human genome alignment, awarding 0.5 points for correct chromosome identification with incorrect positions (e.g., chr8:708–882 vs. chr8:120–121 ). Our experimental protocol differs from GeneGPT in two key aspects: (1) expanded vocabulary mappings to accommodate updated NCBI species annotations, and (2) enhanced partial scoring that calculates sequence-level similarity for both start and end positions in alignment tasks. We applied identical evaluation protocols to both GeneGPT and GenomAgent to ensure fair comparison. The expanded vocabulary mappings and partial scoring mechanisms were applied to both systems when evaluating on the GeneTuring benchmark. Model Nomenclature Genomic Location Functional Analysis Sequence Alignment Overall Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Score ↑ \uparrow Cost ↓ \downarrow Avg ↑ \uparrow Total($) ↓ \downarrow GeneGPT Full 0.90 2.19 0.87 2.36 0.76 2.13 0.65 1.69 0.80 11.14 GeneGPT Slim 0.92 1.63 0.88 2.52 0.84 1.67 0.66 1.74 0.83 10.06 GeneGPT Turbo 0.82 4.39 0.82 4.73 0.80 4.25 0.65 3.39 0.78 16.76 GeneGPT Lang 0.39 n/a 0.73 n/a 0.65 n/a 0.30 n/a 0.54 n/a GenomAgent (Ours) 0.98 0.43 0.98 0.88 0.89 0.25 0.85 0.55 0.93 2.11 Improvement (%) 6.5% 73.6% 11.4% 62.7% 4.8% 85.0% 28.8% 68.4% 12.0% 79.0% Furthermore, we quantify the computational cost for each task. This is achieved by tracking the number of input and output tokens and applying real-model pricing to derive the total cost per task. Table 2 reports the performance and cost of GenomAgent in GeneTuring tasks compared to GeneGPT’s main results. GenomAgent achieves substantial improvements in both performance and computational efficiency. Our model attains an average score of 0.93, exceeding the best-performing GeneGPT model (0.83). In simple tasks (nomenclature and genomic location), our system achieves near-perfect performance with a score of 0.98, surpassing GeneGPT-slim’s scores of 0.92 for nomenclature and 0.88 for genomic location. Most notably, in alignment tasks, which are the most challenging task for GeneGPT, we achieve a remarkable 28.8% improvement. Computational cost analysis reveals even more striking improvements. GenomAgent costs only $2.11 total in all tasks (79.0% reduction from best-performing GeneGPT ($10.06)). In addition, as shown in Figure 2 , GenomAgent is the optimal selection, as it achieves a high score at minimal computational expense. 6 Final Remarks and Future Work In this study, we reproduce GeneGPT [ 10 ] to pinpoint three critical bottlenecks: (i) limited data coverage, (ii) parsing failures, and (iii) context loss in multi-turn queries. We then introduce GenomAgent , a hierarchical multi-agent framework that orchestrates parallel API queries, dynamic data extraction, and consensus-based response synthesis. Evaluated on the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent achieves a 12% increase in average performance (0.93 vs. 0.83) and a 79% reduction in computational cost ($2.11 vs. $10.06). Sequence alignment tasks see the largest gains (28.8%), driven by multi-source retrieval and adaptive partial scoring. Unlike GeneGPT’s rigid single-agent design, GenomAgent ’s modular agents seamlessly adapt to new LLMs and evolving database schemas. These results demonstrate that coordinated multi-agent orchestration can deliver both superior accuracy and substantial resource efficiency for genomic question answering. Looking ahead, our results suggest several promising research directions: First, we acknowledge that the 12% average improvement cannot be cleanly attributed to specific architectural choices without systematic ablation analysis. Decomposing components through controlled experiments that isolate individual elements can demonstrate the contribution of each architectural component. Second, our evaluation is limited to the GeneTuring benchmark. This restricted scope prevents us from fully validating GenomAgent ’s generalizability across diverse genomic QA tasks. Third, investigating hybrid approaches that combine the efficiency of single-agent systems for simple queries with multi-agent coordination for complex tasks could optimize the performance-cost tradeoff. Fourth, the development of automated prompt optimization techniques for agent-specific instructions could further reduce the manual effort required for system configuration. Finally, extending our comparative analysis to include emerging state-of-the-art frameworks such as [ 5 ] will enable benchmarking of our system’s capabilities against the latest advances. We will investigate all these dimensions in the planned future work. 6 Final Remarks and Future Work In this study, we reproduce GeneGPT [ 10 ] to pinpoint three critical bottlenecks: (i) limited data coverage, (ii) parsing failures, and (iii) context loss in multi-turn queries. We then introduce GenomAgent , a hierarchical multi-agent framework that orchestrates parallel API queries, dynamic data extraction, and consensus-based response synthesis. Evaluated on the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent achieves a 12% increase in average performance (0.93 vs. 0.83) and a 79% reduction in computational cost ($2.11 vs. $10.06). Sequence alignment tasks see the largest gains (28.8%), driven by multi-source retrieval and adaptive partial scoring. Unlike GeneGPT’s rigid single-agent design, GenomAgent ’s modular agents seamlessly adapt to new LLMs and evolving database schemas. These results demonstrate that coordinated multi-agent orchestration can deliver both superior accuracy and substantial resource efficiency for genomic question answering. Looking ahead, our results suggest several promising research directions: First, we acknowledge that the 12% average improvement cannot be cleanly attributed to specific architectural choices without systematic ablation analysis. Decomposing components through controlled experiments that isolate individual elements can demonstrate the contribution of each architectural component. Second, our evaluation is limited to the GeneTuring benchmark. This restricted scope prevents us from fully validating GenomAgent ’s generalizability across diverse genomic QA tasks. Third, investigating hybrid approaches that combine the efficiency of single-agent systems for simple queries with multi-agent coordination for complex tasks could optimize the performance-cost tradeoff. Fourth, the development of automated prompt optimization techniques for agent-specific instructions could further reduce the manual effort required for system configuration. Finally, extending our comparative analysis to include emerging state-of-the-art frameworks such as [ 5 ] will enable benchmarking of our system’s capabilities against the latest advances. We will investigate all these dimensions in the planned future work. Acknowledgments This work is partially supported by the HEREDITARY Project, as part of the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No GA 101137074. Acknowledgments This work is partially supported by the HEREDITARY Project, as part of the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No GA 101137074. Disclosure of Interests The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Disclosure of Interests The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. References [1] S. Ali, Y. A. Qadri, K. Ahmad, Z. Lin, M. Leung, S. W. Kim, A. V. Vasilakos, and T. Zhou (2025) Large language models in genomics—a perspective on personalized medicine . Bioengineering 12 ( 5 ), pp. 440 . Cited by: §1 . [2] S. F. Altschul, W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers, and D. J. Lipman (1990) Basic local alignment search tool . Journal of Molecular Biology 215 ( 3 ), pp. 403–410 . Cited by: §2 . [3] T. Brown, B. Mann, N. Ryder, M. Subbiah, J. D. Kaplan, P. Dhariwal, A. Neelakantan, P. Shyam, G. Sastry, A. Askell, et al. (2020) Language models are few-shot learners . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 , pp. 1877–1901 . Cited by: §1 . [4] M. Cemri, M. Z. Pan, S. Yang, L. A. Agrawal, B. Chopra, R. Tiwari, K. Keutzer, A. Parameswaran, D. Klein, K. Ramchandran, et al. (2025) Why do multi-agent LLM systems fail? . arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.13657 . Cited by: §1 . [5] H. Chen, G. Zuccon, and T. Leelanupab (2025) Beyond genegpt: a multi-agent architecture with open-source llms for enhanced genomic question answering . In Proceedings of the 2025 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region , pp. 143–152 . Cited by: §6 . [6] M. Chen, J. Tworek, H. Jun, Q. Yuan, H. P. D. O. Pinto, J. Kaplan, H. Edwards, Y. Burda, N. Joseph, G. Brockman, et al. (2021) Evaluating large language models trained on code . arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374 . Cited by: §2 . [7] N. R. Coordinators (2015) Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information . Nucleic Acids Research 43 ( D1 ), pp. D6–D17 . Cited by: §2 , §4 . [8] W. Hou and Z. Ji (2023) GeneTuring tests gpt models in genomics. . BioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology . Cited by: §1 . [9] C. Hsieh, Y. Chuang, C. Li, Z. Wang, L. Le, A. Kumar, J. Glass, A. Ratner, C. Lee, R. Krishna, et al. (2024) Found in the middle: calibrating positional attention bias improves long context utilization . In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024 , pp. 14982–14995 . Cited by: §1 . [10] Q. Jin, Y. Yang, Q. Chen, and Z. Lu (2024) Genegpt: augmenting large language models with domain tools for improved access to biomedical information . Bioinformatics 40 ( 2 ), pp. btae075 . Cited by: §1 , §2 , §6 . [11] P. Laban, H. Hayashi, Y. Zhou, and J. Neville (2025) Llms get lost in multi-turn conversation . arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.06120 . Cited by: §1 . [12] Q. Li, L. Li, and Y. Li (2024) Developing ChatGPT for biology and medicine: a complete review of biomedical question answering . Biophysics Reports 10 ( 3 ), pp. 152 . Cited by: §1 . [13] N. F. Liu, K. Lin, J. Hewitt, A. Paranjape, M. Bevilacqua, F. Petroni, and P. Liang (2024) Lost in the middle: how language models use long contexts . Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 12 , pp. 157–173 . Cited by: §1 . [14] R. Luo, L. Sun, Y. Xia, T. Qin, S. Zhang, H. Poon, and T. Liu (2022) BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining . Briefings in Bioinformatics 23 ( 6 ), pp. bbac409 . Cited by: §2 . [15] T. Masterman, S. Besen, M. Sawtell, and A. Chao (2024) The landscape of emerging AI agent architectures for reasoning, planning, and tool calling: a survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.11584 . Cited by: §1 . [16] G. Perez, G. P. Barber, A. Benet-Pages, J. Casper, H. Clawson, M. Diekhans, C. Fischer, J. N. Gonzalez, A. S. Hinrichs, C. M. Lee, et al. (2025) The UCSC genome browser database: 2025 update . Nucleic Acids Research 53 ( D1 ), pp. D1243–D1249 . Cited by: §4 . [17] G. D. Schuler, J. A. Epstein, H. Ohkawa, and J. A. Kans (1996) [10] entrez: molecular biology database and retrieval system . In Methods in Enzymology , Vol. 266 , pp. 141–162 . Cited by: §2 . [18] R. L. Seal, B. Braschi, K. Gray, T. E. Jones, S. Tweedie, L. Haim-Vilmovsky, and E. A. Bruford (2023) Genenames. org: the HGNC resources in 2023 . Nucleic Acids Research 51 ( D1 ), pp. D1003–D1009 . Cited by: §4 . [19] Z. Shen (2024) LLM with tools: a survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.18807 . Cited by: §1 . [20] A. Wang, Y. Pruksachatkun, N. Nangia, A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. Bowman (2019) Superglue: a stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 . Cited by: §2 . [21] A. Wang, A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. Bowman (2018) GLUE: a multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding . In Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and interpreting neural networks for NLP , pp. 353–355 . Cited by: §2 . [22] S. Yao, J. Zhao, D. Yu, N. Du, I. Shafran, K. R. Narasimhan, and Y. Cao (2023) React: synergizing reasoning and acting in language models . In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations , Cited by: §2 . References [1] S. Ali, Y. A. Qadri, K. Ahmad, Z. Lin, M. Leung, S. W. Kim, A. V. Vasilakos, and T. Zhou (2025) Large language models in genomics—a perspective on personalized medicine . Bioengineering 12 ( 5 ), pp. 440 . Cited by: §1 . [2] S. F. Altschul, W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers, and D. J. Lipman (1990) Basic local alignment search tool . Journal of Molecular Biology 215 ( 3 ), pp. 403–410 . Cited by: §2 . [3] T. Brown, B. Mann, N. Ryder, M. Subbiah, J. D. Kaplan, P. Dhariwal, A. Neelakantan, P. Shyam, G. Sastry, A. Askell, et al. (2020) Language models are few-shot learners . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 , pp. 1877–1901 . Cited by: §1 . [4] M. Cemri, M. Z. Pan, S. Yang, L. A. Agrawal, B. Chopra, R. Tiwari, K. Keutzer, A. Parameswaran, D. Klein, K. Ramchandran, et al. (2025) Why do multi-agent LLM systems fail? . arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.13657 . Cited by: §1 . [5] H. Chen, G. Zuccon, and T. Leelanupab (2025) Beyond genegpt: a multi-agent architecture with open-source llms for enhanced genomic question answering . In Proceedings of the 2025 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region , pp. 143–152 . Cited by: §6 . [6] M. Chen, J. Tworek, H. Jun, Q. Yuan, H. P. D. O. Pinto, J. Kaplan, H. Edwards, Y. Burda, N. Joseph, G. Brockman, et al. (2021) Evaluating large language models trained on code . arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374 . Cited by: §2 . [7] N. R. Coordinators (2015) Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information . Nucleic Acids Research 43 ( D1 ), pp. D6–D17 . Cited by: §2 , §4 . [8] W. Hou and Z. Ji (2023) GeneTuring tests gpt models in genomics. . BioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology . Cited by: §1 . [9] C. Hsieh, Y. Chuang, C. Li, Z. Wang, L. Le, A. Kumar, J. Glass, A. Ratner, C. Lee, R. Krishna, et al. (2024) Found in the middle: calibrating positional attention bias improves long context utilization . In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024 , pp. 14982–14995 . Cited by: §1 . [10] Q. Jin, Y. Yang, Q. Chen, and Z. Lu (2024) Genegpt: augmenting large language models with domain tools for improved access to biomedical information . Bioinformatics 40 ( 2 ), pp. btae075 . Cited by: §1 , §2 , §6 . [11] P. Laban, H. Hayashi, Y. Zhou, and J. Neville (2025) Llms get lost in multi-turn conversation . arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.06120 . Cited by: §1 . [12] Q. Li, L. Li, and Y. Li (2024) Developing ChatGPT for biology and medicine: a complete review of biomedical question answering . Biophysics Reports 10 ( 3 ), pp. 152 . Cited by: §1 . [13] N. F. Liu, K. Lin, J. Hewitt, A. Paranjape, M. Bevilacqua, F. Petroni, and P. Liang (2024) Lost in the middle: how language models use long contexts . Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 12 , pp. 157–173 . Cited by: §1 . [14] R. Luo, L. Sun, Y. Xia, T. Qin, S. Zhang, H. Poon, and T. Liu (2022) BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining . Briefings in Bioinformatics 23 ( 6 ), pp. bbac409 . Cited by: §2 . [15] T. Masterman, S. Besen, M. Sawtell, and A. Chao (2024) The landscape of emerging AI agent architectures for reasoning, planning, and tool calling: a survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.11584 . Cited by: §1 . [16] G. Perez, G. P. Barber, A. Benet-Pages, J. Casper, H. Clawson, M. Diekhans, C. Fischer, J. N. Gonzalez, A. S. Hinrichs, C. M. Lee, et al. (2025) The UCSC genome browser database: 2025 update . Nucleic Acids Research 53 ( D1 ), pp. D1243–D1249 . Cited by: §4 . [17] G. D. Schuler, J. A. Epstein, H. Ohkawa, and J. A. Kans (1996) [10] entrez: molecular biology database and retrieval system . In Methods in Enzymology , Vol. 266 , pp. 141–162 . Cited by: §2 . [18] R. L. Seal, B. Braschi, K. Gray, T. E. Jones, S. Tweedie, L. Haim-Vilmovsky, and E. A. Bruford (2023) Genenames. org: the HGNC resources in 2023 . Nucleic Acids Research 51 ( D1 ), pp. D1003–D1009 . Cited by: §4 . [19] Z. Shen (2024) LLM with tools: a survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.18807 . Cited by: §1 . [20] A. Wang, Y. Pruksachatkun, N. Nangia, A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. Bowman (2019) Superglue: a stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 . Cited by: §2 . [21] A. Wang, A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. Bowman (2018) GLUE: a multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding . In Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and interpreting neural networks for NLP , pp. 353–355 . Cited by: §2 . [22] S. Yao, J. Zhao, D. Yu, N. Du, I. Shafran, K. R. Narasimhan, and Y. Cao (2023) React: synergizing reasoning and acting in language models . In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations , Cited by: §2 .
|
https://arxiv.org/html/2601.10581v1
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.